Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Economie de la Numérisation'
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Hua, Mingyi. "Essais en Economie Financière." Thesis, Jouy-en Josas, HEC, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022EHEC0008.
Full textThis thesis contains three chapters which investigate how new developments affect financial outcomes. The first two chapters study digitalization within firms and the impact of being user-focused for these firms. The third chapter explores the phenomenon of ESG ratings for firms. The first chapter examines whether digitalization is priced in stock markets. I build a dynamic measure of digitalization that encapsulates a firm’s exposure to computers, data analytics, and programming. I find that this measure predicts stock returns beyond wellknown predictors. This digital alpha is concentrated in firms which focus on users, where it averages 9.0% in annual realized excess returns over the past two decades. This figure likely compensates for risk, as user-focused digital firms have greater systematic risk.The second chapter focuses on these user-focused digital firms during the COVID-19 crisis. This setting is particularly suitable since the COVID-19 crisis catalyzed a shift from the offline world to the online world. I find that when firms are more digital, being userfocused drives increased search interest to these firms in the months following COVID-19’s arrival, which translates into better real performance through higher return on assets. Correspondingly, these firms experience relatively higher abnormal stock returns during this period.In the third chapter, I document that upwards of 40% of public firms in the U.S. do not have any ESG scores. Smaller or more financially constrained firms are less likely to receive scores. Firms which receive ESG scores for the first time enjoy higher employment, sales, and investment, as well as lower leverage and financial constraints. Hence ESG scores act as a club where new membership brings benefits
De', Grassi di Pianura Mattia. "Les effets de la numérisation dans l'économie des médias." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00871793.
Full textEisfeld, Luise. "Dissertation sur l'organisation industrielle empirique et l'économie de la numérisation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 1, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023TOU10013.
Full textThis thesis investigates questions related to the competition between firms in the context of the adoption of new technologies, with a particular focus on digitization. The decreasing costs of storing, accessing, and distributing information resulting from digitization have affected market dynamics and influenced economic outcomes. Through empirical analyses, the chapters in this thesis seek to comprehend and evaluate the economic phenomena associated with digitization.In Chapter 1, I focus on a topic that is highly debated in antitrust policy circles by shedding new light on startup acquisitions in the software industry. Given the substantial economies of scale and scope in software markets, the main competitive force in these markets is believed to come from new, innovative entrants. Therefore, I examine the incentives of young, Venture Capital-funded startups to enter the market in light of the numerous acquisitions that have been taking place. My contributions lie in (1) collecting and assembling new data that enable to identify competing firms; (2) in producing new, policy-relevant facts on startup acquisitions in software markets; and (3) in building and estimating a stylized dynamic structural model of startup entry. My findings suggest that acquisitions can, in general ,spur the incentives for new, innovative entry. On the other hand, certain types of acquisitions, particularly those targeting very mature startups and conducted at high prices, are followed by fewer entrants, underscoring the importance of antitrust review of mergers on a case-by-case basis.The decline in the costs of distributing information has given online platforms the role of “gatekeepers” that control what information users ultimately view. Chapter 2 therefore focuses on platform design, specifically the algorithms that rank listed products on e-commerce websites. By examining rankings and pricing behavior of hotels on an online travel agent, I find that the ranking algorithm used by this platform tends to intensify price competition between hotels by displaying hotels more visibly at times at which they are priced lower. By estimating a model of consumer search and simulating market outcomes under counterfactual rankings, I show that consumers would face somewhat higher prices if the ranking algorithm worked differently, leading to losses in consumer surplus. Overall, the chapter highlights the significant impact online platforms have on competition within industries.As digitization has led to an increase in the amount of data collected on individuals, many jurisdictions have enacted privacy regulation targeted at protecting citizens’ personal data. Chapter 3 explores the effects of such privacy regulation on startup acquisitions. In particular, I focus on unintended consequences of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) implemented in 2018 in the European Union. Motivating anecdotal evidence suggests that the GDPR may have increased the burden during due diligence as well as the risk of conducting an acquisition. Analyzing acquisitions of startups conducted between 2014 and 2019, I find that the number of acquisitions of VC-funded European startups has indeed declined after enactment of the GDPR compared to startups based in the US or other non-European countries
Leydier, Yann. "Numérisation et exploration des manuscrits médiévaux." Lyon, INSA, 2006. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2006ISAL0035/these.pdf.
Full textThis thesis turns on the study of digitised medieval manuscripts images. It is one of the first thesis dedicated to the development of software specific to a medieval corpus. This thesis contains three parts. In the first part we situated the medieval manuscripts in the whole written patrimony. The most particular characteristics of these documents make the documents analysis algorithms created so far for printed documents and modern manuscripts fail. In order to explore them we have to create methods that are adapted to their complexity and variability in terms of shapes as well as of contents. In the second part we analysed the structure of the documents through their colours and layout. In order to resolve multiple actual problems, such as recto/verso segmentation, colour analysis or binarisation, we created a highly adaptive colour segmentation algorithm that is fitted to ancient documents processing. Then, in the perspective of easing the indexation and characterisation of the medieval manuscripts, we proposed a column segmentation and line counting technique that fits our corpus. In the third part we interested in contents access. As the optical recognition algorithms developed for modern documents cannot be used nor adapted, we proposed an alternative method making it possible to explore ancient documents’ contents. Our solution allow to retrieve all the occurrences of a word selected by the operator within a manuscript. It leans on the similarity of the words’ shapes. To do that, we developed a matching method that is supple but cohesive
McDougall, Rogert. "Numérisation des équations de Hartree-Fock." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2001. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/2793/1/000681090.pdf.
