Journal articles on the topic 'Economically driven building trade'
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Le, Thi-Thu-Huong, Hyoeun Kang, and Howon Kim. "Towards Incompressible Laminar Flow Estimation Based on Interpolated Feature Generation and Deep Learning." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 22, 2022): 11996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141911996.
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For industrial design and the improvement of fluid flow simulations, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solvers offer practical functions and conveniences. However, because iterative simulations demand lengthy computation times and a considerable amount of memory for sophisticated calculations, CFD solvers are not economically viable. Such limitations are overcome by CFD data-driven learning models based on neural networks, which lower the trade-off between accurate simulation performance and model complexity. Deep neural networks (DNNs) or convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are good illustrations of deep learning-based CFD models for fluid flow modeling. However, improving the accuracy of fluid flow reconstruction or estimation in these earlier methods is crucial. Based on interpolated feature data generation and a deep U-Net learning model, this work suggests a rapid laminar flow prediction model for inference of Naiver–Stokes solutions. The simulated dataset consists of 2D obstacles in various positions and orientations, including cylinders, triangles, rectangles, and pentagons. The accuracy of estimating velocities and pressure fields with minimal relative errors can be improved using this cutting-edge technique in training and testing procedures. Tasks involving CFD design and optimization should benefit from the experimental findings.
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Chen, Peng, Hanwen Wang, Mingxing Guo, Jianjun Wang, Sinan Cai, Min Li, Kaining Sun, and Yukun Wang. "Decomposition Analysis of Regional Embodied Carbon Flow and Driving Factors—Taking Shanghai as an Example." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (September 5, 2022): 11109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141711109.
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Developing localized climate mitigation strategies requires understanding how national consumption drives local carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from a sectoral perspective. Exploring the carbon footprint considering inter-provincial trade is vitally important; however, few studies have explored the production side of embodied carbon emissions and the drivers of embodied carbon. Here, we use the multi-regional input–output model to calculate the flow of embodied carbon between provincial departments on Shanghai’s production side in 2012, 2015, and 2017. We also establish a decomposition method for the embodied carbon index with small data demand. Our results show that from 2012 to 2017, the outflow increased and went to tertiary industries in neighboring and economically developed provinces. Among them, the activity effect drove the increase in carbon emissions, and the technique effect drove the reduction in embodied carbon. Surprisingly, we found that the low efficiency of the energy utilization of metal products and the unreasonable structure of other services increased embodied carbon emissions from 2012 to 2015. Sectors with high exogenous embodied carbon emissions are critical areas in which collaborative mitigation efforts between Shanghai and downstream provinces drive these emissions. Shanghai should avoid falling into the “low-carbon trap” of developing countries. It should continue to adjust its industrial structure and increase the use of low-carbon energy to achieve carbon reduction.
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Zhao, Haipeng, K. Bliumska-Danko, and Xu Lu. "Under the “Belt and Road” initiative, the China and Ukraine governments should assume greater responsibility to promote trade." Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University, no. 3(81) (September 30, 2019): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32845/bsnau.2019.3.6.
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Purpose: Ukraine is located in Eastern Europe, has a good geographical location, and has good bilateral relations and traditional economic exchanges with China, especially agriculture, high-tech, and existing and ongoing cooperation projects with China. "There are also difficulties in construction: Ukraine's economy has been in a difficult period since independence, its economic structure is very uneven, and its economic relations with Eastern European and CIS countries, as well as Russian economic relations, need to be improved. Ukraine needs to restore its national strength. China's "Belt and Road" initiative and the diplomatic concept of building a community of shared future for mankind have determined that the Chinese government is willing to help Ukraine restore its strength and restore normal political, economic, and diplomatic relations with neighboring countries. It will benefit the people through the improvement of the national economy This article aims to analyze how the two sides can use the "Belt and Road" platform to develop economic relations and strengthen cooperation to achieve mutual benefit results.
Methodology: This article uses the literature research method, the combination of analysis and synthesis methods, observation method, investigation method.
Originality: Since the Soviet Union, Ukraine has started friendly exchanges with China. After the founding of New China in 1949, Ukraine, as a part of the Soviet Union, made a greater contribution to China establishment of its national steel, machinery, agriculture and other basic industries. After Ukraine's independence, China-Ukraine relations have entered a new stage. China was the first country to recognize Ukraine's independence and established diplomatic relations with it on January 4, 1992. In the past 30 years of Ukraine's independence, the two countries have not had any conflicts of interest and no serious political and economic contradictions. The "Belt and Road" initiative proposed by Xi Jinping in 2013 provided a new platform for bilateral relations and created unprecedented opportunities for the development of bilateral relations. In the "Belt and Road" construction, Ukraine should play a greater role.
Practical value: Participating in the "Belt and Road" construction is also a very important opportunity for Ukraine, helping the Chinese people to have a more comprehensive and clearer understanding of Ukraine, and more importantly, it is conducive to the trade between the two countries to bring more Ukrainian enterprises Trade exchanges to drive the economic development of Ukraine. Politically, Ukraine and China have good bilateral relations；On June 20, 2011, the two sides signed the "China-Ukraine Joint Partnership on the Establishment and Development of Strategic Partnerships. Economically, Ukraine and China have complementary economies. Economic exchanges have been established since the Soviet Union. In recent years, the existing and ongoing cooperation between Ukraine and China has continued to develop in high-tech fields such as agriculture, machine manufacturing, and aviation. More and more Ukrainian experts have pointed out that developing relations between Ukraine and China should become a priority direction of Ukraine's current foreign policy. Ukraine has a strong advantage in agriculture, military industry, and manufacturing, especially the engine manufacturing industry, and can develop machine manufacturing; Ukraine can provide transportation for China “Belt and Road” Convenient conditions.
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Tan, Jason. "Singapore’s “Global Schoolhouse” Aspirations." International Higher Education, no. 87 (September 1, 2016): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2016.87.9501.
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Singapore’s Trade and Industry Ministry announced an ambitious ‘global schoolhouse’ vision in 2002. This vision, which was clearly economically-driven in nature, involved Singapore capturing a share of the lucrative international education market by attracting 150,000 international full-fee paying students by the year 2015. Fourteen years down the road, it appears that the target is nowhere near attainment.
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Friman, Aino, and Nina Hyytiä. "The Economic and Welfare Effects of Food Waste Reduction on a Food-Production-Driven Rural Region." Sustainability 14, no. 6 (March 19, 2022): 3632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063632.
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Food waste is economically and ecologically unsustainable; the benefits of food waste reduction are indisputable. Yet knowledge of the economic trade-offs and knock-on effects of such reduction is deficient. This study examines the economic effects of food waste reduction in a rural region that is a nationally important producer of agricultural and food products in Finland. We built a detailed social accounting matrix to trace the transactions among the economic agents. Five different simulations of food waste reduction were run by applying a computable general equilibrium model. In the simulations, households and food services halved their food waste. The results indicated that food waste reduction is economically worthwhile in terms of regional investments and gross domestic product at market prices. However, the reduction induced economic trade-offs and welfare redistribution. The value added to the agriculture and food industries and the welfare of agricultural households decreased, albeit that the simulated compensations alleviated the effects. In the long run, falling agricultural wages and factor incomes entail closedowns and, finally, decrease local food production. This aspect is worth considering in terms of policy planning under the principle of just transition of the European Green Deal.
