Academic literature on the topic 'Economic minerals'
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Journal articles on the topic "Economic minerals"
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Bodіuk, Adam. "Ground of concepts of mountain economy and economic geology." Problems of Innovation and Investment Development, no. 20 (November 2019): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33813/2224-1213.20.2019.13.
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Subject of research: natural and cost information that displays over-resourceobjects and processes of over-use. The purpose of this article is to substantiate theconcepts that theoretically determine the geological, industrial and cost aspects ofsupra-use, mining, economic geology, mining economics; generalization,systematization of their possible objects; determination of the main researchmethods and the importance of super-resources in the further development of theeconomy, the domestic mineral resource base, taking into account the requirementsfor scientific research and production needs for sub-resources. The researchmethodology consists in applying a set of methods: historical (processes of formationof minerals and their deposits in the distant past), comparative, abstract-logicalanalysis (definition of the concepts of economic geology and mining economics),generalization (substantiation of conclusions and proposals), legal analysis ( studyof the legal framework for substantiating definitions of economic geology andmining economics). The results of the work - it is justified that the concept ofsubsoil use should be considered as a cross-cutting scientific and economic activity,which covers the study of historical processes of mineral formation, a modern studyof the geology of the subsoil, exploitation of deposits, mining, preparation ofextracted minerals for further transfer through the sphere of commodity-moneyor barter exchange, their movement in space and time into the sphere of processingor directly production or th of application. The concept of requirements unitesminerals, mineral deposits, the processes of their exploration and exploitation. Inthe narrower case, the required processes are considered as a complex of processesand individual works on the study of deposits, mining and mineral processing, thatis, directly with minerals. Accordingly, we propose a mining economy to beconsidered as a scientific industry in a wide and narrow interpretation. Extraspecificexploration and mining production, infrastructure processes (storage, movementof minerals, etc.) are widely studied; in the narrow-mining. Conclusions-on alegal basis, summarized as objects of research in the mining economy, as objectsof economic relations for economic theory, it is proposed to take mineral deposits,minerals, processes and processors of subsurface exploitation, labor of enterprisepersonnel, which is used for exploration and production of sub-resources, thenthere are natural objects, living and embodied labor of enterprises. Economicgeology studies information and determines the cost estimates of explorationresearch and work.
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Akon, Eunuse. "Mineralogy, geochemistry and economic potentialities of heavy mineral sand resources of Bangladesh." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 59 (July 24, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v59i0.24981.
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Heavy mineral sand deposits are the important mineral resources of Bangladesh. Systematic mineral exploration activities carried out in the south eastern coastal belt of Bangladesh were successful to discover seventeen heavy mineral sand (HMS) deposits in the coastal beach and off-shore islands. Mineralogy, geochemistry and mineral processing characteristics of the heavy mineral sands and their economic potentialities are presented in the present paper. On an average, HMS deposits contain 23% total heavy minerals. In heavy fraction, average weight percentage of the economic minerals is: zircon 4.20%, rutile 2.04%, ilmenite 26.03%, garnet 6.45%, kyanite 3.92%, leucoxene 2.30%, magnetite 1.87% and monazite 0.31%; and the average weight percentage of other non-economic heavy minerals is 53.88%. Heavy mineral sand deposits altogether contain 1.76 million tons of economically important heavy minerals which are: limonite (1,025,000 tonnes), garnet (223,000 tons), zircon (158,000 tonnes), leucoxene (97,000 tons), kyanite (91,000 tons), rutile (70,000 tons), magnetite (81,000 tones) and monazite (17,000 tonnes). Occurrence of large amount of economic heavy minerals in the sand bars of Brahmaputra-Jamuna River has been reported by some recent studies. On an average, total heavy mineral percentage of the Brahmaputra-Jamuna sand bars is around 8.92%. Mineral sand processing on the bulk samples has been carried out at the pilot plant comprising gravity, magnetic and electrostatic separators to characterize the separation characteristics of individual economic heavy minerals. Geochemical studies on the separated heavy minerals show that TiO2 in rutile is around 90% and ZrO2 in zircon is around 65%, which are quite satisfactory in respect of commercial grade. Ilmenite contains low level of titanium dioxide (TiO2-43%) and higher level of chromium, manganese and iron. Beneficiation and upgrading of limonite will be required to make it a market able commodity. Valuable minerals present in the heavy mineral sand deposits of Bangladesh need to be mined sustainably and utilized for the benefit of the country.
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Wayne Sargent, M. "Economic Minerals of Saskatchewan." Earth-Science Reviews 25, no. 4 (October 1988): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(88)90071-2.
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Bеidуk, O. "SIGNIFICANT DEPOSITS OF MINERALS IN THE TABLE D. I. MENDELEEV: NATIONAL DIMENSION." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 72 (2018): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2018.72.5.
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The distribution of chemical elements and deposits of minerals is heterogeneous on the Earth. This heterogeneity reflects the following chain of levels of mineral resource supply of countries and territories: very low → low → average → high → very high. Extreme links of this chain can be represented, for example, in the Republic of Korea (a very low level of mineral supply) and the South African Republic (very high level of mineral supply). Ukraine, according to various estimates, occupies the second (low) or third (middle) level in this rank. This publication serves as an objective basis for such assessments and aims as to demonstrate a certain raw material and energy independence of the quarry with respect to the provision of the most important minerals (this is demonstrated by the “mineral-raw” filling of the table by D. I. Mendeleev). The systemic representation of Ukraine’s provision of mineral resources in general and regions (Donbas, Crimea, etc.) or economic regions (in some cases, in oblasts) provides a table «Deposits of minerals in Ukraine in the context of economic regions in the periodic system of chemical elements (tables by D. I. Mendeleev)». The high level of provision of Ukraine’s territory with mineral resources in the context of economic-geographical regions has been confirmed. The periodic system of chemical elements (table by D. I. Mendeleev) is strengthened by data on the distribution of mineral raw materials and minerals in the context of economic-geographical regions of Ukraine. The highlighted problem has confirmed the high density of interdisciplinary connections (geography, geology, geochemistry, economics, regionalistics, zoning). The presented material reveals a decent level for developing strategies for socio-economic development of the regions, the given data can be implemented in the latest programs of reformed education of Ukraine.
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Kal’ko, A. "The approaches to the economic and geographical analysis of the earth mineral-material resources." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 39 (December 15, 2011): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2011.39.2178.
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In the article the conceptual approaches are lighted up in relation to the methods of economic evaluation of raw mineral-material resources of the earth of concrete territories. The ways of account of vagueness of initial information are shown about the present and credible supplies of deposits of minerals, related to the level of the geological information authenticity. Key words: mineral resources, minerals, estimation, rent.
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Kesse, G. O. "Minerals, mining and economic development." Minerals & Energy - Raw Materials Report 4, no. 2 (June 1986): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14041048609409752.
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Doggett, Michael. "Mineral Economics and the Business of Mineral Supply." SEG Discovery, no. 131 (October 1, 2022): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/geo-and-mining-17.
