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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Economics of E. Schmalenbach'
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Forrester, D. A. R. "Schmalenbach and business economics." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382458.
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Schmalenbach, Julia Johanna [Verfasser], and Tim [Akademischer Betreuer] Pohlemann. "Untersuchung des Einflusses einer Homocysteinämie auf die Frakturheilung an der Maus / Julia Johanna Schmalenbach. Betreuer: Tim Pohlemann." Saarbrücken : Saarländische Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1078017115/34.
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Schmalenbach, Inga [Verfasser], Klaus [Akademischer Betreuer] Pillen, Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Graner, and Maarten [Akademischer Betreuer] Koornneef. "Selection and phenotypic evaluation of a wild barley introgression library / Inga Schmalenbach. Betreuer: Klaus Pillen ; Andreas Graner ; Maarten Koornneef." Halle, Saale : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1024937763/34.
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Schmalenbach, Christian [Verfasser]. "Interne und externe Kontrollmechanismen in der Aktiengesellschaft : Eine Untersuchung unter Berücksichtigung der US-amerikanischen Gesellschaftspraxis und der SE / Christian Schmalenbach." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1106338359/34.
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Schmalenbach, Hanna [Verfasser], Josef Akademischer Betreuer] Hackforth, Hans-Jörg [Akademischer Betreuer] [Stiehler, and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Schaffrath. "Qualität im Sportjournalismus : Entwicklung eines Konzepts zur Beurteilung des Sportressorts im Print / Hanna Schmalenbach. Gutachter: Hans-Jörg Stiehler ; Michael Schaffrath. Betreuer: Josef Hackforth." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1023128578/34.
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Schmalenbach, Hermann Hannes [Verfasser], and A. [Akademischer Betreuer] Albers. "Ontologien zum Bereitstellen von Gestaltungswissen am Beispiel von Ingenieurkeramik = Ontologies for design knowledge retrieval using the example of advanced ceramics / Hermann Hannes Schmalenbach. Betreuer: A. Albers." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1042705097/34.
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Blincoe, Nicholas Joseph. "Derrida and economics : the economics of depression." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1992. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/57034/.
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Derrida and Economics analyses two essays of Jacques Derrida on the Public and Democracy, alongside other essays reflecting these political works. However, Derrida's political thought will be taken seriously by emphasising Economics before Politics. Economics will be viewed as a detour, a detour inflecting every attempt to present a meaningful political position or stable political realm. For Derrida, economics has the force of an oblique ruse. Derrida ADd BconoDdcs aligns Derrida's view of economics with the Eighteenth Century realisation that a stable SOciety, analogous to the Antique ideal of the Polis, is neither a common goal nor a proper object for Political philosophy. Here, Classical economics emerges as an oblique attempt to construct the conditions for the possibility of a political body through economic relations. This epistemological 'en passant' is familiar, in Britain, as Adam Smith's' Invisible Hand'. For Derrida, the equi valent Continental ruse is distinguished by a faith in 'dialectical idealisation'; a process bent upon securing an idealised po 11 tical space, but unable to limit its more speculati ve drifts. If Classical economics represents an attempt to construct the possibility of the Body Politic, Derrida's political essays deconstruct this possibility. His emphasiS upon the 'possible' highlights the effects of risk and competition in an economy that could never comfortably be identified wi th a stable Polt tical realm. For Derrida, economics is not simply an attempt to secure or rewrite more direct Political discourses. As he argues, its every detour is haunted by the possibility of speculative failure. Derrida argues an enthusiasm for economics can also imply a preoccupation with the finitude of the Body Politic. This observation allows him to comment upon the valorisation of death or redundancy in certain poli tical discourses; i. e. those analyses that, in the throes of Depression, remain devoted to the idea of redundancy as though to the object of a renewed political will.
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Kim, Sok Won. "Essays on monetary economics and financial economics." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1770.
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Zawisza, Tomasz. "Essays in public economics and health economics." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/277511.
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In Chapter 1 of this thesis we examine two key empirical questions in public economics by exploiting the 2009 Polish tax reforms. First, we estimate the degree of substitution between employment and self-employment tax bases – on the extensive margin. In particular, we quantify the impact of changes in the differential in rates of taxation between the two tax bases on the propensity of taxpayers to declare any positive level of employment or self-employment income. Second, we contribute to the literature on elasticities of taxable income on the intensive margin – the responsiveness of taxable income to changes in marginal tax rates – by providing estimates which are more likely to be robust to changes in year-to-year income dynamics than previous estimates. To identify these effects, we exploit variation in marginal and total tax rates around the 2009 reforms which occurs independently of an individual’s position in the income distribution as a result of joint reporting with a spouse. At the same time, to obtain the extensive-margin responses, we exploit the uniqueness of the 2009 Polish tax reforms, which left the tax schedule un-changed for some types of self-employment while changing the tax schedule for the employed. The baseline estimates of the intensive-margin elasticities are around 0.2-0.3 for the employed and around 0.5-0.7 for the self-employed. The estimates jointly make possible the decomposition of the deadweight losses of the tax reform into intensive and extensive-margin responses, with the contribution of the extensive margin found to be around 7% of the total. In Chapter 2, we examine the optimal non-linear taxation in an environment in which individuals have the option of engaging in either employment or self-employment activity. We build on the estimates from Chapter 1 to calibrate an extension of the classic Mirrleesian model which allows for extensive-margin transitions between employment and self-employment. The results help rationalise the preferential tax treatment of self-employment income versus employment income given in certain tax systems. They also illustrate the ways in which the possibility of extensive-margin transitions between tax bases moderate the incentive to give such preferential treatment. Based on the parameterisation here, the presence of the extensive-margin ap- pears to have a limited impact on the optimal marginal and total tax rates faced by the employed and self-employed. This, together with the earlier decomposition of deadweight losses in Chapter 1 by types of response, points towards a limited role of the extensive margin as a consideration for optimal-tax design, at least as far as the employment and self-employment tax bases are concerned. Chapter 3 turns to a fundamental question in health economics: how do health states change over the life-cycle, and how does the risk of adverse health-shocks change over the life-cycle? Most economic models of individuals’ behaviour over the life-cycle, to the extent to which they incorporate a measure of health risk, assume a simplified unidimensional measure of health. We contribute to this literature by estimating a flexible dynamic factor model of health and health risk over an individual’s life using the rich health data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). We find that the many potentially collinear health indicators found in the HRS can broadly be summarized into four underlying factors. Three of these correspond to what may be termed subjective health measures, such as self-reported mobility, while a fourth corresponds to objective measures, including the number of overnight hospital stays, doctor visits and medical spending. The persistence of these underlying factors and the variance of their shocks are estimated as parameters of a vector auto-regressive process. We obtain results about the deterministic evolution of the health factors with age, the level of risk relating to each health measure, as well as heterogeneity by level of education. These are intended as building blocks of an ongoing project concerning the optimal design of disability insurance, given the health risks faced by individuals.
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Jorge, Fernandes Mata Tiago. "Dissent in economics : making radical political economics and post Keynesian economics, 1960-1980." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2006. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2691/.
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The history of dissent in economics has thus far been subject to scant interest. The existing scholarship, authored by dissenters probing their own past, has failed to address the crucial questions of how dissent emerged and rooted itself. This study is about two dissenting communities, Radical Political Economics and Post Keynesian Economics. I review the circumstances that led to their emergence in the late 1960s and early 1970s. I draw from the histories of religious and scientific dissent to explore the making of the dissenters' challenge to the economics orthodoxy. Notably, I use the concept of boundary work to analyse the debates between dissenters and mainstream. The history of Radical Political Economics begins with the founding in 1968 of the Union for Radical Political Economics. Onto this Union converged a generation of young radicalised academics that sought to unite their political interests and their scholarly pursuits. After a period devoted to the design of a "paradigm of conflict," radicals turned to outreach work with popular movements. The new commitment brought divisive political identities into their Union that barred any agreement on a programme to transform economics. Post Keynesian Economics emerged in the aftermath of debates on capital theory between Cambridge left Keynesians and neoclassical economists. With the conviction that the debates signalled the emergence of a new theory in economics, American dissenters decided to ally with the Cambridge critics. The content of the alliance was redefined many times in the 1970s by a succession of spokespersons for the group. Of this period resulted a weakly bound community joined by a sense of shared ancestry. The two case studies reveal the diverse resources and allies that dissenters mustered for their battle with the economics orthodoxy. They show how the dissenters' challenge shaped the boundaries of their communities and the content of their identity.
