Dissertations / Theses: 'Economic Instrument for Biodiversity Conservation'

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Ring, Irene. "Economic Instruments for Conservation Policies in Federal Systems." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-72649.

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This habilitation thesis consists of seven published journal articles and one published book chapter. Part I, consisting of chapter 1, introduces the overarching theme of environmental policy instruments and discusses the current use of and prospects for economic instruments in conservation policies. A number of research gaps are identified which are addressed in the subsequent chapters. Part II, consisting of chapters 2–5, encompasses four papers focused on a single type of policy instrument: intergovernmental fiscal transfers. Although well documented in public finance literature, intergovernmental fiscal transfers remain a somewhat neglected instrument in environmental policy. Despite being well suited to address the spillover benefits that often accrue with conservation policies, there is scant research literature on ecological fiscal transfers compared to other economic instruments such as environmental taxes or tradable permits. In fact, very few countries make practical use of them to achieve conservation objectives. Thus intergovernmental fiscal transfers are an innovative instrument in conservation policies in particular, so that advances in both theory and applied research may prove especially beneficial here. Part III, consisting of chapters 6–9, combines a number of articles in integrative biodiversity research and applied biodiversity governance, themes that are often neglected in the economic analysis of environmental policy instruments. However, when implementing policy instruments in societal settings, interdisciplinary research bridging the natural and social sciences is as much a prerequisite as policy-relevant research that responds to the needs of decision makers and other stakeholders. Both policy design and policy evaluation yield the best outcomes when they involve ecologists, economists, legal and other social scientists, as this ensures that consideration is given to ecological effectiveness, economic efficiency, administrative feasibility, social acceptance, and perception by stakeholders. Policy-relevant research also responds to current societal developments and prospective changes in legislation which may provide windows of opportunity to propose new instruments. Meanwhile, sound empirical research and case study design are indispensable in making concrete policy recommendations, taking into account existing formal and informal institutions.

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Mumbunan, Sonny. "Ecological Fiscal Transfers in Indonesia." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-69240.

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Environmental positive externalities from public provision, such as the benefits yielded from the public measure of nature conservation, are often not internalized. Potential sub-optimal public service provision can be expected from such a condition, leading to inefficiency, if the benefits at a greater territorial scale are not acknowledged. This holds particularly true for intergovernmental fiscal relations in a decentralizing multi-tiered governmental system. Moreover, in developing countries the fiscal capacities to perform measures of ecological public functions are limited with their fiscal needs for these functions often appearing to outweigh their fiscal capacities. Research at the interface of the economic theory of fiscal federalism, the sustainability concept, and policies related to conservation and the environment is relatively new. Furthermore, in the literature on environmental federalism the emphasis tends to be comparatively less on the benefits of positive environmental externalities. The essential contribution of this study is an extension of this research field that is still in its infancy by applying the specific case of Indonesia as the context, on account of this tropical country‟s ecological significance as well as its recent developments during the fiscal decentralization process. The overall aim of this study is to assess the possibilities of ecological fiscal transfers as a set of instruments in the public sector to internalize environmental externalities. To this end, the study traces the development as well as the current state of intergovernmental fiscal transfers in Indonesia in terms of ecological purposes. On the basis of this knowledge, the study offers new policy perspectives by proposing a number of policy options for ecological fiscal transfers in the context of the functioning fiscal transfer system and institutions between the national and the subnational (province and local) governments as well as among jurisdictions at the same governmental level. The incorporation of an explicit ecological indicator into general-purpose transfers is the first option. The second option is derived from a revenue-sharing arrangement. In this arrangement, two sub-options are proposed: first, shared revenues from taxes are distributed on the basis of the ecological indicator and, second, shared revenues from natural resources are earmarked for environmental purposes. Finally, the third option suggests an extension of existing specific-purpose transfers for the environment. The potential and limitations of the respective options are addressed. Additionally, a short treatment is given to the discourse on the possible mobilization of fiscal resources in the context of tropical deforestation and global climate change. The research concentrates mainly on the first option, namely the incorporation of an ecological indicator into the structure of general-purpose transfer allocation. In order to substantiate an explicit ecological dimension in the transfer, it extends the present area-based approach by introducing a protected area indicator while maintaining the remaining socio-economic indicators in the fiscal need calculation. The parameter values of area-related indicators are adjusted and subject to the properties of the existing formula. The simulation at the provincial level yields the following results. First, more provinces lose rather than gain from the introduced ecological fiscal transfer when compared to the fiscal transfer that they received in the reference fiscal year. Second, on average the winning provinces obtain a higher level of transfer from the introduction of an ecological indicator in the fiscal need calculation. The extent of the average decreases for the losing provinces, however, it is lower compared to the extent of the average gain by their winning counterparts. In terms of spatial configurations of the general-purpose transfer with an ecological indicator, provinces in Papua would benefit most from the new fiscal regime whereas provinces in Java and Sulawesi, with a few exceptions, would suffer a transfer reduction. Kalimantan and Sumatera show a mixed pattern of winning and losing provinces. The analysis on the equalization effects of the general-purpose transfers makes the following important contributions. It suggests that, first, the transfers are equalizing and, second, the introduction of the protected area indicator into the structure of these transfers plays a significant role in the equalizing effect, particularly in the presence of provinces with a very high fiscal capacity and when the area variable is also controlled. All of these new insights are imperative in the design of fiscal policy which intends to integrate explicit ecological aspects into the instruments of intergovernmental fiscal transfers. Since a formula-based fiscal transfer distribution is intrinsically zero-sum, the aforementioned configuration of winning and losing jurisdictions is conceivable. Among other future perspectives, it is the task of further research to explore ecological fiscal transfer instruments and associated measures that on the one hand seek to induce the losing provinces to join their winning counterparts and, on the other hand, are still subject to the requirements of the rational fiscal transfer mechanism.

