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Journal articles on the topic 'Economic Instrument for Biodiversity Conservation'
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Ayoo, Collins. "Economic instruments and the conservation of biodiversity." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 19, no. 5 (August 8, 2008): 550–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14777830810894238.
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Bett, Larissa Amanda, Celso Garcia Auer, Susan Grace Karp, and Leila Teresinha Maranho. "Forest biotechnology: economic aspects and conservation implications." Journal of Biotechnology and Biodiversity 9, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/jbb.uft.cemaf.v9n1.bett.
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The importance of forest ecosystems for ecological balance and as a reservoir of genetic heritage and biodiversity is evident, the need for conservation is further exalted by the great anthropic pressure suffered by these ecosystems due to the increasing demand of the forest sector. The possibility of using biotechnological practices to combine conservation with sustainable economic development emerges as a promising alternative for the recovery and use of forest species, especially those threatened with extinction. The aims of the article is to demonstrate the main aspects of Forest Biotechnology with regard to conservation and the continuity of the supply of the demand of the economic sector. The central role of wood in economic development has led to the intense exploitation of forest ecosystems, which has resulted in the loss of biodiversity and reduced capacity to meet the demands of the sector. The tools of forest biotechnology, when employed in the optimization of conservation, allow a compatibilization with commercial production, acting as instruments of sustainable development. Forestry Biotechnology acts as an instrument to reconcile conservation with economic development, including forests at the heart of a strategy for a sustainable future.
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Ray, Justina C., Jaime Grimm, and Andrea Olive. "The biodiversity crisis in Canada: failures and challenges of federal and sub-national strategic and legal frameworks." FACETS 6 (January 1, 2021): 1044–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2020-0075.
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Negative biodiversity trends are evident in Canada, in spite of its ecological and economic wealth and high governance capacity. We examined the current implementation of Canada’s national biodiversity strategy—the planning instrument to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity—through its existing legal framework. We did this by evaluating biodiversity-related strategies and plans and 201 federal, provincial, and territorial laws. We found that while most jurisdictions claim dedicated attention to biodiversity, there is little evidence of an integrated approach within provinces and territories and across the federation. Biodiversity conservation led by governments underscores the need for considerations of species and ecosystem services to be mainstreamed into economic and development decision-making. Key challenges to this include Canada’s unusual degree of decentralized constitutionally ascribed authority over natural assets and its historical and continued economic emphasis on extraction of natural resources—a conflict of interest for jurisdictions. Transitioning to scale-appropriate planning and integrated decision-making that can address the pressures and causes of biodiversity conservation in Canada will require transformative change. Law reform, while necessary, will not succeed unless accompanied by a whole-of-government approach, a shift to a bio-centric mindset, innovative governance (particularly Indigenous-led conservation), and federal leadership with strong levels of financial investment.
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Gibbons, P., S. V Briggs, and J. M. Shields. "Are economic instruments the saviour for biodiversity on private land?" Pacific Conservation Biology 7, no. 4 (2001): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc020223.
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IT is the year 2020. Farmers have broken the record for the number of threatened species recorded on private property in a single year. Five species of woodland bird are removed from threatened species lists. The area of private land managed for biodiversity now exceeds the area of public land managed for biodiversity. Farm income from biodiversity is greater than wheat. The Biodiversity Growers Association calls for the environment levy on Australian taxpayers to be increased. Drought relief payments are at an all time low. Retiring head of government conservation agency described as "visionary" by farmers' representatives.
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Ring, Irene, Martin Drechsler, Astrid JA van Teeffelen, Silvia Irawan, and Oscar Venter. "Biodiversity conservation and climate mitigation: what role can economic instruments play?" Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2, no. 1-2 (May 2010): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2010.02.004.
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J. Pannell, David. "Heathens in the chapel? Economics and the conservation of native biodiversity." Pacific Conservation Biology 10, no. 2 (2004): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc040088.
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Biodiversity conservation is a human endeavour and economic drivers playa key role in shaping human behaviour. This is particularly true of human behaviour in management of businesses (such as farms) and in relation to the resources that underpin businesses (such as land and water). For this reason, the theories and models of economics have a lot to offer people concemed with biodiversity conservation. The paper outlines a number of theories and insights from economics that are relevant to biodiversity, particularly from the point of view of governments wishing to make efficient and cost-effective decisions about investment priorities for biodiversity. There is a need for better definition of biodiversity objectives, and for improved information about cause and effect relationships between interventions and outcomes. The importance of paying adequate attention to the farm-level economics of proposed changes in land management is emphasized. This is an important influence on farmers' responses, particularly if large-scale changes are sought. Non-market valuation studies to place monetary values on biodiversity outcomes have a potential role to play in evaluating policy options, although a measured approach to the use of these techniques seems warranted. There is a discussion about the limited role that economics can play in determining who should pay for biodiversity interventions. The selection of policy approaches and policy instruments for biodiversity needs to be sophisticated, based on science, and sensitive to different biodiversity-related problems and opportunities.
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Sullivan, Sian. "After the Green Rush? Biodiversity Offsets, Uranium Power and the ‘Calculus of Casualties’ in Greening Growth." Human Geography 6, no. 1 (March 2013): 80–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861300600106.
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Biodiversity offsets are part of a new suite of biodiversity conservation instruments designed to mitigate the impacts of economic developments on species, habitats and ecosystems. Led by an international collaboration of representatives from companies, financial institutions, governments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the Business and Biodiversity Offsets Programme (BBOP) of the market-oriented Forest Trends group, has created a global framework through which principles and standards for biodiversity offsets are being established. These enable the apparently unavoidable harm caused by development to be exchanged for investment in conservation activities both at different geographical locations and in the future. Offsets can also be traded via bespoke markets for environmental conservation indicators. Given a globalizing ‘green economy’ discourse that conservation can be a profitable enterprise if guided by market-based mechanisms and the entwining of ecological with economic spheres, biodiversity offsets are becoming key to current entrepreneurial interest in biodiversity conservation. The ‘green rush’ of my title refers to both this interest in conservation activities that can be marketized, and to an associated appetite in business and financial sectors for incorporating biodiversity offsets as part of a strategy for ‘greening’ the environmental harm caused by developments. I illustrate the uses to which biodiversity offsets are being put, through a case study connecting the extraction of uranium in Namibia for the generation of nuclear power in the UK. Biodiversity offsets are invoked to satisfy requirements for off-site mitigation of environmental harm at points of both extraction and ‘consumption’ of uranium in this case. I highlight some of the (anti-)ecological assumptions guiding calculations of complex ecological assemblages so that they can become biodiversity offsets, and draw attention to the intensified distributions of new environmental values with which biodiversity offsets may be associated.
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Farooq, Umar, Munir Ahmad, and Abdul Wahid Jasra. "Natural Resource Conservation, Poverty Alleviation, and Farmer Partnership." Pakistan Development Review 46, no. 4II (December 1, 2007): 1023–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v46i4iipp.1023-1049.
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Agriculture has now been seen in its multiple roles like contributing to development as an economic activity, source of livelihood, provider of environmental services and a unique instrument to overall development. As an economic activity, it is a source of growth for national economy, food security, foreign exchange as well as provider of investment opportunities for agro-based industries and rural non-farm economy. As source of livelihood, it provides jobs to majority of the people, especially the small holders, landless and the poor. In terms of environmental services, being the major player in underground water depletion, agrochemical pollution, soil exhaustion and global climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions, agriculture can create good and bad environmental outcomes. Its environmental contributions in managing watersheds and preserving biodiversity are generally unrecognised and unremunerated. Agriculture has well established record as an instrument for poverty reduction1 as well as a leading sector for overall growth in the agriculture-based countries of the world [World Bank (2007)]. In future, agriculture has to commit more promises (e.g. bio-fuel) to the nation without compromising over primary responsibility of food security along with poverty alleviation, conservation of natural resource base, environment protection etc. Unfortunately, the agriculture has been vastly underused for development.