Full textWeissberger, David. "Economie House." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33775.
Full textMaster of Architecture
Bordron, Matthias. "Modélisation et calibration pour une numérisation robotisée." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLN014/document.
Full textSerial robots are designed for repetitive tasks in wide workspaces, and provide good dexterity and flexibility to production lines. Restrictive applications such as parts digitizing can make use of those attractive benefits. However, digitizing needs on accuracy require to work carefully on the quality of the robot end-effector positioning. In this context, a digitizing cell using a 6 axis robot as displacement system for a laser plane sensor (KZ25) was developed. In this cell all calibrations are ensured by an external measurement system (C-Track Creaform) following the end-effector. The goal is to master the digitizing quality and to optimize the operating speed thanks to quick and convenient calibrations (few equipment, installation and constraints).First, the parameters of the robot geometric model are identified with a quick and convenient method we developed, based on the existing circle point analysis method (CPA). A comparative study shows the advantages of our identification method over classic methods. Then a selective method we proposed allows us to complete this geometric model with relevant non-geometric parameters such as flexibilities or backlashes. Robot performances in terms of speed and posing quality are also studied through new performance indexes. Finally, we had to create and validate a calibration method for the position and orientation of the KZ25 sensor in order to exploit the unrestricted orientation provided by the robot end- effector.In our work prospects, a path generation strategy will use those calibrations to create paths for the robot, with mastered digitizing quality and optimized speed
Texier, Charles. "Economie regionale et economie mondiale : le cas de la bretagne." Rennes 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997REN11019.
Full textThis thesis shows that it is important to create a strategy within the heart of a local region in order to be able to work with different components as well as individual relationships within a system so as to have a positive influence on the performance of local companies vis-a-vis the world economic system. This thesis begins with the following postulate: production structures an company environment condition the companies' international behaviour and mould the global performances within the regional system. The globalization of these actives has brought about a territorial destabilization of the firms. This globalization has also contributed towards the reconsideration of company cornerstones, and to use territorial environment as an important leverage internationalization. Therefore, using the case of brittany as an example, this thesis shows the trend given to the local system which has become an important "catalyst" for international territorial insertion (here in brittany), and especially for small an medium-sized companies based in this region. The development of the economic territorial fabric is stimulated by a better integration of world activity. This integration can be carried out in several ways : by the capitalization of the companies, by an opening towards world trade or by a larger and direct international presence. Faced with global evolution, the search of excellence of territorial principles as well as the establishment of internal an external relations of the area seem to be the two conditions for local fulfilment. It would be even more dynamic if the basic structures and relationships were more strongly controlled
Soete, Luc L. G. "Technologie en economie." Maastricht : Maastricht : Faculteit der Economische Wetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Limburg ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1987. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=12854.
Full textPAJOT, STEPHANE. "Percolation et economie." Nantes, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NANT4007.
Full textFourquet, François. "Economie et pouvoir." Paris 8, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA080306.
Full textLampaert, Marie-Claire. "Economie de l'espace." Paris, EHESS, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987EHES0034.
Full textTwo objectives motivate our study : comparing the efficiency of methods to measure the economic and social impact of the space sector and providing reliable data on this impact. The investigating field is canada. But, taking into account the interdependence of the leading countries in the space sector, and moreover the american experience, the methods used by these two groups will be analysed. The first chapter presents the space industry in general, with the main particularities of the canadian space industry. This chapter put the emphasis on the determinants of the creation, evolution and transformation of the structures. The second chapter deals with the macroeconomics models used mainly to measure the indirect impact of the space sector on the economy. These models are based on the integration of the variable research and development (rd) in the production function. The third chapter replaces the variable research and development used in the macroeconomics models in the process of innovation and diffusion. It also allos to differentiate between private return and social return of innovations. These two chapters - macroeconomics and microeconomics - show the exis- tence of a positive impact of the space research and development (chapter 2) and identify the main explicative variable (chapter 3). The fourth chapter intends to identify and quantify the economic and social benefit of two majors canadian space programs (m-sat and radarsat) and presents the next step in space applications : the orbital stations
Lampaert, Marie-Claire. "Economie de l'espace." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37606961h.
Full textFourquet, François. "Economie et pouvoir." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376136975.
Full textKhalfaoui, Souhaiel. "Production automatique de modèles tridimensionnels par numérisation 3D." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00841916.
Full textPark, Sang-Woo. "Identité et identification des individus : photographie, empreinte, numérisation." Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0135.