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Sokas, Rosemary K., Xiuwen Sue Dong, and Chris Trahan Cain. "Building a Sustainable Construction Workforce." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21 (October 30, 2019): 4202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214202.
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The average U.S. construction worker is aged 42.6 years, and will not be eligible for full Social Security retirement benefits until age 67. Delayed retirement is largely driven by economic need, but construction workers face considerable challenges in remaining on the job. This study explores trade-specific age trends within the construction industry, and the experiences of building trade unions with aging membership. A mixed-methods approach used trade-specific age statistics from the Current Population Survey and key informant interviews with labor leaders, in order to identify union experiences and interventions. Mean and median ages for all subgroups in construction increased from 2003 to 2017. Immigrant construction workers were significantly younger than workers who were born in the U.S. (41 vs. 43, p < 0.001). Union workers were older than non-union workers (42 vs. 39 in 2017, p < 0.001); the age differential between self-employed and wage-and-salary workers was wide (49 vs. 40, p < 0.001). Union leaders described barriers, such as age discrimination and the loss of previously available light tasks, as well as current and potential solutions through union contract language requiring the inclusion of older workers, or establishing limits for lifting. Other solutions included career pathways for training and safety, with their attendant limitations; mentoring/pairing opportunities with apprentices; and the potential opportunities and training needs for site management positions.
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Palmtag, Tabea, Tobias Rommel, and Stefanie Walter. "International Trade and Public Protest: Evidence from Russian Regions." International Studies Quarterly 64, no. 4 (October 2, 2020): 939–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqaa073.
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Abstract How does economic globalization influence domestic political stability? Building on innovations in trade theory, we argue that international trade amplifies political discontent and protest in contexts in which trade losers concentrate, but has a pacifying effect in contexts dominated by beneficiaries of free trade. We examine this argument focusing on variation in Russian regions. Using negative binomial regression models on data from 2007 to 2012, we show that regional education levels condition the effect of trade intensity on protest frequency. High exposure to trade leads to more protests in regions with low average education levels, but fewer protests in regions in which residents are well-educated. Probing the underlying mechanism, we find that the effect of trade on regional economic welfare is conditioned by education levels, that poorly educated Russians face more economic difficulties when they live in regions exposed to trade, and that economically aggrieved individuals participate more in protests.
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Shaffer, Gregory. "Trade Law in a Data-Driven Economy: The Need for Modesty and Resilience." World Trade Review 20, no. 3 (April 14, 2021): 259–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745621000069.
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AbstractThis article examines the social challenges posed by the data-driven economy, their implications for international trade law, the current trade negotiating context involving distinct models advanced by the United States, European Union, and China, and a way forward that can both enhance trade and regulatory efficacy. It examines seven interrelated risks. They are the rise of ‘winner-take-all’ companies; social control through public and private surveillance; social polarization; premature deindustrialization; national security threats; cybersecurity risks; and threats to personal privacy. In response to these risks, the article contends that trade agreements should be deferential to national regulation, while supporting mechanisms for regulatory learning and adaptation. In this spirit, the article advances a governance framework that goes beyond ‘liberalization' and that foregrounds the importance of building resilience and engaging in regulatory problem solving.
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Jradi, Muhyiddine. "The trade-off between deep energy retrofit and improving building intelligence in a university building." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 18002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017218002.
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In the last three decades, deep energy retrofit measures have been the standard option to improve the existing Danish building stock performance, with conventional techniques including envelope constructions insulation, windows change and lights replacement. While such techniques have demonstrated large technical and economic benefits, they may not be the optimal solution for every building retrofit case. With the advancement in the field of smart buildings and building automation systems, new energy performance improvement measures have emerged aiming to enhance the building intelligence quotient. In this paper, a technical evaluation and assessment of the trade-off between implementing deep energy retrofit techniques and improving building intelligence measures is provided. The assessment is driven by energy simulations of a detailed dynamic energy performance model developed in EnergyPlus. A 2500 m2 university building in Denmark is considered as a case study, where a holistic energy model was developed and calibrated using actual data. Different performance improvement measures are implemented and assessed. Standard deep energy retrofit measures are considered, where the building intelligence improvement measures are in compliance with the European Standard EN 15232 recommendations. The overall assessment and evaluation results will serve as recommendations aiding the decision to retrofit the building and improve the performance.
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Marchi, Lia, Ernesto Antonini, and Stefano Politi. "Green Building Rating Systems (GBRSs)." Encyclopedia 1, no. 4 (September 26, 2021): 998–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia1040076.
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Green Building Rating Systems (GBRSs) are typically third-party, voluntary, and market driven standards that measure buildings’ sustainability level by multi-criteria assessment, and encourage the adoption of environmentally, socially and economically sustainable practices in design, construction and operation of buildings (or neighborhoods). GBRSs aim at guiding and assessing the project throughout all its life cycle, thus limiting the negative impact on the environment, as well as on the building occupants’ health and well-being, and even reducing operational costs. Hundreds of GBRSs are now available worldwide, varying in approaches, application processes, and evaluation metrics. BREEAM, CASBEE, Green Star and LEED are among the most applied worldwide. Despite some differences, they all adhere to the same general evaluation structure: project performances ares measured using a set of relevant indicators, grouped per topics such as water management, energy use, materials, site qualities. Each assessed requirement is assigned a score/judgment, the total of which determines the level of sustainability achieved. In addition to regular updates, a current trend is to improve the effectiveness of protocols, making them more comprehensive and accurate, while keeping them easy to use.
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Porterfield, Matthew, Kevin Gallagher, and Judith Schachter. "Assessing the Climate Impacts of U.S. Trade Agreements." Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law, no. 7.1 (2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36640/mjeal.7.1.assessing.
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Meeting the ambitious goals of the Paris Agreement will require the United States and other major greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters to integrate climate change considerations into all relevant areas of economic policy. The United States, however, has conspicuously failed to do so with regard to international trade negotiations. International trade agreements tend to increase GHG emissions due to the economic effects of trade liberalization, including increases in the scale of economic activity and changes in the composition of the affected economies. Trade agreements can also affect climate change in less quantifiable but potentially more significant ways by restricting the ability of governments to implement measures designed to mitigate climate change. Trade and investment rules in U.S. trade agreements have already been invoked to challenge a number of policies relevant to climate change, ranging from renewable energy programs to the Obama administration’s decision to reject the Keystone XL pipeline. Yet despite the growing evidence of the relevance of trade policy to climate change, the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) largely ignores potential climate impacts when preparing environmental reviews of proposed trade agreements as required under Executive Order 13141. This Article explores how the USTR could address climate change within the environmental review process to both assess the potential economically driven and regulatory impacts of proposed trade agreements for climate change and identify options for mitigating those impacts.
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James, Scott C. "Building a Democratic Majority: The Progressive Party Vote and the Federal Trade Commission." Studies in American Political Development 9, no. 2 (1995): 331–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x00001358.
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On 30 May 1914, Theodore Roosevelt fired the opening shots of the midterm elections against the party of Woodrow Wilson. Roosevelt framed the off-year elections as a referendum on the failures of the New Freedom, the Democrats' three-pronged program to curb the power of the trusts. Rather than bringing monopolies to heal, the former president asserted, Democratic policy had simply driven the economy into recession. “[T]he Democratic party,” Roosevelt explained on another occasion “has been engaged in what is fundamentally an effort to restore the unlimited competition of two generations back and to subject this to only an ineffective and weak government control”. To all, Roosevelt's counsel was constant: the prudent course of citizens that fall was to register a vote for social and industrial progress, to support the Progressive party candidate for Congress.