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ADMIRAAL, JEROEN F., RIYAN J. G. VAN DEN BORN, ALMUT BERINGER, FLAVIA BONAIUTO, LAVINIA CICERO, JUHA HIEDANPÄÄ, PAUL KNIGHTS, et al. "Motivations for committed nature conservation action in Europe." Environmental Conservation 44, no. 2 (March 13, 2017): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689291700008x.
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SUMMARYDespite ongoing efforts to motivate politicians and publics in Europe regarding nature conservation, biodiversity continues to decline. Monetary valuation of ecosystem services appears to be insufficient to motivate people, suggesting that non-monetary values have a crucial role to play. There is insufficient information about the motivations of actors who have been instrumental in successful conservation projects. We investigated the motivations underlying these biodiversity actors using the ranking of cards and compared the results with the rankings of motivations of a second group of actors with more socially related interests. For both groups of actors, their action relating to biodiversity was supported in general by two groups of motivations related to living a meaningful life and moral values. The non-biodiversity actors also noted that their action relating to biodiversity rested more on beauty, place attachment and intrinsic values in comparison with their main non-biodiversity interests. Our results have implications for environmental policy and biodiversity conservation in that the current tendency of focusing on the economic valuation of biodiversity fails to address the motivations of successful actors, thereby failing to motivate nature conservation on an individual level.
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SANTOS, RUI, CHRISTOPH SCHRÖTER-SCHLAACK, PAULA ANTUNES, IRENE RING, and PEDRO CLEMENTE. "Reviewing the role of habitat banking and tradable development rights in the conservation policy mix." Environmental Conservation 42, no. 4 (April 30, 2015): 294–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892915000089.
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SUMMARYHabitat banking and tradable development rights (TDR) have gained considerable currency as a way of achieving ‘no net loss’ of biodiversity and of reconciling nature conservation with economic development goals. This paper reviews the use of these instruments for biodiversity conservation and assesses their roles in the policy mix. The two instruments are compared in terms of effectiveness, cost effectiveness, social impact, institutional context and legal requirements. The role in the policy mix is discussed highlighting sequential relationships, as well as complementarities or synergies, redundancy and conflicts with other instruments, such as biodiversity offsets and land-use zoning.Habitat banking and TDR have the potential to contribute to biodiversity conservation objectives and attain cost-effective solutions with positive social impacts on local communities and landowners. They can also help to create a new mind-set more favourable to public-private cooperation in biodiversity conservation. At the same time, these policy instruments face a number of theoretical and implementation challenges, such as additionality and equivalence of offsets, endurance of land-use planning regulations, monitoring of offset performance, or time lags between restoration and resulting conservation benefits.A clear, enforceable regulatory approach is a prerequisite for the success of habitat banking and TDR. In return, these schemes provide powerful incentives for compliance with regulatory norms and ensure a more equitable allocation of the benefits and costs of land-use controls and conservation. Environmentally harmful subsidies in other policy sectors as well as alternative offset options, however, reduce the attractiveness and effectiveness of these instruments. Thus, the overall performance of habitat banking and TDR hinges on how they are integrated into the biodiversity conservation policy mix and fine-tuned with other sectoral policies.
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Perali, Federico, Joseph Cooper, and Marcella Veronesi. "Incentivi economici per la protezione della biodiversitŕ e degli ecosistemi di proprietŕ privata." ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, no. 1 (March 2009): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/efe2008-001006.
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- This study has the objective to bring to the fore the importance of appropriate incentive schemes for the protection of biodiversity and ecosystems on private lands. The analysis describes the effectiveness of the regulations implemented in advanced countries. In particular, first the study presents some examples and discusses the implications of the actual legislation in developed countries for the protection of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Then, the study analyses the legal doctrine regarding compensation, and the available economic instruments for ecosystem services protection. Finally, the study presents the best economic tools capable to align private behavior with the social goals of protecting the services offered by the ecosystems and favoring the participation of private owners to projects for sustainable production and conservation. Special attention is paid to the institution of Community Foundations using as models those implemented in the United States. JEL: Q57, Q58 Key words: biodiversity, conservation, ecosystems, community foundations, economic incentives, private lands.
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Raitanen, Elina, Elina Raitanen, Jukka Similä, Elina Raitanen, Jukka Similä, Kristian Siikavirta, Elina Raitanen, Jukka Similä, Kristian Siikavirta, and Eeva Primmer. "Economic Instruments for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Service Conservation & the EU State Aid Regulation." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 10, no. 1 (2013): 6–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760104-01001002.
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Many environmental services are not traded in markets but are rather public goods and their supply cannot easily be motivated by the market forces. This leads to underinvestment in the public goods relative to what would be socially desirable. Financial instruments are designed to modify behaviour by encouraging private individuals, organisations and businesses to participate actively in conservation. Nation states are ultimately responsible for providing public goods but the competition rules of the European Union restrict the use of economic instruments that constitute ‘state aid’ as defined in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). This article will analyse the regulatory frames under which economic incentives may constitute state aid in the meaning of 107 TFEU and the terms and conditions on which these aids may still be granted for land-owners.
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Rzeńca, Agnieszka. "Biodiversity As An Ecological Safety Condition. The European Dimension." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 18, no. 1 (March 20, 2015): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cer-2015-0006.
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Contemporary research concerning the benefits (services) of the ecosystems (environment) confirm the rank and significance of the natural environment and its resources for shaping humanity’s well-being. Particularly highlighted is the need to protection of live natural resources to preserve biodiversity, which is essential for retaining the basic ecological processes and providing the sustainability of usage of these resources. Consequently, protection of biodiversity is not only an environmental issue, but also an economic and social issue involving the well-being and quality of life of society. Thus, biological diversity is an essential condition for providing ecological safety, retaining the continuity of natural processes, and conditions the quality of life and economic potential. The main purpose of the paper is to indicate the theoretical bases of biodiversity protection from the perspective of the natural and economic sciences, and to describe the diversity of biodiversity protection levels in the EU states. A specific aim is to indicate the forms and instruments of nature conservation involved in biodiversity protection, and to carry out an overview of established nature conservation programmes in selected EU countries. In order to accomplish such a complex aim, this article presents an overview of literature found in the natural, economic and legal sciences and popular magazines presenting scientific research within the field of biodiversity. Then a comparative analysis is presented based on the statistical data coming from various international statistics resources (OECD, EUROSTAT, EEA).
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MIKULCAK, FRIEDERIKE, JENS NEWIG, ANDRA I. MILCU, TIBOR HARTEL, and JOERN FISCHER. "Integrating rural development and biodiversity conservation in Central Romania." Environmental Conservation 40, no. 2 (January 25, 2013): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892912000392.
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SUMMARYUnlike most parts of the European Union (EU), Southern Transylvania (Central Romania) is characterized by an exceptionally high level of farmland biodiversity. This results from traditional small-scale farming methods that have maintained extensive areas of high nature value farmland. Following the post-socialist transition, Southern Transylvania faces serious challenges such as under-employment and rural population decline, which put traditional farming at risk. With Romania's accession to the EU in 2007, Southern Transylvania became part of a complex multi-level governance system that in principle provides mechanisms to balance biodiversity conservation and rural development. To this end, the most important instruments are the ‘Natura 2000’ network of protected areas and EU rural development policy. Structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with town hall representatives from 30 villages in Southern Transylvania and local EU experts revealed that EU policies are often poorly aligned with local conditions. To date, the implementation of EU rural development policy is strongly focused on economic development, with biodiversity conservation being of little concern. Moreover, relevant EU funding opportunities are poorly communicated. Bridging organizations should be strengthened to foster the implementation of a rural development strategy that integrates local needs and biodiversity conservation.
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Huera-Lucero, Thony, Adela Salas-Ruiz, Daysi Changoluisa, and Carlos Bravo-Medina. "Towards Sustainable Urban Planning for Puyo (Ecuador): Amazon Forest Landscape as Potential Green Infrastructure." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 11, 2020): 4768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114768.