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Editor’s note: The aim of the Geology and Mining series is to introduce early career professionals and students to various aspects of mineral exploration, development, and mining in order to share the experiences and insight of each author on the myriad of topics involved with the mineral industry and the ways in which geoscientists contribute to each. Abstract The business of mineral supply comprises the costs, risks, and returns of converting natural capital to financial capital. As such, it represents the interface between economic geology and mineral economics. The traditional approach to studying mineral supply, however, is less an interface than a series of silos covering geologic, engineering, business, and social aspects of the conversion process. The challenges of meeting the ever-increasing demand for minerals and metals will require better communication and understanding across disciplines and stakeholder groups in order to mitigate discovery and development risks. For economic geologists, improved communication starts with an understanding of the essential economic tools and metrics that are used to assign value to projects and make decisions about their advancement toward production. Furthermore, economic geologists should recognize and build on the interface between the economic characteristics of valuations and the underlying geologic characteristics of deposits. The sizes and distribution of project cash flows are intimately linked to the underlying styles and distribution of mineralization within deposits. Understanding how geologic processes created and altered mineral deposits is incredibly useful in grasping the economics of undoing those processes to recover payable minerals and metals.
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Fawzy, Mona M., Mohamed S. Kamar, and Gehad M. Saleh. "Physical processing for polymetallic mineralization of Abu Rusheid mylonitic rocks, South Eastern Desert of Egypt." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 12, no. 2 (May 29, 2021): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1848.2021.00200.
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AbstractIn this study, the mineralogical content of Abu Rusheid mylonite sample was investigated and revealed that the sample is essentially composed of quartz and feldspar (72.14% mass), muscovite (16.6% mass), and contains heavy economic polymetallic minerals of about 2.65% by mass. By studying the differences in the physical properties of this mineral content, a proposed flow sheet was set up to explain the successive physical upgrading steps for concentrating and separating the valuable minerals content and getting rid of the associated gangue minerals. Industrial, economic and strategic polymetallic minerals were identified at Abu Rusheid mylonite sample, including cassiterite, titanite, brass, kasolite, monazite, and uranothorite. A group of sulfide minerals also existed as pyrite, arsenopyrite, galena, and molybdenite in addition to the presence of fluorite and iron oxides bearing rare earth elements (REEs) and base metals. Using dry high intensity magnetic separation followed by wet gravity separation and flotation, three concentrates were obtained; heavy paramagnetic concentrate (monazite, columbite, brass, and jarosite), heavy diamagnetic concentrate (zircon, kasolite, uranothorite, cassiterite, and sulphide minerals) and muscovite concentrate for industrial uses. Physical processing of Abu Rusheid mylonite sample was carried out to produce high grade mineral concentrate used as a raw material for chemical treatment to extract economic elements that necessary for several industries.
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Crowson, Phillip Charles Francis. "Mineral reserves and future minerals availability." Mineral Economics 24, no. 1 (June 8, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13563-011-0002-9.
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Moustafa, M. I., M. A. Tashkandi, and A. M. El-Sherif. "Detecting Mineral Resources and Suggesting a Physical Concentration Flowsheet for Economic Minerals at the Northern Border Region of Saudi Arabia." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 12, no. 3 (June 6, 2022): 8617–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4894.
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There is a limited number of studies on sand deposit resources of Saudi Arabia, which cover nearly the one-third of the area of the country, whereas most of these studies deal with the environmental rather than the mineralogical or mining aspects. In this paper, and in the effort to detect the mineral resources of the Northern Border Region, the surficial Wadi sediments along the Ar'ar-Sakaka road are studied. The deposits of several Wadies (Al Aqra, Shiban al Hanzaliyat, and Arar) are mixed. The sediments of the collected samples are investigated to determine definite areas characterized by a relatively higher content of heavy minerals and a relatively lower content of carbonate minerals that are also friable enough to be investigated by some of the available physical concentration techniques. A large quantity of the surficial deposits, weighing 4.69 tons was collected from the stretch at the investigated area which is 3km long and 1.5km wide. Evaluation of the heavy minerals content, their types, and their ability for concentration and separation, was conducted. A suggested physical concentration flowsheet was concluded for concentrating and separating the contained economic minerals. The average heavy mineral content is 1.55 wt% and the identified economic minerals are magnetite, ilmenite, hematite, goethite, zircon, rutile, anatase, monazite, and xenotime. The other contained heavy minerals include monoclinic pyroxenes (diopside, and augite), monoclinic amphibole (winchite), and muscovite mica. Dolomite and calcite carbonate are also contained. The concluding results ensure that magnetite, zircon, TiO2 minerals, and monazite are mineable for separation in individual mineral concentrates. Most of the detected economic minerals are recorded in the area for the first time. Monazite, xenotime, and zircon are responsible for some recorded radioactivity in the area.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Economic minerals"
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Rustomjee, Zavareh Zal Rustom. "The political economy of South African industrialisation : the role of the minerals-energy complex." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1993. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29566/.
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This thesis provides an original interpretation of the trajectory of South Africa's post-war industrialisation by emphasising the role played by the economy's Minerals-Energy Complex (MEC). The MEC is viewed as a system of accumulation, encompassing a number of core economic sectors and imparting a determining influence on the pattern of industrialisation and economic performance. The development of the MEC has been mediated by relationships between English and Afrikaner fractions of capital through the state, giving rise to a conglomerate form of private and public corporate structure, straddling the mining, manufacturing and financial sectors. By examining the MEC empirically, through primary and secondary material from the inter-war period to the present day, it is shown that past debates over the rhythm of industrialisation have been based, both on a false perception of the pattern of (import-substituting) industrialisation'and on a partial and even false recognition of how industrial policy has been adopted and implemented. Contrary to conventional wisdom, there was capability in capital goods and other industries in and around the MEC but their potential scope has not been exploited through coherent industrial policy. In the 1950s, efforts at diversification were hampered by the objective of creating large-scale Afrikaner capital. Foreign disinvestment after 1961 opened new opportunities for domestic investment, while the disjuncture between large-scale English and Afrikaner capital narrowed as the former assisted the latter to enter gold mining and as further interpenetration between the two occurred. Policies of strengthening the MEC followed the gold and energy price rise in the 1970s, while the crisis of the 1980s precluded policies of industrial diversification from being implemented. Consequently, the industrial structure and institutional impetus that represent the MEC continue to guide South Africa's industrial trajectory into the 1990s.
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Aldagheiri, Mohammed Ibrahim. "Economic diversification in resource abundant economies : the case of the minerals industry in Saudi Arabia." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30419.