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Okadia, Fiona, Emmanuel Wa-Kyendo, Melody Njeru, Darmi Jattani, and Leo Kemboi. "Designing an AfCFTA-Driven Continent-Wide Competition Policy Around the Regional Economic Communities." Antitrust Bulletin 66, no. 4 (September 29, 2021): 556–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x211045749.
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Implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Agreement will lead to liberalization of trade in Africa, thus expanding the market for African products and services. Expansion of markets necessitates development of a regulatory framework that will promote healthy competition among businesses and protect consumers’ welfare. The Agreement recognizes this fact and has set out the Competition Protocol among the key enablers of its success. Since the regional economic communities (RECs) are the building blocks of the continental wide free trade area, the analysis of their regional competition regime is paramount for providing insight that will guide the development of the Competition Protocol. This article responds to this need by analyzing Africa’s four largest RECs and providing policy proposals on how the continental competition policy should be fashioned. Specifically, this article looks at the RECs’ institutional structure, principles, and carries out a legal, economic, and political analysis on the same. It examines how these laws relate to the three elements (abuse of dominance, anticompetitive mergers, and acquisitions) of competition policy and the challenges that they pose in achieving AfCFTA’s goal. It also looks into the challenges that affect trade and fair competition in the region. Finally, it offers proposals on the competition framework that bridge the gap between the AfCFTA Agreement objectives and the African economic, political, and legal realities.
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Володченко, Aleksandr Volodchenko, Гридчин, Anatoliy Gridchin, Воронов, Vasiliy Voronov, Загороднюк, et al. "TRENDS OF MANUFACTURING OF DRY MIXESIN RUSSIA." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 1, no. 12 (November 11, 2016): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/22638.
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A special place among modern materials occupy dry mixes, they have undeniable advantages and high performance, both technically and economically, depends on them architectural expressiveness and urban planning aesthetics, creating comfortable living conditions, the rational use of energy resources and more more. Russia´s accession to the World Trade Company is divergent views and serious concerns among professionals of the construction sector of the country. Joining the building complex of the Russian accession to the WTO will certainly affect the development of innovative processes in the industry application of modern technologies and materials. Considering the trend of development of the production of dry building mixtures can distinguish two main factors hindering development and accelerating their production. Production of dry building mixes in Russia in the near future has favorable prospects as the increasing volume of construction determines the increase in demand for CAS, while an important factor in increasing the capacity of the market is the replacement of competitive domestic products imported counterparts.
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Waters, Hedwig A. "Building Merit: The Moral Economy of the Illegal Wildlife Trade in Rural, Post-Socialist Eastern Mongolia." Comparative Studies in Society and History 64, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 422–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417522000081.
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AbstractThis article describes the development of the moral economy of merit among the fishermen and rural poor of Dalai Village, Magtaal soum, Mongolia. In 1971, the historian E. P. Thompson used the term “moral economy” to describe a popular consensus on what was considered right and wrong in economic behavior, arguing that its provocation motivated the eighteenth-century English poor to engage in crowd-based political action. In contemporary, post-socialist eastern Mongolia, the rural poor have constructed a pervasive local discourse on what is considered legitimate (“merit-making” or buyantai) versus what is illegitimate in economic behavior that morally-condones their illegal wildlife procurement, selling, and smuggling activities. The political contexts of these case studies are compared in order to detail a similar political-economic progression: (1) the recent market liberalization of the commons, sparking moral outrage amongst those classes newly disadvantaged through this shift to the market; and (2) the formation of an anti-profiteering moral discourse among these classes, designed to limit the ability of others to economically capitalize off of these circumstances. Comparing the case studies, the moral economy is manifested as exchange practices involving commons-marked goods that distribute their benefits among the participants, envisioned as thereby promoting group wellbeing rather than the uneven accumulation by individuals.
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Makarov, A. I., E. A. Rubinchik, and M. A. Kladkin. "Trade and economic relations between Russia and the Netherlands: formation and development." International Trade and Trade Policy, no. 4 (December 26, 2020): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2020-4-5-22.
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Successful development of mutual trade and economic ties between Russia and the Netherlands has been lasting for centuries. In ancient times, when both states were actively developing, vessels loaded with various goods were already cruising between their shores; while national leaders were building bilateral trade policy. The development of cooperation reached its peak during the time of Peter the Great, when the Russian Empire carried out industrialization by entering into a full-scale international industrial cooperation with its historical partner. Participation of the Russian state in the development of trade and economic relations with the Netherlands took different shapes depending on the current needs and capabilities of the country. However, specially authorized envoys who carried out their functions on the territory of the Netherlands played exclusively important role in it, whether they were representatives of the Ministry of Trade and Industry of Tsarist Russia in Rotterdam or the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade in the pre-war years. October 1945, when the Trade Representation opened its doors in Amsterdam, marked the new chapter in the history of trade relations between two countries. Historical review of the activities conducted by the Trade Mission in one of the world's TOP economically developed countries of the world over the 75-year period is demanded for providing advice in respect to setting up of strategic plans for the development of foreign trade in terms of exports, deepening international industrial cooperation and faster adaptation to the requirements by foreign markets.
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Meehan, Patrick. "Drugs, insurgency and state-building in Burma: Why the drugs trade is central to Burma's changing political order." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 42, no. 3 (September 9, 2011): 376–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463411000336.
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The mainstream discourse on the political economy of drugs has emphasised the negative correlation between drug production and state capacity, with the presence of a thriving drugs trade seen as both a sign and a cause of weak states. Through an analysis of the drugs trade in Burma this study argues that such an approach is deeply flawed. Focusing on the period since the 1988 protests it argues that the illicit nature of the drugs trade has provided the state with an array of incentives (legal impunity, protection, money laundering) and threats (of prosecution) with which to co-opt and coerce insurgent groups over which it has otherwise commanded little authority. Although the state's involvement in the drugs trade was initially driven by an expedient desire to co-opt insurgent groups following the 1988 protests, this study also argues that over time it has provided an arena in which more immanent and largely unanticipated processes of state formation, namely the centralisation of the means of violence and extraction, have gradually been built. Rather than being a sign of corruption-induced state incapacity, the state's involvement in the drugs trade has thus become a central arena through which state power has been constructed and reproduced.
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Panaite, Carmen Ema, Aristotel Popescu, Oana Dodun, and Konstantinos Papakostas. "Air Conditioning: A Renewable Energy Perspective." Applied Mechanics and Materials 809-810 (November 2015): 694–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.809-810.694.
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Global challenges related to fossil fuels depletion, climate changes and growth of population with a higher comfort demand require a significant change of heating and cooling perspective in the building sector, from currently mainly fossil combustion to renewable energy sources. Solar heating and cooling may have an important role in providing an economically feasible and environmentally sustainable long-term solution to these essential requirements. This paper presents a brief overview on the available solar cooling technologies focus on thermally driven methods. A market study is also carried out and the potential of solar cooling is emphasized.
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Das, Parikshit. "Implementation and Effectiveness of New Technologies in Housekeeping Department." Psychology and Education Journal 57, no. 9 (January 5, 2021): 6274–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v57i9.2725.