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The peri-urban area of Puyo, where agricultural, urban and conservation logics are mixed, is a contested area in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Rapid urban growth and agricultural activities are the main threats to the conservation of its biodiversity. To promote the conservation of natural spaces in urban planning instruments, it is necessary to first demonstrate their environmental and ecological value. In this paper, such value was analyzed by quantifying biodiversity value and carbon storage capacity in situ. The results show that Puyo’s periphery (a 4 km radius) is an opportunity space, where the conservation of its biodiversity is a key factor in strategies to promote sustainable urban development. Firstly, there are natural areas of high environmental value (secondary forest, gramalote pastures with trees and gramalote pastures) that all together fix 1,664,683 Mg CO2 and control hydrological risks (with 80% of the green areas linked to flood areas)—valuable ecosystem services. Secondly, the conservation of biodiversity brings associated economic activities that can promote local sustainable development. Despite this, the results reveal that the conservation of peri-urban natural ecosystems is not a goal in Puyo’s urban planning strategy. Therefore, future research should be focused on urban planning tools that promote environmentally, economically and socially sustainable urban development.
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KITTI, MITRI, JAAKKO HEIKKILÄ, and ANNI HUHTALA. "‘Fair’ policies for the coffee trade – protecting people or biodiversity?" Environment and Development Economics 14, no. 6 (May 7, 2009): 739–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x09005208.
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ABSTRACTWe investigate the role that economic instruments can play in promoting economic sustainability and the preservation of biodiversity in agroforestry management in coffee production. Most of the world's coffee producers live in poverty and manage agro-ecosystems in regions that are culturally and biologically among the most diverse on the globe. Despite the relatively recent finding that bees may augment pollination and boost coffee crop yields, the short-term revenues from intense monoculture drive land-use decisions that destroy the forest strips serving as habitats for pollinating insects. Our study investigates whether farmers specialize in environmentally detrimental (sun-grown) or sustainable (shade-grown) farming, or both practices coexist. We calibrate an empirical model to characterize the equilibria and investigate the ecological and economic impacts of three alternative policy instruments: conservation fees, price premiums, and minimum wages.
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Bastian, Olaf. "Adopting the Precautionary Principle in Designing and Managing Natura 2000 Areas (Exemplified by the Conservation of the Butterfly Maculinea Nausithous in a Rural Landscape North of Dresden (Saxony))." Journal of Landscape Ecology 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10285-012-0002-7.
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Adopting the Precautionary Principle in Designing and Managing Natura 2000 Areas (Exemplified by the Conservation of the Butterfly Maculinea Nausithous in a Rural Landscape North of Dresden (Saxony)) The precautionary principle is more and more incorporated into national law and decision-making on natural resource management and biodiversity conservation. In the coherent European network of protected areas Natura 2000, the precautionary principle finds expression in the obligation to provide favourable conditions for the long-term survival of species and habitats, especially of the priority ones listed in the annexes of the Habitats Directive and the Birds Directive. After describing principles, structure, implementation and procedures of this rather new instrument for nature conservation using the example of one of the various Natura 2000 areas in Saxony (Germany), opportunities and problems for biodiversity conservation are outlined with particular regard for the situation in an agricultural landscape. Special attention is given to the following questions: requirements of and actual threats to the target species (the butterfly Maculinea nausithous), legal means and economic incentives for suitable measures, the management plan, and the role of stakeholders. It turns out that Natura 2000 could be an effective tool to advance nature conservation, and with special regard to the precautionary principle. Every effort is necessary to gain more public acceptance of Natura 2000, as well as to improve scientific knowledge concerning species and habitats under protection.
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Madsen, Sari F., Flemming Ekelund, Niels Strange, and Jesper Sølver Schou. "Motivations of Volunteers in Danish Grazing Organizations." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 8163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158163.
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Global biodiversity is under pressure from human activities, and the effort for nature conservation and restoration and the allocation of economic resources for biodiversity policies remain insufficient. In such a context, volunteers can play an important role as a resource in nature conservation projects if their recreational activities interact with the objectives of nature management. In recent years, the number of volunteers in conservation work has increased in Denmark, with more people volunteering to contribute to nature conservation projects. Ensuring that volunteers remain motivated and engaged is crucial for the success of such conservation projects. In this study, we evaluated the motivation among members of grazing organizations, an activity that represents the most prominent voluntary nature conservation initiative in Denmark. We applied an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and an ordinal regression to analyze survey data from 25 Danish grazing organizations. We found that five motivational factors determine the engagement of the volunteers, namely social, nature value, instrumental, identification, and personal benefit. Whereas the social, nature value and personal benefit are factors also identified in the existing literature, the instrumental and identification factors add new perspectives to the motivation of environmental volunteers. We found that place attachment is an important driver, and that the chairpersons/coordinators of the grazing organizations especially emphasized the sharing of values and knowledge with their members as a driver. Lastly, volunteers were reluctant to support the idea of forming a more formal setup in terms of a “grazing organization union”.
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Rode, Julian, Heidi Wittmer, Lucy Emerton, and Christoph Schröter-Schlaack. "‘Ecosystem service opportunities’: A practice-oriented framework for identifying economic instruments to enhance biodiversity and human livelihoods." Journal for Nature Conservation 33 (September 2016): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2016.07.001.
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Sutcliffe, Laura, John Akeroyd, Nat Page, and Razvan Popa. "Combining Approaches to Support High Nature Value Farmland in Southern Transylvania , Romania." Hacquetia 14, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hacq-2015-0011.
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Abstract The region of Tarnava Mare in Southern Transylvania contains extensive semi-natural open landscapes maintained by predominantly low-intensity farming, which is widespread in Romania and indeed many areas of Eastern Europe. Threats to these species-rich habitats from agricultural intensification and land abandonment have been increasing in recent years, to a large extent linked with Romania’s accession to the EU in 2007. At the same time, however, the opportunities for biodiversity conservation in the area have expanded. In 2008, the region became a Site of Community Importance (SCI) as part of the Natura 2000 network, and farmers have applied agri-environment schemes as part of the EU Common Agricultural Policy since 2006. Furthermore, the Tarnava Mare region has been the location of several EU and nationally funded projects combining research, practical and information measures. In this article, we review these various instruments from the practical perspective of an NGO that has been working since 2004 to support High Nature Value farmland and rural communities in this region. We focus on three major support measures - agri-environment schemes, Natura 2000, and publicly funded conservation projects - and consider their effects individually and collectively. We conclude that the presence of multiple instruments can have synergistic effects on the conservation of semi-natural open habitats such as HNV farmland, and that this overlap provides a certain amount of resilience: if one instrument fails, another may fill the gap. Cross-cutting projects combining research with activities to tackle the “problem” of the socio-economic undesirability of low-intensity farming as well as the “symptom” of the loss of HNV farmland are also particularly important in this context.
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Eregae, Justus E., Paul Njogu, Rebecca Karanja, and Moses Gichua. "Economic Valuation for Cultural and Passive Ecosystem Services Using a Stated Preference (Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)) Case of the Elgeyo Watershed Ecosystem, Kenya." International Journal of Forestry Research 2021 (August 14, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5867745.
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Valuation of ecosystem services (ESs) can be typical as use values and passive use values. However, the prevailing conventional markets provide economic instruments such as price tags to ecosystem use values, but rarely on passive use values. This is limited since it does not provide comprehensive ecological values that will adequately support rational decision-making processes regarding ecological conservation. The study adopted the contingency valuation method (CVM) where three hundred and eighty households of communities living within the Elgeyo watershed were sampled. The findings recorded 97% of the population was willing to pay for the ESs quoted. Individual maximum WTP ranged between 1 USD and 57.1 USD (cultural), 1 USD and 95.2 USD (bequest), and 1 USD and 76.2 USD (biodiversity conservation). The overall mean maximum WTP was 7.4 ± 0.34 USD, 9.1 ± 0.49 USD, and 11.1 ± 0.68 USD for the cultural, bequest, and biodiversity, respectively. The multivariate regression (maximum WTP as a function of administrative location, education, income, sex, age, and livestock number) exhibited a significant difference regardless of multivariate criteria used, where Wilks’ lambda has F (75,203) = 4.03, p < 0.001 . The findings provide an economic value for nonuse values that can be incorporated in total economic valuation (TEV) studies locally as well as provide an impetus on payment of ecosystem services (PES) in Kenya.