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The macro-economy of Saudi Arabia has been dominated by oil exports which between 1970 and 1995 accounted for more than 85 percent of total export earnings. Due to the fact that oil is an exhaustible resource, the price of which fluctuates considerably, and is produced in an enclave economy, the Saudi Arabian government had recognized the need to diversity their economy away from oil as the main source of income. Since the oil price crashed, in 1986, the Saudi Arabian government has adopted a new policy to develop non-oil sectors, such as manufacturing, agriculture and more recently, non-oil minerals. This study focuses on the minerals sector in Saudi Arabia which is considered one of the economic activities which has already started to achieve the strategic goal of economic diversification away from oil activities as the main source of national income. Considerable attention has been paid to the large reserves of strategic minerals that have been found such as, phosphate and bauxite. Mining has been embraced by the Saudi government not only to diversify the national economy, but also to stimulate the economy, generate employment opportunities, attract foreign capital, and encourage citizens to invest their money. Therefore, an exploitation of these minerals requires a high demand for transportation infrastructure, the provision of which has become a necessity. The development of transportation infrastructure plays an important role in the economic development of a country, and therefore the railway is considered an economic lifeline for minerals development in the Kingdom, as it will facilitate the transport of raw materials and provide mobility for workers to reach the work place and products to the market place. Moreover, it should facilitate the diversification of the national economy and has the potential to be a powerful instrument in promoting long-term growth and employment.
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Kegley, Dalton Curtis. "Economic Potential of Rare Earth Elements Within Accessory Minerals of Granitic Pegmatite Mine Tailings." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104065.
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Rare Earth elements (REEs) are economically important due to their critical applications within multiple industries. This study investigates the Spruce Pine district of North Carolina, testing the economic feasibility of repurposing current mine waste tailings as a rare earth element resource. Spruce Pine is home to several active quartz and feldspar mining operations, with large waste tailing piles generated during the separation process for quartz and feldspar. The mineralogy, composition, and REE budget of the tailings was examined to assess the economic viability of rare earth element extraction. The local geology includes a series of muscovite class pegmatites of Devonian age (390 Ma), intruded into the primarily amphibolite-grade units of the Ashe and Alligator Back formations (Wood, 1996). The waste tailing piles of two on-going quartz mining operations were sampled to evaluate the potential economic feasibility of rare earth element extraction from key accessory phases, including apatite, remaining from the initial separation process. Sample characterization utilized laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results of this investigation support the conclusion that, at the current recovery rate, price of rare earth elements, and cost of refinement, economic recovery of REE from the studied tailings is not viable. However, yttrium and dysprosium offer the highest potential for economic recovery. If some combination of improvements to the extraction process, reduction in refinement cost, or increases in price occur, yttrium and dysprosium are sufficiently abundant that extraction could become economically viable.Master of Science
Rare Earth elements (REEs) are comprised of the Lanthanide series of elements as well as yttrium and scandium. REEs are economically important due to their critical applications within multiple industries. Current uses include electronics, magnets, lasers, electric motors, optical fibers, nuclear reactor control rods, visual displays, etc. Although the demand for REEs is high, the current sourcing of REEs is quite scarce. This study investigates the Spruce Pine district of North Carolina, testing the economic feasibility of repurposing current mine waste tailings as a rare earth element resource. Spruce Pine is home to several active quartz and feldspar mining operations, with large waste tailing piles generated during the separation process for quartz and feldspar. The mineralogy, composition and REE budget of the tailings was examined to assess the economic viability of rare earth element extraction. The waste tailing piles of two on-going quartz mining operations were sampled to evaluate the potential economic feasibility of rare earth element extraction from key accessory phases, including apatite, remaining from the initial separation process. The results of this investigation support the conclusion that, at the current recovery rate, price of rare earth elements, and cost of refinement, economic recovery of REE from the studied tailings is not viable. However, yttrium and dysprosium offer the highest potential for economic recovery. If some combination of improvements to the extraction process, reduction in cost of refinement, or increase in price were to occur, yttrium and dysprosium are sufficiently abundant that extraction could become economically viable.
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Gurdon, Charles G. "The role of non-hydrocarbon minerals in the Arab Middle East : with special reference to the use of indigenous minerals in regional economic development." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1989. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29486/.
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Chapter One provides an introduction to the thesis and outlines a theoretical model of an impact study which enables the economic role of mining to be studied in the subsequent chapters. Chapter Two first analyses the geological formation of the Arab Middle East and then outlines the major nonhydrocarbon mineral deposits in the region. Chapter Three provides a brief history of mining in the region before reviewing current mineral production in each country. Chapter Four examines employment in the mining sector and highlights the differences between the countries of the region. Chapter Five deals with the volume and direction of mineral trade including downstream mineral products. Chapter Six uses the impact model to analyse the role of the mining sector in the national economies of the Arab Middle East. It shows that its role is significantly more important than it might initially appear. Chapter Seven studies the role of mining in regional economic development. It concentrates on four regions in the Arab Middle East which illustrate the various stages of mineral development. These are the Algerian-Tunisian frontier region, central Jordan, northern Oman and the Red Sea Hills of Sudan. Chapter Eight draws the strands of the thesis together and provides specific conclusions before suggesting future areas of research on non-hydrocarbon mining in the Arab Middle East.
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Adlakha, Erin Elizabeth. "The Paragenesis and Chemical Variation of Alteration Minerals Associated with Basement Rocks of the P2 Fault and the McArthur River Uranium Deposit, Athabasca Basin, Northern Saskatchewan, Canada." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34926.
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The P2 reverse fault in the metasedimentary basement rocks of the eastern Athabasca Basin is the main structural control of the world-class McArthur River uranium deposit. The earliest preserved assemblage along the fault is oxy-dravite, rutile, quartz, pyrite and graphite. This assemblage formed at temperatures of up to 890 °C, during regional metamorphism or a thermal event at ~1.75 Ga. The exhumation and surface exposure of the rocks was accompanied by paleo-weathering, and the deposition of the Athabasca sandstones. Diagenetic fluids of the sandstones altered the basement rocks to form Sr-Ca-SO42- rich aluminum phosphate sulfate (APS) minerals + hematite ± kaolin. The onset of hydrothermal activity along the basement and the P2 fault is recorded by local anatase at 1569 ± 31 Ma. Uraniferous fluid formed an assemblage of sudoite illite, magnesio-foitite and LREE+P rich APS minerals (rims earlier diagenetic-type APS minerals) along the entire P2 fault. Magnesio-foitite exhibits a high X-site vacancy (0.70 – 0.85 apfu) and contains high Al in its Y-site (0.70 – 1.12 apfu), suggesting that magnesio-foitite likely replaced kaolin. The REE pattern of magnesio-foitite is similar to that of uraninite (CeN
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Al-Attas, Abdullah M. "The role of the non-oil minerals sector in the economic growth of Saudi Arabia." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2002. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/760/.
