Relevant bibliographies by topics / ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT CROPS

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT CROPS'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT CROPS"

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Alan, Ali Ramazan, and Fevziye Celebi Toprak. "Ploidy manipulation strategies for economically important Allium crops." Journal of Biotechnology 231 (August 2016): S31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.05.127.

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Alvarado Ibáñez, Juan Carlos, José Mostacero León, and Mayra Gutiérrez Araujo. "BIOFERTILIZER POTENTIAL OF RHIZOBACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT AMAZONIAN CROPS." REBIOL 41, no. 2 (November 22, 2021): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/rebiol.2021.41.02.01.

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Byron, Morgan, Danielle D. Treadwell, and Peter J. Dittmar. "Weeds as Reservoirs of Plant Pathogens Affecting Economically Important Crops." EDIS 2019, no. 5 (September 19, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-hs1335-2019.

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Weeds are a major contributor to yield loss and reduction in yield quality in an agricultural setting, competing with the crop for resources like light, water, and nutrients. This competition along with the cost of weed management strategies like tillage and herbicides, are responsible for the economic impact of weeds, which can reach into the billions. In addition to the damage caused by direct competition, weeds can also harm crop plants by acting as reservoirs for destructive plant pathogens, the insect vectors that move these pathogens from plant to plant, or both. The objective of this publication is to summarize previously published weed-pathogen associations to help growers scout and monitor pathogens in weeds near production areas.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1335
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Keldysh, M. A., and O. N. Chervyakova. "Invasive plants as reservoirs of viral infection for economically important crops." Защита и карантин растений, no. 12 (2021): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47528/1026-8634-2021-12-31.

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Pillay, Kerushka R., Amy-Leigh Wilson, Tharmalingam Ramesh, and Colleen T. Downs. "Digestive parameters and energy assimilation of Cape porcupine on economically important crops." African Zoology 50, no. 4 (October 2, 2015): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2015.1116373.

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Żołobowska, Lena, and Henryk Pospieszny. "Diversity of soft rot Erwinias occurring on economically important crops in Poland." Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection 32, no. 5 (November 1999): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235409909383305.

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Salem, Halima Hassan, Bahy Ahmed Ali, Tian-Hua Huang, Da-Nian Qin, Xiao-Mei Wang, and Qing-Dong Xie. "Use of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Analysis for Economically Important Food Crops." Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 49, no. 12 (December 2007): 1670–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2007.00582.x.

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Sirisena, U. G. A. I., G. W. Watson, K. S. Hemachandra, and H. N. P. Wijayagunasekara. "Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) species on economically important fruit crops in Sri Lanka." Tropical Agricultural Research 25, no. 1 (September 17, 2015): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/tar.v25i1.8031.

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Min, Yu Yu, and Koki Toyota. "Plant-parasitic nematodes in some economically important crops in Myanmar – species, possible damage and control measures." Nematology 20, no. 1 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00003133.

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Rice, pulses and oilseed crops are major exporting crops in Myanmar. Many plant-parasitic nematodes, such asMeloidogyne incognita,M. javanica,M. graminicola,Ditylenchus angustus,Hirschmanniella oryzae,Heterodera cajaniandPratylenchusspp., have been detected in these crops in different cropping patterns and are considered one of the reasons for their low yields. Previous surveys have shown potential impact to yield losses in the crops. This Forum article provides collective information on species of the major plant-parasitic nematodes, possible damage and available control measures to such economically important crops in Myanmar.
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Burton, Nikki R., Hugh J. Beckie, Christian J. Willenborg, Steven J. Shirtliffe, Jeff J. Schoenau, and Eric N. Johnson. "Evaluating Seed Shatter of Economically Important Weed Species." Weed Science 64, no. 4 (December 2016): 673–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-16-00081.1.

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The increasing occurrence of herbicide resistance, along with no new herbicide modes of action developed in over 30 yr, have increased the need for nonherbicidal weed management strategies and tactics. Harvest weed seed control (HWSC) practices have been successfully adopted in Australia to manage problematic weeds. For HWSC to be effective, a high proportion of weed seeds must be retained on the plant at crop maturity. This 2-yr (2014, 2015) study evaluated seed shatter of wild oat, green foxtail, wild mustard, and cleavers in both an early (field pea) and late (spring wheat) maturity crop in field experiments at Scott, Saskatchewan. Seed shatter was assessed using shatter trays collected once a week during crop ripening stage, as well as at two crop maturation or harvest stages (swathing, direct-combining). Seed shatter differed among weed species, but was similar between crops at maturity: ca. 30% for wild oat, 5% for cleavers, < 2% for wild mustard, and < 1% for green foxtail. Overall, seed shatter of wild oat occurred sooner and at greater levels during the growing season compared with the other weed species. Viability of both shattered and plant-retained seeds was relatively high for all species. The small amount of seed shatter of cleavers, wild mustard, and green foxtail suggests that these species may be suitable candidates for HWSC. Due to the amount and timing of wild oat seed shatter, HWSC may not reduce population abundance of this grassy weed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT CROPS"

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Mafeo, Tieho Paulus. "Responses of economically important crops to crude extracts of cucumis myriocarpus fruit when used as a pre-emergent bio-nematicide." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/894.

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Thesis (Ph.D. Agriculture (Horticulture)) -- University of Limpopo, 2012
High yield losses in various crops due to plant-parasitic nematodes are associated with high initial nematode population densities (Pi). Uses of synthetic nematicides to reduce Pi were dependent on the physiological effect of materials on the protected crops, resulting into the coining of pre-emergent and post-emergent nematicides. Crude extracts of wild cucumber (Cucumis myriocarpus) fruit consistently reduced nematode population densities of the southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) when used as a post-emergent bio-nematicide. The purpose of this study was to investigate the compatibility of crude extracts of C. myriocarpus fruit when used as a pre-emergent bio-nematicide on germination and emergence of commercially important dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous crops using empirical tests and computer-generated models. Studies were conducted over a period of three years to assess the effects of this material on growth of various seedlings. Seven treatments comprising crude extracts of C. myriocarpus fruit (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15 g/pot) and test solutions (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 g/ℓ distilled water) were used for emergence and germination in initial studies. Generally, 18 days after the treatments, variables measured and levels of crude extracts of C. myriocarpus fruit had negative quadratic relationships, which suggested that they had density-dependent growth responses. Subsequent studies were conducted using three selected crops each from the families Alliaceae, Gramineae and Solanaceae under greenhouse conditions, each with reduced concentration of 10 treatments (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00 and 2.25 g material/pot). Using variables of various organs and crops, significant means were subjected to the Curve-fitting Allelochemical Dosage Response (CARD) computer model, which was characterised by six biological indices, viz. threshold stimulation (Dm), xli saturation level (Rh), 0% inhibition (D0), 50% inhibition (D50), 100% inhibition (D100) and transformation level (k). The model demonstrated that the responses of the three crops from each family when regressed to dosages of crude extracts of C. myriocarpus fruit exhibited the density-dependent growth patterns, characterised by responses that included stimulation, saturation and inhibition. The integrated sensitivities (Σk) of the tested crops to crude extracts of C. myriocarpus fruit ranged from Σk = 9 to Σk = 51, with eggplant (Solanum melongena) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) being the most sensitive, while tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) was the least sensitive. Using the data depicting the stimulation range from CARD model, viz. (Dm), which is a threshold stimulation dosage and (Rh), which is a saturation dosage, mean dosage stimulation response (MDSR) was determined for chive (Allium schoenoprasum), leek (Allium ampeloprasum), onion (Allium cepa), maize (Zea mays), millet (Panicum miliaceum), sorghum, eggplant, pepper (Capsicum annum) and tomato as being 1.19, 0.68, 0.45, 1.13, 0.86, 1.12, 0.74, 1.11, and 0.53 g, respectively. These MDSR values are dosages which when applied for respective crops at direct seeding would not affect germination or emergence. MDSR values were validated for onion, millet and tomato, resulting in approximately 100% suppression of nematodes in all three test crops. In contrast, 100% emergence occurred in millet and tomato, while the validated MDSR reduced emergence on onion by 15%, which confirmed the sensitivity of this crop to crude extracts of C. myriocarpus fruit. In conclusion, crude extracts of C. myriocarpus fruit have the potential for use as pre-emergent bio-nematicide in suppression of plant-parasitic nematodes in various crops.
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Liao, Jye-Yann, and 廖吉彥. "Molecular characterization of economically important viruses infecting fruit and energy crop in Taiwan." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77341628326756828785.