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Pérez-Rubio, Iván, Daniel Flores, Christian Vargas, Francisco Jiménez, and Iker Etxano. "To What Extent Are Cattle Ranching Landholders Willing to Restore Ecosystem Services? Constructing a Micro-Scale PES Scheme in Southern Costa Rica." Land 10, no. 7 (July 5, 2021): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10070709.
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Deforestation and the unsustainable management of agricultural and livestock production systems in tropical mountain areas have caused fragmented and degraded landscapes. Payment for ecosystem services (PES) could be an effective policy instrument with which to reduce deforestation and restore disturbed ecosystems. The national-scale PES program in Costa Rica is recognized as being successful; however, its financial resources have been mostly dedicated to forest protection, and much less to reforestation projects. This paper aims to construct a micro-scale PES scheme by using primary data generated through spatial modeling and socio-economic and stated preference surveys (choice experiment) in southern Costa Rica. The results suggest that, on average, landholders would agree to implement restoration projects on their own private pasturelands if an appropriate holistic place-based approach was applied encompassing biophysical, social, economic, and institutional aspects. Willingness-to-accept values allow payments to be linked to cattle farmers’ estimates of specific ecosystem services (ES) and land opportunity costs. The economic valuation of three ESs (erosion control, water availability, and biodiversity) allows construction of a layered payment scheme, which could encourage the development of a potential partnership between national and local institutions and NGOs as alternative buyers of ESs, reduce transaction costs, and improve household well-being.
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Vashchyshyn, Mariya. "Carpathian Ecological Network: International Legal Basis and Ukrainian Experience." Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 5, no. 2 (August 23, 2018): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.5.2.170-177.
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The article analyzes the importance of the Framework Convention on the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Carpathians of 2003 (Carpathian Convention). Carpathian Convention created favourable conditions for the conservation of landscapes and biological diversity of mountain ecosystems of the Carpathian region. Carpathian Convention is a framework instrument, in other words, it determines the general principles concerning the solution of environmental, social and economic problems of the region. The Protocol on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biological and Landscape Diversity to the Framework Convention on the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Carpathians has been analyzed. The advantages of international cooperation of the countries of the Carpathian region in achieving a common comprehensive result – conservation of biodiversity and improvement of social and economic level of the region and its inhabitants on the grounds of sustainable development have been defined. Carpathian Convention coordinates the economic needs with the social and environmental protection, promotes the conservation of the unique and authentic cultural and natural heritage of the Carpathian ecoregion for present and future generations. Framework Convention on the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Carpathians provides the creation of the Carpathian ecological network as a type of ecological networks at the sub-regional level, which is a part of the Pan-European ecological network. Ukraine consistently follows the bilateral and multilateral agreements, concluded with neighboring countries, concerning the protection of the environment and is involved in the creation of cross-border elements of the national ecological network. The peculiarities of the Carpathian network of protected areas have been considered. The Carpathian network of protected areas is a special form of international cooperation in environmental protection, which consists in determining by the Conference of the Parties to the Carpathian Convention the list of protected areas and in approving of regulations about them. The Conference of the Parties to the Carpathian Convention encourages the administrations of these protected areas to participate actively in international cooperation and exchange of experience in the field of the conservation of the unique biological and landscape diversity, and to reduce the negative impact on the environment of the region of the Ukrainian Carpathians. The author proves that the Carpathian Convention, except the traditional approaches concerning the protection of separate areas and species, recognizes the necessity of a broader approach to the conservation of nature. Parties to the Carpathian Convention are obliged to improve the conservation and sustainable management on the areas that are outside of protected areas, with the help of the ecosystem approach. Such an ecosystem approach to the sustainable management is applied to the spatial planning, integrated water management, agriculture, forestry, transport, infrastructure, industry, energy, tourism and cultural heritage conservation. Herewith, the interests of environmental protection shall be taken into account during the development and implementation of the economic and social policies
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Guamba, José Manuel Elija. "MANAGEMENT OF CONSERVATION AREAS WITH PARTICIPATION OF COMMUNITIES IN MOZAMBIQUE." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 9, no. 1 (February 3, 2021): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i1.2021.2990.
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This article discusses the challenges of managing conservation areas; in search of new institutional instruments and mechanisms that make effective conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems in protected areas. The management of conservation areas in some countries has been made from a growing demand for involvement of stakeholders and communities in decision-making in the process of managing natural resources. There are three issues surrounding the debate on participatory management of conservation areas, namely: the distribution of authority and responsibilities in the decision-making process; distribution of benefits and sustainability (ecological, social and economic).
The main reasons that justify the management of these areas with the participation of communities are: the restriction on access to resources can compromise the food security of families living there and; it is a prerequisite for communities to be able to carry out their activities, to set up joint enterprises with them, or other forms of management that make their participation effective.
The analytical approach was based on the theory of natural resource management and complemented by recent contributions from research in the areas of political sociology, poverty and the environment on the phenomenon of "participation". The local dimension, although the integrative synthesis between the natural and the human, historically and spatially located, makes essential a participatory management of conservation areas in countries such as Mozambique, because it allows the understanding and transformation of social relations that are carried out from a certain mode of production and organization established in a defined space of protection and conservation.
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Pauliuc, Sînziana, Marian Proorocu, Sonia Bodan, and Mădălina Miclăuş. "Iron Gates Natural Park - Administration and Management." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 73, no. 2 (November 30, 2016): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:12444.
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This paper analyzes the management and administration of one of the largest, beautiful and complex natural parks from Romania, the Iron Gates Natural Park. The management plan is a frame of integration of the biodiversity conservation problems and protection of the natural and cultural environment that also supports socio-economic development of Iron Gates Natural Park. It is also an instrument of dialog between the institutions which coordinate this area. The management plan is a document approved by H.G 1048/2013 and it resulted after consulting the interested factors of the area (city halls, local and central authorities, civil society). The administration of Iron Gates Natural Park has a new structure, founded in 2003 and is working as a subunit of Forest-National Administration (Romsilva), which assures the necessary personal and equipment for administrating the area. The area has the status of: Natural Park, Natura 2000 and Ramsar site. The forest represents 65% of the total area, 98% being a state property. Analysing Iron Gates Natural Park documents (Iron Gates Natural Park management plan, scientific council and park administration documents, visits and observations within park), we can conclude that the park has a good administration leaded by the scientific councils, who also achieved many successful European projects.
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Payne, Cymie R. "Negotiation and Dispute Prevention in Global Cooperative Institutions: International Community Interests, IUU Fishing, and the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Negotiation." International Community Law Review 22, no. 3-4 (August 20, 2020): 428–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341439.
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Abstract In areas beyond national jurisdiction communitarian interests are vulnerable to a weak legal order, evidenced by the prevalence of IUU fishing. The negotiation of an agreement for conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ) and the still-evolving jurisprudence for erga omnes obligations present opportunities to strengthen them through global cooperative institutions by empowering states and non-state actors. BBNJ bodies designed to lead effective cooperation with other regimes should be considered strengthening, not undermining, to the legal order of the ocean, as economic interests emphasized in other instruments may be enhanced in the long-term by the BBNJ agreement’s planning, transparency, capacity building and technology transfer provisions. International courts have found that individual states have standing to represent community interests; non-state actors could also be recognized to have standing to access judicial fora when existential interests of humanity are at stake.