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The macroeconomy of Saudi Arabia has been dominated by oil exports which between 1970 and 1995 accounted for more than 85% of total export earnings. Due to the fact that oil is an exhaustible resource, the price of which fluctuates considerably, and is produced in an enclave economy, the Saudi Arabian government had recognised the needs to diversify their economy away from oil as the main source of income. Since the oil price crashed in 1986, the Saudi Arabian government has adopted a new policy to develop non-oil sectors, such as manufacturing, agriculture and more recently, non-oil minerals. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the contribution of the non-oil minerals sector to the economic growth of Saudi Arabia during the period 1970-1995, using three different approaches. These approaches are the export portfolio approach, the input-output approach and the Dutch disease approach. The empirical findings of this study show the following: 1. A non-oil export portfolio analysis provided guidance to the Saudi Arabian planners who seek simultaneously to reduce export earnings instability and achieve economic growth. An increase in the volume of machinery and transport equipment commodities could produce an optimum portfolio due to both price trends and stability of price over time. Other exports, including non-oil mineral commodities, are unstable and have relatively negative price trends. 2. Even though preliminary results indicate that the non-oil minerals sector has a relatively low integration with other sectors, when the impact of inducing final demand is taken into account, this sector shows the highest income and the second highest employment multipliers. These results indicate that if this sector were to be stimulated by increasing final demand, it may well generate more income and employment than other sectors. Therefore, the application of an input-output approach was extended further to estimate the impact of three new promising nonoil mineral projects on the Saudi Arabian economy. Moreover, the construction and operation phase's multipliers reflect the potential of the non-oil minerals sector. 3 With regard to the effect of a boom in one sector of the economy on the rest of the sectors, the oil sector boom in the 1970s in the case of Saudi Arabia conforms very closely with the assumptions of the Dutch disease theory.
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Olivier, Laurentz Eugene. "On lights-out process control in the minerals processing industry." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/59322.
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The concept of lights-out process control is explored in this work (specifically pertaining to the minerals processing industry). The term is derived from lights-out manufacturing, which is used in discrete component manufacturing to describe a fully automated production line, i.e. with no human intervention. Lights-out process control is therefore defined as the fully autonomous operation of a processing plant (as achieved through automatic process control), without operator interaction.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
National Research Foundation (NRF)
Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering
PhD
Unrestricted
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Brennan, Michael Brendan. "The genesis of ilmenite-rich heavy mineral deposits in the Bothaville/Delmas area, and an economic analysis of titanium, with particular reference to the Dwarsfontein deposit, Delmas district." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005561.
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A number of ilmenite-rich heavy mineral deposits occur along the northern margin of the intracratonic Karoo basin, and are hosted by the fluvio-deltaic Middle Ecca Group. Coastal reworking of delta front sands within a regressive, microtidal shoreline may be considered as a depositional model for the development of the heavy mineral deposits. An economic analysis of titanium suggests long term positive demand, and sustained high prices for this commodity. An evaluation of the Dwarsfontein ilmenite-rich heavy mineral deposit, using available data, indicates how important it is for deposits of this type to be situated close to an upgrading plant or export harbour.
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Heyns, Anri. "Empowerment through mine community development: how the politics of development perpetuate poverty in mining areas – a legal theoretical analysis." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32685.
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The Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act (“MPRDA”) and the Broad-Based Socio-Economic Empowerment Charter for the South African Mining and Minerals Industry (“Mining Charter”), created in terms of the MPRDA, aim to address the exploitative legacies of past discriminatory practices in the mining industry. Impoverished mining communities stand to benefit from empowerment under the Mining Charter in the form of mine community development – one of the elements that constitute a mining right holder's commitment under the Mining Charter. Despite this legislative intervention and the relative wealth generated by the extraction of mineral resources, poverty and conflict have become the stereotypical images associated with mining areas. This project aims to determine why the empowerment of mining communities through mine community development perpetuates poverty from the past and creates new inequalities. To answer this main question, it is considered how the historical context within which the relevant policy and legislation were created, affected legislative drafting. Second, the effects of promoting development and empowerment in legislative provisions are explored to determine which worldviews and underlying values are being promoted by the legislative instruments under discussion. Furthermore, it is considered how these worldviews and underlying values affect how mining communities, subjected to harsh socio-economic living conditions, are depicted in legislative provisions. Here, it is specifically considered what the notion of “community” signifies in a development context and how “community” is represented in legislation. The thesis is a theoretical exposition of the ideological assumptions underlying the concepts “development”, “empowerment”, “community” and “poverty”. It is shown that “mine community development” is an inherently contradictory notion in South African law. The development paradigm implies the universalisation of values, effectively creating “the poor”, and causing vagueness and paradoxes. It results not only in a perpetuation of poverty and inequality from the past but also in the creation of new inequalities, as is evident in the differentiation drawn by the Mining Charter between different types of communities in mining areas. Measures currently being enforced by the legislation under discussion, are in desperate need of reconsideration.
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Moribame, Thapelo Tebogo. "Utilisation of mineral rent and the diversified growth of the Botswana economy." Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17840.
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Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study analyses the relationship between mineral rent and Botswana’s economic diversification. The analysis is done by; 1) providing an overview of Botswana’s economy and development, 2) explaining the economics of minerals, 3) describing Botswana’s mineral economy, 4) examining how mineral rent is generated and utilised in Botswana, 5) analysing the economic diversification of Botswana, 6) investigating constraints faced by Botswana in diversifying the economy, and 7) concluding by offering recommendations that can assist policy makers with decisions regarding economic diversification. The economic value of minerals is measured by the rent they earn. Rent is profit above the normal return on total investment and is due to the scarcity of minerals. Management of minerals to achieve sustainability requires that rent is recovered through various taxes and be invested in economic activities that can provide income and employment for the future generation. In Botswana, mineral rent is generated from royalty payments, profit taxes and withholding tax on remitted dividends. Total resource rent was estimated at P160 million in 1979, but by the 2008/09 financial year, rent had increased by more than tenfold and was estimated at P10.56 billion. Diamond mining generates most of the rent and accounts for most of all the economic value of minerals, between 98 percent and 99 percent from 2004 and 2009. Copper nickel is the second most important resource after diamonds with a contribution that is between 1.03 percent and 1.34 percent of total resource rent in the 2007/08 and 2008/09 financial years. Coal, gold and soda