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When everything from front workplace to food and liquid has started the new technology within the same time work department additionally go with new technology they must not be in the age. In nowadays in building and hospital or any tourist sector work can not be outlined as cleanup and maintaining totally different surfaces there's a such a lot issue on the far side that additionally. currently days every and each trade is functioning through a technology-driven transformation and there's no totally different in cordial reception industry additionally. In these topics we tend to are planning to highlights the present challenges that we face from the worker and therefore the best practices on new technologies which may be innovated for the building trade, and if it goes well then we are able to apply this new technologies effectively within the building in work department. it's the upper growth and the and therefore the and additionally the cut tools for the building and hospital trade also. These articles delineated the teachers and up to date building work technologies effectiveness. This new technological innovation within the work service is made public on very cheap of the model guest cycle. fine quality technological service is that the pillar of the work department it will create the work easier. building work have to be compelled to be a IT savvy housekeeping, cross coaching for the worker, TV, radio lightweight curtain area service laundry assortment every and each issue that is an element of the work are going to be controlled from one device. If these all are often implementing in a very systematic manner within the cordial reception trade then it will cause be an enormous opportunities and future profit for the hospital industry.
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Constantin, Marius, Juan Sapena, Andreea Apetrei, and Simona Roxana Pătărlăgeanu. "Deliver Smart, Not More! Building Economically Sustainable Competitiveness on the Ground of High Agri-Food Trade Specialization in the EU." Foods 12, no. 2 (January 4, 2023): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12020232.
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Competitiveness has always been a multifaceted illusive concept, which has made it a real challenge for scholars and practitioners to find the most suitable measurement tools to completely encapsulate all the complex nuances of competitiveness. This becomes even more of a challenge when approached in relation to particular economic sectors. The agri-food sector is no exception, especially when considering all its interconnections with the other sectors: water, energy, transport, waste. All of them impact the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Similarly, scholars have been debating the meaning of sustainability for decades, some even arguing that it is a political, subjective, and, in some cases, self-contradictory concept. As far as the sustainability of agricultural competitiveness is concerned, the literature is still developing. It is much more focused on fostering environmental competitiveness, and less attention was paid to the strategies designed to capitalize on sustainable economic competitiveness—a concept that has attracted divergent opinions in the literature, mainly due to ambiguity. Thus, instead of falling into the pitfall of vagueness, this paper was aimed at bringing its contribution to this field by undertaking the research objective of exploring a single facet of sustainable agricultural competitiveness: the economic facet. Hence, this paper proposes the construction of the sustainable economic competitiveness index (SECI) with direct application for agri-food value chains. It consists of three attributes: (a) factor endowments, resource independence; (b) agricultural chain performance; and (c) national agricultural chain strategies and policies. In this study, SECI was tested against the cereal chain for a selection of EU countries, based on the data taken over from FAOSTAT and INTRACEN Trade Map, in the case of the 2011–2020 period. Various statistical and econometric methods were used to test the robustness of SECI. Results stand as proof that building sustainable agricultural economic competitiveness relies on a mix of strategic actions. The key vector in this mix is that trade flow patterns and policies must be calibrated in accordance with national factor endowments in order to achieve high levels of SECI. To add more managerial implications, this paper argues for the smart delivery of agri-food products with high added value instead of focusing on exporting big volumes of raw agricultural materials with little added value.
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Slawotsky, Joel. "The Weaponization of Human Rights in US-China Trade Policy: Impacts and Risks." Journal of World Trade 56, Issue 4 (June 1, 2022): 547–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2022022.
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The hegemonic rivalry between the United States and China has generated tectonic geoeconomic shifts with massive implications for global trade. Global trade, inextricably linked with national prosperity, international politics and global governance, is increasingly driven less by economic realities and more by great power rivalry. Demonstrating both the dynamic nature of US-China trade tensions and the impact of and international political relations, are allegations of Chinese human rights violations being injected by the US as part of trade policy. Invoking human rights in the trade context has already caused multi-dimensional complexities impacting businesses; supply-chains; coalition building; and spurring counter measures. Linking human rights to trade policies might also lead to increasing economic nationalism, regionalism, protectionism, and further counter-measures. Significantly, given economic and trade realism, whether the current Western concern over human rights is sustainable longer-term is an open question. Accordingly, weaponizing human rights in trade relations constitutes an omnipresent risk not only to China, but also to the US since economic practicalities and trade pragmatism could potentially precipitate a more Chinacentric international trade governance. Regardless of the outcome, connecting trade to human rights will likely lead to a re-shaping of the existing trade architecture. global trade, hegemonic rivalry, human rights, national security
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Collins, William J., and Katharine L. Shester. "Slum Clearance and Urban Renewal in the United States." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 239–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.5.1.239.
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We study the local effects of a federal program that helped cities clear areas for redevelopment, rehabilitate structures, complete city plans, and enforce building codes. We use an instrumental variable strategy to estimate the program's effects on city-level measures of income, property values, employment and poverty rates, and population. The estimated effects on income, property values, and population are positive and economically significant. They are not driven by changes in demographic composition. Estimated effects on poverty reduction and employment are positive but imprecise. The results are consistent with a model in which local productivity is enhanced. (JEL I32, N32, N92, R23, R38, R58)
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Hutter, Gérard, Alfred Olfert, Marco Neubert, and Regine Ortlepp. "Building Resilience to Natural Hazards at a Local Level in Germany—Research Note on Dealing with Tensions at the Interface of Science and Practice." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 11, 2021): 12459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212459.
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Building resilience is a core element of urban resilience that refers to both the (1) intended physical change of the building stock and the related blue, green, and grey infrastructure, as well as (2) the social process of increasing resilience through the goal-driven cooperation of scientists and practitioners. Building resilience at the interface of science and practice is characterized by tensions and a range of approaches to dealing with tensions. To specify this proposition, this research note adopts a strategic spatial planning perspective and introduces the typology of “motors of change” from organizational and management research. We focus on a goal-driven motor of change (“teleology”) and highlight three approaches to dealing with tensions: developing a strategic focus of knowledge integration, setting priorities to enhance resilience as a pro-active ability of disaster risk reduction (DRR), and compromising in the management of trade-offs, such as those between the scales of resilience. For the purpose of illustration, this research note refers to examples of building resilience at a local level in Germany, dealing with heat stress in urban areas, managing the risk of extreme flood events, and analyzing the resilience of innovative infrastructure solutions.
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ZHANG, Mei. "Research on collaborative innovation mechanism of Guangzhou Digital Trade and industrial cluster." Theory and Practice of Social Science 3, no. 5 (December 31, 2021): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.6914/tpss.030502.
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Studying the mechanism of collaborative innovation between digital trade and industrial clusters can enrich the path of optimization and upgrading of industrial clusters driven by digital trade and the industrial support path for the deep development of digital trade, and provide theoretical support and guidance for the practice of collaborative innovation between them. By tapping the source of cluster innovation, building innovative elements such as talents, capital, information and technology, realizing the flow within and across clusters, forming a cluster network with coordinated development, the industrial clusters with competitive advantages can be built; the competitiveness of digital service trade can be cultivated. Finally, an ecological network of Digital Trade Industrial Clusters with coordinated development can be formed, which will help solve the conflicts and contradictions of the system and promote the efficient evolution of the system. Digital Trade Industrial Clusters Network can be developed on the path arrangement from the improvement of factor allocation efficiency, the construction of factor sharing platform, the formation of collaborative network and the evolution of digital ecosystem.