Full textThe present study is an inquiry about the method for identification of individuals in a semiological approach. Its purpose is the study of the methods insofar as they use representation systems based on signs. For identification, the criminalist translates a physical identity into iconic, verbal or numerical signs. It is by taking the very same way back that the criminalist will later on attempt to trace back to the identity that is the source of these signs. What is at stake in the process of identification is always this to and fro movement between the identity and its signs on which identification is grounded. This stake is very characteristics of the nature of a forensic science. This is a science of information and a science of signs. This study is an attempt to define and compare precisely these three image systems -criminal photo, fingerprints and DNA fingerprints -as to their respective value for identification. Photography is of a central use, and deserves a special study as such. These so multiple and essential roles played by photography in the identification process show how fundamental an inquiry on the subject may prove for the history of photography
Dufour, Frank. "Les enjeux de la numérisation des objets temporels." Paris 8, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA082467.
Full textThe designation of temporel objects is that of creations inscribed within time-based media. The objective of this dissertation is the study of the technological and aesthetic consequences of the digitizing of systems that treat and represent time and that are constructed by audiovisual media. Time is referred to, not only as the vector and support of audiovisual representation, but also as their objet. This reference renders necessary to first ask the philosophical question concerning even the possibility of representing time. Systems of time deducted from this investigation were then considered through narrative, musical and cinematographical processes. This production is therefore confronted with modifications induced by digitizing and computing of information. The final section dedicated to the digitizing of audiovisual techniques demonstrates the new composition between two temporal modes : synchronicity and diachronicity
Phan, Nguyen Duy Minh. "Trajectoires de numérisation adaptatives en contexte in-situ." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLN005/document.
Full textIn the context of the inspection of the machining process, the integration of the measurement operations into the manufacturing process allows to realize the corrective actions applied to the manufacturing operations and thus to reduce the manufacturing cycle time. Our objective in this work is to realize an on-machine measurement (OMM) by laser plane sensor in a 5-axis machine-tool. The problem related to OMM concerns the proposition of a scan path planning method that results from a compromise between the measurement time and the quality of the data acquired.First of all, we propose a description format of the parameters of the sensor path allowing to integrate the orientation of the spindle in the machine. As the determination of view point in our context is adopted for the laser plane sensor, the visibility and quality constraints are applied to the digitizing laser line position on the surface. We propose to realize a simulator of digitizing path. This simulator allows us to identify correctly the areas of the digitized part in terms of the scanning visibility and quality. It allows to validate the scan path before executing the scan on the physical system and to help the scan path generation.To control the scan time and quality, a scan path planning method for a 6-axis structure, ISOvScan, is proposed. In this method, the overlap zone between two consecutive passes is constant, the orientation of the sensor at each driven point is managed in order to ensure the scanning quality and to maximize the coverage rate of the laser. The method relies on the use of the Least Squares Conformal Maps (LSCM) to transform the 3D surface into a 2D space. The calculation of the scan path can then be done more simply in this 2D space.Since the kinematics of the machine tool does not enable to directly apply the 6 axes scan path created by ISOvScan, the methods for generating a laser scan path adapted to 5-axis machine-tool are proposed in this work. An application on the 5-axis machine-tool is performed to validate this adapted scan path
Benjelloun, Touimi Ahmed Amin. "Sur l'étude de quelques formes de codage flou en analyse des données : applications." Paris 6, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA066409.
Full textBavard, Xavier. "Numérisation du chaos et applications aux systèmes de communication sécurisés par chaos en longueur d'onde." Besançon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BESA2040.
Full textOzturk, Bilge. "Essais en Economie Evolutionniste." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002304.
Full textObidzinski, Marie. "Economie d'un droit flexible." Phd thesis, Université Nancy II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00130956.
Full textCette thèse s'insère dans la littérature de l'analyse économique des caractéristiques des règles en analysant le problème sous l'angle de la production du droit.
Tout d'abord, un traitement théorique de la formulation des règles à l'aide de la théorie des options réelles est présenté dans le but de participer à la compréhension de l'existence de règles incomplètes dans des environnements complexes et innovants.
La question du fondement de l'intervention de l'autorité publique est ensuite posée. Le choix entre un régime flexible, fondé sur l'occurrence du préjudice, et un régime rigide, fondé sur la détection de l'activité, dépend de l'information du législateur et des agents sur le risque.
L'influence du degré de précision des règles sur la résolution à l'amiable des litiges est analysée. Cette étude nous permet de justifier en partie la production de droit soft par les parties privées. Un droit précis facilite la résolution des litiges.
Finalement, la notion de flexibilité est appliquée à la controverse sur l'efficacité de l'harmonisation du droit comme solution à la concurrence des juridictions. Le problème du droit d'asile est considéré. La production d'un droit d'asile européen flexible apparaît comme une solution préférable pour les réfugiés. Elle permet de limiter l'effet d'externalité tout en laissant une marge de manoeuvre aux Etats : une partie de la production du droit est décentralisée. Dans ce cadre, la justification de l'incomplétude des règles provient des disparités entre les Etats. Cette disparité crée une demande pour un droit flexible.