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Gaia, Silvia, and Michael John Jones. "UK local councils reporting of biodiversity values: a stakeholder perspective." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 30, no. 7 (September 18, 2017): 1614–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-12-2015-2367.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the use of narratives in biodiversity reports as a mechanism to raise the awareness of biodiversity’s importance. By classifying biodiversity narratives into 14 categories of biodiversity values this paper investigates whether the explanations for biodiversity conservation used by UK local councils are line with shallow, intermediate or deep philosophies. Design/methodology/approach This study used content analysis to examine the disclosures on biodiversity’s importance in the biodiversity action plans published by UK local councils. The narratives were first identified and then allocated into 14 categories of biodiversity value. Then, they were ascribed to either shallow (resource conservation, human welfare ecology and preservationism), intermediate (environmental stewardship and moral extensionism) or deep philosophies. Findings UK local councils explained biodiversity’s importance mainly in terms of its instrumental value, in line with shallow philosophies such as human welfare ecology and resource conservation. UK local councils sought to raise awareness of biodiversity’ importance by highlighting values that are important for the stakeholders that are able to contribute towards biodiversity conservation such as landowners, residents, visitors, business and industries. The authors also found that local councils’ biodiversity strategies were strongly influenced by 2010, the International Year of Biodiversity. Originality/value This paper is one of the few accounting studies that engages with the literature on environmental ethics to investigate biodiversity. In line with stakeholder theory, it indicates that explanations on biodiversity’s importance based on anthropocentric philosophies are considered more effective in informing those stakeholders whose behaviour needs to be changed to improve biodiversity conservation.
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Hahn, Thomas, Constance McDermott, Claudia Ituarte-Lima, Maria Schultz, Tom Green, and Magnus Tuvendal. "Purposes and degrees of commodification: Economic instruments for biodiversity and ecosystem services need not rely on markets or monetary valuation." Ecosystem Services 16 (December 2015): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.10.012.
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van Noordwijk, Meine. "Agroforestry-Based Ecosystem Services: Reconciling Values of Humans and Nature in Sustainable Development." Land 10, no. 7 (July 2, 2021): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10070699.
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Agroforestry as active area of multi-, inter-, and transdisciplinary research aims to bridge several artificial divides that have respectable historical roots but hinder progress toward sustainable development goals. These include: (1) The segregation of “forestry trees” and “agricultural crops”, ignoring the continuity in functional properties and functions; the farm-scale “Agroforestry-1” concept seeks to reconnect perennial and annual, woody and nonwoody plants across the forest–agriculture divide to markets for inputs and outputs. (2) The identification of agriculture with provisioning services and the assumed monopoly of forests on other ecosystem services (including hydrology, carbon storage, biodiversity conservation) in the landscape, challenged by the opportunity of “integrated” solutions at landscape scale as the “Agroforestry-2” concept explores. (3) The gaps among local knowledge of farmers/agroforesters as landscape managers, the contributions of social and ecological sciences, the path-dependency of forestry, environmental or agricultural institutions, and emerging policy responses to “issue attention cycles” in the public debate, as is the focus of the “Agroforestry-3” concept. Progress in understanding social–ecological–economic systems at the practitioners–science–policy interface requires that both instrumental and relational values of nature are appreciated, as they complement critical steps in progressing issue cycles at the three scales. A set of hypotheses can guide further research.
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Knobel, J. C. "The Conservation Status of Eagles in South African Law." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 16, no. 4 (May 17, 2017): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2013/v16i4a2414.
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This contribution is an introductory survey and preliminary evaluation of the conservation status of eagles in South African law. The methodology is primarily an interdisciplinary literature study of legal texts and texts from the natural sciences. Eagles are some of the largest and most powerful avian predators, and the human response to their presence is dualistic and polarised. At the one extreme, many people admire eagles, while at the other extreme they are perceived as a threat to economic and other interests, and may even be actively persecuted in a conviction that they are vermin. This duality in the human perception of eagles is also prevalent in South Africa and complicates their conservation. The mobility of eagles and other birds of prey means that they cannot be restrained by fencing national parks and other protected areas, and this heightens the likelihood of their entering into conflict with human interests. The conservation problems faced by eagles in South Africa can broadly be divided into direct and indirect threats. Direct threats include the intentional killing of eagles, and trade in eagles and their eggs. Indirect threats include non-targeted poisoning (where poisoned bait is used to control other predators, but eagles find the bait, feed on it, and succumb); habitat loss; mortality induced by dangerous structures; and disturbance. The legal status of eagles is influenced by a large body of legislative provisions, ranging from international and regional legal instruments, through national legislation, to provincial legislative measures. An overview of these provisions is given, with concise explanations of how they apply to the legal status of eagles and other birds of prey in South Africa. The conservation status of eagles in South African law is subsequently evaluated by considering the contribution of the applicable laws to three main types of conservation interventions. In respect of the first, habitat preservation, the relevant legal provisions contribute to an impressive array of conserved habitats in national parks and other protected areas. However, the mobility of eagles, and the fact that some species occur mainly outside protected areas, make it imperative for eagles also to be afforded legal protection outside of protected areas. In respect of the second type of intervention, namely management activities to conserve the species in their habitats, an inquiry is made into how the law addresses the threats of the intentional killing of eagles; trade in eagles and their eggs; non-targeted poisoning; mortality induced by dangerous structures; and disturbance. The protection is found to be sound in principle. In respect of the third and most intensive intervention, captive breeding, a regulatory framework is in place, but no such intervention on eagle species is known to be operative in South Africa. In conclusion a number of recommendations are made. The existing laws can be improved by aligning the legal status of species with their Red List status; listing all bird of prey species that are not Critically Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable, as Protected for the purpose of national environmental legislation; and, in the medium rather than the short term, considering the imposition of legal obligations on electricity suppliers to implement measures that will mitigate mortalities on electricity structures. Better application of the existing laws could be achieved by improving compliance and enforcement, and by facilitating the optimal use of Biodiversity Management Plans, environmental research, and environmental education.
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Napari Elisée, YEO, SORO Kafana, and KOFFI N’Guessan Maurice. "L’accès aux ressources génétiques et le partage des avantages tirés de l’exploitation de ces ressources : Quelles applications à l’espace Taï en Côte d’Ivoire." Journal of Applied Biosciences 147 (March 31, 2019): 15159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/jabs.v147.9.
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La Convention sur la diversité biologique est un traité international adopté le 5 juin 1992 lors de la Conférence des Nations Unies pour l’environnement et le Développement (CNUED) tenue à Rio de Janeiro au brésil (sommet de la Terre de Rio de Janeiro) et est entrée en vigueur le 29 décembre 1993 après sa ratification par 168 pays. Elle constitue une réponse mondiale apportée à la préservation des ressources génétiques, des espèces et des écosystèmes aussi bien pour leur valeur intrinsèque que pour l’importance économique qu’ils incarnent pour les générations présentes et futures. La Côte d’ivoire qui a adhéré à ladite convention en 1994, envisage avec cet instrument, assurer la préservation de son capital de biodiversité mais également réguler l’accès aux ressources génétiques et le partage des avantages tirés de l’exploitation qui en résulte. Objectif : La présente étude vise à contribuer à la discussion sur le cadre national d’accès et de partage des avantages des ressources génétiques relatives aux activités commerciales et de recherche, dans la perspective de l’élaboration d’un cadre juridique national. Méthodologie et résultats : Pour réaliser cette étude, outre la recherche documentaire, une enquête de terrain a été conduite à l’aide d’un guide d’entretien pour le recueil de données quantitatives et qualitatives auprès des différentes parties prenantes. Les résultats suivants ont été obtenus : (i) Insuffisance d’information des parties prenantes sur l’APA, (ii) Existence d’échanges de ressources tant biologiques que génétiques dans un environnement inorganisé ; (iii) Absence de mécanisme régissant l’accès et l’utilisation des ressources génétiques à des fins commerciales et scientifiques, (iv) Méconnaissance des droits de propriété ; (v) Absence de structuration des communautés pour la défense de leurs intérêts. Conclusion et application des résultats : Cette étude a investigué sur la faisabilité de la mise en œuvre d’une réglementation nationale sur l’APA. Elle a permis de constater à l’échelle locale l’existence d’échange de ressources tant biologique que génétique dans un environnement inorganisé. Une réglementation au niveau national sur l’accès aux ressources génétiques et de partage des avantages, est à envisager dans le but de conserver la biodiversité, de maintenir une source majeure d’approvisionnement en ressources génétiques, d’organiser tout le processus d’APA et d’accroître les revenus des populations et de l’Etat. Dans ce cadre, les actions suivantes devraient mises en œuvre : (i) sensibiliser les acteurs sur Yeo et al., J. Appl. Biosci. 