ash are much less valuable from an economic perspective. In the 1973/74 financial year, the mining industry contributed about 34 percent to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at current prices and a high of 48 percent in 2000/01, although contribution declined to 40 percent in 2007/08. The mining industry contributed about 90 percent to total exports in 2001. In the same year, diamonds contributed about 85 percent to total exports and about 95 percent to the mining sector’s exports. Since minerals took centre stage in the economy of Botswana, rent has been utilised to acquire foreign reserves abroad and finance development priorities such as the provision of health care, education and infrastructure. Part of the rent is also used to develop economic diversification through targeted initiatives that increase private sector involvement in economic activity. Even though that is the case, the Ogive Index shows that from 1973 to 2009, economic diversification has taken place, but at a slow pace. Slow economic diversification is a result of structural problems such as; a small domestic economy, high transportation costs, high cost of doing business, not fully benefitting from regional trade and vulnerability to transitional challenges like the economic crisis’. To overcome these problems, Botswana should benchmark in other mineral-rich countries to address internal capacity problems and production deficiencies. The country should also strive to benefit from international trade at a bilateral, regional and multilateral level.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie is die verhouding tussen mineraalontginningsurplus en Botswana se ekonomiese diversifikasie ontleed. Hierdie ontleding is gedoen deur 1) ’n oorsig te bied van Botswana se ekonomie en ontwikkeling; 2) die ekonomie van minerale te verduidelik; 3) Botswana se mineraalekonomie te beskryf; 4) die manier waarop mineraalontginningsurplus in Botswana gegenereer en benut word, te ondersoek; 5) die ekonomiese diversifikasie van Botswana te ontleed; 6) beperkings waarvoor Botswana te staan kom in die diversifikasie van die ekonomie te ondersoek; en 7) af te sluit met aanbevelings wat beleidmakers kan help met besluite oor ekonomiese diversifikasie. Die ekonomiese waarde van minerale word gemeet deur die ontginningsurplus wat dit verdien. Ontginningsurplus is wins bo die normale rendement van die totale belegging en is in gebruik weens die skaarste van minerale. Die bestuur van minerale vir volhoubaarheid vereis dat ontginningsurplus deur verskeie soorte belasting verhaal word en in ekonomiese aktiwiteite belê word wat inkomste en werkverskaffing vir die toekomstige generasies kan verskaf. In Botswana word mineraalontginningsurplus uit tantièmebetaling, winsbelasting en terughoubelasting op geremitteerde dividende gegenereer. Die totale hulpbronontginningsurplus is in 1979 op P160 miljoen geraam, maar teen die 2008/09- finansiële jaar het die ontginningsurplus tienvoudig vermeerder en is dit op P10.56 biljoen geraam. Diamantontginning genereer die meeste van die ontginningsurplus en is verantwoordelik vir die grootste gedeelte van die totale ekonomiese waarde van minerale – tussen 98% en 99% vanaf 2004 tot 2009. Nikkeliet is die tweede belangrikste hulpbron ná diamante,met ’n bydrae van tussen 1.03% en 1.34% van die totale hulpbronontginningsurplus in die 2007/08- en 2008/09- finansiële jaar. Steenkool, goud en soda-as is aansienlik minder waardevol vanuit ’n ekonomiese perspektief. In die 1973/74- finansiële jaar het die mynwese ongeveer 34% tot die bruto binnelandse produk (BBP) teen huidige pryse bygedra, met ’n hoogtepunt van 48% in 2000/01, alhoewel die bydrae tot 40% in 2007/08 afgeneem het. Die mynwese het ongeveer 90% tot totale uitvoere in 2001 bygedra. In dieselfde jaar het diamante ongeveer 85% tot totale uitvoere en ongeveer 95% tot die mynbedryf se uitvoere bygedra. Sedert minerale die kern van Botswana se ekonomie begin vorm het, is ontginningsurplus gebruik om buitelandse reserwes te verkry en ontwikkelingsprioriteite, soos die verskaffing van gesondheidsorg, opvoeding en infrastruktuur, te finansier. ’n Gedeelte van die ontginningsurplus word ook gebruik om ekonomiese diversifikasie te ontwikkel deur teikeninisiatiewe wat die privaat sektor se betrokkenheid by ekonomiese aktiwiteit bevorder. Ten spyte hiervan, toon die Ogive-index dat ekonomiese diversifikasie wel van 1973 tot 2009 plaasgevind het, maar dat dit teen ’n stadige pas geskied het. Stadige ekonomiese diversifikasie is ’n gevolg van strukturele probleme soos ’n klein binnelandse ekonomie, hoë vervoerkoste, hoë sakekoste, streekshandel waaruit voordeel nie ten volle verkry word nie en kwesbaarheid vir oorgangsuitdagings soos die ekonomiese krisis. Botswana moet met ander mineraalryk lande normeer om interne kapasiteitsprobleme en produksiegebreke die hoof te bied. Die land moet ook daarna streef om op ’n bilaterale, streeks- en multilaterale vlak uit internasionale handel munt te slaan.
Books on the topic "Economic minerals"
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Dawson, George Mercer. Economic minerals of Canada. [S.l: s.n.], 1986.
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Dawson, George Mercer. Economic minerals of Canada. [S.l: s.n.], 1986.
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Ores and minerals: Introducing economic geology. Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1988.
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Cronan, David S. Marine minerals in exclusive economic zones. London: Chapman & Hall, 1992.
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Barnes, John W. Ores and minerals: Introducing economic geology. Chichester: John Wiley, 1995.
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Hosoi, Yoshitaka, Tuvshintugs Batdelger, and Khashchuluun Chuluundorj, eds. Economic Dependence of Mongolia on Minerals. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5515-0.
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Canada. External Affairs and International Trade Canada. Minerals and metals. Ottawa: External Affairs and International Trade Canada, 1990.
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Minerals, energy, and economic development in China. Oxford [England]: Clarendon Press, 1994.
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Gretchen, Luepke, ed. Economic analysis of heavy minerals in sediments. New York, N.Y: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1985.
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Luepke, Gretchen. Economic heavy minerals in sediments from an offshore area east of Cape Charles, Virginia. [Menlo Park, CA]: U.S. Geological Survey, 1991.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Economic minerals"
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Alizadeh, Akif A., Ibrahim S. Guliyev, Fakhraddin A. Kadirov, and Lev V. Eppelbaum. "Economic Minerals of Azerbaijan." In Geosciences of Azerbaijan, 25–106. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40493-6_2.
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Chatterjee, Kaulir Kisor. "Minerals and Other Economic Entities." In Macro-Economics of Mineral and Water Resources, 11–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15054-3_2.
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Rumley, Dennis. "Economic Links: Minerals and Trade." In The GeoJournal Library, 134–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4529-9_10.
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Mangini, A., P. Halbach, D. Puteanus, and M. Segl. "Chemistry and Growth History of Central Pacific Mn-Crusts and their Economic Importance." In Marine Minerals, 205–20. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3803-8_15.
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Smith, Ben. "The Impact and Management of Minerals Development." In Australian Economic Growth, 210–39. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11084-1_10.
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Clerici, C., and A. Frisa Morandini. "Aspects of Marine Placer Minerals: Economic Potential of Coastal Deposits in Italy, Testing Procedures and Market Conditions." In Marine Minerals, 515–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3803-8_33.
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Murray, Haydn H. "Industrial Minerals—Key to Economic Development." In Energy and Mineral Potential of the Central American-Caribbean Region, 335–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79476-6_46.
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Gribble, C. D. "Economic grouping of minerals according to elements." In Rutley’s Elements of Mineralogy, 150–210. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6832-8_7.
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Ghodrat, Maryam, and Bijan Samali. "Techno-economic Analysis of Energy Recovery from Plastic Waste." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 13–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72138-5_2.