La conclusion est nuancée ; l'incomplétude des règles de droit se justifie lorsque les circonstances varient fortement et lorsque le domaine est innovant. Autrement, la précision des règles informe les agents : elle est donc nécessaire dans un contexte de sous ou sur estimation du risque et comme aide à la résolution des litiges.
Bajard, Alban. "Numérisation 3D de surfaces métalliques spéculaires par imagerie infrarouge." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00845939.
Full textMassone, Quentin. "Numérisation 3D en environnement aquatique : application aux réseaux karstiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UMONS032.
Full textKarst aquifers, mainly limestone geological formations, represent a considerable challenge in the current context where many parts of the world are under water stress due to climate change. Although these aquifers are one of the world’s main freshwater sources, they are still underexploited due to a lack of precise knowledge of their geomorphology. Exploring them to collect data is a complex task because the networks formed in this type of environment are very extensive. In addition, sending divers is not ideal as they are limited in depth and the risks are significant due to the confinement and unpredictable structure. Eventually, the shipment of autonomous underwater vehicles would allow further exploration of the tunnels safely while acquiring data from sensors. However, using such vehicles in such an unpredictable environment without human supervision still presents many technical and scientific challenges.The objective of this thesis is therefore to propose 3D vision solutions adapted to gallery networks present in this type of environment. We thus propose two approaches based on the use of camera and a projector of conical shape.The first, prospective, is an active stereovision method using a system composed of two cameras and the projector, has been validated in simulation via the use of a gallery model.The second, which is the heart of this memory, is a structured light 3D reconstruction method using the combination of a camera and a cone-shaped projector.After extracting the contours, the points of these contours are reconstructed in 3D using the geometric constraint between the cone and the camera. This geometric constraint is expressed via the parameters of the headlamp cone, the estimation of which is made via a specific calibration.Various experiments have been carried out to validate this original approach. The first is carried out in a laboratory where a luminous contour projected on two orthogonal walls is reconstructed in 3D and then verified via tests of coplanarity and angulation between these two control walls. The second is carried out in an abandoned aqueduct (without water) having the advantage of reproducing an environment close to that of a karst aquifer: narrow, without light and especially without water to continue our assessment. The validation of the results is done on tests of coplanarity of the walls of the aqueduct and on the estimation of the known distance between these walls. The third is done in the pool, the first step before the final test in karstic environment. The validation of the results is also carried out by tests of the coplanarity of the points on the ground and the estimation of the cylindrical shape of the pool and its radius
Jamin, Olivier. "Récepteurs RF large-bande à échantillonnage et numérisation directs." Thesis, Paris, ENST, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENST0013/document.
Full textThe Holy Grail radio receiver architecture for Software Radio makes uses of direct RF digitization. The early RF signal digitization theoretically provides maximum re-configurability of the radio front-end to multiple bands and standards, as opposed to analog-extensive front-ends. In addition, in applications for which a large portion of the RF input signal spectrum is required to be received simultaneously, the RF direct digitization architecture could provide the most power-and-cost-effective front-end solution. This is typically the case in centralized architectures, for which a single receiver is used in a multi-user environment (data and video gateways) or in re-multiplexing systems. In these situations, this highly-digitized architecture could dramatically simplify the radio front-end, as it has the potential to replace most of the analog processing. In this Ph.D thesis, we study the trade-offs, from RF to DSP domains, which are being involved in direct RF digitization receivers. The developed system-level framework is applied to the design of a cable multi-channel RF direct digitization receiver. Special focus is provided on the design of an optimum RF signal conditioning, on the specification of time-interleaved analog-to-digital converter impairments, including clock quality, and on some algorithmic aspects (automatic gain control loop, RF front-end amplitude equalization control loop). The two-chip implementation is presented, using BiCMOS and 65nm CMOS processes, together with the block and system-level measurement results. The solution is highly competitive, both in terms of area and RF performance, while it drastically reduces power consumption
Jamin, Olivier. "Récepteurs RF large-bande à échantillonnage et numérisation directs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENST, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENST0013.
Full textThe Holy Grail radio receiver architecture for Software Radio makes uses of direct RF digitization. The early RF signal digitization theoretically provides maximum re-configurability of the radio front-end to multiple bands and standards, as opposed to analog-extensive front-ends. In addition, in applications for which a large portion of the RF input signal spectrum is required to be received simultaneously, the RF direct digitization architecture could provide the most power-and-cost-effective front-end solution. This is typically the case in centralized architectures, for which a single receiver is used in a multi-user environment (data and video gateways) or in re-multiplexing systems. In these situations, this highly-digitized architecture could dramatically simplify the radio front-end, as it has the potential to replace most of the analog processing. In this Ph.D thesis, we study the trade-offs, from RF to DSP domains, which are being involved in direct RF digitization receivers. The developed system-level framework is applied to the design of a cable multi-channel RF direct digitization receiver. Special focus is provided on the design of an optimum RF signal conditioning, on the specification of time-interleaved analog-to-digital converter impairments, including clock quality, and on some algorithmic aspects (automatic gain control loop, RF front-end amplitude equalization control loop). The two-chip implementation is presented, using BiCMOS and 65nm CMOS processes, together with the block and system-level measurement results. The solution is highly competitive, both in terms of area and RF performance, while it drastically reduces power consumption
Trinh, Eric. "De la numérisation à la consultation des documents anciens : élaboration de procédures de numérisation, de traitements de restauration et proposition d’une plateforme de consultation." Lyon, INSA, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ISAL0012.
