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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Economic wellbeing'
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Sylla, Daouda. "Essays on Culture, Economic Outcome and Wellbeing." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31202.
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Chapter 1: The Impact of Culture on the Second-Generation Immigrants’ Level of Trust in Canada
Trust is one of the main elements of social capital; it determines the extent to which an individual cooperates with others. In this chapter, I assess whether cultural factors influence the level of trust in the population of second-generation immigrants in Canada. This paper is related to two strands of empirical literature. The first analyses the determinants of trust and the second studies the cultural transmission of values, attitudes and beliefs. I follow closely the literature on the cultural transmission and use an epidemiological approach to assess whether trust of second-generation immigrants is affected by their cultural heritage. This approach consists of comparing information about the outcomes of second-generation immigrants with that of the country of origin of their ancestry. We apply this approach using the Ethnic Diversity Survey (EDS), the World Value Survey (WVS) and the European Value Survey (EVS). Estimation results show that the average level of trust in the countries of origin of the ancestors of the second-generation immigrants has a strong significant impact on their level of trust. Thus, individual whose country of ancestry displays a high level of trust, tend to have a high level of trust. This provides evidence that individuals’ level of trust is not only explained by their personal experiences, characteristics, and the environment in which they live; but also by the culture in their country of ancestry. This means that culture does matter! I find that the results remain robust even if certain key countries are omitted or a different data set is used.
Chapter 2: Decomposing Health Achievement and Socioeconomic Health Inequalities in Presence of Multiple Categorical Information
This chapter presents a decomposition of the health achievement and the socioeconomic health inequality indices by multiple categorical variables and by regions. I adopt Makdissi and Yazbeck's (2014) counting approach to deal with the ordinal nature of the data of the United States National Health Interview Survey 2010. The findings suggest that the attributes that contribute the most to the deviation from perfect health in the United States are: anxiety, depression and exhaustion. Also, I find that the attributes that contribute the most to the total socioeconomic health inequality are ambulation, depression and pain. The regional decomposition results suggest that, if the aversion to socioeconomic health inequality is high enough, socioeconomic health inequalities between regions are the main contributors to the total socioeconomic health inequality in the United States. Chapter 3: Accounting for Freedom and Economic Resources in the Assessment of Changes in Women Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa
This chapter assesses the importance of freedom in women’s wellbeing in twelve Sub-Saharan Africa countries by using data from Demographic Health Surveys. This paper presents a poverty comparison by using the stochastic dominance approach and relies on the economic resources and freedom as the two aspects of wellbeing which evokes the multidimensionality of poverty. This study is related to the following three pieces of literature: the sequential stochastic dominance, the multidimensional poverty, the Sen’s capability approach which is based on freedom. This paper is built on Makdissi et al. (2014) but differs from it in a number of respects. First, it focuses on poverty instead of welfare. Secondly, it applies the Shapley decomposition to determine the contributions of the economic resource distribution and the incidence of the threat of domestic violence to poverty changes over time. Consistent with previous work on the importance of freedom, I find that more freedom, i.e. less threat of domestic violence, affects women’s wellbeing positively since it decreases women’s poverty. The results indicate that women’s wellbeing has improved in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Rwanda, Senegal, and Zimbabwe and deteriorated in Ethiopia, Nigeria and Tanzania.
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Leth, Malin, and Basil Al-Ali. "How wellbeing economic projects help contribute to a paradigm shift : Altering the path to a Wellbeing Economy." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-43765.
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This study aims to look at the processes used when creating wellbeing economic projects to further understand what key themes there are. It applies Path-Dependency theory, consisting of Path-Dependence and Path-Creation to see if the chosen aspects are relevant to creating wellbeing projects and altering the path from the Anthropocene. Analysis is conducted on 45 implemented wellbeing economic projects from the Wellbeing Economy Alliance. After formulating questions based on this, interviews are carried out with ten experienced wellbeing leaders to gain a deeper understanding of what could be learned from their experiences of success and failure within wellbeing projects. The main findings of the study show that to effectively alter the path, power should be dispersed between as many people as possible, people are driven by a larger vision than specifics and it is essential for governments and the private sector to communicate with people to understand what they value in regards to wellbeing.
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Reif, Alison. "Waves of change : economic development and social wellbeing in Cardwell, North Queensland, Australia." University of Western Australia. School of Social and Cultural Studies, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0184.
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This thesis is an anthropological study of local understandings of economic development in a small regional town in far North Queensland, Australia. How do preferences regarding lifestyle and social wellbeing impact on those living in the community? The study takes a particular interest in the aspirations, values and choices of the residents and their desires for the future and the future of their town. Throughout this thesis I argue that social wellbeing and lifestyle are important factors in Cardwell residents' choices and feature predominantly in their approaches to economic development. I contextualise this study through a comparative analysis of the effects of economic development on the wellbeing and lifestyle of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people in the Cardwell region of north Australia. This comparison arises firstly from an anthropological interest in the circumstances of Australian Aboriginal people as a significant minority in regional towns. Explicit attention is directed toward the Aboriginal people of the Cardwell region as they constitute a socially and culturally distinct sector of the local population. Secondly, my study explores ways in which comparative work of this kind may be instructive on cultural issues relevant to economic development. This is a study of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people, who live in similar circumstances, and who, I propose, regard factors other than economic development as important. It is argued that while the Cardwell region does not provide ample nor a variety of economic opportunities, outward migration remains undesirable to many residents.
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Djoric, Gorana. "The effects of socio-economic transformation on gender inequality in economic wellbeing : the Hungarian experience from 1992 to 1999." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443715.
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Kelly, Simon John, and n/a. "Estimating the wealth of Australians: a new approach using microsimulation." University of Canberra. Business & Government, 2003. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20070130.111024.
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The distribution of economic wellbeing is generally regarded as one of the key performance
indicators of a society and economic wellbeing is strongly influenced by income, wealth and
consumption. Despite this, almost all studies of inequality in Australia have relied upon income
as the sole measure of economic wellbeing, due in large part to the ready availability of income
data. This thesis attempts to redress that deficiency.
This thesis provides an insight into an under-researched but vitally important topic � the
distribution of wealth. Specifically the research has three goals. The first is to provide estimates
of the level and distribution of wealth in Australia at the current time and the trends over the
past decade or two. The second aim is to provide projections of the future wealth distribution.
The final goal is to see if there are significant differences between the distribution of lifetime
wealth and the annual cross-sectional distribution of wealth.
The research uses a technique not previously used in Australia to estimate wealth in the future �
dynamic microsimulation. The microsimulation model used is based on a starting sample of
150,000 individuals and this large number allows a large range of experiences to be modelled,
while not having the high costs, years of commitment and other problems associated with
undertaking panel studies.
This thesis estimates that the average levels of wealth will increase significantly over the
40-year period from 2000 to 2040 but that wealth inequality will increase over the same period.
The reasons for the increases in wealth inequality appear to be due to changes in asset
ownership, particularly lower levels of home ownership; the ageing population; and increases in
inequality within age cohorts.
The research found that lifetime wealth inequality for a sub-group of Generation X differed
from the distribution based on annual data. The lifetime wealth inequality was significantly less
than the annual wealth inequality.
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Ferrari, Giulia. "Economic evaluation of gender empowerment programmes with a violence prevention focus : objective empowerment and subjective wellbeing." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2016. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3401/.
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Prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) is high the world over, and in sub-Saharan Africa, between 30% and 66% of ever-partnered women aged 15 or over have experienced IPV at least once in their lifetime, and 37% on the African continent. Power imbalance in the household and unequal access to resources are often identified as triggers of violence. Microfinance interventions provide women with access to financial resources as well as soft-skills training (MF-plus). Evidence of microfinance’s impact on IPV is still however contradictory, often confined to observational cross-sectional studies, with narrow definitions of IPV, and no clear link with a process of empowerment. This thesis addresses these limitations by (i) analysing data from the randomised control trials (RCTs) of two microfinance and training interventions in sub-Saharan Africa aimed at reducing IPV; (ii) defining a conceptual framework for the analysis of impact that I term eudaimonic utility (EUD) and linking this with empowerment indicators; and (iii) interpreting this evidence with reference to sociological and economic models of IPV. EUD is the self-actualisation component of psychological measures of wellbeing (WB). I derive EUD from the triangulation of the construct of wellbeing I found in the milieu of sub-Saharan African women targeted by one of the interventions, psychological indices of wellbeing, and properties of plural utility functions. It comprises three psychological dimensions: autonomy (deciding for oneself), meaningful relations with others (maintaining mutually supportive and emotionally meaningful relationships) and environmental mastery (ensuring that the external environment is conducive to one’s flourishing). For the analysis of intervention impact, I group empowerment indicators on the basis of the factor analysis associations with EUD dimensions. Impact estimates suggest that women who access MF-plus services gain more control over their own time, experience improvement in proxies of eudaimonia, and experience reduced IPV exposure. Women who trained in negotiation skills in addition to access to financial services experience limited increase in cooperation with their spouses, but no IPV reduction.
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Baba, Camilla Rose Evatt. "Valuing the health and wellbeing aspects of community empowerment in an urban regeneration context using economic evaluation techniques." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7940/.
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Background and Rationale: Urban regeneration programmes are well placed to address social inequalities, and improve residents' quality of life and thus, are increasingly regarded a form of population health intervention. Within such programmes, the central role of communities is becoming increasingly recognised as important, with policy makers highlighting the need for activities that foster community empowerment and community involvement in programmes’ delivery. A motivating factor for this emphasis on community empowerment is the envisaged health gains it can produce. Existing literature has demonstrated that community empowerment is linked to positive health (specifically mental health) however, little is known about this link within an urban regeneration context and the value of allocating resources to foster community empowerment as an outcome of urban regeneration programmes. Previous attempts to value community empowerment as an outcome of urban regenerations have failed to fully capture and measure this complex, multi-faceted outcome or its theorised links to health. This thesis crosses disciplines, addressing issues of public health, urban planning and health economics. However, as outlined in Chapter 1, its leading discipline is health economics, drawing on methodology from the field to make a contribution to the evolving focus of public health economic evaluation. Specifically, the thesis demonstrates how health economic methodology can be adapted or expanded upon to aid the challenges researchers face when trying to identify, measure and value complex, non-health outcomes (such as community empowerment) for inclusion in economic evaluations of population health interventions (such as urban regeneration), which, as discussed at length in Chapter 5, present numerous challenges for techniques previously used solely within the health sector, and commonly in controlled settings (randomised controlled trials). Methods: The thesis initially outlines the policy context of the study (community empowerment in urban regeneration), defines what is meant by community empowerment and the study’s overall health economics focus in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 continues this introduction to the study’s context by highlighting how community empowerment relates to other concepts, whether it is viewed as an outcome or a process and how this impacts on efforts of measuring the concept and through a rapid scoping review, summarises what is known in the current evidence base on community empowerment and its links to health. It clearly highlights that community empowerment is a context specific concept and that in order to identify, measure and value it within an urban regeneration context, investigation of its specific, quantifiable ‘elements’ within this context must be identified. This is presented in Chapters 3 and 4. Firstly, a systematic review with narrative synthesis was then conducted (Chapter 3) to identify whether urban regeneration interventions can lead to a sense of empowerment and key community empowerment elements within this context. Then in Chapter 4, analyses of cross-sectional data from Glasgow’s GoWell neighbourhoods regeneration study (n=4254) was used to further test the causal relationship between community empowerment and self-reported health. The final part of the thesis (Chapters 5-8), firmly centres these initial findings into the health economics focus of the thesis to demonstrate how discrete choice experiments could be used to value a non-health outcome such as community empowerment for future inclusion in economic evaluations of population health interventions. It outlines the challenges of conducting economic evaluations of population health interventions and the importance of health economics as a discipline for decision-makers (Chapter 5). Then in Chapters 6-8 it presents the conceptualisation, design and results of a UK representative population discrete choice experiment survey (n=311) and how its results can value community empowerment as a potential outcome (using the payment vehicle ‘time’) for use in economic evaluation of population health interventions within urban regeneration. Results: The thesis identifies that community empowerment can result from urban regeneration interventions and that there are specific community empowerment ‘elements’ within this context which can be used to start conceptualising how to measure and value this concept and its links to health. The thesis also demonstrated that this was not always a positive relationship between urban regeneration and community empowerment and that a sense of disempowerment could be felt by the affected communities. These elements were sense of inclusion, sense of belonging, residents’ time commitment, a sense of trust in stakeholders, availability of stakeholder help and support and, availability of information about the regeneration programme (Chapters 2-3). Regression analysis of the GoWell data (Chapter 4) highlighted significant associations between community empowerment and improved general health and mental wellbeing. The discrete choice experiment’s (shown in Chapters 6-8) mixed logit model analyses demonstrated that there is an overall value for community empowerment activities within urban regeneration. The general populations respondents strongest preferences were shown for the delivery of community empowerment activities which require less time commitment, offer opportunities to participate, fully explain decision making processes, increase social interactions with their neighbours, have help and support from stakeholders and, keep them informed of the regeneration programme. Respondents’ strongest preferences were for delivery of community empowerment attributes that increase sense of belonging and feeling informed about the regeneration programme. Conclusions: The thesis provides valuations for attributes of community empowerment which can be used to inform future resource allocation decisions related to the cost-effectiveness of community empowerment generating activities as part of the delivery of urban regeneration programmes. Progress on the application of economic evaluation methodology to public health has been challenging, thwarted by complexities due to broad ranging costs and outcomes that are not readily suited to established economic evaluation techniques. The thesis contributes to the growing field of public health economic evaluation by highlighting the use of stated preference techniques, specifically discrete choice experiment methodology as a tool for measuring and eliciting values for the non-health outcomes of population health interventions for inclusion in economic evaluations. Failure to capture and include all benefits or costs of these multi-sector interventions which seek to look beyond health gains could lead to under or over estimation of their value and total effectiveness. This could ultimately result in poor investment decisions. To conclude, this study has contributed to current evidence by providing a means for identifying, measuring and valuing community empowerment both as an outcome in its own right and as an interim surrogate outcome linked to health. Thus, it has begun to address and tackle the research gaps identified in previous studies (outlined in Section 1.2.2). It has valued individual elements of CE within urban regeneration programmes which can be used by policy makers for decisions regarding future investment in CE and has further evidenced claims that community empowerment is linked to health within this context. Therefore, the thesis is able to recommend investment for community empowerment promoting activities in the delivery of urban regeneration programmes as a pathway to mental health gains.