2020 L’accès aux ressources génétiques et le partage des avantages tirés de l’exploitation de ces ressources : Quelles applications à l’espace Taï en Côte d’Ivoire 15160 l’APA; (ii)appuyer à la structuration des communautés locales ; (iii) mettre en place la réglementation sur l’accès aux ressources génétiques et le partage des avantages est recommandée pour consolider la conservation durable de la diversité biologique. Mots clés : Convention sur la diversité biologique, accès, avantages, Taï, Côte d’Ivoire. ABSTRACT The Convention on Biological Diversity is an international treaty adopted on June 5, 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil (Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro) and entered into force on December 29, 1993 after being ratified by 168 countries. It is a global response to the preservation of genetic resources, species and ecosystems both for their intrinsic value and for the economic importance they embody for present and future generations. The Ivory Coast, which acceded to the said convention in 1994, plans with this instrument to ensure the preservation of its biodiversity capital but also to regulate access to genetic resources and the sharing of the benefits derived from the resulting exploitation. Objective: This study aims to contribute to the discussion on the national framework for access and benefit-sharing of genetic resources relating to commercial and research activities, with a view to the development of a national legal framework. Methodology and results: To carry out this study, in addition to the documentary research, a field survey was conducted using an interview guide for the collection of quantitative and qualitative data from the various stakeholders. The following results have been obtained: (i) Insufficient information of stakeholders on ABS, (ii) Existence of exchanges of both biological and genetic resources in an unorganized environment; (iii) Lack of mechanism governing access and use of genetic resources for commercial and scientific purposes, (iv) Lack of knowledge of property rights; (v) Lack of structuring of communities to defend their interests. Conclusion and application of results: This study investigated the feasibility of implementing national ABS regulation. It made it possible to note at the local level the existence of exchange of resources both biological and genetic in an unorganized environment. Regulation at national level on access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing is to be envisaged in order to conserve biodiversity, maintain a major source of supply in genetic resources, organize the whole ABS process and to increase the income of the populations and the State. In this context, the following actions should be implemented: (i) sensitize the actors on ABS; (ii) support the structuring of local communities; (iii) putting in place regulations on access to genetic resources and benefit sharing is recommended to consolidate the sustainable conservation of biological diversity. Keywords : Convention on Biological Diversity, access, advantages, Taï, Côte d'Ivoire
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Riechers, Maraja, Ágnes Balázsi, Lydia Betz, Tolera S. Jiren, and Joern Fischer. "The erosion of relational values resulting from landscape simplification." Landscape Ecology 35, no. 11 (April 20, 2020): 2601–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-020-01012-w.
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Abstract Context The global trend of landscape simplification for industrial agriculture is known to cause losses in biodiversity and ecosystem service diversity. Despite these problems being widely known, status quo trajectories driven by global economic growth and changing diets continue to lead to further landscape simplification. Objectives In this perspective article, we argue that landscape simplification has negative consequences for a range of relational values, affecting the social-ecological relationships between people and nature, as well as the social relationships among people. A focus on relational values has been proposed to overcome the divide between intrinsic and instrumental values that people gain from nature. Results We use a landscape sustainability science framing to examine the interconnections between ecological and social changes taking place in rural landscapes. We propose that increasingly rapid and extreme landscape simplification erodes human-nature connectedness, social relations, and the sense of agency of inhabitants—potentially to the point of severe erosion of relational values in extreme cases. We illustrate these hypothesized changes through four case studies from across the globe. Leaving the links between ecological, social-ecological and social dimensions of landscape change unattended could exacerbate disconnection from nature. Conclusion A relational values perspective can shed new light on managing and restoring landscapes. Landscape sustainability science is ideally placed as an integrative space that can connect relevant insights from landscape ecology and work on relational values. We see local agency as a likely key ingredient to landscape sustainability that should be actively fostered in conservation and restoration projects.
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Lukashevich, Victor, Ilya Shegelman, Aleksey Vasilyev, and Mariia Lukashevich. "Forest certification in Russia: development, current state and problems." Forestry Journal 62, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/forj-2016-0006.
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Abstract The article analyzes the development of voluntary forest certification by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) system in Russia. The article is based on the review of diverse information sources, analysis of the reports of timber processing enterprises, personal observations during certification audits, discussions in workgroups, and information collected at training courses. We evaluated the present state of voluntary forest certification in Russia, analyzed non-compliances of the activity of Russian wood processing enterprises with the national standard FSC-STD-RUS-V6-1-2012 and indicated possible reasons for non-fulfillment of the requirements. We also presented problems in the development of forest certification in Russia and possible ways for its further development. By the end of 2015, about 40 million hectares were certified, approximately 160 certificates were issued on forest management and 440 certificates on chain of custody. The 6th principle of the national forest management standard is the most problematic for logging enterprises. The principle concerns the requirements on the evaluation of impact of enterprise’s activity on the environment. About 40% of non-compliances identified by auditors referred to the indicators of the 6th principle. We argue that the main problems of forest certification development in Russia are contradictions between the principles and the criteria of FSC and the requirements of Russian forest legislation, retention of biodiversity and high conservation value forests, lack of economic incentives for introduction and implementation of certification requirements, and high cost of audits. Despite the existing problems, the certification remains one of the most important instruments for achieving sustainable forest management in Russia.
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Teymurov, E. S. "Marine Protected Areas and Other Zonally Linked Management Tools: International Legal Issues." Lex Russica, no. 7 (July 19, 2021): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2021.176.7.095-110.
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The development of the legal framework for the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs) and other zonal management tools is due to the need to establish their nature (environmental or socio-economically oriented); to determine the interaction of the norms of international environmental law and maritime law; to ensure the harmonization of the rules for the establishment of MPAs and their regimes in national and international law in order to take into account the characteristics of ecosystems. The research is aimed at improving the efficiency of establishing MPAs and other zonal management tools by harmonizing the conceptual apparatus, identifying key features of marine protected areas and separating them from related international legal instruments.International legal acts define the MPA as a zoning tool aimed exclusively at preserving the natural environment and biodiversity, in which, depending on the category of protected areas, the International Union for Conservation of Nature prohibit the withdrawal of resources except for traditional fishing. The indicated approach causes a conflict of types of use of biodiversity, non-perception by users of significant restrictions on activities, and contains the risk of becoming a political tool for restricting the activities of states.MPAs are a type of zonally linked management tools. They consist of a clearly defined geographical area and applicable measures that entail the preservation of the environment.It is necessary to move to a more flexible management model of MPAs, allowing for the sustainable use of the biological resources of the area. MPAs and other zonal tools should have a multi-purpose character. In most cases, in addition to environmental characteristics, socio-economic, scientific, educational and cultural characteristics of the space are taken into account to establish them.It is erroneous to identify the management tool with the space and exclude response measures from it. Most of the acts justifiably do not contain a list of protective measures, leaving room for the most effective definition of measures, taking into account the goals set and the factors of establishing MPAs. However, it seems reasonable to define in regulatory legal acts the procedure for resolving conflicts of types of use within the same and between different instruments.
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Gatzweiler, Franz W. "Beyond Economic Efficiency in Biodiversity Conservation." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 19, no. 2-3 (January 2008): 215–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x08001900206.
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CONDE ANTEQUERA, Jesús. "La compensación de impactos ambientales mediante adquisición de créditos de conservación: ¿una nueva fórmula de prevención o un mecanismo de flexibilización del régimen de evaluación ambiental?" RVAP 99-100, no. 99-100 (December 30, 2014): 1017–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.47623/ivap-rvap.99.100.2014.041.