Full textThis thesis work which lays within the scope of two projects, European project DEBORA and industrial project BookRestorer, enable us to consider the digitization of collections as a whole, from image acquisition to their consultation by the end-user and thus to apprehend the problematic of digitizing with a global vision. The work, which was undertaken, initially consisted in analyzing methods and ways to implement the digitization of old books of the XVIth century. Then within the framework of BookRestorer, we developed a set of treatments for the restoration of digitized images, such as corrections of defects related to the devices of digitization (like the variation of lighting or the fingers masking) and related to geometrical corrections procedures. We finally proposed, within the framework of DEBORA, a platform of consultation dedicated to digitized books in image form based on a format adapted to a collaborative work
Loriot, Benjamin. "Automatisation de l'Acquisition et des Post-traitements en Numérisation 3D." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00371269.
Full text- en milieu industriel, afin d'accélérer les procédures de contrôle de pièces,
- en archéologie et en biologie, pour l'étude de collections de plusieurs centaines voire milliers d'objets (dont l'acquisition est pour le moment impossible en raison du temps nécessaire, et donc du coût).
Dans ce mémoire, nous détaillons tout d'abord les différents systèmes d'acquisition et de positionnement existants, en détaillant les avantages et inconvénients de chaque système. Nous présentons ensuite la méthodologie mise en place pour guider l'opérateur dans ces choix ainsi que l'outil d'aide mis en place afin de formaliser cette méthodologie. Puis nous argumenterons de la nécessité de l'automatisation de la numérisation 3D en illustrant les limites et les contraintes des solutions actuellement en place. Des exemples d'application de la méthodologie sont décrits à travers différentes études de cas, mettant en évidence le temps d'intervention de l'opérateur. Ensuite, les méthodes d'automatisation de l'acquisition existantes sont décrites, en expliquant leurs limites face à notre problématique. Deux méthodes sont ensuite proposées : la première définit une planification de vues hors-ligne à partir d'un modèle de référence tandis que la seconde calcule la meilleure position suivante sans aucune information a priori sur l'objet. Ces deux méthodes permettent une numérisation complète d'un objet sans intervention d'un opérateur. Afin de tester ces méthodes, un environnement de simulation a été implémenté, ainsi qu'un prototype. Enfin, les résultats obtenus sont présentés et comparés à une numérisation manuelle.
Dejean, Sylvain. "Numérisation des biens culturels : piratage et émergence de communautés virtuelles." Pau, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PAUU2002.
Full textThe development of computerising and the globalization of broadband Internet access have dramatically changed the market of information goods. The industry of cultural goods, in its current form, is being threatened by the freedom offered to the consumer to share, copy and edit anything which can be digitalized. In the first chapter, the author shows how, thanks to price discrimination, network effects and the possibility to experience goods before buying them, producers of original products are able to enhance their profits by using copies. He also highlights the main changes allowed by the digitalization of cultural goods by an analysis of the results of empirical literature. The second chapter offers a model of the market of cultural goods in which two ways of distributing information are opposed. The rising of experiencing consumers first increases the profits of “non star” artists and then it allows the increase of “star” producers. The main focus of the third chapter is the building of an agent-based model devoted to the self-organization of virtual communities. The author eventually shows that the heterogeneity of individual contributions and the degree of mobility favours the segmentation of the agents’ preferences
Allier, Bénédicte. "Contribution à la numérisation des collections : apports des contours actifs." Lyon, INSA, 2003. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2003ISAL0070/these.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this work is the reverse-engineering (or dematerialization) of particular printed documents coming from the Archives of Savoy. This task consists in converting the original paper documents into a special format that takes into account the metadata included in the images. The methods developed since then in the 1980's gave birth to a particular field of research called Document Engineering. Image Processing appeared at the same time, but the both disciplines never met. One of the aims of this work is to make them coexist, seeking in image processing for generic clues to solve classical problems in Document Engineering. This is why we developed analyzing tools at various levels: by proposing a method for the functional labeling of text blacks (based on texture caracterisation) and by proposing a method for the reconstruction of degraded character shapes (that is as compliant to the original characters as possible). This work opens more generally to the develOQJ2ement of specific image processing tools 12articluarly addressed to document images
Cosandier, Charlène. "Essais en Economie de l'Innovation." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM001/document.