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Drozd, Lukasz A., and Jaromir B. Nosal. "Understanding International Prices: Customers as Capital." American Economic Review 102, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 364–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.1.364.
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The article develops a new theory of pricing to market driven by dynamic frictions of building market shares. Our key innovation is a capital theoretic model of marketing in which relations with customers are valuable. We discipline the introduced friction using data on differences between short-run and long-run price elasticity of international trade flows. We show that the model accounts for several pricing “puzzles” of international macroeconomics. (JEL E13, F14, F31, F41, F44, M31)
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Shrestha, Sudha, Ashim R. Bajracharya, Luna Bajracharya, Nisha Shrestha, and Monika Maharjan. "Earthquake Damage Assessment in the Traditional Town of Sankhu, Kathmandu." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 12, no. 1 (March 6, 2017): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v12i1.16768.
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Nepal Earthquakes 2015 April and may caused huge loss of lives and properties in the country. Several traditional buildings and monuments in the Kathmandu Valley were literally collapsed to the ground, completely changing the built form of several traditional towns such as Bungamati, Khokana, and Lubhu. In this regards, traditional town Sankhu is also not in an exception. According to the field survey, 90% of traditional houses were severely damaged in Sankhu. In this respect, this study was focused on rebuilding of Sankhu, preserving its traditional form and analyzing it from economic perspective. The study was based on household survey and the respondents were selected as per their availability and willingness to participate in the research process. The traditional building construction technology is rich in terms of resilience against earthquakes, if it is well maintained. Maintenance and repair of building elements of traditional building is relatively simple, without affecting the building structure and other building elements, as compared to RCC structure. Sankhu is economically struggling town and, it is very important to rebuild the town in traditional style to bring back its original identity for its prosperity in trade and tourism. It is an opportunity to bring some of the lost glory of the past and its outstanding building and monuments.Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 2016, 12(1): 27-38
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De Castell, Suzanne, Milena Droumeva, and Jen Jenson. "Building as Interface: Sustainable Educational Ecologies." MedienPädagogik: Zeitschrift für Theorie und Praxis der Medienbildung 24, Educational Media Ecologies (September 8, 2014): 75–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21240/mpaed/24/2014.09.08.x.
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This paper begins with the most obvious, and yet most elusive, of educational media ecologies, the buildings which are ‹home› to pedagogic communication and interaction, and considers how we might understand «building as interface», construed first as a noun, («a structure with roof and walls» – OED) referring to places as physical structures, and then as a verb, («the action or trade of constructing something» – OED), referring to the activities of construction through which we can engage technologies central to theory, research and practice. Our concern is with exploring the larger question of educational sustainability: with what ‹sustainability› means when applied to a specifically educational context, and with the sustainability of the kinds of emerging educational environments in which new information and communications technologies play a significant role. This question of sustainable educational environments is driven by a need to be responsible and accountable for the impact of the technologies and practices we eagerly embrace in the name of «21st century learning», even as prospects for a 22nd century are so rapidly receding from view. As one prominent media ecologist put the point: «we have to find the environments in which it will be possible to live with our new inventions» (McLuhan 1967, 124).
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Battisti, Martina, Tanya Jurado, and Martin Perry. "Understanding small-firm reactions to free trade agreements." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 21, no. 2 (May 13, 2014): 327–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-10-2013-0151.
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Purpose – Despite the proliferation of free trade agreements (FTAs) internationally, the limited research available on the subject indicates that few SMEs consider the existence of these agreements as a reason to engage in international markets or expand their existing international engagement. The purpose of this paper is to identify and augment SME international marketing models building on Merrilees and Tiessen's (1999) work; and to explain how these marketing models condition the reaction of small firm exporters to FTAs. Design/methodology/approach – This study comprised in-depth interviews with 51 SME exporters in New Zealand. Participants were selected purposefully and were interviewed in a face-to-face, semi-structured format. Findings – Five international marketing strategies were identified drawing on prior models of international marketing: sales-driven, relationship-driven, international boutique, arbitrager and market seeder. These models are characterised by different relationships to markets and to buyers served, and by the extent of customisation in the export offering. By using these models the authors analyse why SMEs have yet to significantly capitalise on the opportunities provided by New Zealand's recent wave of trade agreements. Research limitations/implications – This study acknowledges the diversity of international marketing strategies between seemingly similar firms by recognising that approaches generally viewed as unlikely to bring success in international markets can work when applied in a particular way and in a particular context. As such the results may offer a useful starting point for the customisation of policy advice on exporting in terms of the context in which SMEs operate. Originality/value – As well as advancing theoretical perspectives on SME international marketing strategies, the findings are presented as a contribution to the as yet limited evaluation of how SMEs in New Zealand have responded to the emerging opportunities created by FTAs. The interest in filling this gap is part of a growing recognition that factors related to the firm's trading environment have been largely neglected in policy considerations.
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Rana, Md Sohel. "The process of turning a “green” renewable energy into “non-green” for the local people: an observation-based study from Southern Chile." Latin American Journal of Energy Research 7, no. 1 (July 14, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21712/lajer.2020.v7.n1.p1-10.
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This paper describes an observation-driven research journey to explore the process of how a so-called “green” renewable energy technology could turn into “non-green” for the local communities. The study is conducted in Southern Chile that has been receiving a number of hydroelectricity-based renewable energy projects in recent years and most of those projects have been receiving strong social resistance from the local communities. Qualitative methods are availed in the study to explore local realities about the community people’s attitude and action-building towards these projects. The research results that a “green” project could be “economically green” to the local people who are concerned of their individual lives and livelihoods, however, “less green” to the group of community people emotionally attached to their lands and territory-based culture.
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Irmawati, Irmawati, and Patricia Benedicta Watania. "BANTUAN LUAR NEGERI JEPANG DALAM SKPT MOROTAI, MALUKU UTARA." Journal of Urban Sociology 4, no. 2 (December 22, 2021): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.30742/jus.v4i2.1773.
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Japan provided bilateral assistance for the construction of SKPT Morotai in North Maluku Province with an aid value of Rp 1.8 billion in 2018. Foreign assistance or Official Development Assistance is used for physical development and capacity building in the fisheries sector. Thus, the fisheries sector could enter export markets including to Japan. In the study of political economy, the economic policy of the country is not only related to purely economic affairs but is influenced by political interests. The state will use its power to maximize the national interest. Based on the results of the study, it was found that Japan as a donor country uses ODA as a foreign policy instrument based on economic interests and political interests in Indonesia. Economically, Japan benefits from the presence of fish products from Morotai, but on the other hand Japan does not want the dominance of fish products from Indonesia by imposing import duties. Politically, ODA becomes a means of concession of trade protection policies in the fisheries sector even though Indonesia and Japan have signed free trade agreements. Keywords: Jepan, SKPT Morotai, North Maluku
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Grynspan, Rebeca. "ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA: TOURISM FOR TRANSFORMATIVE AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH." International Journal of Advanced Studies in Economics and Public Sector Management 10, no. 1 (May 10, 2022): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijasepsm.v10.i1.03.