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He, Haoyang, Shan Tian, Brian Tarroja, Branden Schwaebe, Scott Samuelsen, Oladele A. Ogunseitan, and Julie M. Schoenung. "Techno-Economic Analysis of Material Costs for Emerging Flow Batteries." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 449–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92563-5_46.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Economic minerals"
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García-Olivares, Antonio, and Joaquim Ballabrera. "The Peak of Energy and Minerals and the Economic Future." In The 2nd World Sustainability Forum. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wsf2-00881.
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Lassetter, William L., Jessica S. Blanchette, and Christopher S. Holm-Denoma. "MARINE MINERAL RESOURCES ON THE CONTINENTAL SHELF OFFSHORE OF VIRGINIA: NEW INSIGHTS CONCERNING ECONOMIC HEAVY MINERALS." In 68th Annual GSA Southeastern Section Meeting - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019se-327489.
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Щипцов, Владимир. "Industrial minerals of the Fennoscandian Shield and their contribution to progress in the mineral-raw materials balance of global economy." In Mineralogical and technological appraisal of new types of mineral products. Petrozavodsk: Karelian Research Center of RAS, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17076/tm13_3.
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The Fennoscandian Shield is a megastructure, which has actively evolved since the early stages of earth crust formation (> 3.5 Ga) and a sequence of geological regimes during subsequent geological evolution paralleled by the formation of various types of industrial mineral deposits. The paper shows the important role of the shield’s industrial minerals in the exploitation of global useful mineral deposits played for decades. The industrial mineral potential and its dependence on socio-economic conditions, environmental requirements and market demand are described.
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Gupta, Amit. "Slurry Pipelines: An Economic Solution to Transportation of Minerals and Materials." In ASME 2013 India Oil and Gas Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iogpc2013-9850.
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Slurry pipelines find a special place in industrial applications which require transportation of solid particles through a pipeline. Flow-ability of these solid particles is achieved by mixing and suspending them in water or other carrier fluids. Slurry pipelines are characterized with cost effectiveness for long distances, reliability, low maintenance, low air & noise pollution. Importantly it is eco-friendly and does not affect the environment. Over the past 5 decades, slurry pipelines have proven its effectiveness in cost saving for long distance transportation, safe handling and high reliability. Since the inception of long slurry pipelines in 1957 in Ohio to transport coal, gradually over the period, new technologies in slurry transportation has made it possible to transport minerals and materials over long distances safely and effectively. Many materials such as coal, iron concentrate, phosphate concentrate, copper concentrate, zinc concentrate, lead concentrate, nickel concentrate and limestone have been transported successfully over long distances. The long distance slurry pipelines have certain disadvantages in terms of high initial capital investment, the carrier fluid availability, and importantly it is feasible in areas wherein rail and road transport is not well developed. Most of the mineral concentrates require a beneficiation step that involves grinding of the ore to a very fine size in order to achieve good recovery. This is a wet process and the size of the product is generally suitable for long-distance pipeline transportation. In particular for coal transportation, the drying cost is add-on cost. These all requirements contribute to the transportation cost and make it uneconomical for short distances. Therefore for slurry pipelines to be economic, the distance of transportation will have to be long. In recent times, polyethylene pipes have proven to be very cost effective to transport copper, iron ore, phosphates and gold concentrates. They have high resistance to slurry abrasion, prolonged wear life, high ductility and toughness properties. Pumps are developed to handle high pressures of up to 250 bars and facilitated pumping of solid concentration of 60 to 65% weight. Some alternate carrier fluids result in higher concentrate carrying capacity. Slurry pipelines have proven its high economy and feasibility to operate over long distances. With many developments underway, slurry pipelines will pave way to decrease the load and dependency on rail and roads.
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Morgan, Charles L. "The Status of Marine Mining Worldwide." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-80048.
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Metals are fundamental components of modern society worldwide, and, despite the current economic downturn, we know we will be faced with ever increasing demands and ever-shrinking supplies. Efforts to achieve sustainable supplies of minerals must include efforts to expand the supply. About 60% of the ocean surface consists of the ocean floor, so it is reasonable to expect that deep ocean minerals could contribute significantly to the world supply. Human efforts to recover minerals have thus far concentrated almost exclusively on land-based resources, so it is reasonable to postulate that marine minerals might offer better prospects for future mineral supplies than land prospects. Currently, we know of at least six separate categories of marine minerals: 1. Aggegrate sand and gravel deposits; 2. Placer deposits of relatively high value minerals (gold, diamonds, tin, etc) hosted in aggegrates; 3. Biogenically derived phosphate deposits; 4. Sediment-hosted (manganese nodules) and hard-rock hosted (ferromanganese crusts) ferromanganese oxide deposits; 5. Sediment-hosted methane hydrate deposits; and 6. Hydrothermally derived sulfide deposits of copper, gold, nickel, zinc, and other metals. Thanks primarily to the engineering developments made by the offshore oil industry and the computer-science advances that have revolutionized much of modern society, the technology is in place for most of the tasks of deep seabed mining. The objective here is not to provide a general status update regarding marine minerals technology, but simply to demonstrate, using the best example available to date (the Nautilus Minerals venture in the Territorial Waters of Papua New Guinea) that the technology is in place and ready to go. Development of marine minerals has both the curse and blessing of taking place in the ocean. Since the 1970’s and before, the marine environment has taken on a public aura reserved more commonly for religious beliefs. This aura poses substantial obstacles to any marine development efforts. At the same time, a basic advantage of marine mineral developments is that nobody lives there. Thus, marine mining activities will not conflict with most normal human activities. Marine mining proposals should be subjected to thorough impact assessment analysis, but it is also critical that policymakers take steps to provide a level playing field for marine developments that encourages objective comparisons with alternative land-based proposals for supplying needed mineral resources. Governments should foster reasonable access to the marine mineral resources under their jurisdiction while also supporting incentive policies and related research programs.
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Ilyina, V. P., and P. V. Frolov. "Ultramafic rocks of the Aganozero chromium ore deposit (South Karelia) as a non-conventional magnesium-silicate raw material for the production of new ceramic materials." In Mineralogical and technological appraisal of new types of mineral products. Petrozavodsk: Karelian Research Center of RAS, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17076/tm13_11.
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Ultramafic rocks of the Aganozero chromium ore deposit located in South Karelia are of practical interest as a high-Mg raw material for industrial application. The preliminary results of the study of high-Mg rocks and minerals from the Aganozero deposit for the production of new materials are reported. The high technological level and economic efficiency of the ceramic materials produced, based on Karelia’s high-Mg rocks and industrial minerals, were achieved by reducing energy consumption and simplifying the technological process. The practical application of local types of mineral products will increase the raw materials potential for the production of various types of refractories and industrial ceramics.
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Calin, Nicolae, Della Georgeta Dumitras, Stefan Marincea, Ciprian Constantin, and Adriana Mariana Ion. "MINERALS VIEWED THROUGH THE ECONOMIC PRISM PRESENT IN CONTU FIELDS, CINDREL MOUNTAINS, ROMANIA." In 20th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference Proceedings 2020. STEF92 Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2020/1.1/s01.023.