Full textThe first part of this thesis studies the recent emergence of new actors in the market for patents, namely, non-practicing entities, who acquire patents with no aim to use them to produce a final good. On the one hand, patent assertion entities seek to acquire patents so as to monetize them through the threat of litigation for patent infringement. On the other hand, defensive aggregators acquire patents to provide safety from litigation brought by patent trolls to their affiliated firms. We analyze the strategic behavior of non-practicing entities in the patent acquisition process and highlight patent assertion entities' greater ability to preempt patents as compared to producing firms. Then, we examine the effectiveness of defensive aggregators to protect firms against litigation brought by patent assertion entities. Finally, the last part instead studies the effects of one-way spillovers in the context of non-tournament models of R&D in which ex-ante identical firms engage in cost-reducing innovation and then compete à la Cournot in the product market. We analyze how a deterministic unidirectional spillover process induces heterogeneity across firms in the product market competition, and examine the impact of uncertainty about the appropriability of R&D investments on incentives to undertake R&D
Bonnet-Boisson, Hélène. "Economie politique de l'intervention publique." Besançon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BESA0002.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to introduce a political dimension in the public decision process and then to contribute to a new interpretation of the public policy design. Considering a political sphere sheds light on the rational behaviour of the public deciders, who maximise their self-interests rather than the general public interest. In the first part of the thesis, we describe the political market, how it works and how the agents behave and interact in this place. The second and third parts deal with two particular public decisions. On the one hand, we consider the regulation of a monopoly, which produces energy and pollutes, when the government's objective can be influenced by an environmentalist interest group. On the other hand, we consider the choice of a social and redistributive program, more precisely the public provision of health expenditures and financed by income taxation, when the government's decision can be the target of electoral pressure
Laslier, Jean-François. "Modeles d'auto-organisation en economie." Paris, CNAM, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991CNAM0129.
Full textDiani, Morad. "Economie évolutionniste et culture d'entreprise." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2003/DIANI_Morad_2003.pdf.
Full textThis PhD thesis analyses the nature of the intra-organizational modes of coordination and the dynamics of the evolution of the firm. First of all, we discuss the micro-evolutionary foundations of Nelson and Winter's neo-Schumpeterian theory of the firm and we propose, in the light of the Hayekian evolutionary economics, a new understanding of the micro-evolutionary processes, in terms of "memes". Building on the idea of distinction between the two meanings of economic coordination that are often conflated (coordination in the sense of Thomas Schelling and coordination in the sense of Friedrich Hayek) and the discernment of their two origins in Mengerian terms (organic and pragmatic), we aim to point out that the evolution of the firm implies the adoption of organic forms of coordination close to the organization of the market. Besides, we discuss the cultural evolution of the firm that we construe in terms of cultural regimes
Laroche, Florent. "Economie politique des infrastructures ferroviaires." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO22016/document.
Full textThere is still much progress to make concerning the French and the European railway networks, both from governance and competitiveness standpoints. This is the conclusion this work lead to. The results from the Enerdata-LET research consortium (2014) illustrate that, considering factor 4 for horizon 2050, the modal shift of demand in transport towards railway could be massive. Regarding this, the situation of Paris-Lyon high-speed line, already up to its saturation level, addresses the issue of the capacity a system possesses to bear new traffics. Two schools oppose there. On one side, the supporters of the SNIT suggest a quasi-doubling of the high-speed railway network, in order to cope with futures needs, whereas on the other side, the “Mobilité 21” commission gives priority to the search of increasing returns from the existing infrastructure. Without claiming to solve the issue, this work attempts to bring up comprehension elements on the interaction between demand and offer in the railway sector.Studying the accordance between an increase in railway demand and offer leads us to question performance. It means being able to define capacity of the railway infrastructure, first. But it also means questioning its limits, which addresses the phenomenon of saturation, also called congestion. Eventually, this all inevitably leads to put into perspective the relativeness of these limits and to question the ways to overcome them. The objective of this research is to apply this issue to the railway system, accounting its specificities. We consider its constitution as a network industry and as a natural monopoly, when considering the infrastructure (infrastructure manager). Without pretending to conclude the debate on governance, we consider that this particularity might influence actors and, thus, performance. We also consider the legal framework at the European scale. One can’t question performance without framing the railway sector within its legal context. Then, the main purpose of the analysis stands in the study of saturation of the Paris-Lyon high-speed line. We consider the line as representative of the expected performance level of the whole French railway network. It challenges both technical and economic capacities that are in the core of our rationale on performance, its requirements and the opportunities of the French network
Le, Corroller Cécile. "Prix hedoniques et economie industrielle." Caen, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992CAEN0545.
Full textAn hedonic specification of demand functions is goog way to go into more detail in the study of the optimal situations and of the offers behaviours in a differentiated industry. From cournot's hypothesis, the firms start in competition directly on production capacities and equilibrium prices are hygher than with bertrand's hypothesis. Furthemore, the rivalry is stronger and the industry is less concentrated than when the producers compete exclusively in terms of prices. Whatever the nature of the competition, the slope of the firms reaction curves is first positive and then negative. During competition, producers are more or less fighters according to points linked with products differentiation. The results prooves that usual ideas on the subject must be reconsidered. Furthermore, studies on differentiated industries gain in realism
Chevry, Emmanuelle. "La numérisation dans les bibliothèques municipales françaises : stratégies numériques, transmission et exploitation du patrimoine écrit et iconographique." Reims, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008REIML002.