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Mykerezi, Elton. "Education and Socio-Economic Wellbeing in Racially Diverse Rural Counties: The Contribution of Historically Black Colleges and Universities." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9707.
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This thesis examines trends in the socio-economic well-being in rural counties where Blacks represent one-third or more of the population. In addition, this thesis also examines the impact that college education has on the economic development of these counties, with particular focus on the role of Historically Black Colleges and Universities. The thesis is composed of two papers: "Education and Socioeconomic Wellbeing in Racially Diverse Rural Counties", and "Economic Growth in Racially Diverse Rural Counties: The Contribution of Historically Black Colleges and Universities."
The first of the two papers provides a descriptive review of the racially diverse rural counties (RDRCs) which are located exclusively in the rural south and generally have very low levels of economic well-being. On a positive note, college education levels in RDRCs are found to have increased rapidly between 1990 and 2000. County-level, regression analysis suggests that these increases were in part due to the concentration of Historically Black Colleges and Universities in the region. Local investments in K__12 education are also found to be linked to county education levels.
The second paper uses county subdivision level regression analysis, and finds that proximity to HBCUs influences college education amongst Blacks in RDRCs positively. Further county subdivision-level regression analysis suggests that the rate of college education attainment in these counties amongst Blacks and the general population has a significant positive impact upon income growth in RDRCs.Master of Science
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Matsheta, R. M. "Prospects of limiting the right to reproductive health in South Africa : a human wellbeing and socio-economic view." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2915.
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Thesis (M. Law. (Development and Management)) --University of Limpopo, 2019Like many other countries, South Africa has its own socio-economic challenges. For the past two decades, the country has been experiencing rapid population growth, yet in the same period, there has been a pervasive decline in social and economic stability, and in the end, stagnant human wellbeing. This has been as a result of diminishing access to basic services such as health care, quality housing, quality education and safe clean drinking water. Among other factors, unregulated and rapid population growth contribute to these socio-economic challenges. This study seeks to illustrate that overpopulation undermines and threatens social development, societal stability and survival of humanity. Therefore, the examines the possibility of enacting a legislation or policy that will regulate or limit procreation or the right to give birth. It also reflects on the Chinese experience to obtain some lessons from China’s One-Child Policy. It is submitted that South Africa must draft its own policy or legislation that will regulate population growth with the primary objective of aligning population with available state resources. Keywords: overpopulation, right to reproductive health, socio-economic rights, human wellbeing, social transformation.
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Mathenge, Mary W. Kiiru. "Essays on off-farm labor market participation, farm production decisions and household economic wellbeing empirical evidence from rural Kenya /." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
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Niskota, Jozo. "Environmental performance in cooperative enterprises as determinant of economic and social wellbeing in the Eastern Adriatic : the Cooperative Sustainability Index." Thesis, Kingston University, 2016. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/36497/.
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Societies in the world have been struggling to redefine ways to general prosperity, although a general interest in a more human world order is constant. At the same time, cooperatives operate as privately owned for-profit enterprises having social purpose as their primary objective. The aim of this research is to investigate the potential of achieving sustainable development in enterprises operating under the cooperative principles to bring about human development and environmental improvement. The paradigm suggests interactions among environmental performance, economic results, social benefits and the ethical cooperative principles. Information on more than 1,500 coops was gathered in the EU countries of Croatia and Slovenia, and in one non-EU country Bosnia-Herzegovina and a survey was carried out among coops that were commercially active over a 12-year period from 2002-2013. After deploying the survey via email and through structured telephone interviews, statistical analysis was completed on randomly chosen 100 coops. The results support the main research hypotheses. First, the union of environmental performance and cooperative principles (EP&CP) confirm the existence of a relationship with the economic results. Secondly, the combination of environmental performance and cooperative principles (EP&CP) also indicate a relationship with social benefits. Above all, it is concluded that better results in economic and social benefits are gained in the group having positive Environmental Performance and Cooperative Principles (positive EP&CP) compared to the group where positive only EP was observed. This generally indicates the important contribution of Cooperative Principles to Sustainable Development. Using the survey data an innovative Cooperative Sustainability Index (CSI) has been produced as composite indicator measuring the success in applying ethical elements within two dimensions: the cooperative principles dimension and the environmental. Slovenia has the highest ranking score; Croatia shows less success at the second position; Bosnia Herzegovina has the weakest results. Sustainable development conditions across the Eastern Adriatic region demonstrate an interesting diversity in the environmental sustainability results among the states, but to a certain extent there are similarities as far as social and economic conditions are concerned. Paradoxically, socialism damaged social enterprises like coops in the post-WWII period in the Eastern Adriatic. This occurred not only because the socialist governments misinterpreted cooperative principles, but above all because democratic organisations like coops in a non-democratic society challenge the ethical orthodoxy. In the last few decades, the recovery of coops has varied according to their geographical location. As demonstrated, coops mostly positively prevent contemporary environmental degradation of the world’s resources but also positively contribute to economic and social issues; this puts them in an important position to reduce the inequalities produced by contemporary authoritarian capitalism across the world. In this sense, the first Cooperative Sustainability Index will find its future application and usefulness.
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Telleria, Juarez Roberto Ariel. "Changes in economic wellbeing emerging from a prospective trade agreement between Bolivia and the United States : a Macro-micro simulation approach." Thesis, University of Reading, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493802.
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The world has witnessed an unparalleled increase in trade liberalization over the last few decades, involving bilateral, regional and multilateral trade integration processes. These have been accompanied by increasing concerns over economic growth and distributional impacts emerging from trade agreements. An applied literature has emerged to address ex-ante effects at both the macroeconomic as well as the household levels. This thesis contributes to this literature by analysing the case of Bolivia, which is about to institute a trade liberalization agreement with the USA. It does so by making combined use of a computable general equilibrium model and a micro simulation approach (macro-micro in short) to provide insights into whether the Bolivian economy and its households would win or lose from trade liberalisation scenarios, pointing out how large gains and/or losses for particular types of households can be.
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Morris, Rachel Katherine. "Prediction and prevention of fetal growth restriction and compromise of fetal wellbeing : systematic reviews and meta-analyses with model based economic evaluation." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1319/.
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Restriction of fetal growth and compromise of its wellbeing remain significant causes of perinatal death and childhood disability. There is a lack of scientific consensus about the best strategies for predicting these conditions before birth and thus there is uncertainty about the best management of pregnant women who might have a growth-restricted baby. This health technology assessment thesis used state of the art methods to review 337 studies including 472,544 women. It determined : 1. The accuracy of available tests for predicting small for gestational age infants (SGA) and 2. Compromise of fetal wellbeing and 3. Summarised the effectiveness of available treatments for these conditions. To allow translation of these results into patient care, the diagnostic and therapeutic information was integrated in a model based economic evaluation. This thesis has demonstrated that the tests reviewed have a limited use in screening/diagnosis for SGA/compromise of fetal and neonatal wellbeing when used in isolation. The quality of primary research was variable with recommendations being made particularly for the use of standardised and relevant outcome measures. The decision model and economic analysis identified that an effective, affordable and safe intervention applied to all mothers without prior testing is likely to be the most cost-effective strategy in the prevention of these conditions.
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Kyösti, E. (Elina). "Long-term outcome, quality of life, and socio-economic consequences of surviving pediatric intensive care." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2019. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526223865.