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博士
國立中興大學
生物科技學研究所
99
A disease of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) showing symptoms of chlorotic spot ,enation, yellow of leaves and stunted was collected from Puli, and from which a pure line of virus isolate (SF-1) was obtained through series of single lesion isolation. Before correctly identify the pathogen, A filamentous potyvirus about 770 x 13 nm in size was isolated from the infected plant and proved to be the causal agent of the disease. The molecular size of the coat protein of the pathogen was found to 35 kDa. The pathogen induced cylindrical inclusion body including the shapes of scrolls、laminated aggregated and bundles in host cytoplasm. According to preliminary test including westing blotting test、ELISA test、nucleic acid sequencing and amino acid sequencing, the 3’end region and analysis of identical relationship suggests this sunflower virus could belong to PVY subgroup and the name of “sunflower chlorotic spot virus”(SCSV) is tentatively porposed. The full-length genome of a potyvirus, previously known as sunflower chlorotic spot virus isolate SF-1 (SCSV-SF-1) which causes novel symptoms on sunflowers was sequenced and analyzed. The genome of SCSV-SF-1 is 9,741 nucleotides long, encoding a polyprotein of 3,071 amino acids containing the consensus motifs of potyviruses. Sequence comparison revealed that the 3’-terminus of SCSV-SF-1 shared over 96% similarities with isolates of Bidens mottle virus (BiMoV). However, SCSV-SF-1 has a very narrow host range, excluding the diagnostic host species for BiMoV, Bidens pilosa and Zinnia elegans. Therefore, SCSV-SF-1 is a distinct isolate of BiMoV. This is the first report of the full-length nucleotide sequence of BiMoV infecting sunflower in Taiwan. During a disease survey of wax gourd (Benincasa hispida Cogn.) in Taiwan, virus-like symptoms of yellowing, vein enation, rugose mosaic and leaf curling were observed and further characterized. A naturally infected wax gourd sample (Wg1) was collected from experimental field at Beidou, Changhua County, Central Taiwan. The plant was tested negative with indirect ELISA using the antisera against eight RNA viruses commonly found in cucurbits, including Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus, Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, Cucumber mosaic virus , Melon vein-banding mosaic virus , Papaya ringspot virus-watermelon type , Watermelon silver mottle virus and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus. However, it showed positive to a geminivirus, tentatively named isolate of Squash leaf curl virus Wg1 (SqLCV-Wg1), with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primer pair that is specific to begomovirus genomes. After cloning and sequencing, the PCR product was identified to be 1116 nucleotides (nt) in length, encompassing 126, 771, and 219 nt of the AV2, CP, and AC3 gene coding regions, respectively. Sequence alignment with the corresponding regions of other begomoviruses revealed that SqLCV-Wg1 is most closely related to Squash leaf curl Philippines virus, with percent nucleotide identities of 97.6, 97.7, and 93.8 for AV1, CP, and AC3 genes, respectively. The CP gene of SqLV-Wg1 was further cloned into the vector pET21d(+), which was then used to express proteins in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and to produce specific antiserum for future diagnosis purposes. This is the first record of cucurbitaceous plants infected with Squash leaf curl Philippines virus in Taiwan. Cucurbits are economically important crops in Taiwan. However, several emerging viral diseases have devastated the production of cucurbits and caused great losses in recent years. Squash leaf curl Philippines virus (SqLCV, Geus Begomovirus , Family Geminiviridae), transmitted by whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci species complex) is among the most severe viral pathogens in cucurbits. The development of efficient and convenient methods for the monitoring of SqLCV in cucurbits is in need. In this study, modified rolling circle amplification (RCA) method to detect the circular DNA genome of SqLCV was developed and applied in the survey of SqLCV in whiteflies and cucurbit crops in the major production areas in southern and central Taiwan. The results revealed the common and persistent presence of SqLCV among various cucurbit crops and whitefly populations. The disease incidences and viruliferous ratios varied widely among different crops and whitefly populations, with watermelon and muskmelon being the lowest and highest, respectively. The spatial and temporal effects on the variations of SqLCV genomic sequences were further analyzed using samples collected from various localities belonged to different territorial district in Taiwan over the period of 2007 to 2010. Most genomic variations were identified in intergenic region sequences, while the others coding sequences were highly conserved. These results provide applicable references for the tracing of origins of SqLCV isolates and the design of effective disease management measures for SqLCV.
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Books on the topic "ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT CROPS"

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Symposium on the Application of Tissue Culture Techniques in Economically Important Tropical Trees (1987 Bogor, Indonesia). Symposium on the Application of Tissue Culture Techniques in Economically Important Tropical Trees, Bogor, Indonesia, December 7-9, 1987: [proceedings]. Edited by Umaly Ruben C and Regional Center for Tropical Biology (Bogor, Indonesia). Bogor, Indonesia: Southeast Asian Regional Center for Tropical Biology, 1988.

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O'Connor, Terry. Animals in urban life in Medieval to Early Modern England. Edited by Umberto Albarella, Mauro Rizzetto, Hannah Russ, Kim Vickers, and Sarah Viner-Daniels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686476.013.13.