Full textThe aim of this study consists in drawing up an inventory of the quantity and quality of the activity of digitizing in French public libraries. The number of digitized works remains relatively low when compared to the activity done by the French National Library. Only a few libraries choose to invest massively in digitizing when most of them only get involved in one or two projects. Likewise, digitized works are not much published. Several reasons explain why the offer is so poor. To begin with, it is necessary to have a good knowledge of the collection. Moreover, digitizing is a long and complex process. Then, respecting the copyright is a constraining legal principal. Finally, the institutional structure proper to French public libraries acts in itself as a brake on the activity of digitizing. Indeed, these administrative and organizational specificities entail an administrative and geographical decentralization. As a result, the means vary from one library to the other and various people/ actors come into play. Consequently, coordinating the programs becomes a tough thing. Nevertheless, public libraries know a favourable context and hold many trumps in order to propose digital services. On one hand, they possess a unique patrimonial inheritance, and, on the other, some existing policies implemented on a European, national and regional scale, financially stimulate digital production. To finish with, some specific approaches have been put forward by public libraries in order to go beyond the constraints: specializing in one precise field, publishing on the web, working closely with the French National Library, meeting the users’ needs as much as possible, having many digitized works in stock and being able to regularly propose new ones by digitizing themselves their collection or by calling in specialized private companies to do it
Ben, romdhane Manel. "Échantillonnage non uniforme appliqué à la numérisation des signaux radio multistandard." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004780.
Full textHaigron, Pascal. "Numérisation de surfaces tridimensionnelles : application à la fabrication de prothèses personnalisées." Rennes 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993REN10117.
Full textCourteille, Frédéric. "Vision monoculaire : contributions théoriques et application à la numérisation des documents." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30202.
Full textA classical problem in computer vision is the 3D-reconstruction of a scene from a single image. In this thesis, we consider two 3D-reconstruction methods, namely shape from shading and shape from contour, which use, respectively, the photometric information and a part of the geometric information contained in the image. First, in order to obtain realistic modelings, we put some of the hypotheses necessary to both these methods into question. Second, this allows us to generalize the existing methods of resolution and to design new ones. These theoretical contributions lead us to take an interest in a specific application, namely document digitization. If the traditional process, which uses a flatbed scanner, produces satisfactory results for the current situations, it presents two weaknesses: on the one hand, when dealing with a book, the repetitive handling which consists in turning one page, and then forcing the book sticking to the scanner pane, is rather tedious; in addition, for a curved document, as for example a thick book, some defects will appear in the digital image (blurred or deformed characters, effects of parallax, noninked paper having a non-uniform color). To overcome these two weaknesses, we propose to replace the flatbed scanner by a digital camera, and then to correct the defects of the photograph by using the 3D-shape of the scene. We obtain very satisfactory results on real images
Ben, Romdhane Manel. "Echantillonnage non uniforme appliqué à la numérisation des signaux radio multistandard." Paris, ENST, 2009. https://pastel.hal.science/pastel-00004780.
Full textResearch activities of this Doctorate thesis deal with the design of innovative circuits for multistandard signals digitalization. The originality of this research work comes from the use for the first time of Non Uniform Sampling (NUS) techniques for radio systems design and implementation. Presented research innovation is relative to the establishment of analytical formulations for NUS technique performance evaluation metrics to design a novel multistandard radio receiver topology with an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) controlled by a non uniform clock. Results of this study have led to the synthesis of a single anti-aliasing filter for GSM/UMTS/WiFi standards and the reduction of ADC mean sampling frequency that allows the ADC power consumption reduction and the elimination of the Automatic Gain Control (AGC) circuit. The analytical study and the system level design have been completed by the proposal of an original digital architecture for a Pseudorandom Signal Sampler (PSS) circuit designed to overcome previous non uniform generators constraints. This PSS circuit experimental validation have been first achieved thanks to a preliminarily FPGA-based implementation then by a VLSI circuit design on 65 nm Digital CMOS technology. The PSS implementation results lead, for a time quantizer factor of 16, to a 470 (μm)² active area occupation, mean sampling frequencies reaching 200 MHz based on frequency synthesiser offering frequencies until 3. 2 GHz and finally a power consumption from 1. 45 to 290. 4 μW for mean sampling frequencies ranging from 1 MHz to 200 MHz. An experimental validation of proposed digitalization stage have been achieved thanks to the development of a test setup composed by the PSS generator delivering ADC control clock signals. A test sine wave is applied to the ADC input and its output is processed by a PC-based software created for sampled data processing. Obtained experimental results confirmed theoretical results in terms of ADC power consumption reduction
Duffy, Laurence. "Recherche d'information logique dans les documents a typographie riche et recurrente : application aux sommaires." Lyon, INSA, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ISAL0121.