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LABURPENA: Ingurumen-ebaluazioari buruzko Lege berrian, aukera ematen da natura kontserbatzeko bankuetan sortutako kredituak eskuratzeko,ingurumenean ondorio kaltegarri eta itzulezinak sortu dituzten proiektuen ingurumen-eragina konpentsatzeko modalitate gisa. Hori dela eta, interes juridikoko zenbait gai sortzen dira, bai eta nolabaiteko ziurgabetasun juridikoa ere, hain zuzen ere figura horrek ez duelako izan behar adinako araupenik orain arte. Lan honetan, merkatu-tresna horren ezaugarrietako batzuk aztertu nahi ditugu, bai eta haren integrazioa ere ingurumen-ebaluazioaren sisteman. Horretarako, ekonomia-garapenaren alde egiteko izan dezakeen ahalmena ebaluatuko dugu, baina neurriaren aplikazio desegokiak ingurumenerako izan ditzakeen arriskuei buruzko gogoeta eginda. Horretarako, honako hauek azpimarratuko ditugu: ingurumen-zuzenbidearen printzipio nagusiak berrinterpretatzearen garrantzia, No net loss (biodibertsitate garbian galerarik ez) delakoaren ikuspegik, eta proportzionaltasun-printzipioak izan beharreko funtsezko eginkizuna, bai sistemaren aplikazio praktikoa zehaztean, bai administrazio-jardueraren kontrolean. RESUMEN: La introduccion en la nueva Ley de Evaluacion Ambiental de la posibilidad de recurrir a la adquisicion de creditos generados en bancos de conservacion de la naturaleza, como modalidad compensatoria de impactos ambientales de proyectos con efectos adversos sobre el medio ambiente de caracter irreversible, plantea numerosas cuestiones juridicas de interes y una cierta inseguridad juridica derivada, precisamente, del insuficiente tratamiento normativo que, hasta el momento, se ha hecho de esta figura. En este trabajo queremos abordar algunas de las caracteristicas de este instrumento de mercado y de su integracion en el sistema de evaluacion ambiental, valorando sus potenciales virtudes en pro del desarrollo economico pero tambien reflexionando sobre los riesgos que puede conllevar para el medio ambiente una aplicacion incorrecta de la medida. Para ello, resaltamos la importancia de reinterpretar los principios generales del Derecho ambiental desde la perspectiva del ≪No net loos≫, o no perdida de biodiversidad neta, y el papel protagonista que ha de adquirir el principio de proporcionalidad en la delimitacion de la aplicacion practica del sistema y en el control de la actividad administrativa. ABSTRACT: The introduction by the new Act of Enviromental Assessment of the possibility to resort to the acquisition of credits generated in banks for the nature conservation as a compensatory method of enviromental impacts of projects with irreversible adverse effects over enviroment sets out many legal issues of interest and a sort of legal uncertainty which derives exactly from the inadequate legal treatment given to this figure so far. In this work we want to deal with some of the features of this market instrument and its integration within the system of enviromental assessment, valuing its potential virtues for economic development but also thinking about the risks that can bring to the enviroment the incorrect implementation of the measure. Therefore, we highlight the importance of reinterpretating the general principles of enviromental law from the ≪No net loss≫ perspective, or no loss of net biodiversity and the leading role that the principle of proportionality has to get in the delimitation of the practical application of the system and in the monitoring of the administrative activity.
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Dietz, Simon, and W. Neil Adger. "Economic growth, biodiversity loss and conservation effort." Journal of Environmental Management 68, no. 1 (May 2003): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4797(02)00231-1.
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Bertouille, S. "Wildlife law and policy." Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 35, no. 2 (December 2012): 159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32800/abc.2012.35.0159.
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One of the crucial issues of our decades is how to stop the loss of biodiversity. Policy–makers need reliable data to base their decisions on. Managing wildlife populations requires, first of all, science–based knowledge of their abundance, dynamics, ecology, behaviour and dispersal capacities based on reliable qualitative data. The importance of dialogue and communication with the local actors should be stressed (Sennerby Forsse, 2010) as bag statistics and other monitoring data in wildlife management could be more precise if local actors, notably hunters, were better informed and aware of their importance, especially in supporting existing and emerging policies at national and international levels. Another essential issue in wildlife management is the conflicts generated by humans and their activities when they interact with wildlife (Heredia & Bass, 2011). A sociologic approach is required to take into account those human groups whose interests are divergent, facilitating communication and collaborative learning among these users of the same ecosytem. Obstacles should be addressed and solutions devised to protect and encourage a sustainable use of this ecosystem in, as much as possible, a win–win relationship. Policy objectives and mana-gement strategies should be discussed and debated among the stakeholders involved, then formulated. Policies can be translated into different types of instruments, economic and legislative, but also informative and educa-tive. As awareness of the actors is a key factor of successful regulation, the regulations should be sufficiently explained and stakeholders should be involved in the implementation of these regulations as much as possible. Finally, the effectiveness of the regulations should be evaluated in light of their objectives, and where necessary, the regulations should be strengthened or adapted to improve their performance (Van Gossum et al., 2010).The various aspects of the processes described above were highlighted in the plenary talk and the five oral communications presented during the session on wildlife law and policy. In his plenary talk, Dr Borja Heredia, Head of the Scientific Unit of the Secretariat of the CMS/UNEP in Bonn, pointed out different sources of human–wildlife conflicts, such as the logging activities in subtropical forests that induce overexploitation and poaching for bushmeat consumption; the problem of predators on livestock and the poisoning of lions in the Masaï Reserve; animals invading the human territory; and game species as a vector of diseases in humans and livestock (Heredia & Bass, 2011). Heredia stressed the importance for wildlife managers to deal with the human dimension; he stressed the importance of successful conflict management based on principles such as a non–adversial framework, an analytical approach, a problem–solving orientation, the direct participation of the conflicting parties, dialogue as a basis for mutual understanding and facilitation by a trained third party. Heredia explained how the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (UNEP/CMS) contributes to confict resolution and in this way increases the chance of survival of these species. The CMS (see CMS website) works for the con-servation of a wide array of endangered migratory animals worldwide through the negotiation and implementation of agreements and action plans. Migratory species threatened with extinction are listed in Appendix I of the Con-vention. CMS parties strive towards strictly protecting these animals, conserving or restoring the places where they live, mitigating obstacles to migration and controlling other factors that might endanger them. Besides establishing obligations for each State joining the CMS, CMS promotes concerted action among the Range States of many of these species. Migratory species that need, or would significantly benefit from, international co–operation are listed in Appendix II of the Convention. For this reason, the Convention encourages the Range states to reach global or regional agreements. The Convention acts, in this res-pect as a framework convention. The Agreements may range from legally binding treaties (called agreements, there are seven) to less formal instruments, such as Memoranda of Understanding, or actions plans (there are 20), and they can be adapted to the requirements of particular regions. The development of models tailored according to the conservation needs throughout the migratory range is a unique capacity to CMS. Heredia detailed inter alia the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels, the Great Apes Survival Part-nership, the Agreement on the Conservation of Gorillas and their Habitats, the MoU on the Saïga Antelope, and the Programme for the Conservation and sustainable use of the wild saker falcon (Falco cherrug) in Mongolia.The talk of Sarah Wilks, research fellow at the School of Law, University of Western Sydney, illus-trated the importance of adequate transparency and public consultation in environmental and conservation law and decision making. Wilks (2012) examined the Australian legislation concerning animal welfare and the export of Australian wildlife products and, as a case study, explored the Tasmanian State Government’s recent decision to promote the com-mercial harvest and export of brushtail possums She pointed out that although the Enviromment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation 1999 (EPBC) process intended to be open and co–operative, it is not, in prac-tice, co–operative, public and transparent. The export of possum products requires Australian Government approval under the Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (EPBC). Wilks (2012) assessed the Tasmanian Wildlife Trade Management Plan for Common Brushtail Possums developed by the EPBC, the public submissions to the Austra-lian Government, and the Australian Government’s response against the provisions of the EPBC. As a result, she deplored that welfare outcomes, like that of back or pouch juveniles whose mother had been trapped or killed have not been adequately considered either at Tasmanian State or at Australian Govenment level. She concluded by deploring that submissions on ethical grounds could not yet be considered by the Australian Government because the decision to harvest or not to harvest is made at State level, and yet the Tasmanian State legislation is deficient in mandating public consultation.Data on hunting and game resources provide quan-titative and qualitative information on game species, but moreover, game monitoring has shown to be efficient in identifying threats to biodiversity, such as biodiversity problems in agriculture and forest ecosystems, and also to be an early warning in assessing threats from invasive alien species (Sennerby Forsse, 2010). They are an essential tool for game managers, scientists and policy–makers, and hunters and hunter organisations are key resources in the collection of this information.The ARTEMIS data bank was initiated by the Federation of Asssociations of Hunting and Conservation of the Euro-pean Union FACE (see ARTEMIS website) to improve information about game in support of existing and emer-ging European policies. The objective of ARTEMIS is to centralise and analyse, in a coordinated and coherent Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 35.2 (2012)161extending the ban to all waterfowl hunting and not only that undertaken in protected wetlands.The presentation of K. E. Skordas, from the Hunting Federation of Macedonia and Thrace, Research Divi-sion, Greece, illustrated the contribution of the Hellenic Hunters Confederation (HHC) to law enforcement for wildlife protection. It showed how stakeholders, hun-ters, set up heir own Game Warden Service in 1999, through their Hunting Associations, in order to assume responsibility for the control of illegal hunting and wil-dlife protection, in collaboration with the local Forest Service. These game wardens carry out repressive and preventive controls and prosecutions. Besides this initiative, information campaigns are organised by the HHC to improve hunters’ awareness (see website of the Hellenic Hunters Confederation, HHC). Skordas & Papaspyropoulos (2011) analysed the relation between law enforcement, hunter awareness and infringement categories, classed in degree of influencing wildlife protection. They observed a strong reduction in the number of infringements; particularly, they found that hunting out of season and hunting without a license decreased from 23.4% to 7.31% and from 30.12% to 11.8%, respectively.All the talks presented in this session stressed the importance of dialogue in wildlife management as a basis for mutual understanding. Communication and involvement of the local actors/stakeholders are key factors at different stages of wildlife management: when collecting reliable data on which policy–makers may draw up their decisions, when debating policy objectives and strategies, and when implementing regulations and administrative acts
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Polasky, Stephen. "Conservation economics: economic analysis of biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services." Environmental Economics and Policy Studies 10, no. 1 (March 2009): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03353976.