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Brugger, Antony. "Industrial economics within Whyalla : the economics of monopoly /." Title page and contents only, 1988. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arb891.pdf.
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Atallah, Samura. "Studies in Labor Economics, Organizational Economics, and Development." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:26718720.
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The first chapter in this dissertation discusses the results of a field experiment that lasted three weeks at a firm in Saudi Arabia where we randomized an attention to variability or mindfulness training program. We conducted a baseline and end-line survey 3 months post training, collecting measures on non-cognitive skills, beliefs, affect, and employee performance and productivity. The training program was incentivized as managers’ reports on employees’ performance get reflected in future raises and bonus pay. We converted the measures to z-scores (unit standard deviation, mean zero) to standardize the scaling across measures. We found that mindfulness improved by 0.485 standard deviations in the treatment group. This effect is mediated by an increase in employees’ engagement. The extent to which locus of control is internal improved by 0.344 standard deviations, meaning that employees who took the training gave a greater weight to effort verses luck in determining their life outcomes. On the other hand, we found that work locus of control became more external by 0.646 standard deviations, and that employees perceived a greater degree of ethnic discrimination. On average, employees’ performance improved by about 0.5 standard deviations as measured by managers’ direct reports and punctuality. We explain the improvement in general locus of control but decrease in work locus of control with the gains in productivity and performance through a compensating story. Being more aware of variability has arguably led employees to perceive more discrimination in the environment, resulting in employees perceiving their work locus of control as more external. But employees improved their performance as a compensatory measure for perceived discrimination.
The second chapter discusses the results of two lab experiments where we measure the effects of a negative shock on wage under uncertainty on subsequent efforts decisions under certainty. We found that students in the negative shock treatment do not optimize their effort, decreasing their total payout. This is explained through a tax in beliefs on the relationship between effort and reward in life, and trust in life. Even though the lab experiment was local, the students generalize what they learnt to their life beliefs. Furthermore, we conduct a second experiment to test that it is the uncontrollability of the negative shock rather than the negative shock per se that caused this. While this is a lab experiment and it is likely that these effects do not last in the long term, these results can be put in perspective when one thinks about the uncontrollability of the shocks that the poor are exposed to in the long-term, and their effect on life beliefs and effort decisions.
The final chapter provides support to how the poor are more likely to experience learned helplessness and larger magnitude of learned helplessness. The effects of initial levels of capital, institutions, and differences in expected utility on learned helplessness is explored. We also provide evidence that once learned helplessness occurs, it is more likely that it will occur in the future providing evidence for poverty traps. We discuss the effects of noncognitive skills in decreasing the probability that learned helplessness will materialize, and in breaking the cycle.Public Policy
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Monticini, Andrea. "Dynamic economics." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.535908.
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Raissi, Maziar. "Conic economics." Thesis, University of Maryland, College Park, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10240052.
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Modern general equilibria under uncertainty are modeled based on the recognition that all risks cannot be eliminated, perfect hedging is not possible, and some risk exposures must be tolerated. Therefore, we need to define the set of acceptable risks as a primitive of the financial economy. This set will be a cone, hence the word conic. Such a conic perspective challenges classical economics by introducing finance into the economic models and enables us to rewrite major chapters of classical micro- and macro-economics textbooks.
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Thomas, Jaime Lynn. "Essays in labor economics and the economics of education." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2010. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3404595.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2010.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 10, 2010). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Masi, Barbara. "Empirical essays on economics of education and labour economics." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2016. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/23292.
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This Ph.D. thesis consists of three essays on Labour Economics and the Economics of Education, having the goal of contributing to the scientific discussion and shed new light on a number of empirical questions. The remaining of the chapter presents a general motivation for the study, together with the main findings and policy implications, which are fully developed throughout the thesis. Motivation There is an ongoing debate in Economics of Education on the merits and drawbacks of school choice as opposed to a community-based model, where schools only serve the local neighbourhood. Advocates of school choice base their arguments on the economic theory of market efficiency. First, a more market oriented education system should improve the match between pupils and schools. In this sense, allowing families to select schools on the basis of their preferences and teaching needs should result in an improvement in the average academic achievement. Moreover, increased choice should help breaking the link between residential and school segregation induced by a community-based model, with wealthier families living in more affluent neighbourhoods also attending the best schools. The benefits of choice should be even more pronounced for low income children who are typically segregated in poor neighbourhoods served by low quality schools (Gibbons et al., 2008). Second, school choice is believed to have beneficial effects also on school performance. Indeed, community-based schools operate in an almost monopolistic market, implying little incentives to innovate and improve teaching performance. In a world 1 Introduction where parents have strong preferences for quality, a choice based model would increase competition among schools with the ultimate result of boosting performance (Hastings et al., 2005; Burgess et al., 2009; Gibbons and Silva, 2011). On the other hand, scholars in favour of a community-school model claim that teachers are more likely to perform well in a more stable environment with relatively low turnover. Moreover, greater choice would replace the link between neighbourhood and school segregation with sorting across schools on the basis of family background characteristics. In this sense, they advocate that it would be more desirable to stick to a community-based model and improve the performance of lower quality schools via redistribution of resources. The first two chapters of this thesis aim at shading additional light on the advantages and disadvantages of school choice models. Specifically, I explore the effects of a programme introduced in the UK, which aimed at increasing choice among low income families, on both students' choices and school behaviour. The third chapter addresses a different empirical question. Typically, when workers are rewarded on the basis of team effort the possibility arises that individuals free ride. However, past literature emphasised the importance of externalities when groups of agents are concerned. Specifically, group effects such as social pressure or shame may be strong enough to completely offset free riding (Kandel and Lazear, 1992; Mas and Moretti, 2009). Using Italian social security data on private sector employees, the last chapter contributes to the existing literature by exploring externalities in workers' shirking, which I recover from information on sick leave episodes.
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Herrera, Araujo Daniel Andres. "Essays on Environmental economics, Health economics and Industrial organization." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU10059/document.