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Animals formed an essential part of urban life in England from Medieval times onwards, economically, socially, and ecologically. As livestock, they provided meat and other carcass resources, traction power, wool, and dairy produce. The close integration of livestock with everyday urban life is reflected in the ubiquity of butchered cattle, and sheep and pig bones, and the sight, sound, and smell of livestock would have been everyday experiences. Horses are probably under-represented in the animal bone record, given their likely importance as pack and riding animals. Poultry and, later, rabbits were important as livestock that poorer households could raise and trade. Other animals provided companionship, although the differentiation of companion animals is not unproblematic. The commensal scavengers such as crows and rodents were a central element of the urban scene, becoming stigmatized as ‘vermin’ at least by the sixteenth century.
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Solomon, M. Scott. Labor Migrations and the Global Political Economy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.251.

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Cross-border migration of people from one country to another has become an increasingly important feature of the globalizing world and it raises many important economic, social, and political issues. Migration is overwhelmingly from less developed to more developed countries and regions. Some of the factors affecting migration include: differences between wages for equivalent jobs; access to the benefits system of host countries plus state education, housing, and health care; and a desire to travel, build new skills and qualifications, and develop networks. On a more economic standpoint, studies show that labor migration provides various advantages. Migrants can provide complementary skills to domestic workers, which can raise the productivity of both. Migration can also be a driver of technological change and a fresh source of entrepreneurs. Much innovation comes from the work of teams of people who have different perspectives and experiences. Furthermore, a convenient way to accommodate individual actors in the global economy is to view them as economically dependent workers rather than as citizens capable of bringing about social change. The economic globalization process has modified this perspective to some extent, with greater recognition of the integration of a diverse, but nationally based, workforce into production patterns that can span several sovereign jurisdictions and world regions.
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Ziccardi Capaldo, Giuliana, ed. The Global Community Yearbook of International Law and Jurisprudence 2019. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197513552.001.0001.

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The 2019 edition of the Global Community Yearbook of International Law and Jurisprudence both updates readers on the important work of long-standing international tribunals and introduces readers to more novel topics in international law. The Yearbook continues to provide expert coverage of the Court of Justice of the European Union and diverse tribunals from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to criminal tribunals such as the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (MICT), to international courts of human rights (ECtHR, IACtHR, ACtHPR), to economically based tribunals such as ICSID and the WTO Dispute Resolution panel. This edition contains original research articles on the development and analysis of the concept of global law and the views of the global law theorists such as: a judicial knowledge-sharing process as a tool for courts working together in a universal constitutional structure; the key insights emerging from the Global Environment Outlook-6, and the progress that has been made in international environmental law; the role of human rights treaty monitoring bodies in the international legal order; and an examination of the consequences of the UN Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration on international law. The Yearbook provides students, scholars, and practitioners alike a valuable combination of expert discussion and direct quotes from the court opinions to which that discussion relates, as well as an annual overview of the process of cross-fertilization between international courts and tribunals.
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Nahm, Jonas. Collaborative Advantage. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197555361.001.0001.

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In an era of rapid international economic integration, how do countries interact, innovate, and compete in industries, like energy, that are fundamental to national interests? Collaborative Advantage: Forging Green Industries in the New Global Economy examines the development of wind and solar industries, two sectors of historic importance that have long been the target of ambitious public policy. As wind and solar grew from cottage industries into $300 billion global sectors, China, Germany, and the United States each developed distinct constellations of firms with starkly different technical capabilities. The book shows that globalization itself has reinforced such distinct national patterns of industrial specialization. Economically, globalization has created opportunities for firms to specialize through collaboration with others. Politically, new possibilities for specialization have allowed firms to repurpose existing domestic institutions for application in new industries. Against the backdrop of policy efforts that have generally failed to grasp the cross-national nature of innovation, the book offers a novel explanation for both the causes of changes in the global organization of innovation and their impact on domestic politics. As interdependence in global supply chains has again come under fire in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, Collaborative Advantage challenges the notion that globalization is primarily about competition, highlighting instead the central role of collaboration in the global economy, particularly in clean energy industries critical to solving the climate crisis.
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Ziccardi Capaldo, Giuliana, ed. The Global Community Yearbook of International Law and Jurisprudence 2017. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923846.001.0001.

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The 2017 edition both updates readers on the important work of long-standing international tribunals and introduces readers to more novel topics in international law. The Yearbook has established itself as an authoritative resource for research and guidance on the jurisprudence of both UN-based tribunals and regional courts. The 2017 edition continues to provide expert coverage of the Court of Justice of the European Union and diverse tribunals from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to criminal tribunals such as the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, to economically based tribunals such as ICSID and the WTO Dispute Resolution panel. This edition contains original research articles on the development and analysis of the concept of global law and the views of the global law theorists. It also includes expert introductory essays by prominent scholars in the realm of international law, on topics as diverse and current as the erosion of the postwar liberal global order by national populism and the accompanying disorder in global politics, a bifurcated global nuclear order due to the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty and the Nuclear Weapons Prohibition Treaty, and the expansion of the principle of no-impunity and its application to serious violations of social and economic rights. New to the 2017 edition, the author of the article in Recent Lines of Internationalist Thought will now talk about their own work as a Scholar/Judge. In addition, this edition memorializes the late M. Cherif Bassiouni. The Yearbook provides students, scholars, and practitioners alike a valuable combination of expert discussion and direct quotes from the court opinions to which that discussion relates, as well as an annual overview of the process of cross-fertilization between international courts and tribunals and a section focusing on the thought of leading international law scholars on the subject of the globalization.
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Ziccardi Capaldo, Giuliana, ed. The Global Community Yearbook of International Law and Jurisprudence 2018. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190072506.001.0001.

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The 2018 edition of The Global Community Yearbook of International Law and Jurisprudence both updates readers on the important work of long-standing international tribunals and introduces readers to more novel topics in international law. The Yearbook continues to provide expert coverage of the Court of Justice of the European Union and diverse tribunals from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to criminal tribunals such as the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, to economically based tribunals such as ICSID and the WTO Dispute settlement procedures. The contents of this part have been enriched with the inclusion of a new section devoted to the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), the oldest global institution for the settlement of international disputes. This edition contains original research articles on the development and analysis of the concept of global law and the views of the global law theorists such as: whether the Paris Declaration of 2017 and the Oslo Recommendation of 2018 deals with enhancing their institutions’ legitimacy; how to reconcile human rights, trade law, intellectual property, investment and health law with the WTO dispute settlement panel upholding Australia’s tobacco plain packaging measure; Israel’s acceptance of Palestinian statehood contingent upon prior Palestinian “demilitarization” is potentially contrary to pertinent international law; and a proposal to strengthen cooperation between the ECJ and National Courts in light of the failure of the dialogue between the ECJ and the Italian Constitutional Court on the interpretation of Article 325 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European union. The Yearbook provides students, scholars, and practitioners alike a valuable combination of expert discussion and direct quotes from the court opinions to which that discussion relates, as well as an annual overview of the process of cross-fertilization between international courts and tribunals.
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Ziccardi Capaldo, Giuliana, ed. THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY YEARBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND JURISPRUDENCE 2016. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190848194.001.0001.