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Abstract Critical illness or staying in intensive care unit (ICU) may have a negative impact on a child’s quality of life or the family’s life. The aim of this study is to clarify the long-term mortality and causes of death in Finnish pediatric intensive care population, as well as the health-related quality of life (HRQL), psychological outcome, schooling difficulties, and family socioeconomical situation in those alive six years after intensive care. The study population consisted of all ICU treated pediatric patients in Finland in 2009 and 2010. The long-term mortality and causes of death were retrospectively compared with the population of all other Finnish children who had not been on an ICU. Survivors were sent questionnaire material regarding their HRQL and psychological and social situation. 68 out of 2729 (2.5%) patients died before the end of 5 years follow-up. The standardized mortality rate for the ICU patients was 53.4. The most common causes of death were cancer (35.3%), neurologic (17.6%), and metabolic diseases (11.7%), whereas trauma was the most common cause of death in the control group (45.3%). Questionnaires were answered by 1109 (30.1%) children. 90 children (8.4%) had poor HRQL. They had a higher rate of chronic diagnoses, medication on a daily basis and a greater need for healthcare services than those with normal HRQL-scores. Asthma, neurological diseases, chromosomal alterations, cancer and long-term pain were associated with poor HRQL. Psychological outcome was abnormal for 84 children (7.6%), and was also associated with chronic diseases. Children with difficulties in school more often had a severe disease and frequently need for healthcare services. In conclusion, mortality after intensive care is low, but the risk of death is increased even at 3 years after discharge. The burden of chronic diseases hamper the quality of life, psychological wellbeing and school performanceTiivistelmä Vaikea sairaus tai tehohoito voi vaikuttaa haitallisesti lapsen kehitykseen sekä perheen hyvinvointiin. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää suomalaisten tehohoidettujen lasten pitkäaikaiskuolleisuus ja kuolinsyyt sekä lasten elämänlaatu, psyykkinen hyvinvointi, erityisen tuen tarve koulussa ja perheen sosioekonominen asema kuusi vuotta tehohoidon jälkeen. Tutkittava joukko koostui kaikista Suomessa v. 2009 ja 2010 tehohoidetuista lapsista. Kuolleisuutta ja kuolinsyitä verrattiin niiden suomalaislasten kuolinsyihin, jotka eivät olleet saaneet tehohoitoa vuonna 2009 tai 2010. Eloonjääneiden lasten elämänlaatu, psyykkinen vointi ja sosioekonominen tilanne selvitettiin kyselyiden avulla. Tutkittavista 2 729 potilaasta 68 (2,5 %) kuoli ennen seuranta-ajan päättymistä. Vakioitu kuolleisuussuhde oli tehohoidettujen lasten osalta 53,4. Yleisimmät kuolinsyyt tehohoidetuilla olivat kasvaimet (35,3 %), neurologiset sairaudet (17,6 %) ja aineenvaihduntasairaudet (11,7 %), verrokkiryhmässä onnettomuudet olivat merkittävin kuolinsyy (45,3 %). Kyselyihin vastasi 1109 (30,1 %) lasta. Heistä 90 (8,4 %) koki elämänlaatunsa huonoksi. Useat pitkäaikaissairaudet, lääkityksen ja terveyspalveluiden tarve oli yleisempää elämänlaatunsa huonoksi kokevien joukossa. Astma, neurologiset sairaudet, kromosomimuutokset, kasvaimet ja pitkäaikainen kiputila liittyivät huonoon elämänlaatuun. Psyykkinen vointi oli heikentynyt 84 lapsella (7,6 %). Myös huono psyykkinen vointi liittyi pitkäaikaissairauksiin, samoin erityisen tuen tarve koulussa. Yhteenvetona todettakoon, että lasten kuolleisuus tehohoidon jälkeen on Suomessa matala, mutta kuoleman riski on koholla usean vuoden ajan tehohoidon päättymisestä. Vaikeat pitkäaikaissairaudet lisäävät kuolleisuutta tehohoidon jälkeen sekä heikentävät eloonjääneiden elämänlaatua, psyykkistä vointia vaikeuttavat koulunkäyntiä, ja aiheuttavat taakkaa lapsen perheelle
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Rossello-Roig, M. "Essays on the spillovers of the household environment on childhood development : domestic violence, health and education, and maternal working hours on children's wellbeing." Thesis, City, University of London, 2017. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/19371/.
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This thesis contains three chapters that each study the spillover effects of two aspects of the child's household environment, Domestic Violence (chapter one and two) and Maternal Working Hours (chapter three). The first chapter looks at Children's Health, the second at Education Outcomes and the third looks at children's Well-Being. Understanding what influences a child's early development is of paramount importance as it explains future job market performance and success in life in general. All chapters exploit the data set UK Millennium Cohort Study (MCS), a longitudinal survey following around 19,000 children born in the UK in 2000-01. The first chapter studies the effect of Domestic Violence on children's health production function. We use waves 4 and 5 of the MCS, when children are aged 7 and 11, respectively. We find that there is a strong negative externality of living in a household where there is violence on children's parental-assessed health outcomes. Simultaneity between the child's health and the existence of Domestic Violence in the household makes it diffcult to establish a causal relationship, so we use an instrumental approach to address the potential bias caused by this. In particular, our results show that children exposed to Domestic Violence appear to be between 55% and 61% less likely to have their health rated as Excellent. Our results are robust and statistically significant across all specifications. Our paper not only sheds light on the negative impact of Domestic Violence on children's health but provides a robust quantification of this effect. This chapter is co-authored with Prof. Jofre-Bonet and Dr. Serra-Sastre. The second chapter studies the spillover effect on children's educational attainment of living in a household in which mothers are subject to Domestic Violence. To do so, we exploit measurements of the child's educational performance in English, Science, Mathematics, Physical Education, Creativity, and Information and Technology by the age of 7 and 11, available in the MCS. Our results suggest that growing up in a household where there is Domestic Violence has a negative impact on all educational outcomes. Our results are robust and hold when addressing several potential sources of sample selection bias. Children from domestically abused mothers lose around 0.20 standard deviations in English and 0.30 standard deviations in Mathematics scores at an age as early as 11 years. The cumulative negative effect is heterogenous across academic areas, being more pronounced for those subjects where past knowledge acquisition is essential (i.e., Mathematics and Science). This chapter is co-authored with Prof. Jofre-Bonet and Dr. Serra-Sastre. The third chapter investigates how maternal working status is connected to children's well-being at ages 7 and 11. The rapid increase of female participation in the labour market, along with the impact that well-being levels during childhood has on their psychological development and labour market outcomes later in adulthood, calls for a closer examination of this topic. To do so, we also exploit the MCS, which contains a very complete set of children's well-being outcomes and the intensity of the engagement of mothers with the labour market. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to use such a full array of children's well-being indicators and relate it to maternal labour supply. Our results show that in households in which mothers work fulltime, children are, on average, happier, less worried, as well as less likely to lose their temper. Further, we investigate whether child obesity, which has been related to children's well-being, is associated to the mother's working hours, the mother's commuting time and the father's employment status. We find that higher the number of working hours of the mother increases the likelihood of the child being obese at 7 and 11 years of age, in line with previous literature. This chapter is co-authored with Prof. Jofre-Bonet and Dr. Serra-Sastre.
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Cibangu, Sylvain. "Mobile phones' contributions to socio-economic development according to Sen : corn growers' perceived impact in the Congo." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/23013.
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Research questions: This research was focused on exploring the impact of communication technologies on rural populations in the Congo. In particular, this research posed two questions: 1. Do mobile phones produce development in rural areas of the Congo? 2. Do mobile phones improve the living conditions of people? The questions helped examine ways in which mobile phones were or were not engendering development among these populations. Methods: The research was undertaken using four methods: 1. Phenomenology, 2. Sen's capability approach, 3. Participatory method, and 4. Ecological method. Phenomenology aimed to cater to the experiences and meanings of mobile phone uses. Sen's capability approach allowed the interviews to be focused on the basic needs of the poor. Participatory method provided a greater participation of respondents in discussion groups, and ecological method helped achieve a higher inclusion of key players in the targeted area. Major findings: The major findings of this study included: 1. Much of the literature on mobile phones and development was not representative or inclusive of key players and their day-to-day lives. 2. Studies have tended to present snapshots or single-focused accounts of mobile phone and development. 3. Authors of mobile phone research have tended to see rural populations with an urban-led bias, leaving aside the actual characteristics of rural areas. 4. Mobile phones were not limited to a person and her properties, but rather mobile phones were owned and shared by the community. 5. Participants expressed a need for technical skills and means to be available to the community and their members. 6. Households were not separated, but rather they were connected to allow people take care of one another. 7. People were connected through collective solidarities in order to come to the aid of those with special needs. 8. Literature and mobile phone sponsors or companies were disseminating mobile phones with an extractive and commercial tendency, focused principally on fees of batteries, chargers, and prepaid cards. Major contributions: The major contributions of this research revolved around the focus on: 1. technology to enhance the needed technical skills among concerned populations. 2. shared ownership of mobile phones to cater to both users and non-users of mobile phones among concerned populations. 3. connected households to capitalize on the dynamics of family among concerned populations. 4. collective solidarities to accommodate the processes of aiding one another among concerned populations. 5. capabilities, from a commercial or extractive aspect to capabilities to enhance the capabilities of people to afford mobile phones fees. 6. capabilities, from a corporate or business aspect to capabilities to enhance the capabilities of people who did not and could not own a business. 7. human basic needs to enhance the capabilities of mobile phone users with regard to human basic needs. 8. outliers or the marginalized to attend to those left out among concerned populations. 9. mobile phone-centric libraries to enhance the storage and retrieval of needed information among concerned populations.
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Pierewan, Adi Cilik. "Essays on well-being during crisis in Europe." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/essays-on-wellbeing-during-crisis-in-europe(ff6af901-9ac6-4228-a7bf-e2e9b5bc8165).html.
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The claim that economic crisis matters for well-being seems intuitive; supporting evidence, however, remains elusive. The present study aims to examine the individual and contextual determinants of well-being across regions in Europe during the 2007-2008 economic crisis. This study contributes to the existing research on the determinants of well-being in three ways. First, while most studies explain the determinants of well-being in the context of non-crisis, this study examines the determinants during a period of crisis. Second, while most research on well-being focuses on cross-national comparisons of well-being, this study investigates variations at both the regional and national levels. Third, while most studies use either individual or aggregate analyses to examine the determinants of well-being, this study uses multilevel models. This study uses datasets that combine individual, regional and country level data. Individual data is taken from the 2008 European Values Study (EVS) and the 2004-2010 European Social Survey (ESS). Regional level data comes from Eurostat and Euroboundarymaps, while country level data comes from the Inglehart Index, UNU-WIDER and Esping-Andersen categorisation on welfare states. To analyse the data, this study uses various multilevel models including multivariate multilevel model, multilevel simultaneous equations model and spatial dependence multilevel model. The main findings show that during the crisis under consideration, well-being is associated not only with individual determinants, but also with regional and national determinants. Results suggest that happiness and health are positively correlated at individual, regional and national levels. In terms of social capital, this study shows the reciprocal relationship between association membership and trust. Frequent Internet use at the time of crisis is positively associated with well-being. Finally, the findings suggest that, by means of unobserved factors, well-being is spatially correlated with the well-being of those neighbouring regions.
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Turner, Alexander James. "Economic analysis of the causes and consequences of social and emotional well-being in childhood." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/economic-analysis-of-the-causes-and-consequences-of-social-and-emotional-wellbeing-in-childhood(e59a2e05-d842-46e0-9c63-17c84ffc564a).html.
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The upward trend in the prevalence of childhood mental disorders observed in the UK over the previous two decades, together with UK’s poor performance in recent international comparisons of child well-being, has brought childhood social and emotional well-being (SEW) to the forefront of policy. Key to tackling this issue is to understand what causes SEW in childhood, what interventions are successful in improving it, and what are its late-life consequences. This thesis furthers the literature in each of these areas. Firstly, we examine whether foetal (or in-utero) exposure to influenza hampers the development of childhood SEW. To do so, we examine the use of an instrumental variables approach, whereby the severity of the 1957 Asian Flu epidemic in the local authority of birth is used as an instrument for whether mothers self-report contracting influenza during pregnancy. We establish that exposure has little effect on childhood SEW, but that it results in a 60% increase in the risk of being stillborn, suggesting an increasing focus on influenza vaccination during pregnancy is needed. Secondly, we investigate the long-term effectiveness of school-based interventions to improve SEW. In order to overcome the absence of long follow-up in trial datasets, we develop a new modelling approach which involves the matching of trial participants to individuals in birth cohort datasets. An application of this method found that a Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS) intervention implemented in Greater Manchester schools led to a statistically significant improvement in childhood SEW, and had a positive, although statistically insignificant, effect on health across the life-course. Finally, we address the paucity of studies examining the effects of childhood SEW on late-life health and labour market outcomes. To do so, we develop a method for generating predictions of the effects of childhood characteristics beyond the currently available follow-up periods in birth cohort datasets, adapting an existing mediation analysis framework. Applying this method, we establish that a one-standard deviation improvement in childhood SEW leads to an increase of up to 0.18 accumulated quality-adjusted-life-years in late-life, and an increase in pre-tax labour income in late-life of up to £23,850. Both of these effects are primarily driven by large positive effects of childhood SEW on educational attainment, employment, income and health in mid-life. Childhood SEW is a predictor of important outcomes throughout the lifecourse. More research is needed to identify its causes and interventions to successfully improve it.
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Austin, Annie. "Hard times and capabilities : the effects of economic crisis on well-being in the UK." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/hard-times-and-capabilities-the-effects-of-economic-crisis-on-wellbeing-in-the-uk(14edea4f-b2b8-4308-927b-0bd5238a10a1).html.