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Dans le premier chapitre, co-écrit avec James Hammitt, nous proposons une relation théorique entre la propension à payer entre la réduction de petits risques de mortalité, la réduction de risques, la probabilité de survivre et le revenu. En plus, nous proposons une valeur de la vie statistique qui prend en compte la qualité des réponses. En utilisant une enquête de préférences déclarées dirigée à un échantillon représentatif de la population française nous explorons de combien et pourquoi les répondants s'éloignent des prédictions de la théorie de l'utilité espérée. On trouve que 40% des répondants se comporte comme la théorie d’utilité espérée prédit. Nos spécifications préférées estiment une valeur statistique de la vie entre 2.2 et 3.4 millions d’euro pour un adulte et 6 millions d’euro pour un enfant. Le deuxième chapitre s'intéresse à l'impact d'une campagne d'information de santé publique en France sur le comportement d'achat des consommateurs. Les motivations économiques derrière l'intervention publique dans le domaine de la santé et la nutrition sont partiellement soutenues par l'idée que les consommateurs ne disposent pas de l'information suffisante pour la prise d'une bonne décision. Dans cet article je prends comme étude de cas les maladies de tubes neurales, une maladie neurologique qui affecte 1 sur 1000 nouveaux née en France chaque année. J'utilise une méthode quasi expérimentale pour mesurer l'impact de la campagne d'information française sur la consommation d'acide folique à l'aide d'une approche réduite. Je combine une base de données très détaillée concernant les achats de nourriture avec une base de données de macro et micro nutriments. La stratégie d'identification consiste à exploiter la variation dans la nécessité de l'information concernant l'acide folique parmi les foyers: ceux qui sont en train de concevoir un bébé ou qui désirent en concevoir l'utilisent, tandis que ceux qui ne sont pas en train de concevoir ne l'utilisent pas. En outre, je fais une estimation structurelle de la demande de nourriture et de nutriments afin de capturer les changements potentiels des préférences qui auraient été causées par l'intervention. Les résultats suggèrent que la campagne d'information a eu un impact positif sur les préférences d'acide folique des foyers en risque et qu'elle a aidé à augmenter la disponibilité d'acide folique dans ces foyers. Finalement, en collaboration avec Jorge Florez-Acosta, nous identifions les coûts d'achat des consommateurs à l'aide d'une approche structurelle en utilisant une base de données des achats de nourriture des foyers français. Les coûts d'achat représentent les coûts réels ou perçus de visiter un nouveau magasin. Nous présentons un modèle de demande pour des magasins et des biens multiples qui représentent le problème d'optimisation du nombre de visite en termes de coûts d'achat individuels. Cette règle détermine si un consommateur visiterait un ou plusieurs magasins durant une période d'achat déterminée. Ensuite, nous estimons les paramètres du modèle et la distribution des coûts d'achat. Nous quantifions les coûts d'achat moyens par magasin visité. Ces coûts ont deux composantes : un coût moyen d'achat fixe et un coût moyen de transport par déplacement. Nous montrons que les consommateurs en capacité de visiter trois ou plus de magasins ont des coûts d'achat inférieurs à zéro, ce qui explique la faible proportion de consommateurs visitant trois ou plus de magasins présents dans notre base de données. Une fois les coûts d'achat sont pris en compte, la théorie montre que des pratiques, supposé, pro-concurrentiel peuvent réduire le bien-être et motiver l'intervention publique. Tels résultats théoriques n'ont toujours pas été testés empiriquement. Cet article représente un premier pas dans cette directionLe résumé en anglais n'a pas été communiqué par l'auteur
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Yerokhin, Oleg. "Three essays on the economics of innovation and regional economics." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.
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McGee, Matthew. "Market Economics vs. Christian Economics: Poverty in Jonathan Edwards's Writings." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2006. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/975.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Arts and Sciences
History
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Faton, Elfried. "Three essays in labor economics and the economics of networks." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36239.
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Rivera, Garrido Noelia. "Three Essays in the Economics of Education and Labor Economics." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/97891.
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En esta tesis se estudian temas de educación y economía laboral. Por un lado, el primer capítulo tiene como objetivo estimar el efecto causal de la educación en las actitudes acerca del rol de género (en concreto, si las mujeres tienen que abandonar el mercado laboral para cuidar de la familia, y si los hombres tienen más derecho que las mujeres a un empleo). Para ello, utilizo reformas educativas que aumentan el número de años de educación obligatoria para obtener una fuente de variación exógena que se puede utilizar como un instrumento para la educación. Utilizando datos de la Encuesta Social Europea para 14 países europeos, observamos que las reformas educativas ciertamente aumentan los años de escolaridad, pero solo para personas de una familia con bajo nivel educativo (en particular, las mujeres). Los resultados indican que, para este grupo, un año adicional de educación reduce significativamente la probabilidad de estar de acuerdo con el rol tradicional de género de las mujeres en más de 11 puntos porcentuales. El segundo capítulo estudia el impacto en la fertilidad de una política que otorga a los migrantes un estatus legal basado en la nacionalidad de su descendencia. Nuestra atención se centra en España, donde el Real Decreto de 2011 reconoció la capacidad de los padres indocumentados para convertirse en residentes legales en caso de tener un niño español menor de 18 años. Usando un enfoque cuasi-experimental que explota el cambio en los requisitos de elegibilidad de residencia legal, mostramos que el Real Decreto de 2011 incrementó la fertilidad entre las personas potencialmente afectadas por la reforma en aproximadamente el 34 por ciento. En el tercer capítulo, estudio el fenómeno de la sobreeducación en España. La sobreeducación, definida como tener un nivel educativo superior al que es necesario para el trabajo, es un fenómeno del mercado laboral que tiene una incidencia especial en España. En principio, la sobreeducación no tiene por qué ser un problema si es transitoria, pero cuando se vuelve persistente puede ocasionar importantes efectos negativos en la economía. Este artículo investiga la persistencia de la sobreeducación mediante la explotación de datos de la Muestra Continua Vidas Laborales aplicando modelos de duración. Al controlar por las características observadas, encuentro evidencia a favor de la hipótesis que sostiene que la sobreeducación es un fenómeno persistente en España.
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He, Chuan. "Essays in Economics." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/581302.
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This thesis examines various topics of individual choice and welfare in economics. In the first chapter, I examine the choices of workers and business in coal mining. Coal mining is a dangerous occupation where costly fatalities and disasters may increase future accident costs. We use occurrences of deaths as shocks that affect the tradeoff between mineral output and safety. We find that government inspections and penalties increase after fatalities, and less-severe accident rates decrease by 10%. For mines in a disaster-affected state, less-severe accident rates decrease by 23%, and fatalities by 68%, saving up to $2 per hour in accident costs, with limited evidence suggesting that mineral productivity falls by 7%, or $14 per worker hour, and that the number of managers employed increases by 11%. In the second chapter, I examine how the distribution of welfare from decades of technological improvement in electronics, have benefited consumers. To do this, I examine the welfare gains to different income cohorts from the development of multiple categories of electronic products. Income dependent preferences are estimated in a dynamic model of demand. Key utility parameters, unique to income cohort, are identified from moments created using micro-level data containing purchase and demographic information. My results suggest that the benefits from the rise of electronics products may be far more egalitarian than conventional measures of inequality. Welfare gains to consumers in the bottom third of the US income distribution average approximately $1,000, while gains to the top third benefit are about $2,500. This is twice as equal as related measures of consumption inequality. In the last chapter of this dissertation, I examine the influence of early random outcomes on the choices and later success of players in a major online multiplayer game. Players misattribute early random shocks to the value of an important choice. I find that players are significantly less successful in subsequent matches when making the same choice that benefited from positive shocks early on. This effect, which occurred in just a handful of initial matches, lasts over the year long career of a player, spanning hundreds of matches of the game. The setting of the game provides a rich dataset, and is also a rare empirical example of a multi-armed bandit problem.
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Marshall, Eileen. "Conservation and economics." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1988. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/2720/.
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Piscitelli, Laura. "Hysteresis in economics." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433594.
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Walker, Dominic. "Beckett & economics." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2018. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/78229/.
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Zabai, Anna. "Essays in economics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87529.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics, 2014."February 2014." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
In the first chapter, I explore the role of coordination problems and self-fulfilling beliefs as drivers of sovereign default risk. I employ global-game techniques to induce a unique equilibrium. Along the unique equilibrium, I show how the equilibrium default risk can be decomposed in a solvency-risk component and a coordination-risk component. I then study how fiscal policy can be effective in managing the risk of coordination and I characterise how the shape of the optimal policy is affected by the presence of this risk. I finally show that making the deficit contingent on interest rate movements is more effective in managing default risk than using non-contingent fiscal targets. The second chapter (co-authored with Emine Boz) studies a model in which a government issues bonds to fund a project whose return is unknown to private investors. The government has access to a technology that allows it to manipulate the mean of a public signal. Even though investors fully internalize the manipulation technology - which makes it hard for the government to "fool" them - and manipulation is costly, we show that it occurs in equilibrium. Our extensions reveal that higher transparency leads to weaker manipulation incentives, news about a high probability of manipulation significantly lowers the bond price, and that manipulating private signals leads to similar outcomes as manipulating public signals. The third chapter investigates the relationship between trust and firm activity. Using Italian micro-data, I find that trust affects labour productivity, although larger firms do not appear to benefit more from higher levels of trust. This is in contrast with evidence from cross-country studies, and suggests the cross-country correlation may be spurious. I do not find that trust matters to the main capital owner's decision to delegate control of the firm to either relatives or professional managers, nor that it makes a difference to the firm's choice of hiring accountants and auditors.
by Anna Zabai.
Ph. D.
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Krajnyák, Kornélia. "Essays in economics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8355.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2002.MIT Institute Archives copy: p. 105 and p. 106 bound reversed; microfiche filmed in the same manner.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 106-108).