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Carpaneto, Giuseppe Maria, Cosimo Baviera, Alessandro Bruno Biscaccianti, Pietro Brandmayr, Antonio Mazzei, Franco Mason, Alessia Battistoni, et al. "A Red List of Italian Saproxylic Beetles: taxonomic overview, ecological features and conservation issues (Coleoptera)." Fragmenta Entomologica 47, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/fe.2015.138.
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The main objectives of this review are: 1) the compilation and updating of a reference database for Italian saproxylic beetles, useful to assess the trend of their populations and communities in the next decades; 2) the identification of the major threats involving the known Italian species of saproxylic beetles; 3) the evaluation of the extinction risk for all known Italian species of saproxylic beetles; 4) the or- ganization of an expert network for studying and continuous updating of all known species of saproxylic beetle species in Italy; 5) the creation of a baseline for future evaluations of the trends in biodiversity conservation in Italy; 6) the assignment of ecological categories to all the Italian saproxylic beetles, useful for the aims of future researches on their communities and on forest environments. The assess- ments of extinction risk are based on the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria and the most updated guidelines. The assessments have been carried out by experts covering different regions of Italy, and have been evaluated according to the IUCN standards. All the beetles whose larval biology is sufficiently well known as to be considered saproxylic have been included in the Red List, either the autochtho- nous species (native or possibly native to Italy) or a few allochthonous species recently introduced or probably introduced to Italy in his- toric times. The entire national range of each saproxylic beetle species was evaluated, including large and small islands; for most species, the main parameters considered for evaluation were the extent of their geographical occurrence in Italy, and the number of known sites of presence. 2049 saproxylic beetle species (belonging to 66 families) have been listed, assigned to a trophic category (Table 3) and 97% of them have been assessed. On the whole, threatened species (VU + EN + CR) are 421 (Fig. 6), corresponding to 21 % of the 1988 as- sessed species; only two species are formally recognized to be probably Regionally Extinct in Italy in recent times. Little less than 65% of the Italian saproxylic beetles are not currently threatened with extinction, although their populations are probably declining. In forest environments, the main threats are habitat loss and fragmentation, pollution due to the use of pesticide against forest pests, and habitat simplification due to economic forest management. In coastal environments, the main threats are due to massive touristic exploitation such as the excess of urbanization and infrastructures along the seashore, and the complete removal of woody materials as tree trunks stranded on the beaches, because this kind of intervention is considered an aesthetic amelioration of seaside resorts. The number of spe- cies whose populations may become impoverished by direct harvest (only a few of large forest beetles frequently collected by insect traders) is very small and almost negligible. The Red List is a fundamental tool for the identification of conservation priorities, but it is not a list of priorities on its own. Other elements instrumental to priority setting include the cost of actions, the probability of success,and the proportion of the global population of each species living in Italy, which determines the national responsibility in the long-term conservation of that species. In this scenario, information on all species endemic to Italy, to Corso-Sardinia, to the Tuscan-Corsican ar- eas, and to the Siculo-Maltese insular system are given. A short analysis on relationships among beetle species traits, taxonomy, special- ist approaches, and IUCN Categories of Risk is also presented.
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Beaumont, N. J., M. C. Austen, S. C. Mangi, and M. Townsend. "Economic valuation for the conservation of marine biodiversity." Marine Pollution Bulletin 56, no. 3 (March 2008): 386–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.11.013.
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Tacconi, Luca, and Jeff Bennett. "Economic implications of intergenerational equity for biodiversity conservation." Ecological Economics 12, no. 3 (March 1995): 209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-8009(94)00045-w.
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Chobotová, Veronika. "The role of market-based instruments for biodiversity conservation in Central and Eastern Europe." Ecological Economics 95 (November 2013): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.08.007.
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Fuentes, Marcelino. "Economic growth and biodiversity." Biodiversity and Conservation 20, no. 14 (July 30, 2011): 3453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-011-0132-y.
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Banks, Joanne L., Pat Hutchings, Belinda Curley, Luke Hedge, Bob Creese, and Emma Johnston. "Biodiversity conservation in Sydney Harbour." Pacific Conservation Biology 22, no. 2 (2016): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc15048.
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Biodiversity conservation is a major issue in ports and harbours as scientists, managers and the public become increasingly aware of the importance of healthy ecosystems to the wellbeing of urban populations. Sydney’s Harbour provides essential environmental, social and economic values to community, government and industry. Recent systematic reviews of the biological and physical characteristics of Sydney Harbour revealed high environmental and conservation value, especially considering the large numbers of people using its resources. However, like many coastal areas, the harbour has been subject to stressors such as habitat loss, metal, organic and nutrient pollution, the introduction of non-indigenous species, foreshore construction and commercial and recreational fishing. Here we outline the environmental assets of the harbour and the major threats, and report on current and developing conservation strategies. By learning about the progress of environmental management in Sydney Harbour, the difficulties faced and new planning strategies implemented, coastal and harbour environmental managers within the region can be better prepared when faced with similar challenges.
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Wintle, Brendan A., Sarah A. Bekessy, David A. Keith, Brian W. van Wilgen, Mar Cabeza, Boris Schröder, Silvia B. Carvalho, et al. "Ecological–economic optimization of biodiversity conservation under climate change." Nature Climate Change 1, no. 7 (September 18, 2011): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1227.
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MARTÍN-LÓPEZ, BERTA, CARLOS MONTES, and JAVIER BENAYAS. "Economic Valuation of Biodiversity Conservation: the Meaning of Numbers." Conservation Biology 22, no. 3 (June 2008): 624–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00921.x.
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Weibo, Feng. "Economic analysis of the loss and conservation of biodiversity." Biodiversity Science 02, no. 1 (1994): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17520/biods.1994010.
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Hussain, A. M. Tanvir, and John Tschirhart. "Economic/ecological tradeoffs among ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation." Ecological Economics 93 (September 2013): 116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.04.013.
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Mills, Julianne H., and Thomas A. Waite. "Economic prosperity, biodiversity conservation, and the environmental Kuznets curve." Ecological Economics 68, no. 7 (May 2009): 2087–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.01.017.
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