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The global economic crisis that began in 2007 affected the lives of many people in the UK. Most existing research into the effects of ‘the Great Recession’ on well-being takes an economic or subjective approach to assessing the impacts of hard times. This thesis takes an alternative perspective: the Capabilities Approach (CA) is used to assess the effects of economic crisis on people’s freedom to lead flourishing lives. The study develops a theoretical framework that combines the CA with concepts from Philosophy and Social Psychology - the theories of practical reason and personal values. These concepts are then operationalised using data from the European Social Survey and quantitative methods, including latent variable techniques and structural equation models. The study reveals that economic crisis had a two-fold effect on well-being, resulting in (1) reduced opportunities to achieve valuable outcomes and (2) diminished expectations, aspirations and goals. These effects were concentrated among socio-economically vulnerable groups, including those on low incomes and the long-term sick and disabled: the findings show that economic crisis compounded existing socio-economic inequalities. The research makes three main contributions. First, it demonstrates theoretically and empirically that subjective well-being is not a reliable indicator for evaluating the effects of hard times on well-being; nor is it, more generally, a suitable guide for public policy. Second, it demonstrates a new methodological approach to identifying latent ‘value orientations’ within Schwartz’s framework of personal values. Third, in combining the CA with theories of practical reason and personal values, this research offers a new approach to conceptualising and measuring the agency aspect of capability.
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Kettner, Claudia, Angela Köppl, and Sigrid Stagl. "Towards an operational measurement of socio-ecological performance." European Commission, bmwfw, 2014. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4718/1/WWWforEurope_WPS_no052_MS29.pdf.
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Questioning GDP as dominant indicator for economic performance has become commonplace. For economists economic policy always aims for a broader array of goals (like income, employment, price stability, trade balance) alongside income, with income being the priority objective. The Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi Commission argued for extending and adapting key variables of macroeconomic analysis.
International organisations such as the EC, OECD, Eurostat and UN have proposed extended arrays of macroeconomic indicators (see 'Beyond GDP', 'Compendium of wellbeing indicators', 'GDP and Beyond', 'Green Economy', 'Green Growth', 'Measuring Progress of Societies'). Despite these high profile efforts, few wellbeing and environmental variables are in use in macroeconomic models. The reasons for the low uptake of socio-ecological indicators in macroeconomic models range from path dependencies in modelling, technical limitations, indicator lists being long and unworkable, choices of indicators appearing ad hoc and poor data availability. In this paper we review key approaches and identify a limited list of candidate variables and - as much as possible - offer data sources.Series: WWWforEurope
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Bayliss, David. "Labour market status and well-being during the Great Recession : a changing relationship?" Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/labour-market-status-and-wellbeing-during-the-great-recession-a-changing-relationship(3d2bc5cd-d1f9-49cd-a6cd-ec0ef194c3eb).html.
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This thesis investigates the relationship between labour market statuses and well-being in the UK working age population, and the moderating role of the Great Recession. Research on the relationship between labour market statuses and well-being outcomes identifies negative associations with unemployment and economic inactivity. These findings are typically presented as independent of macroeconomic conditions, but to what extent does this assumption hold? The central proposition of this thesis, is that economic crises moderate the way in which labour market statuses affect well-being, thereby changing the value of statuses, not just their prevalence. The main research question addressed is ‘for the UK working age population, to what extent did labour market and employment statuses contribute to the greater or lesser effects of the economic crisis (2007/8–2011) on well-being, compared to the pre-recession ‘boom’ period (2003/4–2006/7)?’I make use of a national panel data series from the British Household Panel Survey and Understanding Society. Firstly, after critiquing the reliance on subjective well-being (SWB) measures, confirmatory factor analysis is used to develop a measure of positive psychological health, representing a single dimension of well-being. This is then compared to a measure of SWB in a series of latent growth models to investigate individual trajectories over the study period. Secondly, multilevel models are used to estimate the relationship between five labour market and employment statuses and positive psychological health, comparing the pre-recession and recession periods. Finally, a dynamic structural equation modelling approach is used to investigate selection and causation in the relationship between labour market status and positive psychological health. Aggregate positive psychological health was associated with a recession period decline, in contrast to SWB which remained stable. Labour market statuses were found to moderate the impact of recession. People who were economically inactive were associated with the largest declines in positive psychological health during the recession period, compared to the pre-recession period, followed by those in standard employment. In contrast, the relationship between non-standard employment and unemployment and positive psychological health remained constant over time. Finally, despite evidence of selection into labour market statuses, the findings show a strong causal impact of statuses on positive psychological health. The findings provide a different take on those hardest hit by recession, showing that some of the most vulnerable to low psychological health were most exposed to the impact of recession by virtue of their labour market status. The protective value of standard employment was also diminished relatively. Evidence in favour of a causal interpretation suggests policy makers should use employment and welfare policy to prevent an accumulation of welfare issues.
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Kudrna, Laura. "Please award this degree, even though it is likely to make others miserable – and me too : an investigation of the relationships of absolute and relative socio-economic status with subjective wellbeing in the United States and England." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3701/.
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This thesis argues that we can better understand the relationship between socio-economic status and subjective wellbeing (SWB) by considering more carefully to whom and how people make comparisons and what is meant by SWB. It questions existing knowledge with new empirical evidence and frameworks for both ‘reference groups’ – the people to whom we (may) make comparisons – and SWB. These contributions are situated within existing social comparison, norm and identity theories from economics and psychology. Using two large datasets from the United States and England, over 300 reference group measures are created. Nearly 4K models are analysed, adjusting for multiple comparisons. Although the results should be interpreted cautiously due to issues of endogeneity, they suggest that upward comparisons to others’ socio-economic attainment do matter for SWB and are almost always negative after accounting for individual attainment and multicollinearity. Comparisons to others of a similar age and to perceptions of those in ‘society’ matter most consistently. Socio-economic attainment in and of itself, however, is not sufficient to improve how people feel even if it improves their thoughts about how well their lives are going, and it is difficult to escape the negative effects of relative socio-economic status. Negative effects are evident across the distributions of SWB and absolute socio-economic status, for both women and men, and across age groups. It is not possible to dismiss the idea that comparisons to others’ socio-economic attainment do not matter – and yet, achieving socio-economically in absolute terms does not guarantee a life free of misery and full of happy and meaningful moments, either, even if this should be the ultimate aim of people and social policies. These results can inform normative debates about optimal resource distributions in societies and underscore the importance of considering how well people are doing socio-economically in relative and not only absolute terms.
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Schwandt, Hannes. "Essays in the economics of health and wellbeing." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/83457.
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The three chapters of this thesis investigate different aspects of the economics of health and wellbeing. The first chapter tests the rationality of life satisfaction forecasts. Contrary to the rational expectations hypothesis it shows that young people and those who are satisfied strongly overpredict future life satisfaction while the elderly and the unsatisfied strongly underpredict it. The second chapter is about how wealth shocks affect the health of retirees in the US. Results indicate strongly positive effects on physical health, mental health and mortality. The third chapter analyzes the effects of graduating in an unfavorable economic environment on graduates' subsequent income, health insurance and mortality. It finds that recession graduates have significantly lower incomes and worse health insurance coverage. And during the outbreak of the HIV/AIDS epidemic AIDS mortality has been significantly higher among these unlucky cohorts.Los tres capítulos de esta tesis doctoral investigan aspectos de la economía del bienestar y de la salud. El primer capítulo pone a prueba la racionalidad de las predicciones de las personas respecto a la satisfacción global que experimentarán con su vida en el futuro. Se muestra que, en contra de la hipótesis de expectativas racionales, las predicciones de los jóvenes y de quien está satisfecho con su vida son más altas que los niveles de satisfacción realizados posteriormente, mientras las predicciones de las personas mayores y de quien no está satisfecho con su vida son más bajas que los niveles posteriormente experimentados. El segundo capítulo investiga cómo los cambios exógenos de riqueza afectan la salud de una muestra de jubilados en los EEUU. Los resultados indican efectos positivos de la riqueza sobre la salud, tanto física como mental, y un efecto negativo sobre la mortalidad. El tercer capítulo analiza los efectos de graduarse de la universidad en un entorno económico recesivo sobre la salud, la riqueza, y la mortalidad. Graduarse en tiempos de recesión tiene efectos negativos persistentes sobre el salario, la cobertura médica, y - durante la epidemia del SIDA - tambien sobre la mortalidad.
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Gallagher, Katherine. "Measuring Comprehensive Wellbeing In Vermont: An Applied Economics Perspective." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2020. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/1179.
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While human “wellbeing” has historically been measured by economic growth, traditional metrics do not fit the challenges of the 21st century. Increasingly, decision-makers are adopting new guiding frameworks that encompass a more holistic understanding of wellbeing and progress including concepts such as ecological health and subjective wellbeing. Yet, the development processes and implementation challenges faced by these initiatives - as well as the opportunities for advancement - remain relatively unexamined for state and regional communities. This research considers the implementation and potential of existing wellbeing indicator systems in Vermont. With limited research on wellbeing measurement at the state or local level, this thesis provides novel insight using the state of Vermont as a case study. A better understanding of specific measurement tools, public and political interest in data collection, and shared experiences can help to fill the current gap in the literature and provide useful information for decision-makers.
The first article contains a case study analysis of four wellbeing indices at the regional and state level in Vermont: the Vermont Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI), the Vermont Happiness Index, the Chittenden County Environment, Community, Opportunity and Sustainability (ECOS) project, and Vermont Act 186 (the “Outcomes Bill”). The case studies provide contextual background describing the impetus and development of each wellbeing initiative. The similarities, differences, and connections between each case study are further examined based on a general program theory of wellbeing measurement. The second article narrows in on one specific wellbeing index: the 2017 Vermont Happiness Index, a representative statewide survey of subjective wellbeing. The Index is composed of eleven domains of wellbeing, with each domain as an aggregation of 3 or more Likert-scale questions. The survey results are analyzed through statistical testing and recommendations for future research are provided.
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Coutinho, James. "Workplace democracy, well-being and political participation." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/workplace-democracy-wellbeing-and-political-participation(8caf3766-fc92-4a7c-8f55-fb09457b4cf1).html.
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A democratic workplace is one where workers as a body have the right to determine the internal organization and future direction of the firm. Worker co-operatives are a type of democratic firm. In a worker co-operative employees are joint-owners of the firm and participate democratically in workplace governance. Much has been written about the supposed benefits of worker co-operatives for workers and for society. One thread of this research, originating with Carole Pateman’s theoretical work (Pateman 1970), argues that worker co-operatives act as sites of political learning for workers. By participating democratically in workplace decisions, individuals are thought to learn the skills and psychological dispositions needed to participate in political democracy. A second thread argues that co-operatives will improve worker well-being. Democratic governance will give workers control over work organization, increasing autonomy in their daily lives, and leading to an increase in non-material work rewards such as job satisfaction. Worker ownership will equalize the material rewards from work and improve job security. These arguments are premised on the idea that democratic governance structures and worker ownership will lead to widespread, effective worker participation in decision-making and the equalization of power at work. However, insufficient attention is given to the contextual factors beyond formal governance and ownership structures that shape the internal dynamics of workplace democracy. I conduct an in-depth, mixed-methods case study of a worker co-operative with 158 employees in the UK cycling retail industry. Using survey research, social network analysis, in-depth interviews and direct observation, I show how individual differences, firm-level contextual factors such as the social composition of the organization, and macro-level factors such as economic and cultural context, lead to unequal participation opportunities and different outcomes for different groups of workers within the firm. My research leads to three conclusions. First, the outcomes of workplace democracy for workers are highly context-dependent. They will differ across groups of workers within co-operatives, across different democratic firms, and across cultures. Second, the relationship between workplace democracy and political participation is more complex than the Pateman thesis suggests. It is contingent on the political identities of workers, which are themselves shaped by wider political economic context. Political identity affects both participation behaviour at work, and how workplace experience shapes political views. Third, the subjective well-being outcomes of workplace democracy depend on workers’ expectations about work. Expectations are shaped by the same forces that mould political identity. Workplace democracy raises expectations for certain groups of workers, leading to well-being harms when expectations are not met. Overall, the benefits of workplace democracy for workers and for society are overstated. In the UK context, co-ops are unlikely to realize the benefits attributed to them without large-scale public policy interventions.