In Chapter 1, we estimate equilibrium dollar wages for 15 transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and the former Soviet Union. Equilibrium dollar wages are interpreted as full employment wages consistent with a country's physical and human capital endowment, and estimated by regressing actual dollar wages on productivity and human capital proxies in a short (1990-95) panel of 85 countries. The main results are: (1) equilibrium dollar wages have appreciated steadily in the Baltic countries and fast-reforming CEE transition economies, but have been flat in most CIS countries; and (2) 1996 actual dollar wages remained below estimated equilibrium dollar wages for most but not all transition countries covered. Chapter 2 investigates the effects on firms' budget constraints and on bank loan allocation of introducing a strict bankruptcy law in a transition economy. A stylized model of soft budget constraints suggests that bank loans tend to remain available for financially weaker firms due to the bank's financial commitment problem. The introduction of a strict bankruptcy law helps counter soft budget constraints for firms. As a result, the allocation of financial resources becomes more efficient in the sense of better firms receiving larger loans. Using data for a panel of Hungarian firms in 1989-92, I find evidence that introducing a strict bankruptcy law helped harden the firms' budget constraints.
by Kornélia Krajnyák.
Ph.D.
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Swanson, Ashley (Ashley Terese). "Essays in economics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/72840.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 147-159).
The first chapter analyzes incentives and quality in hospitals with physician-investors. Proponents of physician ownership argue that it improves care; opponents claim that physician-investors "cherry-pick" profitable patients. This paper uses new data on physician-owned hospitals to estimate a model that allows for both cherry-picking and quality effects. The data contain information on the distribution of physician ownership across hospitals and I develop a probabilistic discrete choice framework to examine the selection behavior of physician-investors. A structural approach with instrumental variables provides estimates of hospital quality both on average and varying with patient characteristics. I estimate the model using a sample of non-emergency cardiac patients obtained from the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services. I find evidence of a significant mortality improvement for patients treated at physician-owned hospitals, which primarily holds for moderate-severity patients. There is no strong evidence of physician-owner cherry-picking of healthier patients. The distribution of patients across hospitals is primarily driven by physicians' average preferences over hospitals. The second chapter explores price transparency in health care. Many U.S. states have recently begun requiring that hospitals publish prices, citing the need for consumer search. This paper uses two sources of longitudinal hospital data to evaluate the effects of Web-based price-posting requirements and on-site price-posting requirements on the distribution of hospital prices in nineteen states with such regulations. I find that transparency regulation is associated on average with small price increases, which is inconsistent with transparency enhancing consumer search. The effects are smaller among for-profit hospitals and in areas with a greater self-pay patient population. The third chapter (co-authored with Glenn Ellison) examines differences in the frequency with which students from different schools reach high levels of math achievement. Data from the American Mathematics Competitions is used to produce counts of high-scoring students from public U.S. high schools. High-achieving students are far from evenly distributed. There are strong demographic predictors of high achievement, but there are large differences among seemingly similar schools. The unobserved heterogeneity across schools includes a thick tail of schools that produce many more high-achieving students than the average school. Gender-related differences and other breakdowns are discussed.
by Ashley Swanson.
Ph.D.
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Priesemeister, Juliane. "Trust in Economics." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-73914.
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In the ongoing debates about the reasons and impacts of the financial crisis 2008, trust is supposed to play a relevant role. Unaware of this future happening the economic researchers Paul J. Zak and Stephen Knack published a paper in the late 90's, where they tried to find a correlation between economic growth and trust. Their applied model proved that there is a connection between the level of confidence and the economic wellbeing, represented by GDP growth. If this is still the case, after the dramatic damages of the worlds financial systems, and if the model is adoptable to prove again the correlation with today's data, is the content of this thesis. With the help of a regression calculation not all the findings of Zak and Knack could be confirmed. Some show an opposite development, some have still the same impact and others are not statistical significant. But nevertheless it demonstrates that trust, and its determinants, are correlated to the economic progress of a country. Moreover is proved that trust can be influenced - negatively, by high degree of inequality, and positively, with a low degree of bribery and economic discrimination.
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Kozelka, Josef. "European Defense Economics." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-162739.
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The current economic crisis has led the leaders of the European states to decrease their spending on defense. This paper argues that if this reduction in public spending is not offset by the increase in international cooperation than the military capability of the region is going to deteriorate in the near future. The argument that the defense budgets are decreasing is based on the analysis of the data available for the public defense expenditures. Further six case studies of EU states are presented showing that the potential decrease in capability is observable in a wide range of EU countries. The case for greater international cooperation is based on the economic theory of comparative advantage and benefits of competition in the defense market. Furthermore, academic literature supporting this hypothesis is also presented to the reader throughout the paper. The conclusion of this paper is that the current tendency of governmental politicians of EU countries to ignore the need for greater international cooperation in the defense sector is unsustainable and that if European Union wants to maintain its position as one of the world power blocks, systematic reform of the EU defense market will need to be introduced.
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Assaf, G. B. "The economics of products liability : An application of economics to law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381769.
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Spash, Clive L. "Substantive Economics and Avoiding False Dichotomies in Advancing Social Ecological Economics." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2019. http://epub.wu.ac.at/7045/1/sre%2Ddisc%2D2019_05.pdf.
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The proposal has been put forward that ecological economics seek to become substantive
economics (Gerber and Scheidel 2018). This raises important issues about the content and
direction of ecological economics. The division of economics into either substantive or
formal derives from the work of Karl Polanyi. In developing his ideas Polanyi employed a
definition from Menger and combined this with Tönnies theory of historical evolution. In this
paper I explore why the resulting substantive vs. formal dichotomy is problematic. In
particular the article exposes the way in which trying to impose this dichotomy on history of
economic thought and epistemology leads to further false dichotomies. Besides Polanyi, the
positions of other important thinkers informing social ecological economics (SEE) are
discussed including Neurath, Kapp and Georgescu-Roegen. The aim is to clarify the future
direction of ecological economics and the role, in that future, of ideas raised under the topic of
substantive economics.Series: SRE - Discussion Papers
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Truc, Alexandre. "Transforming economics through psychology : an assessment of the behavioral economics 'revolution'." Thesis, Paris 8, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA080067/document.
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Si l'économie comportementale (EC) est désormais reconnue, de récents débats ont soulevé des questions quant à la nature de cette « révolution » pour l'économie. L’objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier l'EC d'un point de vue philosophique, sociologique et historique afin de cerner les enjeux qui entourent son émergence. Contrairement à une partie de la littérature qui tend à comparer l'EC, l’économie néoclassique et les hétérodoxies côte à côte, nous avons utilisé une approche kuhnienne actualisée mettant l’accent sur les interactions intra et interdisciplinaires. L’adoption de certaines postures rhétoriques ont conduit à ce que nous avons appelé une « révolution ambiguë » qui mélange des transformations majeures pour l'économie (rôle de l'interdisciplinarité) avec des éléments conservateurs visibles (structure formelle des modèles). Si l’EC a été adoptée par une partie importante des économistes, notre étude de cas portant sur des controverses récentes nous a amenés à soutenir que l’EC est localement incommensurable avec certaines approches défendant l’économie comme discipline autonome. Nous avons également mis en avant des interprétations conflictuelles sur la nature de l’EC à l’intérieur même du champ. En utilisant une approche quantitative, nous soutenons que la mobilité disciplinaire affichée par les fondateurs de l’EC a été interprétée de deux manières. Alors que certains plaident en faveur d'un retour à une « science normale », compatible avec le reste des sciences économiques, d'autres ont adopté l'interdisciplinarité pratiquée par les fondateurs pour repousser les frontières de l'économie dans des directions plus éloignées du cœur traditionnelle de l’économieWhile Behavioral economics (BE) is successful, recent debates prompted questions about the nature of this 'revolution' for economics. The aim of this thesis is to investigate BE from a philosophical, sociological, and historical perspective to better qualify what the tensions and stakes surrounding the change brought about by it are. Contrasting with most of the literature that tends to compare BE, neoclassical economics, and heterodoxies side-by-side, we use an up-to-date Kuhnian approach to focus on intra and interdisciplinary interactions. Because of the role of outsiders in BE, its proponents adopted particular rhetorical stances that led to what we call a ‘revolution on the fence’ that mixes important transformations for economics (e.g. emphasis on interdisciplinarity and empirics) with visible conservative elements (e.g. structure of formal models). While many economists have partly adopted the practices introduced by BE, we argue based on a case-study of incommensurability in recent controversies that BE is locally incompatible with the strongest interpretations of the methodology of revealed preferences, as well as with the interpretation of economics as an insular disciplines. Moreover, we also find contradictory interpretations of what BE is within the field. Using quantitative and networks analysis, we argue that the initial disciplinary mobility displayed by BE’s founders, is interpreted in two ways. While some argue for a return to ‘normal science’ compatible with most of economics, others adopted the interdisciplinarity praised by BE’s founders to push the frontiers of economics in directions further away from the core of traditional economics concerns
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Scroggin, Steven E. "Essays in dynamic uncertainty : behavioral economics, investment theory and law and economics /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3208637.