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The 2016 edition updates readers on the important work of long-standing international tribunals and introduces readers to more novel topics in international law. The Yearbook has established itself as an authoritative resource for research and guidance on the jurisprudence of UN-based tribunals and regional courts. The 2016 edition continues to provide expert coverage of the EU Court of Justice and diverse tribunals from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to criminal tribunals such as the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, to economically based tribunals such as ICSID and the WTO Dispute Resolution panel, to human rights courts such as ECtHR and IACtHR. This edition contains original research articles on the development and analysis of the concept of global law and the views of the global law theorists, such as the Editorial focusing on a new remedy for the violation of the jus cogens principle concerning the imprescriptibility of torture. This edition also includes expert introductory essays by prominent scholars in the realm of international law, on topics as diverse and current as the role of the WTO’s Appellate Body in interpreting the TRIPS Agreement and an examination of the EU Court of Justice data protection framework in light of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. Researchers will find detailed guidance on a rich diversity of legal topics, from an examination of the processes under which transnational criminal law norms have been adopted and the process under which these norms have been globally implemented, to the impact post-conviction DNA testing has had on the criminal justice system in the United States. This edition also provides students, scholars, and practitioners a valuable combination of expert discussion and direct quotes from the court opinions to which that discussion relates, as well as an annual overview of the process of cross-fertilization between international courts and tribunals and a section focusing on the thought of leading international law scholars on the subject of the globalization.
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Book chapters on the topic "ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT CROPS"

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Bhatt, Daksha. "Commercial Micropropagation of Some Economically Important Crops." In Agricultural Biotechnology: Latest Research and Trends, 1–36. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2339-4_1.

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Dara, Surendra K. "Integrated Insect Pest Management of Economically Important Crops." In Biopesticides in Organic Farming, 295–304. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003027690-63.

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Kumhar, Kishor Chand, and Azariah Babu. "Economically Important Diseases of Tea (Camellia sp.) and Their Management." In Diseases of Fruits and Vegetable Crops, 435–59. Series statement: Innovations in horticultural science: Apple Academic Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429322181-24.

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Srivastava, D. K., P. Kumar, S. Sharma, A. Gaur, and G. Gambhir. "Genetic Engineering for Insect Resistance in Economically Important Vegetable Crops." In Plant Tissue Culture: Propagation, Conservation and Crop Improvement, 343–78. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1917-3_15.

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Bajpai, Anju, Kashmiri Jadhav, M. Muthukumar, Sandeep Kumar, and Gaurav Srivatava. "Use of Nanotechnology in Quality Improvement of Economically Important Agricultural Crops." In Biogenic Nano-Particles and their Use in Agro-ecosystems, 39–57. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2985-6_3.

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Singh, Dinesh, and Priyanka Singh Rathaur. "Detection of Seed and Propagating Material-Borne Bacterial Diseases of Economically Important Crops." In Seed-Borne Diseases of Agricultural Crops: Detection, Diagnosis & Management, 143–67. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9046-4_6.

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Partap, Mahinder, Shiv Rattan, Kanika, Ashrita, Archit Sood, Pankaj Kumar, and Ashish R. Warghat. "Hydroponic and Aeroponic Cultivation of Economically Important Crops for Production of Quality Biomass." In Agricultural Biotechnology: Latest Research and Trends, 573–85. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2339-4_25.

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Mallick, Pijush, and Mrittika Sengupta. "Prospect and Commercial Production of Economically Important Plant Mulberry (Morus Sp.) Towards the Upliftment of Rural Economy." In Commercial Scale Tissue Culture for Horticulture and Plantation Crops, 219–43. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0055-6_10.

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Mainkar, Pawan S., Manju Sharma, Yamini Agarwal, Vijay K. Gupta, and Rekha Kansal. "Potential and Perspective of Plant Proteinase Inhibitor Genes in Genetic Improvement of Economically Important Crops." In Agricultural Biotechnology: Latest Research and Trends, 281–304. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2339-4_12.

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Choudhary, Shashi Bhushan, Anjay Kumar Jambhulkar, Hariom Kumar Sharma, A. Anil Kumar, Neetu Kumari, and Dileep Kumar. "Gamma-ray induced pedigreed mutant population of tossa jute (Corchorus olitorius L.): a key resource for forward and reverse genetics." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 469–77. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0048.

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Abstract Narrow genetic diversity in available germplasm is a serious limiting factor for academic progress and agronomic improvement of crops like Corchorus olitorius, an economically important bast fibre crop. Mutation breeding, with its proven ability to improve qualitative as well as quantitative traits, can be employed to augment germplasm diversity. In the present study, gamma-rays were used to treat the seeds of two promising varieties, JRO 204 and JRO 8432; LD50 doses for gamma-rays were 200 Gy and 300 Gy for JRO 204 and JRO 8432, respectively. Irradiation of two varieties has resulted in the development of a large number of macro-mutants, such as twisted bark, extreme dwarf, non-abscission leaf, soft stem, hard stem and round pod mutants. Morphological and anatomical studies of these mutants gave new light on secondary growth in the species. In addition to the academic utility, these mutants will prove of immense importance to plant breeders aiming to improve fibre quality. Moreover, novel mutants will help to develop new plant architecture suitable for diversified applications of the genus.
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Conference papers on the topic "ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT CROPS"

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Ghazali, Siti Zafirah, Badrul Munir Md Zain, and Salmah Yaakop. "Phylogeny of economically important insect pests that infesting several crops species in Malaysia." In THE 2014 UKM FST POSTGRADUATE COLLOQUIUM: Proceedings of the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Faculty of Science and Technology 2014 Postgraduate Colloquium. AIP Publishing LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4895288.

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Gorlova, Lyudmila, Viktoria Trubina, and Oksana Serdyuk. "Biological characteristics and economically important traits of winter false flax bred in V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops." In INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “CURRENT ISSUES OF BIOLOGY, BREEDING, TECHNOLOGY AND PROCESSING OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS” (CIBTA2022) (To the 110th anniversary of V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops). AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0140337.

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Kuzmin, Е. "Influence of cereals in mixed crops on seed productivity of white clover Lugovik in the North-East of the Russian Federation." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-127.

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creeping clover has been most widely used in meadow and pasture forage production in recent years. In recent years, more than 29 new varieties of meadow, hybrid, and creeping clover have been created with the most important ecological and biological characteristics and economically valuable traits. The article presents the results of studying the peculiarities of formation of seed herbage of white clover varieties Lugovik the second year of life, given the productivity of herbage and seed yield in variants of experience.
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Mitina, Irina, Aighiuni Bahsiev, Valentin Mitin, and Irina Zamorzaeva. "QPCR detection and quantification of ‘Candidatus phytoplasma solani’ in tomato with primers targeting CPN60 gene." In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.20.