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Tourism – in terms of its contribution to the gross domestic product, employment, and trade – is an important sector in many African economies, and its growth is increasingly driven by tourists originating from the continent itself. However, most African countries still face significant challenges and constraints in exploiting the potential of tourism services in trade and economic development. The Economic Development in Africa Report 2017: Tourism for Transformative and Inclusive Growth examines the role that tourism can play in Africa’s development process. At a time when the continent is building its productive capacities, deepening regional integration, and pursuing economic diversification, tourism in Africa continues to grow. To better harness, the potential of the tourism sector to contribute to inclusive growth, structural transformation, and achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, Africa should adopt policies that strengthen intersectoral linkages, boost intraregional tourism and promote peace.
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Bravo, Fernanda, Marcus Braun, Vivek Farias, Retsef Levi, Christine Lynch, John Tumolo, and Richard Whyte. "Optimization-driven framework to understand health care network costs and resource allocation." Health Care Management Science 24, no. 3 (May 3, 2021): 640–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10729-021-09565-1.
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AbstractIn the last several decades, the U.S. Health care industry has undergone a massive consolidation process that has resulted in the formation of large delivery networks. However, the integration of these networks into a unified operational system faces several challenges. Strategic problems, such as ensuring access, allocating resources and capacity efficiently, and defining case-mix in a multi-site network, require the correct modeling of network costs, network trade-offs, and operational constraints. Unfortunately, traditional practices related to cost accounting, specifically the allocation of overhead and labor cost to activities as a way to account for the consumption of resources, are not suitable for addressing these challenges; they confound resource allocation and network building capacity decisions. We develop a general methodological optimization-driven framework based on linear programming that allows us to better understand network costs and provide strategic solutions to the aforementioned problems. We work in collaboration with a network of hospitals to demonstrate our framework applicability and important insights derived from it.
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Schumann, William. "Alternative Development and Applied Anthropology in Appalachia." Practicing Anthropology 35, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.35.2.p47452330nt73822.
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Neoliberalism poses a challenge to practicing anthropology, not just to the places where anthropology is practiced. Neoliberalism, as is widely noted by ethnographers and other social scientists, amplifies the political and economic priorities of privatization and deregulation as necessary processes in economic development. Most often, this organizational logic purposefully externalizes the social and environmental impacts of economic growth or narrows the policy focus to one of achieving economic efficiency with attendant assumptions about the beneficial impacts of private capital accumulation for society as a whole. As "development" is reduced to a system of resource transactions, market-driven decision making becomes normalized as politically rational, universally desirable, and economically inevitable (Li 2007; Ong 2006). As a philosophy of governance, neoliberalism is noted to (unevenly) limit the scope of public participation in political processes and legitimate industry-centered policies, development structures, and trade and labor arrangements (Agamben 2005; Guttal 2007; Reid and Taylor 2010).
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BHATTACHARYAY, BISWA NATH. "INSTITUTIONS FOR ASIAN CONNECTIVITY." Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy 01, no. 02 (October 2010): 309–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793993310000172.
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To make Asia more economically sustainable and resilient against external shocks, regional economies need to be rebalanced toward regional demand- and trade-driven growth through increased regional connectivity. The effectiveness of this connectivity depends on the quality of hard and soft infrastructure. Of particular importance in terms of soft (facilitating) infrastructure that makes hard (physical) infrastructure work are the facilitating institutions that support connectivity through appropriate policies, reforms, systems, procedures, and through promoting effective coordination and cooperation. Asia has many overlapping subregional institutions involved in national and regional energy, transport, and telecommunications infrastructure connectivity. However, these institutions are characterized as being less effective, informal, and lacking a clear and binding system of rules and policies. To build seamless Asian connectivity, Asia needs an effective, formal, and rules-based institutional framework. The paper presents a new institutional framework for Pan-Asian connectivity together with the organizational structures of two new regional institutional mechanisms, namely the Pan-Asian Infrastructure Forum and the Asian Infrastructure Fund.
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Webster, David. "After the Missionaries: Churches and Human Rights NGOs in Canadian relations with China." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 20, no. 2-3 (2013): 216–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02003009.
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Canadian relations with China, historically, have been driven by missionary work and the search for expanded trade. Missionary work drew on the search for souls to save, but morphed into development (building schools and hospitals). Trade promotion, meanwhile, drew on age-old tropes of “Oriental riches” and “the China market.” The missionary and merchant impulses have intertwined in Sino-Canadian relations. This article examines the post-missionary engagement of Canadian churches and human rights advocacy of Canadian non-governmental organizations with China since the 1970s. The focus is on two ecumenical coalitions the Canadian churches sponsored: the Canada China Programme and the Canada Asia Working Group. The former emphasized themes of partnership with Chinese Christian networks as the People’s Republic of China began to open up to the world; the latter stressed advocacy for human rights and economic justice. The tensions within these coalitions illustrate the larger tension between engagement and trade on the one hand, and rights advocacy on the other, in Sino-Canadian relations. These case studies also show the importance of non-state actors in trans-Pacific relations.
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Higgott, Richard A., and Andrew Fenton Cooper. "Middle power leadership and coalition building: Australia, the Cairns Group, and the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations." International Organization 44, no. 4 (1990): 589–632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300035414.
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Perhaps the key question of debate among neorealist scholars of international political economy concerns the manner in which cooperation may or may not be secured in the global economic order "after hegemony," a question posed by Robert Keohane. A second broad question of interest to scholars of international politics concerns the manner in which weaker states attempt to influence stronger ones. A conflation of these two questions could cause scholars and practitioners alike to pay closer attention than they have in the past to coalitions of the weak as vehicles for cooperation and regime building in the global political economy.This article offers a case study of one recent exercise in coalition building as an attempt to foster cooperation in a "nonhegemonic" environment. Specifically, it examines the role of the Cairns Group of Fair Trading Nations in its attempts to foster reform in global agricultural trade within the current Uruguay Round of trade negotiations. The Cairns Group is shown to be an atypical, single-issue driven, transregional coalition. Led by Australia, the Group's actions represent an interesting exercise in "middle power" politics in a global economic order whose decisionmaking processes are increasingly more fragmented and complex and whose major actors need coaxing toward processes of cooperative economic management.
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Michener, Jamila. "Power from the Margins: Grassroots Mobilization and Urban Expansions of Civil Legal Rights." Urban Affairs Review 56, no. 5 (June 19, 2019): 1390–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087419855677.
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Many scholars paint a somber picture of the political status of racially and economically marginalized groups in the United States. In particular, seminal studies on cities—places where race and class strikingly intersect—emphasize economic and political elites as primary drivers of urban politics, underscoring the disempowerment of those at the margins. This article offers a different, theoretically instructive perspective. Through a qualitative analysis of two major expansions of the legal right to counsel in civil courts, I describe political processes that afforded race–class subjugated communities pivotal influence over urban policy. I demonstrate how groups that many theories of political science do not expect to have substantive political influence, nonetheless profoundly shaped the course of urban policy development in the civil legal domain. I find an especially crucial role for membership-driven local organizations focused on building equitable community power.
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Akyüz, Yılmaz. "Inequality, financialisation and stagnation." Economic and Labour Relations Review 29, no. 4 (November 15, 2018): 428–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304618812572.