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Hermansson, Annick. "Regional Integration in Southern African Development Community.Politics Versus Economics : Politics versus Economics." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Political Science, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-8563.
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Regional integration has gained keen drive since the 1980s throughout the world. Political and economic considerations complement each other in any kind of process; yet classical economic integration theory would advocate that regional integration is an economic process occurring largely as a result of greater interaction between neighboring states, functioning almost like a kind of invisible hand. This theory is based on the historical example of the development of the European Union, yet it completely discounts the fact that the European Union was first and foremost a political project. Such also has been the case with the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), the world’s oldest customs union, and with the Southern African Development Cooperation Conference (SADCC) and its successor, the Southern African Development Community (SADC).
Using the new regionalisms approach, with focus on SADC as a representative regional economic community, the purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the extent to which politics rather than economic considerations, has determined the establishment and functioning of SADCC (1980-1992) and thereafter of SADC (from August 17, 1992) and to point out the impact, that these political-driven processes has had on the development of the southern African region integration. A qualitative content analysis is used for data collection while policy analysis is brought out using the Institutional Analysis and Development framework. The results of this study reveal divergence between policy formulation (political) and policy implementation (economic) when it comes to enhancing the developmental aspects in the unfolding regional integration process, yet both equally influential. Moreover, policy formulation at the collective-action level still lacks concrete strategies and plans for the harmonization and implementation of regional initiatives. Some of the strategies for deepening the regional integration process would include prioritizing regional commitments to external ones and improving policy formulation as well as establishing linkages between different regional policies and strategies.
Keywords: Regional integration; regionalism, political economic development; regional and Southern African Development Community.
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Guala, Francesco. "Economics and the laboratory : some philosophical and methodological problems facing experimental economics." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1999. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/836/.
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Laboratory experimentation was once considered impossible or irrelevant in economics. Recently, however, economic science has gone through a real ‘laboratory revolution’, and experimental economics is now a most lively subfield of the discipline. The methodological advantages and disadvantages of controlled experimentation constitute the main subject of this thesis. After a survey of the literature on experiments in philosophy and economics (chapter one), the problem of testing normative theories of rationality is tackled (chapter two). This philosophical issue was at the centre of a famous controversy in decision theory (the ‘Allais controversy’), during which a methodology of normative falsification was first articulated and used to assess experimental results. In the third chapter, the methodological advantages of controlled experimentation are illustrated and discussed with examples taken from the experiments on the so-called ‘preference reversal’ phenomenon. Laboratory testing allows to establish with a high degree of certainty that certain phenomena lie behind the experimental data, by means of independent testing, elimination of alternative hypotheses, and the use of different instruments of observation. The fourth chapter is devoted to a conceptual analysis of the problem of ‘parallelism’. This is the problem of inferring from the occurrence of a phenomenon in the laboratory, to its (possible) instantiation also in non-laboratory environments. Experimental economists have discussed parallelism at length, and their views are presented and criticised. Eventually, it is argued that parallelism is a factual matter and as such can only be established on empirical grounds. The fifth chapter provides an example of how one can argue for parallelism, focusing on the case of experimentation on the ‘winner’s curse’ phenomenon. The role of experiments as ‘mediators’ between theoretical models and their target domain of application is illustrated, and the structure of parallelism arguments analysed in detail. Finally, in the last chapter, economic experiments are compared to simulations, in order to highlight their specific characteristics.
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Sun, Jingjing. "Three essays in financial economics : systemic risk, pension economics and income inequality." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/56008.
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This thesis is composed of three parts, under the main theme of Extreme Value Theory, applied to various areas in financial economics. Tail events are low probability, high impact phenomena. Therefore, understanding distributions of various financial economics dataset enables us to understand the underlying risks. Part I explores a banking network in an advanced emerging economy, in the post-crisis period. Although static in time, it captures the dynamics among factors such as balance sheet size, interconnectedness and systemic importance. Network structure is examined by classic network theory, with reference to extreme value theory. It worths noting that interbank network structure sometimes exhibits (double) heavy-tailedness, which resembles an un-balanced interconnected- ness among nodes (banks). Network structure may have an impact on network (in)stability. This is realized by a simulation, using a defined a sequential default mechanism, taking into account all risks, arising from any single (or multiple) bank(s) default(s). Results show credit risk (often referred as first round effect) does not post threat to the banking sector, as much as fire sales and liquidity shortage (often referred to as secondary effects). Part II studies the household income and consumption inequality of the country Spain. It firstly estimates the lognormal body, as well as both tails of the income and consumption distributions, across pre, during and post-crisis periods, using household finance data collected by Bank of Spain. It then examines the Income Elasticity of Spending (consumption) on various goods, including (a) food, (b) other non-durable goods, (c) vehicle, (d) other durable goods. Method- ology adopted included the random effect and fixed effect models. Results show that income inequality causes heterogeneity in household consumption behaviours on various goods. House- hold belonged to different income percentiles display asymmetric impacts on their consumption on various goods, due to income inequality caused by crisis in 2007-2008. Part III studies a UK occupational pension fund. It shows the pension income displays classic Pareto behaviour, as pointed by previous literature studying income distribution. It then shows the negative relationship between pension income and mortality experiences. Applying Expectation Maximization (EM), the pensioner population can be broken down into several sub-populations, according to pension income size. This pensioner bucketing strategy can be used in pension de-risking solution - longevity swaps. In the emerging market for longevity risk transfers, bespoke solutions [swaps written on the pension fund that provides perfect hedges] have so far played a major role, as they allow pension funds and annuity providers to hedge the risk of mortality perfectly. Indexed instruments, such as swaps written on the mortality experience of a reference population, represent a cost-effective alternative to bespoke solutions, but have so far been less popular. One of the main reasons is that they give rise to basis risk, the risk of mismatch between the mortality experience of the hedger and the one tracked by the index. The pensioner bucketing strategy developed in this paper quantifies basis risk, at the same time, shows that the quality of a hedge can only be assessed by jointly considering the cashflows from the hedging instrument and its mark-to-market/model dynamics. Once such broader perspective is adopted, the true magnitude of basis risk can appear substantially lower than expected. Indexed based longevity solution becomes practical.
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Keith, Kristen. "The reputational effect of job mobility." Connect to resource, 1989. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1265034773.
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Wu, Huoying. "Two essays in the theory of human capital." Connect to resource, 1989. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1262618614.
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Ijose, Olumide Adebola. "A pooled cross-sectional and time series analysis of the determinants of union growth in the United States : 1970-1980 /." Connect to resource, 1989. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1266934397.
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Drometer, Marcus. "Essays in Political Economics." Diss., lmu, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-96230.
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Ulbricht, Robert. "Essays in informational economics." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-157086.
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Miyamoto, Takuro. "Essays in environmental economics." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/37547.