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Tomato is one of the most economically important crops in Republic of Moldova. However, it is affected by a number of pathogens. One of the wide spread diseases is stolbur caused by the infection agent ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’. Accurate diagnostics of the disease at an early stage is essential for successful control of the disease. In this work, we describe detection and quantification of ‘Candida-tus Phytoplasma solani’ in tomato by real-time PCR, as well as suitability of the method for assessing resistance of different tomato varieties to Phytoplasma infection.
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Suprunova, T. P., N. V. Markin, A. N. Ignatov, A. G. Solovyov, N. O. Kalinina, and M. E. Talyansky. "Use of dsRNA-based antiviral compounds to protect potato plants." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-132.

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One of the most important food crops in the world, the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is infected with many viruses, of which the y virus (Potato virus Y, PVY) is the most important economically, causing significant crop losses. Several alternative methods of dsRNA delivery have been tested, with the most promising being spray - induced gene silencing (SIGS). The results showed a high effect of preventive use of dsRNA. Treatment with the initial working concentration of dsRNA protected 100% and 65% of plants from virus propagation for 14 and 21 days, respectively, and 65% of plants were protected by the minimum tested concentration (10 ng/MCL) for 14 days. Therapeutic use of dsRNA 3 days after inoculation did not significantly affect the dynamics of virus accumulation in the plant. Thus, in the course of the experiment, a high biological antiviral effectiveness of dsRNA was demonstrated in the preventive treatment of potato plants against the background of artificial infection of plants with the PVY virus.
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Taylor, Katherine A., Pulkit Shamshery, Ruo-Qian Wang, and Amos G. Winter. "A Mathematical Model for Pressure Compensating Emitters." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-47519.

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This paper presents a mathematical model investigating the physics behind pressure-compensating (PC) drip irrigation emitters. A network of PC emitters, commonly known as drip irrigation, is an efficient way to deliver water to crops while increasing yield. Irrigation can provide a means for farmer to grow more sensitive, and profitable crops and help billions of small-holder farmers lift themselves out of poverty. Making drip irrigation accessible and economically viable is important for developing farmers as most face the challenges of water scarcity, declining water tables and lack of access to an electrical grid. One of the main reasons for the low adoption rate of drip irrigation in the developing world is the relatively high cost of the pumping power. It is possible to reduce this cost by reducing the required activation pressure of the emitters, while maintaining the PC behavior. The work presented here provides a guide of how design changes in the emitter could allow for a reduction in the activation pressure from 1 bar to approximately 0.1 bar. This decrease in the activation pressure of each emitter in turn decreases the system driving pressure. This reduction of driving pressure will decrease the energy need of pumping, making a solar-powered system affordable for small-acreage farmers. This paper develops a mathematical model to describe the PC behavior in a commercially available emitter. It is a 2D model that explains the relationship between the pressure, structural deformation and fluid flow within a PC emitter. A parametric study has been performed to understand the effects of geometric and material parameters with regards to the activation pressure and PC behavior. This knowledge will help guide the designs and prototypes of optimized emitters with a lower activation pressure, while also providing the PC behavior.
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Minagawa, Keisuke, Kiyoshi Aida, Go Tanaka, and Satoshi Fujita. "Research and Development of Viscous Fluid Dampers for Improvement of Seismic Resistance of Thermal Power Plants: Part 8 — Evaluation of Vibration Control Performance Using Experimental Design Method." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93535.

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Abstract After Great East Japan Earthquake, coal-fired thermal power generation is a very important power source in Japan. In addition, Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake occurred in Japan in 2018, and damage of coal-fired thermal power plants by this earthquake caused blackout in very wide area. Therefore improvement of the seismic performance of the thermal power plants is a very important issue. In general boilers of coal-fired power plants are suspended from the upper end of support structures in order to allow thermal expansion of the boilers. Therefore boilers are structures that easily sway by earthquakes. In order to suppress the vibration, stoppers made of steel are generally installed between boilers and their support structures. Although stoppers made of steel can suppress the vibration effectively and economically, further improvement of seismic performance is required from the viewpoint of abovementioned issue. Therefore authors have proposed and developed a vibration control damper for coal-fired power plants instead of the stopper made of steel. Construction of the damper is similar to oil dampers, but inner fluid is viscous fluid. In PVP 2017, the basic performance of the proposed damper was presented. In PVP 2018, influence of dispersion of damper properties was also investigated. In addition, seismic response analyses using various earthquakes that include long period and long duration earthquake waves were carried out. As a result of previous investigations, it was confirmed that the proposed damper has good performance in its lifetime. However, parameters of dampers were selected manually. Therefore, influence of parameters of dampers on the vibration control performance were evaluated theoretically by using the experimental design method in this paper. The experimental design method is one of the effective techniques for research such as investigation of the influence of the habitat environment on the growth of crops. The selection of damper parameters is complex optimization, because so many variables need to be optimized. Therefore the experimental design method is suitable technique for the evaluation of damper parameters. This paper will evaluate vibration control performance from the viewpoint of the experimental design method.
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Saprykin, Sergey, Natal'ya Saprykina, and Olga Lyubtseva. "WHEATGRASS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FIELD CROP IN RUSSIA." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2023-32-80-79-86.

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The results of the study in 2022–2023 of selective specimens of crested wheatgrass in the nursery of preliminary varietal testing. Based on the results of the study five varietal samples were identified — SP-1, SP-12, SP-13, SP-20 and SP-22, which significantly exceeded the standard — variety Pavlovsky 12: in yield of green mass — by 6.9–43.9 centners/ha, dry matter — by 0.6–13.4 centners/ha, seeds — by 0.2–2.4 centners/ha. The best in the experiment was the selection sample SP-22, which exceeded the standard in terms of green phytomass collection — by 35.7 %, dry matter — by 33.2 %, seeds — by 58.5 %. The selected varietal samples will be further tested for economically valuable traits in the nursery of competitive variety testing.
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Saprykin, Sergey, Natal'ya Saprykina, and Olga Lyubtseva. "Study of the alfalfa collection in the conditions of the steppe of the Central Chernozem region according to the main economically valuable characteristics." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production 27 (75). ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2022-27-75-30-37.

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In the southern regions of the country, the leading place among forage grasses belongs to alfalfa, as a more drought-resistant and high-yielding crop. Recently, there has been a warming of the climate on the planet, including in the Voronezh region. Unfavorable and extreme factors and stressful phenomena have become more frequent, such as an intense increase in air temperature in the spring and summer periods, a decrease in the amount of precipitation and the unevenness of their distribution during the growing season. All this leads to the oppression and reduction of crop productivity. Therefore, today, more than ever, the role of the variety and its potential in specific natural and climatic conditions of cultivation is increasing. In the creation of new varieties, it is important to select the source material, evaluate it and select the best samples with the necessary characteristics. The results of the evaluation of the source material in the collection nursery are presented. In order to breed new varieties of alfalfa in the conditions of the Central Chernozem region, the collection samples of this crop were evaluated according to the productivity of green mass and seeds, the most valuable of them were selected for further breeding.
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Martea, Rodica, Ion Gisca, and Aliona Cucereavii. "Analiza diferitor hibrizi de perspectivă în sectoarele comparative." In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.63.