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The failure of exceptional monetary measures pursued in response to the financial crisis in advanced economies to achieve a strong recovery has created a widespread concern that these economies suffer from a chronic demand gap and face the prospect of stagnation. This article reviews and discusses the alternative views on the causes of the slowdown in accumulation and growth and the policies implemented and proposed to deal with it. It is argued that growing inequality, notably the secular decline in the share of wages, and financialisation are the main factors. Neither spending booms driven by financial bubbles, nor exporting unemployment through trade provides sustainable solutions. It is necessary to rebalance capital and labour, restrain finance and assign a greater role to the public sector in aggregate demand management and income and wealth distribution. However, the dominant neoliberal ideology rules out such socially progressive and economically effective solutions. Consequently, stagnation is likely to remain the new normal in the years to come with governments attempting to reignite growth by creating credit and asset bubbles and/or trying to export unemployment through beggar-thy-neighbour macroeconomic, labour market, trade and exchange rate policies, thereby generating financial and economic instability and tensions in international economic relations with significant repercussions for emerging and developing economies. JEL Codes: E25, E44, F40, F43
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Khan, Ershad Ullah, Åke Nordberg, and Peter Malmros. "Waste Heat Driven Integrated Membrane Distillation for Concentrating Nutrients and Process Water Recovery at a Thermophilic Biogas Plant." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 19, 2022): 13535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013535.
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To efficiently utilize low-concentrate digestate nutrients, further treatment is needed to decrease their volume, recover process water, and increase nutrient concentrations. Membrane distillation (MD) is a thermally driven process that is advantageous due to its ability to harness low-grade waste heat to treat highly complex wastewater streams. This study assessed the techno-economic performance of integrating MD for two-fold concentrations of nutrients and the recovery of process water from digestate at a thermophilic biogas plant. Thermal assessment showed that the recovered waste heat from flue gas and digestate fully met the thermal energy demand of MD and saved 20% of boiler energy by heating incoming slurry. The permeate flux from MD was 3.5 L/(m2h) and 3.1 L/(m2h) at 66 °C and 61 °C digestate inlet temperatures during winter and summer, respectively. With internal heat recovery, the specific heat demand for MD was 80 kWh/m3 and 100 kWh/m3 in winter and summer, respectively. The unit cost of MD permeate was estimated to be 3.6 €/m3 and 4.1 €/m3 at a digestate feed temperature of 66 °C and 61 °C (with heat recovery), and 7.6 €/m3 and 9.1 €/m3 (without heat recovery) in winter and summer, respectively. However, cost sensitivity analyses showed that waste heat recovery and thermal energy cost variations had a significant impact on the MD permeate production cost. Nevertheless, the economic assessment indicated that the thermal integration of a biogas plant with industrial-scale MD digestate treatment capacity could be economically feasible, with winter being more economically favorable due to higher waste heat recovery.
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Sun, Ying, Fariborz Haghighat, and Benjamin C. M. Fung. "Trade-off between accuracy and fairness of data-driven building and indoor environment models: A comparative study of pre-processing methods." Energy 239 (January 2022): 122273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122273.
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Sun, Ying, Fariborz Haghighat, and Benjamin C. M. Fung. "Trade-off between accuracy and fairness of data-driven building and indoor environment models: A comparative study of pre-processing methods." Energy 239 (January 2022): 122273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122273.
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Peng, Chenyang. "Digital Inclusive Finance Data Mining and Model-Driven Analysis of the Impact of Urban-Rural Income Gap." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (July 2, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5820145.
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Digital inclusive finance, rural human capital, and agricultural green total factor productivity are simultaneously incorporated into the framework of urban-rural income gap analysis. Based on digital inclusive finance indices from several provincial panel data in China, a systematic generalized moment estimation method is used to the moderating effect of rural human capital and the mediating role of agricultural green total factor productivity. Annual time series data of foreign trade indicators and urban-rural income gap indicators are estimated by building a state-space model and applying Kalman filter to investigate the effects of these factors on the urban-rural income gap. The results show that the impact of urban-rural fixed asset investment ratio and foreign trade indicator on the urban-rural income gap in China tends to increase gradually, while the impact of rural financial development indicator is decreasing but still positive. The study finds that the development of digital inclusive finance significantly contributes to the reduction of the income gap between urban and rural residents; the breadth of coverage of digital inclusive finance and the degree of digitalization help to suppress the widening of the income gap between urban and rural residents; and rural health-based human capital, education and training-based human capital, and migration-based human capital not only have a convergence effect on the income gap between urban and rural residents themselves.
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CHIA, SIOW YUE. "MODALITIES FOR ASEAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: RETROSPECT AND GOING FORWARD." Singapore Economic Review 62, no. 03 (August 29, 2016): 561–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590818400015.
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The stages and economic effects of economic integration in the theoretical literature draws from the empirical integration experiences in Europe and may not be entirely suited to developing country groupings. Economically, ASEAN comprises largely middle and low income countries with priority on national and economic development, emphasizing attracting investment and technological resources and globally competitiveness. ASEAN and the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) is characterized as a region with wide geographic expanse, diverse economic development levels and pursuing economic integration led by its leadership rather than the private sector. Economic integration has proceeded on two simultaneous fronts — the market-driven proliferation of regional production networks and value chains and the FTA-driven trade and investment facilitation and liberalization. Economic cooperation and integration has been pursued with increasing intensity since the late 1970s. Much has been achieved as seen in the growing density of movements of goods, services, capital and investments and movements of labor and people well as schemes for closer and deeper cooperation. The still-incomplete AEC will be declared on 31 December 2015. But there is still much “work in progress”. The AEC Blueprint 2025 highlights the priorities for the AEC for the next decade, eschewing deeper integration through customs union (CU) or common market but taking due consideration of the challenges from globalization and digitization and the clarion call for inclusive and sustainable development.
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Böhmelt, Tobias, Farzad Vaziri, and Hugh Ward. "Does green taxation drive countries towards the carbon efficiency frontier?" Journal of Public Policy 38, no. 4 (October 16, 2017): 481–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x17000162.
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AbstractA country is on thecarbon efficiency frontierif its per-capita emissions of CO2are at least as low as any state that was at least as economically developed at a period when technology was no more advanced. Building on earlier work employing Data Envelopment Analysis to benchmark performance, we argue that a useful measure of whether a state adopts “good practice” in relation to climate change is how near it is to this frontier. We calculate efficiency scores for a sample of developed countries between 1994 and 2011, and model the impact of green taxation, next to a series of political and economic controls, on performance. We find that higher levels of environmental tax revenue are positively and significantly associated with higher carbon efficiency. The central contributions of this research are the introduction of an innovative measure for environmental quality and assessing how this is driven by green taxation.
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Ajibo, Kenneth I. "Transboundary hazardous wastes and environmental justice." Environmental Law Review 18, no. 4 (December 2016): 267–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461452916675538.
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The generation and international movement of hazardous wastes including their disposal in economically evolving world remains a topical issue in the environmental justice debate. Globally, it is estimated that more than 90 percent of wastes produced and traded annually are from industrialised nations. Most of these hazardous wastes are shipped to developing countries for recycling and disposal. The article argues that tightening of the weaker provisions of Basel Convention is urgently needed to assist the developing world, especially in Africa. This requires both technical transfer and capacity building given the consequences of hazardous wastes to human health and environment. Similarly, the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) procedure should be upgraded to meet the sound Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) standard. This entails evaluating the potential risk and ability, thus allowing the importing countries to make an informed decision. The implication of this is that Basel has the potential to promote environmental justice if the key institutional reforms are made without a total ban on wastes trade in developing world.