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Viñas, Bardolet Clara. "Work, knowledge and subjective wellbeing." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671006.
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Aquesta tesi examina com les característiques de la feina afecten la satisfacció dels individus. Més concretament, intenta donar resposta a la pregunta: Com afecta la feina i les característiques actuals de la feina associades a la intensificació de l'ús de les tecnologies de la informació i la comunicació (TIC) la satisfacció laboral i la satisfacció amb la vida a Europa? Les conclusions d'aquesta tesi proporcionen informació que és rellevant no només per al món acadèmic, sinó també per a les organitzacions d'empreses, per a la gestió dels recursos humans i per a responsables polítics. En primer lloc, la tesi constata la importància de distingir els tipus de treballadors pel que fa al benestar. En segon lloc, els resultats mostren que els ingressos tenen un paper relativament petit en tots els àmbits de satisfacció i que els factors més importants, i els que s'haurien de preveure als contractes laborals, són més aviat els relacionats amb les condicions laborals i l'organització de la feina. En tercer lloc, els efectes de les TIC són que moderen el paper dels determinants de la satisfacció laboral. Finalment, la tesi mostra que les característiques de la vida laboral afecten la satisfacció amb la majoria dels dominis de la vida.This thesis examines how work characteristics affect life satisfaction. Specifically addressing the following question: How do jobs and current work characteristics associated with the increased use of ICTs affect job satisfaction and life satisfaction in Europe? The findings of this thesis provide insights that are relevant not only for academia, but also for company organizations, human resources management and policy makers. First, this thesis notes the importance of distinguishing by type of workers concerning wellbeing. Second, the findings show that income plays a relatively small role in all domains of satisfaction. Rather, factors related to working conditions and work organization should be incorporated in job contracts. Third, the effects of ICT are that they moderate the role of the determinants of job satisfaction. Finally, the thesis shows that working life characteristics affect satisfaction with most domains of life. For example, the increasing insecurity in the job market and the challenges experienced by EU workers in achieving a good work-life balance correlate negatively with satisfaction in every domain of life.
Esta tesis examina como las características del trabajo afectan a la satisfacción de los individuos. Más concretamente, intenta dar respuesta a la pregunta ¿Cómo afecta el trabajo y las características actuales del trabajo asociadas con la intensificación del uso de las TIC la satisfacción laboral y la satisfacción con la vida en Europa? Las conclusiones de esta tesis proporcionan información que es relevante no solo para el mundo académico, sino también para las organizaciones de empresas, para la gestión de los recursos humanos y para responsables políticos. En primer lugar, la tesis constata la importancia de distinguir el tipo de trabajadores en cuanto al bienestar. En segundo lugar, los resultados muestran que los ingresos tienen un papel relativamente pequeño en todos los ámbitos de satisfacción y que los factores más importantes, y los que deberían contemplarse en los contratos de trabajo, son los relacionados con las condiciones laborales y la organización del trabajo. En tercer lugar, los efectos de las TIC son que moderan el papel de los determinantes de la satisfacción laboral. Finalmente, la tesis muestra que las características de la vida laboral afectan la satisfacción con la mayoría de los dominios de la vida.
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Bunsit, Thanawit. "The economics of happiness : linkages between microfinance, happiness, and wellbeing in rural Thailand." Thesis, University of Bath, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.723339.
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The idea of microfinance has burst into the area of global poverty reduction. Many comments have been made about its benefits such as; it is an alternative tool for poverty alleviation and sustainable development. Many studies have attempted to assess different facets of the impact of microfinance, especially trying to show its potential for greater financial inclusion and economic benefits using advanced rigorous quantitative approaches. Although some studies have evaluated this topic in the past there remains some significant gaps in the literature, including the impact of microfinance on other dimensions such as the social impact, education or environmental impact, the impact on happiness and subjective wellbeing of its clients has been hardly examined. This study aims to fill this gap by using rigorous quantitative methods with a rich qualitative dataset to assess the impact of microfinance on both economic and non-economic aspects, especially the happiness and psychological dimension. I Use primary data from a household survey and an ethnographic approach combining quantitative methods such as matching estimators, propensity score matching with nonparametric regression. The mixed methods were employed in order to evaluate the impact of the microfinance schemes on the improvement of borrowers’ wellbeing, household condition and local economic and environmental development. The most notable findings were that the borrowers from the savings group using group lending schemes utilised the loan for mainly entrepreneurial purposes and household spending, performed better than other groups of borrowers. This could be seen from the increase in household income and a high repayment rate. In addition, by observing the social impacts, it indicated that the group lending together with the ecotourism project generated and strengthened the social ties in the community. The group members also produced high positive psychological indicators compared to the non-member households. Easterlin’s paradox was revisited and found that not only was it income that affected happiness and wellbeing, but other factors seemed to have an influence on self-reported happiness. Those factors included health or health condition of family members which significantly influenced self-reported happiness in all models. Considering the impact of microfinance on happiness and wellbeing, it was found that clients of the group lending scheme can repay better and led to a higher level of self-reported happiness and subjective wellbeing. The ability to repay also affected a low level of stress or negative moods.
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Allen, Michaella. "The Contribution of Information and Communication Technology to the wellbeing of the urban poor in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29400.
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Within the context of an increasingly pervasive digital society, this study seeks to understand the extent to which Internet-enabled mobile phones contribute towards the social and economic inclusion or exclusion of the urban poor in South Africa. This stems from the growing recognition that although mobile phones may be tools for opportunity and development, access to these devices may not be sufficient to ensure that they are used optimally for development. Stubbornly high mobile broadband prices and ineffectual policy reform in South Africa alternatively risk not only inhibiting meaningful ICT usage by the poor, but also potentially exacerbating their current economic marginalisation through digital exclusion. To analyse the relationship between mobile phone usage and urban poor development, Roxana Barrantes’ demand-focused Digital Poverty Framework is quantitatively applied to nationally representative data from the 2017 “Beyond Access” Research ICT Africa Household and Individual ICT access/usage survey. Results indicate that only percent 12 percent of urban individuals at the Bottom of the Economic Pyramid (BoP) are capable of actively using their Internet-enabled mobile phones on a daily basis in meaningful ways. Although all Internetenabled mobile phone users at the urban BoP are capable of using their devices to strengthen their economic, social and human capabilities; optimal usage is only predicted with a 5 percent probability in terms of both daily use and quality of opportunities generated for improved wellbeing. Accounting for the confounding presence of students, a Generalised Ordered Logit regression identifies digital literacy and mobile broadband affordability as primary barriers to the optimisation of Internet-enabled mobile phone use. In spite of ongoing regulatory pressure on operators to reduce prices, these findings highlights the current inefficacy of these efforts to promote greater digital inclusion among the mobile-data dependent urban BoP. This failure suggests a critical need for State policies to improve the viability of complementary and free aggregated access to mobile broadband alternatives, such as Free Public Wi-Fi, that can optimise the developmental potential of mobile phones for the urban poor. Such policies that additionally address digital skills needs of the poor are even better suited to equip the State to tackle key barriers of digital literacy and awareness as arguably more intractable problems to promoting effective ICT use and digital equality.
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Bröste, Denise, and Elias Åstrand. "Rural, Urban and Metropole Areas : A study on differences in wellbeing depending on where you live." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-162579.
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Laya, Andrés. "The Internet of Things in Health, Social Care, and Wellbeing." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-212548.
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The Internet of Things (IoT) enables opportunities to remotely sense and control objects via communication networks. We study services based on connected devices and the collaboration they generate between the ICT and the Health, Social Care and Wellbeing (HSCWB) industries. In HSCWB, IoT can support a change from episodic treatments of illness to preventive care and wellbeing solutions. The IoT can be a supporter in cost efficient and high quality health care. The objective is to achieve healthier life years and more efficiency in health and social care. Even if the potential of IoT in HSCWB has been proven in pilot projects and small-scale solutions, the benefits and opportunities for many actors are still unclear. There is a research gap in studying the roles and business opportunities for market-driven technology-based solutions enabled by connected devices. The research approach separates technological and business domains. On the technology side, the focus is on advances in connectivity for IoT. We present the technical details on a limitation to support IoT devices in cellular networks. We quantify the limitations in the Random Access Channel of the LTE air interface to support IoT devices. Moreover, we propose the adaptation of an access mechanism to enable massive number of simultaneous access attempt in cellular networks. On the business side, we identify and present how the conditions of the health and social care structure in Sweden affect the establishment of IoT solutions in HSCWB. We then show how these conditions have generated three distinctive development patterns—to innovate within the public sector, to develop solutions in the private care sector, or to target the wellbeing sector to avoid regulatory setbacks. Based on these patterns, we look closer into study cases to show how business opportunities have been addressed from a business network perspective. When deploying an IoT service, not all critical challenges can be appreciated at a single firm level. Therefore, we rely on a network-level business model framework to analyze emerging IoT services in HSCWB. The findings suggest that IoT components can improve an existing service by automating internal working processes, or they can enable new value propositions and convenience to end users. In general terms, the collaboration can be used (i) to improve the efficiency of existing services in health and social care without an original intention to change the service offering, or (ii) to create novelty and differentiation, without affecting the internal logics of existing HSCWB services.QC 20180828
IoT Ecosystems (VINNOVA)
COIN-SWEAT
MTC2020
M2MRISE
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Dark, Tyra. "Impact of area social predictors of health on Black-White disparities in stroke mortality." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002014.
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Walton, Jeff S. "Sub-Saharan Africa and a Crisis of Sustainability| Exploring Wellbeing and the Role of Ecological Economics in Sustainable Development." Thesis, Prescott College, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10286671.
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This case study explores wellbeing and sustainable development in rural sub-Saharan Africa – a culturally and ecologically diverse and vibrant region devastated by colonial and postcolonial injustices that have created persistent and pervasive social, economic, and ecological crises. The growth-oriented capitalist economic model that has shaped the operative understanding of wellbeing and perpetuated the invented reality of underdevelopment also guides large-scale sustainable development efforts that persistently fail to significantly improve wellbeing among rural communities. Ecological economics may provide a paradigm for sustainable development that is culturally, ecologically, and economically more appropriate – and more effective – for both assessing and improving wellbeing. Twenty-seven participants from two rural, forest-dependent communities in Cameroon’s Southwest Province were surveyed to assess perceptions of wellbeing and social-ecological resilience. These communities are heavily invested in a sustainable agriculture initiative that reflects an ecological economics worldview and key dimensions of community resilience. Results indicate that perceptions of wellbeing are influenced by both gender and occupation, and that the sustainable agriculture initiative positively impacts perceptions of wellbeing for farmers more than non-farmers, and female farmers more than male farmers. This suggests that participation in the program may positively influence perceptions of subjective and community wellbeing. Further study in these communities, and across similar communities may shed light on how ecological economics might provide a practical basis for broadening an understanding of wellbeing and for informing the approach, design, and implementation of sustainable development initiatives.
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Hjärpe, Frida, and Sofia Persson. "CSR with Focus on the Employee Perspective." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2121.
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Background: During the last decades there has been an increased focus on companies shouldering a greater social responsibility. This is due to globalisation, increased concern for environmental issues and consumer activism. These issues in combination with high-profile corporate scandals have highlighted the concept of CSR, which implies a greater social, ethical and environmental responsibility for companies.
Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to, through a theoretical exposition, investigate and analyse the concept of CSR, with a main focus on CSR from an employee perspective and its relation to employee wellbeing. This focus will also be illuminated with empirical data.
Conduction of thesis: This thesis has been carried out through a theoretical exposition and by conducting eight interviews at a publishing company.
Results: Regarding CSR from an employee perspective, we categorised different factors into four groups; physical working environment, formal contracts and agreements, organisational power structure and ethical aspects. The empirical findings showed that all the factors were perceived as important for employee wellbeing but it also pointed to some factors being taken for granted.