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Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) holds a prominent place in global agriculture as one of the most important crops from economical and alimentary aspect and is highly demanded both on domestic and international markets. Current study focuses on the analysis of morphological and productivity characteristics for a number of sunflower hybrids obtained in AMG-Agroselect Comerts SRL breeding programs. The values for the main biometric parameters were analyzed. Evaluation of the productivity indices demonstrates lower values in 2020 for most parameters of produc-tivity compared to 2019, specific climatic conditions of the mentioned year explain this fact. ‘Nistru’ hybrid in 2019 showed the best performance in four cases (leaf number, capitulum diameter, seed weight per capitulum and TKW). ‘Zimbru’ hybrid showed minimal values in five cases (plant height, ca-pitulum diameter, seed weight per capitulum, seed number per capitulum and TKW).
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Reports on the topic "ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT CROPS"

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Tzin, V., B. Dilkes, and H. Sela. Identifying molecular markers for defense metabolites against aphid feeding in wild emmer wheat. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2021.8134174.bard.

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Bread wheat is the second most important food crop, providing calories to half of the world population and roughly one-fifth of the calories and protein consumed by people worldwide. Crop losses to insect pests depress yields and climate change is expected to significantly increase this problem. To combat global food insecurity, the protection of crops from insect pests must be prioritized. The Bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi, is the most abundant and economically important cereal pest, causes up to 40-60 % yield loss through direct feeding and vectoring plant diseases. The main goal of this project was to identify molecular markers associated with aphid resistance and defense metabolite levels in wild emmer wheat (WEW). During the three years of this project, we screened a large number of WEW accessions and conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) analysis. We experimented with data processing and explored different GWAS models, which revealed a massive number of determinants of aphid resistance and highlighted hundreds of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Thus, we focused on a small subset of genes that linked to the most significant SNPs. By the end of this collaboration, we have a list of important SNPs, and three major genes that we believe have a strong effect on wheat resistance to aphids. Work on these genes is continuing and will soon publish our exciting new results.
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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Pathogenicity and Sclerotial Development of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: Involvement of Oxalic Acid and Chitin Synthesis. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7571357.bard.

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Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is among the world's most successful and omnivorous fungal plant pathogens. Included in the nearly 400 species of plants reported as hosts to this fungus are canola, alfalfa, soybean, sunflower, dry bean and potato. The general inability to develop resistant germplasm with these economically important crops to this pathogen has focused attention on the need for a more detailed examination of the pathogenic determinants involved in disease development. A mechanistic understanding of the successful strategy(ies) used by S. sclerotiorum in colonizing host plants and their linkage to fungal development may provide targets and/or novel approaches with which to design resistant crop plants. This proposal involved experiments which were successful in generating genetically-engineered plants harboring resistance to S. sclerotiorum, the establishment and improvement of molecular tools for the study of this pathogen and the analysis of the linkage between pathogenicity, sclerotial morphogenesis and two biosynthetic pathways: oxalic acid production and chitin synthesis. The highly collaborative project has improved our understanding of S. sclerotiorum pathogenicity, established reliable molecular techniques to facilitate experimental manipilation and generated transgenic plants which are resistant to this econimically important fungus.
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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Phosphorylative Transduction of Developmental and Pathogenicity-Related Cues in Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586472.bard.

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Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is among the world's most successful and omnivorous fungal plant pathogens. Included in the more than 400 species of plants reported as hosts to this fungus are canola, alfalfa, soybean, sunflower, dry bean, and potato. The general inability to develop resistant germplasm with these economically important crops to this pathogen has focused attention on the need for a more detailed examination of the pathogenic determinants involved in disease development. This proposal involved experiments that examined the involvement of protein phosphorylation during morphogenesis (hyphal elongation and sclerotia formation) and pathogenesis (oxalic acid). Data obtained from our laboratories during the course of this project substantiates the fact that kinases and phosphatases are involved and important for these processes. A mechanistic understanding of the successful strategy(ies) used by S . sclerotiorum in infecting and proliferating in host plants and this linkage to fungal development will provide targets and/or novel approaches with which to design resistant crop plants including interference with fungal pathogenic development. The original objectives of this grant included: I. Clone the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) catalytic subunit gene from S.sclerotiorum and determine its role in fungal pathogenicity, OA production (OA) and/or morphogenesis (sclerotia formation). II. Clone and characterize the catalytic and regulatory subunits of the protein phosphatase PP2A holoenzyme complex and determine their role in fungal pathogenicity and/or morphogenesis as well as linkage with PKA-regulation of OA production and sclerotia formation. III. Clone and characterize the adenylate cyclase-encoding gene from S . sclerotiorum and detennine its relationship to the PKA/PP2A-regulated pathway. IV. Analyze the expression patterns of the above-mentioned genes and their products during pathogenesis and determine their linkage with infection and fungal growth.
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Rajarajan, Kunasekaran, Alka Bharati, Hirdayesh Anuragi, Arun Kumar Handa, Kishor Gaikwad, Nagendra Kumar Singh, Kamal Prasad Mohapatra, et al. Status of perennial tree germplasm resources in India and their utilization in the context of global genome sequencing efforts. World Agroforestry, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp20050.pdf.

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Tree species are characterized by their perennial growth habit, woody morphology, long juvenile period phase, mostly outcrossing behaviour, highly heterozygosity genetic makeup, and relatively high genetic diversity. The economically important trees have been an integral part of the human life system due to their provision of timber, fruit, fodder, and medicinal and/or health benefits. Despite its widespread application in agriculture, industrial and medicinal values, the molecular aspects of key economic traits of many tree species remain largely unexplored. Over the past two decades, research on forest tree genomics has generally lagged behind that of other agronomic crops. Genomic research on trees is motivated by the need to support genetic improvement programmes mostly for food trees and timber, and develop diagnostic tools to assist in recommendation for optimum conservation, restoration and management of natural populations. Research on long-lived woody perennials is extending our molecular knowledge and understanding of complex life histories and adaptations to the environment, enriching a field that has traditionally drawn its biological inference from a few short-lived herbaceous species. These concerns have fostered research aimed at deciphering the genomic basis of complex traits that are related to the adaptive value of trees. This review summarizes the highlights of tree genomics and offers some priorities for accelerating progress in the next decade.
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Valverde, Rodrigo A., Aviv Dombrovsky, and Noa Sela. Interactions between Bell pepper endornavirus and acute viruses in bell pepper and effect to the host. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598166.bard.