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The objective of this dissertation is to improve our understanding of environmental policies, particularly with respect to two emerging alternative approaches to regulation. They are alternatives to the command and control approach, which policymakers have relied on heavily since the early 1970s. One alternative is to introduce market-based policy instruments like emission taxes or tradable permits. Another alternative is to rely on voluntary approaches to environmental protection. This thesis will study these two alternatives. Our first essay will focus on voluntary programs (VPs) that aim to reduce emissions of pollutants. We try to explain theoretically why governments implement these programs and to examine the property of the VP which the regulator implements to maximize social welfare. We show that if setting an efficient mandatory standard is politically difficult, a regulator might implement the VP because it can generate higher social welfare than the mandatory standard. The abatement rate of the VP that generates the highest social welfare costs participating firms the same amount as the mandatory standard would. The second essay will empirically examine the determinants of environmental management system certifications, especially the ISO 14001 certification, which is a popular environmental practice, and their impacts on environmental performance. In particular, we focus on intra-industry spillovers of ISO 14001 adoption and environmental performance. We apply estimation methods of spatial econometrics to a Japanese facility’s dataset to deal with the spillovers. We find intra-industry spillovers of emissions reduction into the air between similarly sized facilities and of ISO 14001 adoption between similarly sized facilities that emit into water. The third essay will compare taxes and quotas, when an informed polluting industry influences them by political contributions to a government. We show that private information can improve social welfare under taxes but cannot improve it under quotas. Private information also reduces a comparative disadvantage of the taxes over the quotas when the government does not care about social welfare very much.
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Kopsch, Fredrik. "Essays on Regional Economics." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Bygg- och fastighetsekonomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-131750.
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This thesis is, to its nature, somewhat wide in scope. The common denominator for theincluded essays is regional economics. Within this very wide area of research, the thesis isdivided rather sharply between one part regarding trading of emission permits in theinternational aviation sector and another part concerned with real estate markets. The basis ofthis thesis is five essays all written for the purpose of peer reviewed publication.The first topic includes three essays; the first provides an overview of previous emissionstrading schemes which allow us to learn for future policy designs when including new sectorsor creating new trading schemes. The second essay aims at estimating elasticities for domesticair travel in Sweden. The third essay, takes an analytical approach to scrutinizing theproposed barrier of trade between the international aviation sector and the stationary sourceswithin the EU ETS.The second topic is motivated by the structural relocations that two municipalities in thenorthern part of Sweden are currently undergoing. The first essay on this topic, the fourthessay of this thesis, concerns redistributions of wealth that occur when moving a city center.The fifth and final essay approaches the problem of measuring an effect of information onhouse values with small quantities of data, such as is the case for Gällivare municipality.QC 20131024
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Lai, Shu-Ching. "Essays on financial economics." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28934.
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Gupta, Sonam. "Essays in Applied Economics." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/305364.
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The first essay of this dissertation focuses on studying the relationship between private politics and corporate environmentalism. This work analyzes the determinants and effects of two private political actions, boycotts and proxy contests. The analysis shows that: (i) the size of a firm is an important predictor of whether a firm will be chosen as a target of an activist campaign; (ii) firms headquartered in states with larger environmental constituencies are more likely to be targeted by activist campaigns; (iii) "dirty firms" (with larger relative or absolute emissions and/or high level of regulatory scrutiny) are more likely to become targets of an activist campaign; and (iv) private political campaigns are effective in improving the environmental performance of their targets.
The second essay examines the trends in Total Factor Productivity (TFP) and investigates the effects of major changes in the economy on measures of TFP in eight industries during the Interwar period from 1919 through 1939. TFP estimates show that each industry followed a different path of TFP change. There is no consistent evidence on large TFP decline during the years 1929-33 in the industries studied, as proposed in the literature. TFP measures also do not support the hypothesis that the 1930s were a period of interrupted TFP growth but there is evidence that five industries out of eight had higher productivity in the 1930s than in the 1920s. Regression analysis of major determinants of the TFP change for the motor vehicles and the cotton goods industry shows that TFP fell with increases in employment and strike activity. The NRA code might have also contributed to a decline in TFP.
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Sánchez, Vidal María. "Essays on Urban Economics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/387318.
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Cities present high levels of worker and business productivity thanks to their agglomeration economies, which are usually capitalised in higher wages. Cities are, moreover, the perfect environment for consumption, thanks to their large supply of amenities. However, the density of cities is at the same time responsible for rising congestion costs and higher housing prices. Thus, and in line with the urban economics literature, the equilibrium city size depends on the trade-off between the benefits accrued from these agglomeration forces and the costs associated with larger cities. This thesis contributes to this literature by providing three interesting findings about the economics of city formation and city evolution. First, this thesis inspects one of the mechanisms driving the existence of different cities of different sizes. Using data from US cities, it studies the evolution of city growth throughout the twentieth century. More specifically, the analysis focuses on the role played by the new-born cities created during the decades between 1900 and 2000. The first finding is that there are differences in city growth rates according to the age of the city. In general, when a city is born it presents a very high growth rate but, as the decades pass, it matures and its growth rate stabilises or even declines. Second, the results suggest that most of the growth differential across cities is driven by their first decade of existence, which is generally in line with the parametric results.
This thesis also estimates the real net local employment responses to large manufacturing plant closures as a result of their international relocations. Specifically, it estimates the employment effects of the closure of 45 large manufacturing plants in Spain, which relocated to (mainly) developing countries between 2001 and 2006. Each municipality experiencing a closure is matched to a small set of comparable municipalities in terms of employment level and industry mix in the year 2000. It is found that treatments and controls do not differ in their 1990-2000 (pre-treatment) employment trends either, thereby lending credence to the identification assumption underpinning the differences-in-differences estimates used in this chapter. The results show that when a plant closes, for each job directly lost in the plant closure, only between 0.3 and 0.6 jobs are actually lost in the local economy, with the adjustment being concentrated in local incumbent firms in the industry having suffered the closure.
Finally, this thesis studies the effects of big-box store openings, usually located in out-of-town sites, on grocery stores, which are typically identified as city centre consumption amenities. Using an RDD analysis and focusing on the food sector, this chapter makes use of a regulation aimed at restricting the entry of big-box stores as the source of exogenous variation. The results indicate that, after a big-box opens, the affected municipality gradually loses grocery stores, typically from the city centre, showing evidence of downtown hollowing out. In fact, four years after the opening, between 20% and 30% of pre-existing grocery stores have closed down. Moreover, when evaluating the heterogeneity of these effects, the results seem to show that there are no significant short-run differences between big-box store openings in the city centre and those out-of-town. This indicates that, at least in the short-run, both downtown and suburb big-boxes act as direct competitors of grocery stores. An additional heterogeneity analysis is also performed by splitting the results between conventional and discount big-box stores, where the former are chains selling well-known brands whereas the latter typically sell their own brands at lower prices. In this case, all the effect on grocery stores can be attributed to conventional stores, showing evidence that these shops, which sell the same kind of products as grocery stores but in a one-stop shop, may match consumer preferences better and may also be more convenient for them.Las ciudades presentan elevados niveles de productividad gracias a la existencia de economías de aglomeración, las cuales suelen capitalizarse en sueldos más altos. Además, las ciudades son el lugar perfecto para el consumo, gracias a su variada oferta de productos. Sin embargo, la densidad de las ciudades es también la responsable de aumentar los niveles de congestión y los precios de la vivienda. Por eso, de acuerdo con la literatura centrada en la economía urbana, el tamaño de equilibrio de las ciudades depende de una lucha entre dos fuerzas distintas: los beneficios que generan las economías de aglomeración y los costes asociados al gran tamaño de las ciudades. Esta tesis contribuye a la literatura aportando tres resultados interesantes sobre la formación y la evolución de las ciudades. En primer lugar, inspecciona uno de los mecanismos que genera la existencia de diferentes ciudades de diferentes tamaños mediante el uso de datos para Estados Unidos durante el siglo XX. En concreto, el análisis se focaliza en el estudio de las ciudades que nacieron entre el 1900 y el 2000, demostrando que existen diferencias en las tasas de crecimiento de las ciudades dependiendo de la edad de las mismas. En general, cuando una ciudad nace, presenta un crecimiento muy elevado pero a menudo que las décadas pasan, su crecimiento se estabiliza o incluso decrece. Además, este mismo estudio demuestra que dichas diferencias en el crecimiento vienen determinadas por la primera década de su existencia. El segundo análisis empírico de la tesis se centra en estimar los efectos netos del cierre de grandes plantas manufactureras (como resultado de relocalizaciones internacionales) en el empleo local. Más concretamente, el estudio estima los efectos en el empleo local de 45 cierres de grandes plantas manufactureras en España que entre 2001 y 2006 se relocalizaron en países en vías de desarrollo. Para realizar el análisis, cada municipio que sufre un cierre es emparejado con un grupo de municipios comparables en términos de niveles de empleo y composición industrial. Los resultados muestran que, cuando una planta cierra sus puertas, por cada trabajo que se pierde, la economía local solo pierde entre 0,3 y 0,6 puestos de trabajo, dándose este ajuste en las empresas del sector que se encontraban en el municipio anteriormente al cierre de la gran planta. Por último, el tercer estudio empírico de la presente tesis analiza los efectos de la apertura de grandes superficies comerciales, principalmente localizadas en las afueras de las ciudades, en las pequeñas tiendas de alimentación. Este estudio utiliza una regulación comercial que restringe la entrada de grandes superficies comerciales en España como la fuente de variación exógena. Los resultados indican que cuatro años después de la apertura de la gran superficie comercial, entre el 20 y el 30% de las tiendas de alimentación pre-existentes cierran sus puertas. Además, los resultados también indican que no existen diferencias en los efectos provocados por las grandes superficies localizadas en los centros urbanos respecto a las que se sitúan en las afueras. El último resultado de este estudio se centra en demostrar cómo las superficies de descuento no tienen ningún efecto sobre los pequeños comercios de alimentación, siendo las superficies convencionales las que provocan la pérdida de pequeños comercios mencionada anteriormente.