Full textThis thesis stands in the domain of the composite documents retro conversion. The origin of ours works is the problematics of the automatic reading of table of contents, but we aren't limited to this kind of document. A study of both phases of the documents conception and of the way of reading, have allowed us to make some documents families stand out. The typographical analysis of these families leads us to recognise a part of their logical structure. So, a great part of the thesis is consecrated to describe a novel method of typographical structure extraction. This method needs no information about existing font families. It uses simple layout agreements and low level information’s, which allow to well-done the pattern matching and the proximity study. Then, the hierarchical order of the fonts can be reconstituted, it directly leads us to the logical structure of the studied document. Some experimentations which validate this work, have been performed on table of contents but also on other documents which correspond to ours criterions
Bonnefoy, Laurent. "Contribution de l'analyse et du traitement de l'image à la réalisation d'un système automatique d'acquisition de films radiologiques : application à la mammographie." Saint-Etienne, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000STET4015.
Full text. . . We proposed to digitize the hisory of radiologic films. Thus, the radiologist can interpret latest mammographies and previous ones on a computer. First, we studied the different devices which permit the digitization of radiologic films and described a method to acquire images with the best quality. And, we developped a software to consult digital mammographies on a computer. Then we used algorithms for the treatment of images and multiresolution technics to analyse images and determine the best parameters for acquisition. This algoritms permit to automatically acquire radiologic films without any manipulation and knowledges from an operator. This solution could enable radiologists to digitize their negatives and file them. . . [etc]
Muysken, J. "Hoe algemeen is de algemene economie?" Assen [etc.] : Maastricht : Van Gorcum ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1985. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=12840.
Full textBerrada, Mohammed. "Economie des transports aériens au Maroc." Paris 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA020178.
Full textSalles, Jérémy. "Economie politique du principe de subsidiarité." Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX32043.
Full textToday, Europe is a political, juridical and economic reality. In this new institutional organization, one important question is the vertical repartition of competencies between EU and the Member States. The principle of Subsidiarity is the legal framework of this repartition. However, this legal framework can be better if we use jointly an economical perspective. This search is built on three distinct parts. The first part presents the different aspects of subsidiarity: economic, political and juridical. In the second part, we show the European reality of this principle at the political and juridical side. This part presents the limits of the application of this principle and points the weakness of the European model of constitutional justice on the specific question of repartition of competences. After, we propose a practical model of subsidiarity with an economic toolbox. This model offers a better application of subsidiarity in the vertical repartition of competences. In the third part of this search, we focus on the last French constitutional reform and we ask the compatibility between the French Model of organization and the application of the principle of subsidiarity as a juridical tool of vertical repartition
Heen, Olivier. "Economie de ressources sur automates cellulaires." Paris 7, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA077218.
Full textRakoniewski, Alain. "Behaviorisme et cognitivisme en economie experimentale." Nantes, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NANT4012.
Full textExperimental economics constitutes a vast of research programs. The thesis investigate two of these programs. The first one is constituted with the falsificationist research program about expected utility theory, stemmed from the von neuman and morgensten's book games theory and economic behavior, and the alternative theories to the latter; this research program demonstrates the descriptive weakness of these different theories. The second program investigates oral double auction experimental markets; its was first designed to evaluate the paret-efficiency of different kinds of institutions and has progressively investigated the experimental validity of the rational expectations hypothesis. These two programs encountered a common difficulty : the insufficiencies of the behaviorist dominating program in economics while the h. Simon's researches introduced the congitivism in economics but without new economic learning theory. This thesis develops an economic learning model by the use of constructivist methodology and constructivist hypothesis of experimental economics. This model permits some evaluation of the contribution of the two programs to the development of the economic learning theory and to design next experimentations. This thesis demonstrates how cognitivism develops a constructivist methodology in experimental economics
Spielvogel, Gilles. "Economie géographique et développement : quatre essais." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006IEPP0006.
Full textChamond, Jeanine. "Economie psychique des styles temporels pathologiques." Montpellier 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON30013.
Full textThis works aims to exploring temporal disturbances and the processus of time relations within neuroses and psychosis, in a psycho-analytical context backed up by philosophy ans pehnomenal psychiatry. Each psychiatric structure is considered to have its own specific "temporel style" in its relation with psychic economy at work within pathology. Hysterical neurosis is defined as a baroque rhetoic of appearence in witch the economy of desire is relentless and produces a stopping of time. Phobic neuroses illustrates the last recourse of psychic economy overpowered by anguish. The obsessional neurotic establisches specific defense mecanisms to render desire impossible, and goes backwards in time in order to quash it. Melancolic psychosis is a return to the specular and symbolic time prior to chaos. Maniacal psychosis produces the explosition of time in a devoring assault of the world. Paranoia produces a petrification of time in the certainty and truth of unmovible delirium. Schizophrenic psychosis in a break in time within a singular strory, in the unconsistancy and the density of the world, in loss of the symbolic