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Based on the type of relationship with the host, plant viruses can be grouped as acute or persistent. Acute viruses are well studied and cause disease. In contrast, persistent viruses do not appear to affect the phenotype of the host. The genus Endornavirus contains persistent viruses that infect plants without causing visible symptoms. Infections by endornaviruses have been reported in many economically important crops, such as avocado, barley, common bean, melon, pepper, and rice. However, little is known about the effect they have on their plant hosts. The long term objective of the proposed project is to elucidate the nature of the symbiotic interaction between Bell pepper endornavirus (BPEV) and its host. The specific objectives include: a) to evaluate the phenotype and fruit yield of endornavirus-free and endornavirus-infected bell pepper near-isogenic lines under greenhouse conditions; b) to conduct gene expression studies using endornavirus-free and endornavirus-infected bell pepper near-isogenic lines; and c) to study the interactions between acute viruses, Cucumber mosaic virus Potato virus Y, Pepper yellow leaf curl virus, and Tobacco etch virus and Bell pepper endornavirus. It is likely that BPEV in bell pepper is in a mutualistic relationship with the plant and provide protection to unknown biotic or abiotic agents. Nevertheless, it is also possible that the endornavirus could interact synergistically with acute viruses and indirectly or directly cause harmful effects. In any case, the information that will be obtained with this investigation is relevant to BARD’s mission since it is related to the protection of plants against biotic stresses.
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Pell, Eva J., Sarah M. Assmann, Amnon Schwartz, and Hava Steinberger. Ozone Altered Stomatal/Guard Cell Function: Whole Plant and Single Cell Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573082.bard.

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Original objectives (revisions from original proposal are highlighted) 1. Elucidate the direct effects O3 and H2O2 on guard cell function, utilizing assays of stomatal response in isolated epidermal peels and whole cell gas exchange. 2. Determine the mechanistic basis of O3 and H2O2 effects on the plasma membrane through application of the electrophysiological technique of patch clamping to isolated guard cells. 3. Determine the relative sensitivity of Israeli cultivars of economically important crops to O3 and determine whether differential leaf conductance responses to O3 can explain relative sensitivity to the air pollutant: transfer of technological expertise to Israel. Background to the topic For a long time O3 has been known to reduce gas exchange in plants; it has however been unclear if O3 can affect the stomatal complex directly. Ion channels are essential in stomatal regulation, but O3 has never before been shown to affect these directly. Major conclusions, solution, achievements 1. Ozone inhibits light-induced stomatal opening in epidermal peels isolated from Vicia faba, Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum in V. faba plants this leads to reduced assimilation without a direct effect on the photosynthetic apparatus. Stomatal opening is more sensitive to O3 than stomatal closure. 2. Ozone causes inhibition of inward K+ channels (involved in stomatal opening) while no detectable effect is observed o the outward K+ channels (stomatal closure). 3. Hydrogen peroxide inhibits stomatal opening and induces stomatal closure in epidermal peels isolated from Vicia faba. 4. Hydrogen peroxide enhances stomatal closure by increasing K+ efflux from guard cells via outward rectifying K+ channels. 5. Based on epidermal peel experiments we have indirectly shown that Ca2+ may play a role in the guard cell response to O3. However, direct measurement of the guard cell [Ca2+]cyt did not show a response to O3. 6. Three Israeli cultivars of zucchini, Clarita, Yarden and Bareqet, were shown to be relatively sensitive to O3 (0.12 ml1-1 ). 7. Two environmentally important Israeli pine species are adversely affected by O3, even at 0.050 ml1-1 , a level frequently exceeded under local tropospheric conditions. P. brutia may be better equipped than P. halepensis to tolerate O3 stress. 8. Ozone directly affects pigment biosynthesis in pine seedlings, as well as the metabolism of O5 precursors, thus affecting the allocation of resources among various metabolic pathways. 9. Ozone induces activity of antioxidant enzymes, and of ascorbate content i the mesophyll and epidermis cells of Commelina communis L. Implications, both scientific and agricultural We have improved the understanding of how O3 and H2O2 do affect guard cell and stomatal function. We have shown that economical important Israeli species like zucchini and pine are relatively sensitive to O3.
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Rowe, Randall C., Jaacov Katan, Talma Katan, and Leah Tsror. Sub-Specific Populations of Verticillium dahliae and their Roles in Vascular Wilt Pathogsystems. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7574343.bard.

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Verticillium dahliae is an economically important pathogen causing vascular wilt on over 160 plant species. In North America, potato early dying is a significant disease of potato, especially in the midwest and Pacific northwest states. This disease is caused by the fungus Verticillium dahliae and in some cases involves a synergistic interaction with root-lesion nematodes, primarily Pratylenchus penetrans. In Israel, Verticillium wilt occurs in many regions and inflicts serious losses in potato, cotton, and other crops. Objectives of this project were to establish a large collection of isolates of Verticillium dahliae from potato (USA) and several host plants (Israel) and to characterize and compare the isolates with regard to morphology, vegetative compatibility group (VCG), and pathogenic capabilities on several hosts. Isolations were made from 224 commercial lots of certified potato seed tubers from across N. America and 87 potato fields located in the Columbia Basin of Oregon and Washington. A large collection of isolates from central U.S. states already existed. In Israel, 47 field sites were sampled and isolates of Verticillium dahliae were recovered from 13 host plant species and from soil. Potato isolates from N. America were tested for vegetative compatibility and all found to be in VCG 4 with about 2/3 in VCG 4A and the rest in VCG 4B. VCG 4A isolates were significantly more aggressive on potato than VCG 4B isolates and were more likely to interact synergistically with P. penetrans. The Israeli isolates fell into three vegetative compatibility groups. Nearly all (> 90%) VCG2B and VCG 4B isolates were recovered from the northern and southern parts of Israel, respectively, with some overlap in central areas. Several pathotypes were defined in cotton, using cotton and eggplant together as differentials. All VCG 2B isolates from cotton caused severe disease in cotton, while VCG 2A and VCG 4B isolates from several crops were much less aggressive to cotton. When Israeli isolates of VCGs 2A, 2B and 4B were inoculated to potato and tomato, VCG 4B isolates caused much more severe disease on potato and VCG 2A isolates caused much more severe disease in tomato. Differential patterns of pathogenicity and aggressiveness of these VCGs on potato and tomato were consistent regardless of the host plant of origin. Isolates of the same VCG resembled one another more than isolates from different VCGs based on colony and microsclerotial morphology, temperature responses and, partially, in pathogenicity. Vegetative compatibility grouping of V. dahliae in Israel appears closely associated with specific pathogenicity and other phenotypic traits. The absence of VCG 4A in Israel is significant. VCG patterns among Verficillium populations are useful to predict relatedness and pathogenic potential in both countries.
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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Characterization of the chorismate mutase effector (SsCm1) from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600027.bard.