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Blanchette, Jessica S., and William L. Lassetter. "MARINE MINERAL RESOURCES ON VIRGINIA’S OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF: QUANTIFYING SAND DEPOSITS FOR COASTAL RESTORATION AND OCCURRENCES OF ECONOMIC HEAVY MINERALS." In 53rd Annual GSA Northeastern Section Meeting - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018ne-311001.
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Hadi Abdulla Al-Lahaibi, Zakir, and Saeed Ali Muhammad Al-Obedi. "The impact of good governance indicators on the average per capita GDP in Iraq for the period 2004-2020." In 11th International Conference of Economic and Administrative Reform: Necessities and Challenges. University of Human Development, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicearnc/37.
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Iraq suffers from deteriorating economic conditions, and the spread of corruption in the joints of the state and its institutions, which indicates that the availability of capabilities and resources alone in any country is not capable of advancing the economic reality. Rather, it needs political will and rational economic management that establishes controls and laws to create a sound environment for the economy and the exploitation of its resources in a way Optimal, as the research assumed that the indicators of good governance exercise a direct significant effect on the average per capita GDP, and the research found, through the application of the co-integration test using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) to the presence of a direct significant effect of the indicators of good governance on Average per capita GDP, and the research recommended the need to diversify sources of income by adopting a strategy for economic diversification and creating various productive sectors that work to increase and diversify sources of national income, reduce dependence on the oil sector in the formation of GDP, and use the revenues gained from the oil sector in Creating economic development based on diversification and investing in other sectors Reliance on it to be a means to bring about economic diversification, and stimulate growth in other sectors such as agriculture, industry, trade and services, as well as mineral sectors such as gas, minerals and phosphates, which contribute to the production and diversification of more goods and services and increase the output and average per capita share.
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Hadi Abdulla Al-Lahaibi, Zakir, and Saeed Ali Muhammad Al-Obedi. "The impact of good governance indicators on the average per capita GDP in Iraq for the period 2004-2020." In 11th International Conference of Economic and Administrative Reform: Necessities and Challenges. University of Human Development, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/icearnc/37.
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Iraq suffers from deteriorating economic conditions, and the spread of corruption in the joints of the state and its institutions, which indicates that the availability of capabilities and resources alone in any country is not capable of advancing the economic reality. Rather, it needs political will and rational economic management that establishes controls and laws to create a sound environment for the economy and the exploitation of its resources in a way Optimal, as the research assumed that the indicators of good governance exercise a direct significant effect on the average per capita GDP, and the research found, through the application of the co-integration test using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) to the presence of a direct significant effect of the indicators of good governance on Average per capita GDP, and the research recommended the need to diversify sources of income by adopting a strategy for economic diversification and creating various productive sectors that work to increase and diversify sources of national income, reduce dependence on the oil sector in the formation of GDP, and use the revenues gained from the oil sector in Creating economic development based on diversification and investing in other sectors Reliance on it to be a means to bring about economic diversification, and stimulate growth in other sectors such as agriculture, industry, trade and services, as well as mineral sectors such as gas, minerals and phosphates, which contribute to the production and diversification of more goods and services and increase the output and average per capita share.
Reports on the topic "Economic minerals"
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Guliov, P. Industrial minerals of the western Canada Basin [Chapter 6: Economic Geology]. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/192374.
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Fritz, Brugger, Bezzola Selina, Hochet Peter, and Salavessa João. Public monitoring of the economic, social and environmental effect of industrial mining. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_r4d.2020.2.en.
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The transition to renewable energy and a digital economy increases the demand for minerals. The development impact of resource extraction is the green economy’s Achilles heel. The Resource Impact Dashboard (RID) is an evidence-based policy instrument to encourage constructive dialogue between stakeholders about concerns related to economic, social, environmental and institutional outcomes of industrial mining. Results from the pilot-phase corroborate the necessity and the promises of public monitoring and deliberation.
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Bécu, V., A.-A. Sappin, and S. Larmagnat. User-friendly toolkits for geoscientists: how to bring geology experts to the public. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331220.
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A growing number of countries are committed toreduce their carbon emissions and are transitioning towards renewable and clean energy sources, leading to an in crease in demand formetals and minerals. This is especially the case for a short list of what are called "critical minerals" which are considered essential to economic development, including the transition to a low-carbon economy and national security. There liability of their supply chain raises concerns considering geological scarcity, difficulty to extract and/or political factors influencing their availability. At the same time, public awareness and perception of geoscience are eroding and there is more and more reluctance towards mining projects, even from traditionally favourable communities. To face this challenge, promote public interest and outline the contribution of geological science to society, geoscientists of the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC-Québec) have designed and put together a portable display that includes a suite of mineral and metal samples considered critical for the sustainable success of Canada's transition towards a clean and digital economy. The display is a user-friendly toolkit that can be used by any GSC geoscientists during outreach activities, in classrooms as well as during public open houses. It comes with straightforward pedagogic material and content, along with presentation scenarios. To broaden and adapt the workshops to specific expectations, additional toolkits were developed and all are contained within easy to carry travel cases. These cover a variety of topics and can be presented as stand-alone displays or be used complementary to one another. For example, the "Mines and minerals" collection may serve as a supplement to the "Critical minerals" display to present every day objects in which minerals are used as well as ores amples from active mines to illustrate the intertwining between mining activities and our everyday lives. Another display covers the ever-popular fossils thematic with the "Sedimentary rocks and fossils" collection and gives an opportunity to address key geoscience themes such as life evolution and biological crisis along with groundwater reservoirs and resources. The "Magmatic rocks" display touches on the formation of rocks from magmas, the different types and active processes of volcanoes, and discusses the risks and benefits related to volcanic activity. Hopefully, these four ready-to-use portable displays will encourage more GSC geoscientists to engage in public oriented activities to make geosciences more accessible, change perceptions and offer an overall tangible scientific experience for people.
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Rahmé, Marianne, and Alex Walsh. Corruption Challenges and Responses in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Institute of Development Studies, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.093.
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The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) consistently scores in the lowest rungs of global indexes on corruption, integrity and wider governance standards. Indeed, corruption of different sorts pervades public and corporate life, with strong ramifications for human development. Although the DRC is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of natural resources, its people are among the globe’s poorest.Corruption in the extractive industries (minerals and oil) is particularly problematic in terms of scale and its centrality to a political economy that maintains elites and preserves the highly inequitable outcomes for the majority. The politico-economic elites of the DRC, such as former President Joseph Kabila, are reportedly significant perpetrators but multinationals seeking valuable minerals or offering financial services are also allegedly deeply involved. Corruption is therefore a problem with national and international roots.Despite national and international initiatives, levels of corruption have proven very stubborn for at least the last 20 years, for various reasons. It is a structural and not just a legal issue. It is deeply entrenched in the country’s political economy and is driven both by domestic clientelism and the fact that multinationals buy into corrupt deals. This rapid review therefore seeks to find out the Corruption challenges and responses in the Democratic Republic of Congo.Grand level corruption shades down into the meso-level, where for instance, mineral laden trucks are systematically under-weighted with the collusion of state officials. With severe shortfalls in public funding, certain public services, such as education, are supported by informal payments. Other instances of petty corruption facilitate daily access to goods and services. At this level, there are arguments against counting such practices as forms of corruption and instead as necessary survival practices.To address the challenge of corruption, the DRC is equipped with a legal system that is of mixed strengths and an institutional arsenal that has made limited progress. International programming in integrity and anti-corruption represents a significant proportion of support to the DRC but much less than humanitarian and governance sectors. The leading international partners in this regard are the EU, US, UNDP, UK, African Development Bank, Germany and Sweden. These partners conduct integrity programming in general governance issues, as well as in the mineral and forest sectors.The sources used in this rapid review are gender blind and converge on a very negative picture The literature ranges from the academic and practitioner to the journalistic and investigative, and taken as a whole, is of good quality, drawing on different types of evidence including perceptions and qualitative in-country research. The sources are mostly in English with two in French.