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Mahoney, Lucy. "Investigating the interactions of travel behaviour and wellbeing : mixed-methods case study of Penarth and Cardiff, Wales." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:10c62f3c-fb19-4381-89b4-b9bd4334629a.
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Transport systems are essential to trade, globalisation, communication and other forms of interaction between people and societies (Banister, 2013). Yet they can also have negative impacts including decreased quality of life or health impacts arising from pollutants, environmental damage including climate change and a range of wider socio-economic effects (Glanz et al., 1990). Given that most car journeys are short however (57% of UK trips are under five miles), there is particular potential for active travel (i.e. walking and cycling) to both reduce the environmental externalities of modern transport systems and stimulate improved quality of life and societal wellbeing (Banister, 2013; Martin et al., 2014). Unfortunately, there is a paucity of robust evidence that examines how infrastructural interventions (i.e. those aimed at making the physical environment more conducive to active travel) actually impact on active travel levels in specific communities. In addition, there is very limited evidence of the wider effects that such interventions have on wellbeing and levels of happiness overtime. This thesis details mixed-method research undertaken in Cardiff, UK, during 2011/2012, which examined the impacts of a new piece of infrastructure - the Pont-y-Werin walking and cycling bridge - on the local community's levels of active travel and subjective wellbeing. It provides insights into the nature of constraints preventing travel behaviour change from taking place, and - through the use of the novel, 'Day Reconstruction Method' - into the consequences that different modes of travel can have for travel and wellbeing, including on moment-to-moment moods and emotions. Overall by contextualising and measuring and evaluating wellbeing, the research suggests that people experience less pleasant emotions during travel than when undertaking everyday activities, and also that for certain modes there is a decrease in happiness before and after travel compared to everyday activities. Additionally greater monitoring, evaluation and promotion of combined hard and soft measures - focusing on travel behaviour change - is needed alongside providing travellers with accessible information on the wellbeing impacts of different modes (Elvik, 2009).
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Lyckerius, Linnéa, and Evelina Sundin. "Jakten på lycka : En kvantitativ studie om påverkan på det subjektiva välbefinnandet." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Handelshögskolan (from 2013), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-84216.
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Vad är lycka och hur uppnås den ultimata lyckonivån? Möjligen är definitionen av begreppet lycka ett av de mest omtvistade. I denna uppsats kommer lycka att preciseras till subjektivt välbefinnande. Subjektivt välbefinnande är ett självupplevt tillstånd om hur tillfreds en individ är med sin tillvaro. Inledningsvis kommer begreppets relevans och mätbarhet att diskuteras, samt hur det förankras i ekonomisk teori, men även de psykologiska aspekterna av hur förändringsbart subjektivt välbefinnande är. Genom historien har länders välstånd mätts i ekonomiska mått där det självupplevda välbefinnandet har hamnat i bakgrunden. Att subjektivt välbefinnande inte är synonymt med ekonomisk framgång har väckt ett intresse bland ekonomer att ta fram kompletterande välfärdsmått för att utveckla välfärden på ett mer hållbart sätt. Baserad på tidigare forskning tar denna uppsats upp faktorer som kan ha en effekt på välbefinnandet. Syftet är således att statistiskt undersöka faktorerna inkomst, kön, ålder, hälsa, utbildning, sysselsättning, familjeförhållande, samt individens personlighet, värderingar och levnadsvillkor påverkan på det subjektiva välbefinnandet för den svenska befolkningen. Detta kommer göras med hjälp av data från SOM-institutet år 2018 och analyseras genom spridningsdiagram, OLS-regressioner och logistiska regressioner. Resultatet från regressionsanalyserna visar exempelvis att högre inkomst, att vara kvinna, att ofta umgås med vänner och inneha en bra självupplevd hälsa har en positiv effekt på det subjektiva välbefinnandet. Att vara arbetslös eller att rösta på något av partierna som ligger i ytterkanterna på den politiska vänster-högerskalan är däremot negativt för det självupplevda välbefinnandet. För att besvara uppsatsens syfte förs en diskussion om resultatets relevans. Är det arbetslösheten som har en negativ effekt på det subjektiva välbefinnandet, eller är det så att individer som upplever ett lägre välbefinnande i större utsträckning har svårare att få ett arbete, samt att behålla ett. Detta skulle innebära att det inte är arbetslösheten i sig som minskar nivån av välbefinnandet, samt är det umgänge med vänner som ökar välbefinnandet eller är realiteten att personer som har ett högre välbefinnande i regel har ett större socialt umgänge. Detta och flera andra diskussioner om kausalitet avslutar denna kvantitativa studie om jakten på lyckan.What is the true meaning of happiness and how can you achieve the ultimate level of happiness? The definition of happiness is dispersed. In this study happiness will be defined as subjective well-being. Subjective well-being refers to how people experience their quality of life. The relevance of subjective well-being and the method used to measure it will be discussed, as well as the psychological perspective about how changeable happiness is. In recent centuries countries' welfare have been measured in economic terms and measures of well-being has fallen into the shadows. Since subjective well-being is not synonymous with economic success the interest of developing more sustainable measure for comparing countries welfare has increased among economist. The main purpose of this study is to investigate which factors have an impact on the subjective well-being. Based on earlier research this study investigates if and how income, gender, age, health, education, occupation, family conditions and the individual's personality, values and living conditions effect the well-being for the Swedish population from the year 2018. This will be done using data from the SOM-institute and analyzed by computing scatterplots, OLS-regression and logit regression. The results from the regression analysis indicates that higher income, being a woman, often socialize with friends and experience a high level of health has a positive impact on subjective well-being. Being unemployment and vote for parties that lies on the outside corners instead has a negative impact of well-being. To be able to answer the purpose of the study a discussion about the relevance of the result will take place. Is it unemployment that has a negative impact or is the reality that unhappy people are more likely to end up outside the labor market? And is it positive to often hang out with friends or is the veracity that happier people in fact have a greater social interaction. This and several other discussions about causality will summarize this quantitative study about the pursuit of happiness.
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Sánchez, Sánchez Cristina 1992. "La Felicidad como problema y solución políticos: análisis sobre lo socialmente deseable a través de las medidas de bienestar de gobiernos e instituciones internacionales y de los spots electorales españoles de antes y de después de la crisis económica de 2008." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668490.
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A escala internacional, la felicidad como objetivo político ha adquirido relevancia durante las últimas décadas, especialmente tras la crisis económica de 2008. Este asunto suele ir acompañado de críticas al capitalismo y al crecimiento económico y de argumentos provenientes de la corriente de pensamiento de la Ciencia de la Felicidad.
Sin embargo, esta meta social y política cuenta con múltiples críticas conceptuales y metodológicas, que suscitan preguntas como cómo se relaciona el discurso de la felicidad política con otros discursos acerca de lo socialmente deseable y políticamente proporcionable o cómo éste se relaciona con un contexto socioeconómico determinado.
Para responder estas cuestiones, en primer lugar, se realiza un análisis de contenido de trece índices y medidas de felicidad con vocación política. De esta forma, es posible identificar cuáles son las dimensiones políticamente relacionadas con el concepto de bienestar. En segundo lugar, se realiza un análisis semiótico-narrativo de los spots para las elecciones a las Cortes Generales de las principales formaciones políticas en España (PP, el PSOE, IU, Podemos, UP y Cs, desde 1993 hasta 2016), un país en el que la felicidad como objetivo político no se ha institucionalizado.
Los resultados muestran que aquellos aspectos relacionados con la satisfacción vital propuestos desde la Ciencia de la Felicidad suelen tener un papel central en los spots electorales españoles. Además, el discurso sobre la felicidad como fin político contenido en las medidas de bienestar social analizadas es una forma distinta de articular aquello que ya es considerado como socialmente deseable. Esto parecería reafirmar las culturas y estructuras de poder existentes.
Asimismo, el surgimiento de la crisis económica no supone un cambio sustancial en lo socialmente deseable en España, pero sí en cómo es planteado narrativamente por los partidos de gobierno. Estos cambios se relacionan con algunas características identificadas en el discurso de la felicidad como objetivo social, lo que apuntaría hacia cierta relación entre los discursos sobre lo socialmente deseable y el contexto socioeconómico.At an international scale, happiness as a political objective has gained relevance during the last decades, especially after the economic crisis of 2008. This topic is often accompanied by critiques of capitalism and economic growth as well as supporting arguments coming from the thought current of the Science of Happiness. However, this social and political goal has multiple conceptual and methodological criticism, which raise questions such as how the discourse of political happiness relates to other discourses about what is socially desirable and politically feasible or how it relates to a given socio-economic context. To answer these questions, firstly, a content analysis of thirteen happiness indexes and measures with a political vocation is carried out. This way, it is possible to identify the dimensions politically related to the concept of well-being. Secondly, a semiotic-narrative analysis of the television commercials for the Spanish election to the General Courts is done focusing on the main political formations in Spain (PP, PSOE, IU, Podemos, UP and Cs, from 1993 to 2016), a country where happiness as a political objective has not been institutionalised. Results show that the topics related to the idea of life-satisfaction proposed by the Science of Happiness frequently have a central role in the Spanish electoral advertisements. In addition, the discourse on happiness as a political end contained in the analysed measures for social well-being is a different way of articulating what has already been considered as socially desirable. This seems to reaffirm the existing cultures and power structures. Likewise, the emergence of the economic crisis does not imply a specific change in what is socially desirable in Spain, but, rather, in the way it is narratively exposed by the government parties. These changes are related to some characteristics identified in the discourse of happiness as a social objective, which would indicate a relationship between the discourses on the socially desirable and the socio-economic context.
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Matete, Mampiti Elizabeth. "The ecological economics of inter-basin water transfers the case of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project /." Thesis, Connect to this title online, 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06052006-145825/.
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Homsi, Ramona, and Amra Mecavica. "Ung och arbetslös : -En studie om unga arbetslösas bakgrund, nuvarande situation och framtidsvision." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle (HOS), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-25885.
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The purpose of this study is to increase understanding of the unemployed youth. To achievethat, we have investigated who the unemployed young people are, how their wellbeing isaffected and what they need for a change to take place. The study was conducted in amedium-sized Swedish city with the help of a method combination. The target population forthis study is people enrolled in “Job-guarantee for Youth” in spring 2014. The quantitativepart of the study was conducted using questionnaires and qualitatively through interviewswith seven young people in the group. The result shows that the social heritage is reflected inwhich education the young people have chosen and what future plans they have. Furthermore,the study shows that mental health is affected. The economy as well.Syftet med den här studien är att öka förståelsen för arbetslösa ungdomar. För att uppnå detsyftet har vi undersökt vilka de arbetslösa är, hur de mår och vad de behöver för att enförändring ska kunna ske. Studien genomfördes i en medelstor svensk stad med hjälp av enmetodkombination. Målgruppen för vår studie är personer inskrivna i ”jobbgaranti förungdomar” under våren 2014. Den kvantitativa delen i studien genomfördes med hjälp avenkäter och den kvalitativa med hjälp av intervjuer med sju berörda personer i gruppen.Resultatet visar att det sociala arvet avspeglar sig i vilken utbildning de unga har valt ochvilka framtidsplaner dem har. Dessutom visar studien att den psykiska hälsan påverkasnegativt. Ekonomin likaså.
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Nyman, Kaiza, and Emma Svensson. "Psykosocial arbetsmiljö vid distansarbete och betydelsen av ledarbeteende : En studie inom revisionsbranschen ur medarbetarperspektiv." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik, konst och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-85062.