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Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a filamentous fungus (mold) that causes plant disease. It has an extremely wide range of hosts (>400 species) and causes considerable damage (annual multimillion dollar losses) in economically important crops. It has proven difficult to control (culturally or chemically) and host resistance to this fungus has generally been inadequate. It is believed that this fungus occurs in almost every country. Virulence of this aggressive pathogen is bolstered by a wide array of plant cell wall degrading enzymes and various compounds (secondary metabolites) produced by the fungus. It is well established that plant pathogenic fungi secrete proteins and small molecules that interact with host cells and play a critical role in disease development. Such secreted proteins have been collectively designated as “effectors”. Plant resistance against some pathogens can be mediated by recognition of such effectors. Alternatively, effectors can interfere with plant defense. Some such effectors are recognized by the host plant and can culminate in a programmed cell death (PCD) resistant response. During the course of this study, we analyzed an effector in Sclerotiniasclerotiorum. This specific effector, SsCM1 is the protein chorismatemutase, which is an enzyme involved in a pathway which is important in the production of important amino acids, such a Tryptophan. We have characterized the Sclerotiniaeffector, SsCM1, and have shown that inactivation of Sscm1 does not affect fungal vegetative growth, development or production of oxalic acid (one of this fungus’ secondary metabolites associated with disease) production. However, yhis does result in reduced fungal virulence. We show that, unexpectedly, the SsCM1 protein translocates to the host chloroplast, and demonstrated that this process is required for full fungal virulence. We have also determined that the fungal SsCM1 protein can interact with similar proteins produced by the host. In addition, we have shown that the fungal SsCM1 is able to suppress at least some of the effects imposed by reactive oxygen species which are produced as a defense mechanism by the host. Last, but not least, the results of our studies have provided evidence contradicting the current dogma on at least some of the mechanist aspects of how this pathogen infects the host. Contrary to previousons, indicating that this pathogen kills its host by use of metabolites and enzymes that degrade the host tissue (a process called necrotrophy), we now know that at least in the early phases of infection, the fungus interacts with live host tissue (a phenomenon known as biotrophy). Taken together, the results of our studies provide novel insights concerning the mechanistic aspects of Sclerotinia-host interactions. We hope this information will be used to interfere with the disease cycle in a manner that will protect plants from this devastating fungus.
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Quiroga, Ginna, Ana Jiménez, Luis Montes, Alex Bustillo, and Martha Goméz. Growth temperature and UVB radiation stress responses in Metarhizium anisopliae strain CPMa1502. Corporación colombiana de investigación agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.poster.2019.11.

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Abstract:
The oil palm is an economically important crop due to its high productivity and broad industrial applicability (Sabate 2016). In Colombia, this crop is grown in di erent agro-ecological zones (Borrerio 2018) where the environmental conditions are favorable to several insect pests. One of the most economically important pests is the fruit scraper Demotispa neivai (Bondar, 1940) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (Aldana et al. 2004). To control this pest, CENIPALMA isolated in Colombia (Barrancabermeja), and selected the strain of Metarhizium anisopliae CPMa1502 as a new active principle for biological control because it showed the highest mortality on adults of D. neivai (87.7%) on laboratory conditions (Aldana et al. 2004, Bustillo, 2014; Montes et al. 2016). Temperature and UVB radiation are factors that can a ect the mass production and biocontrol activity of the fungus. The evaluation of its in uence is an important part of the development of a future bioproduct. This work evaluated the conidia tolerance to di erent stress conditions of temperature (20, 25, 30, 35°C) and several exposure times of UVB radiation, measuring conidial vigor and germination, cellular viability, and radial growth rate.
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Grumet, Rebecca, and Benjamin Raccah. Identification of Potyviral Domains Controlling Systemic Infection, Host Range and Aphid Transmission. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695842.bard.

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Abstract:
Potyviruses form one of the largest and most economically important groups of plant viruses. Individual potyviruses and their isolates vary in symptom expression, host range, and ability to overcome host resistance genes. Understanding factors influencing these biological characteristics is of agricultural importance for epidemiology and deployment of resistance strategies. Cucurbit crops are subject to severe losses by several potyviruses including the highly aggressive and variable zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). In this project we sought to investigate protein domains in ZYMV that influence systemic infection and host range. Particular emphasis was on coat protein (CP), because of known functions in both cell to cell and long distance movement, and helper component-protease (HC-Pro), which has been implicated to play a role in symptom development and long distance movement. These two genes are also essential for aphid mediated transmission, and domains that influence disease development may also influence transmissibility. The objectives of the approved BARD project were to test roles of specific domains in the CP and HC-Pro by making sequence alterations or switches between different isolates and viruses, and testing for infectivity, host range, and aphid transmissibility. These objectives were largely achieved as described below. Finally, we also initiated new research to identify host factors interacting with potyviral proteins and demonstrated interaction between the ZYMV RNA dependent RNA polymerase and host poly-(A)-binding protein (Wang et al., in press). The focus of the CP studies (MSU) was to investigate the role of the highly variable amino terminus (NT) in host range determination and systemic infection. Hybrid ZYMV infectious clones were produced by substituting the CP-NT of ZYMV with either the CP-NT from watermelon mosaic virus (overlapping, but broader host range) or tobacco etch virus (TEV) (non- overlapping host range) (Grumet et al., 2000; Ullah ct al., in prep). Although both hybrid viruses initially established systemic infection, indicating that even the non-cucurbit adapted TEV CP-NT could facilitate long distance transport in cucurbits, after approximately 4-6, the plants inoculated with the TEV-CPNT hybrid exhibited a distinct recovery of reduced symptoms, virus titer, and virus specific protection against secondary infection. These results suggest that the plant recognizes the presence of the TEV CP-NT, which has not been adapted to infection of cucurbits, and initiates defense responses. The CP-NT also appears to play a role in naturally occurring resistance conferred by the zym locus in the cucumber line 'Dina-1'. Patterns of virus accumulation indicated that expression of resistance is developmentally controlled and is due to a block in virus movement. Switches between the core and NT domains of ZYMV-NAA (does not cause veinal chlorosis on 'Dina-1'), and ZYMV-Ct (causes veinal chlorosis), indicated that the resistance response likely involves interaction with the CP-NT (Ullah and Grumet, submitted). At the Volcani Center the main thrust was to identify domains in the HC-Pro that affect symptom expression or aphid transmissibility. From the data reported in the first and second year report and in the attached publications (Peng et al. 1998; Kadouri et al. 1998; Raccah et al. 2000: it was shown that: 1. The mutation from PTK to PAK resulted in milder symptoms of the virus on squash, 2. Two mutations, PAK and ATK, resulted in total loss of helper activity, 3. It was established for the first time that the PTK domain is involved in binding of the HC-Pro to the potyvirus particle, and 4. Some of these experiments required greater amount of HC-Pro, therefore a simpler and more efficient purification method was developed based on Ni2+ resin.
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