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Stoerk, Thomas. "Essays in environmental economics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/402830.
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This thesis consists of three chapters that investigate environmental policy questions from an empirical point of view. Chapter 1 examines the trustworthiness of official air pollution data sources for Beijing when compared to similar data from the US Embassy in Beijing. Using a statistical regularity, I find that the official data likely suffered from misreporting until the end of 2012. From 2013 onwards, however, misreporting appears to have stopped. Chapter 2 evaluates China's main air pollution control policy to study the effects of environmental regulation when institutions are weak. I find that the policy was ultimately successful in reducing air pollution, but that those effects only set in once the Chinese government started appropriate air pollution monitoring. Moreover, I quantify the efficiency of different policy instruments to control air pollution in China and find that - in contrast to the United States - a market-based solution and a technology mandate for scrubbers are nearly identical. Finally, Chapter 3 studies whether nudges can help consumers align intention and action when choosing their electricity contract. Using a survey experiment, we find that only a default nudge had a statistically and economically significant effect on consumers' decision to contract renewable energy.Aquesta tesi consisteix en tres estudis que investiguen problemes relacionats amb la política de medi ambient des d’un punt de vista empíric. El capítol 1 examina fins a quin punt són fiables les dades sobre la contaminació de l’aire a Beijing quan es comparen amb dades semblants de l’ambaixada dels EUA. Mitjançant l'ús d'una regularitat estadística, proporciono evidència que les dades oficials segurament van ser manipulades fins a finals del 2012. A partir del 2013, però, les dades semblen indicar que es va posar fi a aquesta manipulació. El capítol 2 avalua la política xinesa més important duta a terme per frenar la contaminació de l’aire i pretén estudiar els efectes de la regulació del medi ambient en un context d’institucions febles. Demostro que aquesta política va aconseguir reduir la contaminació, però tan sols després que el govern xinès implementés el monitoreig adequat. A més, quantifico l'eficiència de diferents instruments polítics destinats a controlar la contaminació de l'aire a la Xina. Els resultats indiquen que - en contrast amb els EUA - pràcticament no hi ha diferències entre un instrument de mercat i l’ús prescriptiu de depuradores de gas. Finalment, el capítol 3 analitza si el fet d’introduir canvis en la informació pot ajudar els consumidors a seguir les seves intencions a l'hora de triar un contracte d'electricitat. A través d'un experiment en forma d’enquesta es demostra que només una preselecció té un efecte significatiu en els sentits estadístic i econòmic sobre la presa de decisió dels consumidors a l’hora de contractar energia renovable.
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Pecha, Garzón Camilo José. "Essays on development economics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/405342.
Full textAbstract:
Esta disertación es presentada como un compendio de tres ensayos que estudian los efectos de choques medioambientales y de política en el desarrollo físico de la infancia temprana y en algunas variables de resultado de la oferta laboral.
En el primer ensayo, es analizado el efecto de sufrir el embate de tormentas tropicales en periodo de gestación sobre las medidas antropométricas de los niños tomadas en los primeros 5 años de vida. Se combinan índices de destrucción a nivel de distrito con 13 rondas anuales de la encuesta de hogares de Jamaica. La estrategia empírica explota la variación que surge de la temporalidad y la intensidad de las tormentas a través de diferentes cohortes en el mismo distrito. Los resultados sugieren que cuando las madres gestantes que habitan la región rural-costera son afectadas por al menos dos huracanes, sus hijos tienen una probabilidad 56 puntos porcentuales más alta de sufrir de bajo peso al nacer. Además, esos niños/as también experimentan impactos negativos en las medidas antropométricas tomadas en los primeros cinco años de vida equivalentes a 1.88 desviaciones estándar en peso-por-edad y 1.4 desviaciones estándar en peso-por-talla.
En el segundo ensayo, se estudia la probabilidad de que la fuerza laboral masculina caiga en la informalidad ante la exposición a huracanes y tormentas tropicales. Se combinan variables de destrucción calculadas a partir de las características físicas de las tormentas a nivel de distrito con 36 rondas trimestrales de la encuesta de fuerza de trabajo de Jamaica. La estrategia empírica explota la variación proveniente de la intensidad y la temporalidad de las tormentas tropicales, así como la localización geográfica en conjunto con un modelo de panel con efectos aleatorios de selección endógena. Controlando por las potenciales fuentes de sesgo debido a condiciones iniciales, falta de seguimiento en el panel y selección de empleo, los resultados sugieren que los huracanes afectan positivamente la probabilidad de transición a la informalidad laboral sin importar la situación de formalidad inicial. Al examinar los efectos marginales de las tormentas se encuentra que la probabilidad de pasar a la informalidad se encuentra entre el 0.7 y el 12 porciento dependiendo de la condición de formalidad y el momento en el cual es afectado por las tormentas.