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Spridningen av Covid-19 har påverkat människor i många avseenden varav ett är i arbetslivet då distansarbete blivit det nya normala för att hålla smittspridningen i schack. Arbetsmiljön har stor påverkan på individens arbetstillfredsställelse och allmänna välmående, där även ledares beteenden kan ha stor inverkan. Dagsaktuella studier visar en generell försämring av anställdas välmående under pandemin. Samtidigt som annan forskning menar att flexibla arbetsarrangemang som distansarbete kan reducera stress och utbrändhet. Revisionsbranschen har länge präglats av stress, utbrändhet, hög arbetsbelastning och konkurrens. Vidare är forskningen kring revisorers välmående begränsad. Därav ämnar detta examensarbete undersöka hur revisorers psykosociala arbetsmiljö påverkas av distansarbete som arbetsform samt vilken betydelse ledarbeteende har för revisorers arbetssituation. Metoden är av kvalitativ karaktär med inslag av kvantitativ genom en enkät med delvis öppna frågor för att kunna hantera ett något större urval med till viss grad djupare svar. Studien tyder på att distansarbete påverkar revisorers psykosociala arbetsmiljö genom flera faktorer såsom bland annat social interaktion, relationer och tydlighet, där personliga preferenser verkar spela en avgörande roll. Trots att många verkar upplevt negativa effekter av arbetsformen tyder resultatet på att flertalet kan tänka sig fortsätta arbeta på distans. Sammantaget visar denna studie att flertalet faktorer kan ha inverkan på revisorers psykosociala arbetsmiljö och att de kan upplevas på olika sätt. Vidare lyfts flertalet uppgifts- och relationsorienterade ledaregenskaper som enligt empirin anses vara relevant att ta i beaktning vid distansarbete. Därigenom tyder studien på att ledares beteenden kan ha påverkan på revisorernas välmående.As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, many people now find themselves in a position where they must adapt to a new way of work. As an effort to stop the virus from spreading, many businesses opt to let their employees telework from home. The work environment has a vast impact on individuals' job satisfaction and general wellbeing, which also can be affected by leaders' behavior. Recent studies show a negative trend in general wellbeing amongst teleworkers, while other studies suggest that flexible work arrangements as teleworking can reduce stress and burn-out. The audit industry has a history of struggles with stress, burn-out, high workloads and high competition. The research in this particular field is limited, which is why this paper aim to study how auditors' psychosocial work environment is impacted by telework, as well as what significance leader behavior has for the situation. The method used is of qualitative nature with quantitative elements through a survey with partially open-ended questions, to be able to handle a large number of slightly deeper answers. The study suggests that telework affects the auditors' psychosocial work environment through several factors such as social interaction, relationships, and clarity where it seems that personal preferences play an important role. Although many seem to have experienced negative effects from telework, the study shows that a majority can imagine continuing teleworking. Furthermore, several task- and relationship-oriented leadership qualities are highlighted as relevant to take into consideration in relation to telework. As a result, the study suggests that leader behaviors may affect the auditors' wellbeing. Overall, this study shows that several factors can have an impact on auditors' psychosocial work environment and that they can be experienced in different ways.
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Jayawardana, Danusha Gunaseela. "Child wellbeing and economic development: evidence from Indonesia." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/127732.
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Ensuring a high quality of life for all children is essential for the future human and social capital as well as for sustainable economic growth and development. Hence, child wellbeing has gained much attention in recent years and has also been the ultimate focus of the Sustainable Development Goals. In this context, this thesis primarily focuses on the mental and emotional wellbeing of children, an important but often overlooked aspect of overall child wellbeing. Specifically, the thesis investigates whether harmful practices such as child labour and child marriage can have an impact on children’s mental health, issues that remain largely unexplored in the current economics literature. Additionally, the thesis provides empirical evidence on the effectiveness of a social protection program in addressing such issues and ensuring child wellbeing. The thesis consists of three main chapters that examine three questions on child wellbeing, using longitudinal household data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS). First, the thesis examines the impact of early marriage on the mental health of girls in Indonesia. Employing several identification strategies such as fixed effects, coarsened exact matching (CEM) combined with difference-in-differences and instrumental variable approach, this chapter seeks to assess the causal effect between an early marriage of a woman and her mental health status later in life. The results reveal that early marriage has a significant effect on women’s mental health status. More specifically, women who marry early (i.e. by the age of 18 years) are more likely to be depressed as well as affected by severe depressive symptoms. Additionally, it is also found that a one-year delay in marriage decreases the probability of having severe depression. These findings are robust to a variety of sensitivity checks. Second, the thesis investigates the long-term effect of child labour on adolescent mental health. To address the potential endogeneity bias of child work, two instruments - minimum wage and the number of family-owned businesses by the household are employed. Considering the nature of the main outcome variable of interest – the mental health score, this study applies an IV-Poisson model to estimate the effect of child work on mental health. The results reveal that child labour has a substantial negative impact on a child’s long-term mental health status. Moreover, we find heterogeneity in the effect of child labour where working as a child for wages increases the mental health score, leading to depressive symptoms. On the contrary, there is no significant impact of working as a child in family enterprises on adolescent mental health. This study further shows that religiosity and social capital can play a role in mediating the adverse long-term effects of child labour on mental health. Finally, the thesis evaluates the impact of one of the largest subsidised food programs known as ‘Raskin’ (or rice for the poor) in Indonesia on the labour supply and schooling of children. The main identification issue arises from selection bias due to non-random distribution of the subsidy and unobserved heterogeneity. To address this, coarsened exact matching (CEM) with the difference-in-differences (DD) estimator is implemented. Given that engaging in labour market activities and attending school is a joint decision competing for the child’s time, the study uses a bivariate probit model with a matched double-difference approach to estimate the effect of Raskin on the likelihood of child labour supply and school attendance. The results reveal that the subsidised rice program in Indonesia is effective in decreasing the probability of working for boys though there is no impact on the outcomes of girls. Specifically, it is found that the Raskin program significantly reduces the likelihood of working for boys who engage in both working and schooling. These findings provide an important policy implication on how social protection tools can indirectly influence the wellbeing of children.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Economics, 2020
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Grunewald, Nicole. "Growth, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Climate and Wellbeing." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0001-BB41-F.
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Die fünf Essays dieser Dissertation behandeln Themen aus dem Bereich der Entwicklungs- und Umweltökonomie. Alle Essays analysieren wie die Produktion von CO2 Emissionen beeinflusst oder reguliert werden kann. Das Treibhausgas CO2 ist eine der größten Externalitäten der Geschichte menschlicher Entwicklung. Die einzelnen Essays zeigen wie lokale Klimaveränderungen das menschliche Wohlbefinden beeinflussen und welche monetären Kosten mit einem Anstieg der Durchschnittstemperatur in Lateinamerika verbunden sind. Außerdem betrachten die Essays Hauptdeterminanten von CO2 Emissionen auf haushalts- oder nationalem Niveau, und bestimmen den Erfolg aktueller Klimapolitik um CO2 Emissionen zu reduzieren. Das letzte Essay betrachtet die momentane und zukünftige Verteilung von CO2 Emissionen wenn verschiedene Politikszenarien realisiert werden würden.
Das erste Essay befasst sich mit dem Effekt von klimatischen Veränderungen auf das Wohlfahrtsniveau in Lateinamerika. Als Wohlfahrtsmaß kommen dabei subjektive Selbstaussagen zum Einsatz. Subjektive Wohlfahrt erfasst nicht nur Veränderungen im Einkommen, sondern auch Veränderungen in anderen Lebensbereichen wie dem Zugang zu Bildung oder Gesundheitseinrichtungen. Generell kommt die Studie zu dem Schluss, dass eine Temperatur im Bereich von 20 Grad Celsius und Niederschlag bis 247mm optimal sind. Höhere monatliche Durchschnittstemperaturen oder Niederschläge sind mit Wohlfahrtsverlusten verbunden. Eine globale Erwärmung von mehr als 2 Grad Celsius wird mit Wohlfahrtsverlusten in Lateinamerika einhergehen.
Das zweite Essay analysiert Haushaltsemissionen in Form des Kohlenstoff-Fußabdrucks in Indien. Dabei liegt das Augenmerk auf dem Effekt von Einkommenswachstum und sozio- ökonomischen Veränderungen innerhalb der Haushalte. Ein höheres Haushaltseinkommen führt zu einem stärkeren Konsumverhalten aber gleichzeitig auch zu weniger CO2- intensiven Konsummustern. Dennoch kann der Mehrkonsum an CO2-armen Gütern, wie zum Beispiel Bildung, den Anstieg der Haushaltsemissionen, aufgrund höheren Einkommens, nicht kompensieren.
Das dritte Essay betrachtet in wie fern aktuelle internationale Klimapolitik einen Einfluss auf CO2 Emissionen genommen hat. Dabei zeigt sich, dass Länder, welche Verpflichtungen im Rahmen des Kyoto Protokolls eingegangen sind, im Durschnitt 6.5%
weniger CO2 emittiert haben, als vergleichbare Länder mit ähnlichem Einkommens- und Bevölkerungswachstum aber ohne Verpflichtungen.
Das vierte Essay geht auf die Hauptdeterminante des CO2 Emissionswachstums ein, nämlich Einkommen. Dabei wird aber nicht nur der Effekt von Veränderungen im Einkommen, sondern auch der Effekt von Veränderungen in der Einkommensverteilung auf CO2 Emissionen untersucht. Einkommensungleichheit wirkt sich abhängig vom gegenwertigen Ungleichheitsniveau auf CO2 Emissionen aus. Für Länder mit einer hohen Einkommensungleichheit ist der Effekt positiv, das heißt mit sinkender Einkommensungleichheit sinken CO2 Emissionen. Für Länder mit niedriger Ungleichheit ist der Effekt negativ. Ein weiterer Abbau der Einkommensungleichheit würde dort mit steigenden CO2 Emissionen einhergehen.
Das fünfte Essay befasst sich mit der globalen Verteilung von pro Kopf CO2 Emissionen. Dabei geht es darum inwiefern der Energiemix und der sektorale Aufbau einzelner Volkswirtschaften zu dieser ungleichen Verteilung von pro Kopf CO2 Emissionen beigetragen haben. Der Abbau schwerer Industrie in OECD Ländern und der verstärkte Einsatz von Kohle in nicht-OECD Ländern haben dabei zu einem Rückgang der globalen Ungleichheit in CO2 Emissionen geführt. Langfristig gesehen kann es sein, dass die Emissionsungleichheit ab 2040 wieder steigen wird.
Jedes Essay trägt in seinem Feld zur betreffenden Literatur bei. Die Essays analysieren wie jegliche ökonomische Aktivität (hauptsächlich Konsum) CO2 Emissionen verursachen, welche wiederum für Veränderungen im Klima verantwortlich gemacht werden. Diese Veränderungen im Klima gehen mit lokalen Wohlfahrtsverlusten einher. Nationale Politikmaßnahmen wie zum Beispiel Maßnahmen zur Einkommensumverteilung können einen ambivalenten Einfluss auf CO2 Emissionen haben. Politikmaßnahmen um das Konsumverhalten und Konsummuster zu beeinflussen könnten ein effizientes Mittel zur Regulierung von CO2 Emissionen in reichen Ländern darstellen. Generell könnten internationale Klimapolitikmaßnahmen nationale Politikmaßnahmen katalysieren.
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Mabuda, Tendani Bernard. "Aspirations, economic and social well-being of professional nurses in selected provinces of South Africa." Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/24829.