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Unzueta, Adriana, Carlos Sucre, and Natascha Nunes da Cunha, eds. Abierta configuration options Apalancando el crecimiento de la demanda en minerales y metales por la transición a una economía baja en carbono. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003945.
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Este reporte cuantifica la oportunidad económica asociada a los minerales relevantes a la transición hacia una economía baja en carbono examinando el crecimiento de la demanda a 2050 por estos minerales a partir de metas establecidas por diferentes países. El reporte resalta que para materializar beneficios sociales y económicos de la transición sin arriesgar el medioambiente es menester salvaguardar factores socioambientales para que las empresas mineras tengan la licencia social y ambiental necesaria para operar y para que los países de la región puedan atraer más inversión que aproveche los abundantes recursos minerales necesarios en una economía de bajo carbono. Se levantan recomendaciones para maximizar la captura de beneficios económicos relacionados con una mayor demanda de cobre, plomo, litio, manganeso o zinc que - cuando son gestionados adecuadamente - tienen el potencial de impulsar el desarrollo y crear prosperidad en la región.
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Gutiérrez, Marta, and Carlos G. Sucre. Competencia minera: Los mecanismos competitivos de adjudicación de áreas mineras en América Latina y el Caribe. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004506.
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Esta nota hace una revisión sistemática de los mecanismos competitivos de adjudicación de áreas geográficas con potencial minero a ser exploradas y/o explotadas que usan países de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) donde la industria minera tiene una alta importancia en su economía y desarrollo. La competencia en la asignación de áreas mineras es una práctica relativamente nueva para la industria tanto en ALC como en otras latitudes. Tradicionalmente, la práctica de la industria minera ha sido asignar estas áreas mediante el principio de primero en el tiempo, primero en el derecho es decir: el primer interesado en solicitar una concesión o título minero de exploración y/o explotación a la autoridad competente es a quien se le otorga, si cumple con los requisitos mínimos exigidos por las normas vigentes y aplicables. Algunos países en ALC han empezado a desarrollar esquemas para asignar los derechos de exploración y/o explotación basados en competencia entre varios actores interesados y criterios de capacidad de éstos para desarrollar un depósito minero, sin privilegiar necesariamente a aquel que realice la solicitud del derecho con mayor prontitud. Esta investigación repasó todos los esquemas de asignación de áreas mineras en vigor en ALC y encontró que en Brasil, Colombia, Ecuador, México y Perú se utilizan actualmente modalidades competitivas en coexistencia con la tradicional primero en el tiempo, primero en el derecho . Esta nota hace entonces una revisión y evaluación comparativa, detallada y esquemática de los modos de asignación competitiva que se usan en estos países. Encontramos que aún parece temprano para decir si la competencia en la asignación de áreas para exploración y/o explotación minera reemplazará al modo tradicional. En cambio, pareciera que la decisión de gobernanza minera emergente en los países de ALC es la de la coexistencia de ambos modos, en atención a la dotación y conocimiento de los depósitos minerales de su territorio, así como a las capacidades institucionales, financieras y técnicas particulares de cada uno de ellos para identificarlos, explorarlos y aprovecharlos.
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Rentería Palomares, Zaira, Jorge Gutiérrez García, and Daniel Perdomo Rodríguez. Digitalization in the Extractive Sector: A Comparative Analysis of the Andean Region. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004675.
Full textAbstract:
Global efforts to achieve the climate goals specified in the Paris Agreement pose major challenges for the global production system, because demand for clean fuels, metals, and minerals will increase considerably in the coming decades. This trend is the main driver for extractive companies transformations of their production systems to maintain their profitability and operability in the face of an increasingly stringent context in economic, environmental, and social terms. Hence, the adoption of digital technologies appears as a unique opportunity that would enable the industry to meet the challenges posed by the energy transition that is looming. In this challenging context, companies in the extractive sector have started to rethink not only their internal operations, but also the ways in which they interact with communities, the environment, and public opinion.
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McCarty, Tanner J., Zuyi Wang Wang, Man-Keun Kim, and James Evans. The Economic Contribution of Utah’s Energy and Mining Industries. Utah Geological Survey, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/mp-176.
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Utah’s abundant energy and mineral resources are used to heat homes, drive industry, and keep the lights on. Effectively managing these energy and mineral resources and their associated supply chains requires knowledge of their economic value and how they currently contribute to Utah’s economy. This report calculates the total economic contribution of Utah’s energy and mining industries for 2019 and 2020. Each industry makes substantial contributions to Utah’s gross domestic product, employment, and tax base. Collectively, these industries contributed over 10% to Utah's total Gross Domestic Product (GDP), supported over 7% of its jobs, and contributed 20% to state tax revenue. Not only do these industries produce sizable economic value, they also create high-paying jobs. Average wages for the energy and mining industries were calculated to be $22,415 (45%) and $13,652 (28%) above the overall state average wage, respectively.
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Kabanov, P. Devonian of the Mackenzie. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/326094.
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This paper reviews the Devonian-Lower Mississippian strata of NTS areas 106 and 96 lying within Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals (GEM) Mackenzie project area and its vicinity. These strata are usually well in excess of 1 km in non-eroded sections, cropping out extensively in the Cordillera and occurring in the subsurface of adjacent Interior Plains. Major tectonostratigraphic assemblages are the latest Silurian-Eifelian platform carbonates and evaporites, the latest Eifelian-Frasnian basinal mudrocks with isolated carbonate banks bundled in the Horn River Group (HRG), and the thick coarsening-upward siliciclastic succession of Frasnian-Tournaisian age deposited in the distal setting of the Ellesmerian foreland basin. A major total petroleum system of the HRG defines the economic prospectivity of Devonian strata. Review of the lithostratigraphic nomenclature is supplemented with highlights on HRG depositional environments, patterns of thermal maturity, disconformities, and sedimentary cycles in platform carbonates.
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Gibbins, W. A. Economic Mineral Resources, Arctic Islands [Chapter 20: Resources]. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/134008.
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