Finalmente, en el tercer ensayo se examina si la política de universalización del sistema de salud de Jamaica afectó el estado de salud y la oferta laboral de los adultos. Se comparan resultados de adultos sin cubrimiento de seguridad sanitaria con sus contrapartes aseguradas, antes y después de la implementación de la política. El estudio encuentra que la política redujo tanto la probabilidad de sufrir enfermedades asociadas a la pérdida de días laborales como el número de días perdidos por enfermedad en 28.6 porciento y 34 porciento, respectivamente. Consistente con la ausencia de “encadenamiento al empleo”, no se encontraron efectos en el margen extensivo de empleabilidad. Sin embargo, consistente con una reducción en el número de días laborales perdidos por enfermedad, se encontró un efecto positivo de 2.15 horas adicionales de trabajo por semana. Este es principalmente un efecto de la oferta de trabajo dado que el estudio muestra que tanto el salario por hora reportado e imputado cae entre 0.15 y 0.06 puntos logarítmicos, respectivamente. Con esto, el monto monetario calculado como retorno asociado a la política asciende un promedio anual de US$26 millones en producto real a la economía durante el periodo 2008 a 2012.This dissertation is presented as a compendium of three essays that study the effects of environmental and policy shocks on early childhood physical development and labor supply outcomes. In the first essay, it is analyzed the effects of exposure to hurricanes and tropical storms during pregnancy on children's anthropometric measures taken within the first five years of life. It combines destruction indexes at the district level with 13 yearly rounds of household level surveys from Jamaica. The empirical strategy exploits variation arising from the storms' timing and intensity across different cohorts within the same district. The findings suggest that when expectant mothers living in coastal-rural areas are affected by at least two hurricanes, their children are 56 percentage points more likely to show low birth weight. Furthermore, these children also experience negative impacts on anthropometric measures taken within the first five years of life equivalent to 1.88 standard deviations in weight-for-age and 1.4 standard deviations in weight-for-height. In the second essay, it is studied the probability of formally employed men falling into informality because of exposure to hurricanes and tropical storms. It combines destruction variables calculated from physical storms' characteristics at the district level with 36 quarterly rounds of Jamaica's labour force surveys. The empirical strategy exploits variation arising from the storm's timing, intensity, and geographic location within a panel-random effects endogenous choice model framework. Controlling for potential biases due to initial conditions, panel attrition and employment selection, findings suggest that hurricanes positively affect the transition probability regardless of whether the individually was initially employed in a formal or an informal job. When the marginal effects of the storm were studied, the probability of become informally employed ranges between 0.7 and 12 percent depending on the employee's initial state and the moment when the storms were suffered. These results suggest that the public and private policy agenda on adaptation to climate change should incorporate a discussion on how to offset the negative effects of hurricanes, since these events could become worse in the near future. Finally, in the third essay, it is examined whether Jamaica's free public healthcare policy affected health status and labor supply of adult individuals. It compares outcomes of adults without health insurance versus their insured counterparts, before and after policy implementation. The study finds that the policy reduced both the likelihood of suffering illnesses with associated lost work days and the number of lost days due to illnesses by 28.6 percent and 34 percent, respectively. Consistent with the absence of ``employment lock'', no effects are found on employment at the extensive margin. However, consistent with a reduced number of days lost due to illnesses, there is a positive effect of 2.15 additional weekly labor hours. This is primarily a labor supply effect as the study shows that both reported and imputed hourly wages decreased by 0.15 and 0.06 log-points respectively. Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that the policy added a yearly average of US$PPP 26.6 million worth of net real production to the economy during the period 2008-12.
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Krznar, Ivo. "Essays in International Economics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4089.
Full textAbstract:
Esta tesis consiste en tres ensayos independientes. Aunque unidos bajo un título, varían en los temas considerados y método escogido. El primer ensayo presenta un modelo de ciclos reales internacionales con rigideces reales que hoy constituyen una parte considerable de teoría RBC de economía cerrada con mercados completos. En general, estas rigideces tienen menos éxito al resolver problemas de correlaciones internacionales. Encontramos que los costes de ajuste del capital, junto con hábitos de consumo, ayudan a explicar sólo correlación positivo de inversión - en combinación con costes principales de ajuste, hábitos de consumo proporcionan un canal por el que los costes principales de ajuste llegan a ser más grandes que los costes de oportunidad de no invertir en un país más productivo. Además, se demuestra que las rigideces en el mercado de trabajo no ayudan a explicar correlaciones de factores, como por ejemplo el problema de empleo e inversión. Además, mientras tanto los costes de ajuste de trabajo como los hábitos de ocio ambos aumentan la correlación de produccion, sólo los efectos de esto representan fuerzas llevan a la solucion del problema de consumo. En el segundo ensayo se presenta un instrumento útil para banqueros centrales de los países dolarizados en el análisis de adecuación de las reservas internacionales. Una expresión analítica de reservas óptimas es derivada y calibrada para Croacia, con el proposito de evaluar la adecuación de las reservas internacionales croatas. Mostramos que la demanda preventiva para reservas es consecuente con una fuerte tendencia de acumulación de reservas internacionales en los últimos 10 años. Si esta tendencia fue demasiado fuerte o si las reservas fueron más bajas que las reservas óptimas depende de la reacción posible de los bancos matrices durante una crisis. Mostramos que para valores plausibles de los parámetros, el Banco Nacional de Croacia tiene reservas suficientes para luchar contra una posible crisis con la misma magnitud que la de 1998/1999, caracterizada por una crisis bancaria con sudden stop. También mostramos que la utilización de los dos indicadores estándar de reservas "óptimas", la regla Greenspan-Guidotti y la regla de tres meses de importación, puede llevar a una evaluación poco realista de la "optimalidad" de las reservas internacionales en el caso de Croacia. El tercer ensayo explora el impacto de la tasa de cambio de USD/EUR en la inflación en los países de Europa central y oriental (PECO). En particular, analizamos cuál porción de la variación en la inflación en el PECO puede ser atribuida a la tasa de cambio del USD /EUR como un golpe externo. Además, estudiamos hasta qué punto los golpes de la tasa de cambio de USD /EUR influyen en la inflación en el PECO. Un modelo de VAR con restricciones de exogeneidad en bloque es empleado para trazar el impacto de las fluctuaciones de la tasa de cambio de USD /EUR en la inflación en cada etapa por la cadena de distribución. Encontramos que la tasa de cambio de USD /EUR tiene impacto diferente en la inflación en los PECO con regímenes diferentes de tasa de cambio. Nuestro ejercicio empírico muestra que la tasa de cambio de USD /EUR explica la gran parte de la inestabilidad de la inflación en los PECO con tasas de cambio fijas de la moneda doméstica contra el euro. Además, el grado de influencia de la tasa de cambio de USD /EUR en la inflación en el PECO es el más alto en las economías con regímenes de tasa de cambio fijos. Estos resultados pueden ser importantes en el contexto del requisito de estabilidad de precios de los Criterios de Maastricht: además del reto interno de mantener la inflación baja y enfrentarse con las dificultades del proceso de convergencia de precios, los países solicitantes podrían enfrentarse con problemas fuera de su alcance.This thesis consists of three self-contained essays. Although united under one title they differ in both the topics considered and approaches chosen. The first essay presents an international real business cycles model with real rigidities which today constitute a large part of closed economy RBC theory in a complete markets setting. Overall, these rigidities have less success in resolving international comovement puzzles. We find that capital adjustment costs together with consumption habits help explain positive investment comovement only - in combination with capital adjustment costs, consumption habits provide a channel through which capital adjustment costs become larger than the opportunity costs of not investing in a more productive country. In addition, I find that rigidities in labor market do not help to explain factor comovements such as the employment and investment puzzle. Furthermore, while both labor adjustment costs and leisure habits increase the output correlation, only the effects of the latter present forces toward resolving the consumption cross-correlation puzzle. The second essay offers a useful tool for central bankers in dollarized countries for analyzing foreign reserves adequacy. An analytical expression of optimal reserves is derived and calibrated for Croatia in order to evaluate the adequacy of the Croatian National Bank foreign reserves. We show that the precautionary demand for reserves is consistent with the trend of strong accumulation of foreign reserves over the last 10 years. Whether this trend was too strong or whether the actual reserves were lower than the optimal reserves depends on the possible reaction of the parent banks during a crisis. We show that for plausible values of parameters, the Croatian National Bank has enough reserves to fight a possible crisis of magnitude of the
1998/1999 sudden stop with banking crisis episode. We also show how using the two standard indicators of "optimal" reserves, the Greenspan-Guidotti and the 3-months-of-imports rules, might lead to an unrealistic assessment of the foreign reserves optimality in the case of Croatia. The third essay explores the impact of the USD/EUR exchange rate on inflation in the Central and East European countries (CEEC). In particular, we analyze which portion of the variation in inflation in the CEEC can be attributed to the USD/EUR exchange rate, as an external shock. In addition, we study to what extent USD/EUR exchange rate shocks influence inflation in the CEEC. A VAR model with block exogeneity restrictions is employed to trace the impact of the USD/EUR exchange rate fluctuations on inflation at each stage along the distribution chain. We find that the USD/EUR exchange rate has different impact on inflation among the CEEC with different exchange rate regimes. Our empirical exercise shows that the USD/EUR exchange rate accounts for the largest share of inflation volatility in the CEEC with stable exchange rates of the domestic currency against the euro. Furthermore, the extent of the USD/EUR exchange rate influence on inflation in the CEEC is the largest in the economies with stable exchange rate regimes. These results might be important in the context of the price stability requirement of the Maastricht Criteria: in addition to the internal challenge of keeping low inflation and dealing with the difficulties of the price convergence process, the applicant countries could face problems beyond their influence.