Full textAbstract:
A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing. Johannesburg, 2017Background and objectives: The purpose of the study was to explore and describe the economic and social wellbeing and aspirations of professional nurses in selected provinces of South Africa. The objectives of the study were: to explore the existing evidence on the nature and meaning of aspirations and their impact on wellbeing, to formulate an aspiration questionnaire based on existing evidence, to explore and describe the economic and social wellbeing and aspirations of professional nurses in selected provinces of South Africa, to determine if there is any difference between the economic and social wellbeing and the aspirations of professional nurses in urban and rural provinces and to formulate recommendations for addressing the economic and social wellbeing and aspirations of professional nurses in South Africa. Method: An exploratory, sequential mixed method design was used. The study was conducted in four phases (scoping review, Delphi study, a survey and formulation of recommendations with the assistance of experts through a focus group and follow up verification. The results of qualitative phase were used to build onto the quantitative phase. One thousand, one hundred and thirty-eight (1138) professional nurses participated in the study. The data from all phases of the research was integrated prior to the formulation of recommendations which were organized according to the Walt & Gilson framework (1994) in order to answer the research question. Results: Important lessons were learned in terms of professional nurses’ aspirations for job satisfaction, possessions, financial success, self-acceptance income and status and power. The quantitative data revealed that professional nurses as a group are mainly mature (the majority >40 years old) unmarried females, working irregular hours, highly indebted and who carry the financial and social burden of caring for extended families. They value education, both for themselves and their children, but are part of the ‘missing middle’ as far as accommodation is concerned as they earn too much to qualify for grants and too little to qualify for housing mortgages. Overall, professional nurses’ have aspirations that are not met which impacts on their economic and social wellbeing. There is no significant difference between the economic and social wellbeing of urban and rural participants. Conclusion: Recommendations aimed at addressing the aspirations, economic and social wellbeing of professional nurses in South Africa were formulated. However, it is clear that an inter-sectoral and inter-departmental approach is required to address the aspirations, economic and social wellbeing of nurses if a positive impact is to be made. Keywords: professional nurses, aspirations, economic wellbeing, social wellbeing, wellbeing.
LG2018
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Thristiawati, Safrina. "Socio-cultural dimension of gendered wellbeing of older persons in Lampung, Indonesia." Phd thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/156402.
Full textAbstract:
Women's experiences of ageing are markedly different from men's. The sex-difference in older age is predominantly a result of enduring inequalities across the life course, apparent in many areas, including education, labour force participation, public programs for health and income security, national legal system as well as cultural practices. The Indonesian government has provided only limited fully-funded programs for select older Indonesians. This study examines the wellbeing of the older Indonesians using a multi-level strategy including: (1) examination at national level of the socio-economic background of older Indonesians; (2) exploration of sex-differences in the wellbeing of two ethnic groups, Lampungese and Javan-migrants, using an ethnographic approach in Whyanda, Lampung in 2009-2010. The thesis analyses three key dimensions of the lives of older persons in Lampung. These are: (1) sex differences in the physical wellbeing of the older persons, measured by self-rated health; (2) sex differences in the economic wellbeing of older persons, measured by individual income, home ownership and ownership of household items; and (3) sex differences in the vulnerability of older persons, measured by "doubly-poor" characteristics, a composite of low self-rated health and low economic wellbeing. By and large, older women experience lower physical and economic wellbeing compared with older men; the lower wellbeing is significantly related to their lower status within the family. With regard to physical wellbeing, the main finding is that an older person's status within the family is a significant factor related to health, but the direction of the relations depended on the sex and ethnicity of the person. The high status does signify a better health, but only for older men. However, Javan-migrants (men and women) report better health when they have relatively equal status within the family, which is in accordance with Javan cultural norms. Six significant socio-demographic variables related to the older persons' health are lifestyle, inter-generational monetary and in-kind transfers, time spent on unpaid and paid work, and involvement in religious groups. In terms of economic wellbeing, education is the strongest positive indicator of income and ownership of household items. As an indicator of home ownership, education is second after ethnicity. Income is also positively related to living in urban area, being a Javan-migrant, working more than 35 hours weekly and monetary transfers between parents and children. Home ownership is related to ethnicity, the number of living children and age. Access to household goods is linked positively to income, health and number of living children. Among vulnerable older persons, women seem to be more vulnerable than men. However, among the 'most vulnerable' no significant sex-differences are observed. This research demonstrates that the mainstream cultural convention may assign men to higher status within the family compared with women, but this sex-difference in status is mitigated by ethnic norms. Putting relatively equal value on men's and women's contributions to the family, means a husband and wife have a relatively equal status, which in turn has a positive effect on the wellbeing of both men and women in their later life.
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Al-Janabi, H., C. McLoughlin, Jan R. Oyebode, N. Efstathiou, and M. Calvert. "Six mechanisms behind carer wellbeing effects: A qualitative study of healthcare delivery." 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18146.
Full textAbstract:
YesHealth and care services for patients may improve or harm the wellbeing of their family carers. Formal consideration of these effects (also known as spillovers) in decision-making is advocated, but, to date, little is known about how they occur. This paper presents the first empirical study to determine the mechanisms by which health and care services affect family carers' wellbeing. The study focused on three major health conditions: dementia, stroke, and mental health. Focus groups and interviews were conducted with 49 purposefully sampled care professionals and family carers in the UK between December 2016 and September 2017. Transcripts were coded and analysed thematically, using descriptive accounts and an explanatory account. The analysis generated six over-arching mechanisms by which health and care services affect family carers' wellbeing, through: (i) information (degree to which service delivery informs and trains family carers); (ii) management of care (shifts of responsibility for care between formal and family sectors); (iii) patient outcomes (services changing patient outcomes); (iv) alienation (feelings of alienation or inclusion created by service delivery); (v) compliance (barriers to patients complying and engaging with services); and (vi) timing or location (changes in the timing or location of services). Each mechanism was associated with sub-themes relating to both positive and negative spillovers on the family carers. The six mechanisms can be summarised with the mnemonic ‘IMPACT’. The IMPACT mechanisms may be useful in designing and evaluating services to optimise the wellbeing of carers as well as patients.
Hareth Al-Janabi is funded by a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Career Development Fellowship (CDF-2015-08-025) for this research project. Mel Calvert is partially funded by the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre and the NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre at the University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham. This paper presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR).
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Etuk, Lena. "The role of individuals and their social context understanding the connections of marriage and employment to economic wellbeing /." 2006. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/70215890.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2006.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 44-48).
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Nyamboli, Mirabel Akwa. "Relationship between economic wellbeing and risky sexual behaviour among 14-35 year old women in Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/8094.
Full textAbstract:
MSc (Med), Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2009Objective The study examined the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and risky sexual behaviour in young women living in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. Methods Quantitative data were drawn from the 2001–2005 Intervention with Microfinance and Gender Equity Study. The analyses were restricted to 705 sexually active young women aged 14–35 years. Logistic regression models were employed to assess the effect of socioeconomic status (estimated from household asset index and employment status, on risky sexual behaviours). Odds ratios (OR), adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported. Results After controlling for the potential confounding effects of wealth perception, age, level of education, marital status, birth control and HIV knowledge; there was no statistically significant association between asset index, or employment status and most of the risky sexual behaviours. However, students were significantly more likely to have experienced first sex at or before age 17 years (AOR: 3.80, 95% CI: 2.63, 6.11), and significantly less likely to have had more than three lifetime sex partners (AOR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.29, 0.78). Discussion Given that age had emerged as a definite predictor of the sexual behaviours that were significantly associated with being a student, and that 75% of the students were aged 14-19 years, it is possible that the associations may be due to an age effect, or a cohort effect. That aside, the results suggest that women in general are equally at risk of HIV infection, hence further research is needed to determine other factors that enhance young rural women’s vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. Conclusion The study did not show any strong evidence to suggest that socio-economic status is associated with risky sexual behaviour. The findings underscore the need to re-examine the assumption that poverty drives risky sexual behaviour so that efforts to ensure that HIV prevention messages get across all strata of society. However, it is possible that SES as used in this study did not differentiate people well enough to be able to identify factors associated with risky sexual behaviour. It is recommended that more research be done to establish how other major factors besides wealth may enhance the vulnerability of women to HIV/AIDS. The current study however contributes to the growing evidence that the relationship between wealth and HIV/AIDS is either exaggerated or is very complex and should be considered when designing new policies, programs and interventions to alleviate the growing HIV incidence
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Brown, Ryan. "The Impact of a Mother's Wellbeing During Pregnancy on the Human Capital Endowment and Long Term Economic Outcomes of the In Utero Child." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/8702.
Full textAbstract:
The focus of this dissertation is to help explore, disentangle, and mechanize the role of the social and physical environment during gestation on the in utero child's later life outcomes. Specifically this work uses theoretical underpinnings adopted from the medical and epidemiological literature to inform the use of various applied econometric techniques on population representative data to rigorously examine the impact of a mother's mental and physical wellbeing during pregnancy on the human capital endowment and long-term economic outcomes of the in utero child. After a brief introduction, the second chapter reexamines the pioneering work by Douglas Almond (2006), which is thought to establish that in utero exposure to an adverse disease environment has a large, negative impact on health and socioeconomic prosperity that reaches well into adulthood. The analysis in this section casts doubt on the identification strategy used in that seminal work, and suggests that conclusions about the deleterious impact of in utero exposure to the influenza pandemic on socioeconomic prosperity in adulthood are, at best, premature. The third and fourth chapters delve into the topic of the impact of a mother's mental health during pregnancy on the birth outcomes of the in utero child. Utilizing two traumatic and unanticipated events, the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001 and the surge in Mexican Drug War violence, these chapters provide strong evidence that exposure to increased maternal anxiety has a significant negative impact on the early-life health of the in utero child.
Dissertation
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Lopes, Filipe Gonçalo Ferreira Travasso. "The role of the perceived corporate social responsability in the retention of talent mediated by the person-organization fit and affective wellbeing variables." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/21661.
Full textAbstract:
The current paradigm of our society has led many companies to be more concerned with what
is around them and with their employees. The new generations that are already in the job market
or are entering it are also very aware about these issues. They are not afraid to change jobs if
they do not feel fulfilled and perceived that the company where they work only cares about the
business and do not contribute positively to other things, so it is important to understand how
the companies can lower the turnover intention. Considering this new reality, the initial
objective of this work is to understand the relationship between the perceived corporate social
responsibility(CSR) and the turnover intention. And understand if employees affective
wellbeing and perceived person-organization fit are mediators of this relationship. To
investigate the proposed model, an online survey was released to workers from different areas
with at least three months of tenure in organization. The results showed that perceived CSR and
turnover intention are negatively related, and this relationship is mediated by the perceived
person-organization fit in the CSR dimensions related to the employees and to the community
and environment. Employees wellbeing revealed no mediating effect in the analyzed
relationships. This study reinforces an idea that companies need to show that they care about
their employees and with the environment and community around them. It also shows the
importance of the approximation of values and beliefs between the employee and the company
to promote higher talent retention.O paradigma atual de nossa sociedade tem levado muitas empresas a se preocuparem mais com o que está ao seu redor e com seus funcionários. As novas gerações que já estão no mercado de trabalho ou estão a entrar também estão muito atentas a estas questões e não tem medo de mudar de emprego se não se sentirem realizadas e perceberem que a empresa onde trabalham só se preocupa com o negócio e não contribuem positivamente para outros temas, por isso é importante entender como é que as empresas podem diminuir a intenção de turnover. Tendo em conta esta nova realidade, o objetivo inicial deste trabalho é compreender a relação entre a percepção de responsabilidade social corporativa (RCS) e intenção de turnover. Perceber também se o bem-estar e o ajuste da pessoa e organização são mediadores desta relação. Para investigar o modelo proposto, uma investigação online foi lançada para trabalhadores de diferentes áreas com pelo menos três meses de antiguidade. Os resultados mostraram que a percepção da responsabilidade social corporativa e a intenção de turnover estão negativamente relacionadas, sendo esta relação mediada pelo ajuste da pessoa e organização nas dimensões de RSC relacionadas com os colaboradores e com a comunidade e ambiente. Este estudo reforça a ideia de que as empresas precisam de mostrar que se preocupam com seus colaboradores e com o ambiente e a comunidade ao seu redor. Mostra também a importância da aproximação de valores e ideias entre o colaborador e a empresa para uma maior identificação.
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Miranda, Maria Teresa Gonçalves. "Job Design in consultancy sector and its relationship with consultants' wellbeing." Master's thesis, 2015. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/81492.
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Miranda, Maria Teresa Gonçalves. "Job Design in consultancy sector and its relationship with consultants' wellbeing." Dissertação, 2015. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/81492.
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