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Gershon, Robyn R. M., Marcie S. Rubin, Kristine A. Qureshi, Allison N. Canton, and Frederick J. Matzner. "Participatory Action Research Methodology in Disaster Research: Results From the World Trade Center Evacuation Study." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 2, no. 3 (October 2008): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dmp.0b013e318184b48f.
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ABSTRACTObjective: Participatory action research (PAR) methodology is an effective tool in identifying and implementing risk-reduction interventions. It has been used extensively in occupational health research, but not, to our knowledge, in disaster research. A PAR framework was incorporated into the World Trade Center evacuation study, which was designed to identify the individual, organizational, and structural (environmental) factors that affected evacuation from the World Trade Center Towers 1 and 2 on September 11, 2001. PAR teams—comprising World Trade Center evacuees, study investigators, and expert consultants—worked collaboratively to develop a set of recommendations designed to facilitate evacuation from high-rise office buildings and reduce risk of injury among evacuees.Methods: Two PAR teams worked first separately and then collectively to identify data-driven strategies for improvement of high-rise building evacuation.Results: The teams identified interventions targeting individual, organizational, and structural (environmental) barriers to safe and rapid evacuation.Conclusions: PAR teams were effective in identifying numerous feasible and cost-effective strategies for improvement of high-rise emergency preparedness and evacuation. This approach may have utility in other workplace disaster prevention planning and response programs. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2008;2:142–149)
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Zhao, Liang, Wei Zhang, and Wenshun Wang. "BIM-Based Multi-Objective Optimization of Low-Carbon and Energy-Saving Buildings." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 12, 2022): 13064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013064.
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Global warming and other environmental problems are increasing the demand for green and low-carbon buildings. The development of high-performance computers and building information models has a significant impact on low-carbon buildings. Low-carbon building design needs to comprehensively consider geography, climate, material, cost and other factors, a highly complex multidisciplinary research problem. Therefore, it is urgent to use advanced modeling and simulation technology, involving BIM, parametric design, cloud platform and evolutionary algorithm. This paper proposes a BIM based low-carbon building design optimization framework, which realizes the comprehensive trade-off function of building low-carbon energy saving and daylighting performance through an improved genetic algorithm. The framework drives BIM through parameterization and integrates building environment information, geometric information and operation information, including six parts: BIM model establishment, parameter-driven development, building performance simulation, multi-objective optimization design, Pareto frontier analysis, and energy-saving decision-making and evaluation. The case study shows that the simulation results obtained through the framework can effectively achieve building energy conservation while maximizing the lighting performance of the building, providing a scientific basis and reference for construction professionals to design low-carbon buildings. Finally, the application advantages and limitations of the framework in low-carbon building design and its application prospects in low-carbon energy-saving building design are discussed. This research has made contributions to the multi-disciplinary low-carbon energy conservation research field, realized the multi-objective optimization strategy of building performance based on BIM, genetic algorithm and simulation, and is an important supplement to existing building energy conservation and emission reduction optimization design.
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Maldonado, Julie, Itzel Flores Castillo Wang, Fred Eningowuk, Lesley Iaukea, Aranzazu Lascurain, Heather Lazrus, Chief Albert Naquin, et al. "Addressing the challenges of climate-driven community-led resettlement and site expansion: knowledge sharing, storytelling, healing, and collaborative coalition building." Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences 11, no. 3 (June 2, 2021): 294–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13412-021-00695-0.
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AbstractPresently coastal areas globally are becoming unviable, with people no longer able to maintain livelihoods and settlements due to, for example, increasing floods, storm surges, coastal erosion, and sea level rise, yet there exist significant policy obstacles and practical and regulatory challenges to community-led and community-wide responses. For many receiving support only at the individual level for relocation or other adaptive responses, individual and community harm is perpetuated through the loss of culture and identity incurred through forced assimilation policies. Often, challenges dealt to frontline communities are founded on centuries of injustices. Can these challenges of both norms and policies be addressed? Can we develop socially, culturally, environmentally, and economically just sustainable adaptation processes that supports community responses, maintenance and evolution of traditions, and rejuvenates regenerative life-supporting ecosystems? This article brings together Indigenous community leaders, knowledge-holders, and allied collaborators from Louisiana, Hawai‘i, Alaska, Borikén/Puerto Rico, and the Marshall Islands, to share their stories and lived experiences of the relocation and other adaptive challenges in their homelands and territories, the obstacles posed by the state or regional governments in community adaptation efforts, ideas for transforming the research paradigm from expecting communities to answer scientific questions to having scientists address community priorities, and the healing processes that communities are employing. The contributors are connected through the Rising Voices Center for Indigenous and Earth Sciences, which brings together Indigenous, tribal, and community leaders, atmospheric, social, biological, and ecological scientists, students, educators, and other experts, and facilitates intercultural, relational-based approaches for understanding and adapting to extreme weather and climate events, climate variability, and climate change.
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Nish, Ian. "Politics, Trade and Communications in East Asia: Thoughts on Anglo-Russian Relations, 1861–1907." Modern Asian Studies 21, no. 4 (October 1987): 667–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00009276.
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As Britain saw it, trade was not the prime motivating force for Russian expansion in east Asia or, put another way, the Russian frontiersmen were not driven by the actual amount of their trade there or its future potentialities. While Russia was primarily concerned with the tea trade over land frontiers, Britain was concerned with the seaborne commerce of China. The customs revenue paid to China in the year 1894 worked out as follows:Judging from the returns of the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs Organization, British ships carried 83.5% of China's total trade. But Britain's commercial dominance affected her political stance because she wanted to preserve China's stability for most of the second half of the nineteenth century. This was at the root of the political tensions between Britain and Russia which emerged in China after 1860 and especially those which derived from the spate of railway building which took place from 1890 onwards. It would be foolish to deny that intense rivalry did exist in the area from time to time or that detailed observations of the actions of the one were regularly conducted by the other—what we should now call ‘intelligence operations’. But what I shall suggest in this paper is that, despite all the admitted antagonism and suspicion between Britain and Russia in east Asia, Britain regularly made efforts to reach accommodations with Russia in north-east Asia.
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Aldin Bimo Wicaksono and Adi Sasmito. "Place Attachment pada Gedung Juang 45 Pati sebagai Bangunan Bersejarah dan Ruang Publik." SARGA: Journal of Architecture and Urbanism 16, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.56444/sarga.v16i1.120.
Full textAbstract:
Public space in the city center is an area that is very prominent in its growth, this is driven by various activities including: trade, entertainment/recreation, culture and government. Emotional attachment to a place or place attachment is important to understand, especially because of its potential role in developing public facilities, special places, and communities that work in those places, and also to anticipate conflicts that arise in the management of a place. The building, which was formerly known as Societeit Soekarame, was built during the Dutch government in the 1930s and was used as a place for the elite of Dutch colonialism to gather. During the war of independence, around 1947- 1948, Societeit Soekarame changed its name to Gedung Juang 45. Along with the times, Gedung Juang 45 was renovated with a concept that had been determined to become a Diorama Museumor an educational gallery entitled "Galeri Pati Mbiyen". This study shows that there are two factors driving place attachment in the Juan 45 Pati Building, namely the historical value attached to the building and the social value of society that grows in conjunction with space utilization activities