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Pandit, Ram. "The impacts of human spatial concentration, economic freedom, and corruption on species imperlment." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/07M%20Dissertations/PANDIT_RAM_23.pdf.

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Cranston, Kayla A. Cranston. "Building & Measuring Psychological Capacity for Biodiversity Conservation." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1472034188.

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Payet, Karine. "The effect of spatial scale on the use of biodiversity surrogates and socio-economic criteria in systematic conservation assessments." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/944.

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Crook, Carolyn. "Biodiversity prospecting agreements evaluating their economic and conservation benefits in Costa Rica and Peru /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ58978.pdf.

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Maclean, Ilya. "An ecological and socio-economic analysis of biodiversity conservation of East African wetlands." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427088.

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East African papyrus Cyperus papyrus swamps have undergone wide-scale drainage and are used intensively by resources harvesters. They also support a unique biota, notably six inadequately protected bird species. In this thesis, the results of a study examining the socio-economic benefits of and avian responses to wetland drainage and resource use are presented. The species richness of bird communities in heavily disturbed papyrus stands was higher than in nearby stands that were not disturbed, but contained fewer species and individuals of specialised species. However, even the six most specialised species were tolerant of low-intensity disturbance. Using a time-series of Landsat ETM images covering southern Uganda and adjoining countries wetlands were mapped and regional variations in drainage quantified. Using land coverage and occurrence data, the abundance and decline of bird species in c. 30,000 Eas1 African wetlands was predicted. The species studied were found to have declined substantially more than predicted by ecological theory because population densitie~ were higher in regions in which most drainage has occurred. Although averag( drainage was only c. 9% over 15 years, drainage in regions in which bird densit) was highest exceeded 75% over this period. The socio-economic value of crops grown in reclaimed swamps and goods derive( from swamps were determined by interviewing rural householders. Result: indicated that although drainage always served to reduce the net present valU! (NPV) of goods derived from swamps, NPV was maximised when 25-30% of th swamp was used for harvesting. Drainage and harvesting exceeded these levels, il part because property rights structures have shifted from common ownership tl open-access and in part because income equality is low and poorer people are mor inclined to use and drain swamps. The results of this study suggested that ther were similarities between swamp use that maximises socio-economic benefits an management that favours specialist bird species. This would imply th, conservation action designed to protect papyrus avian communities could also be ( benefit to rural inhabitants using swamp resources. However mutual benefits t birds and people are dependent upon reducing poverty.

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Mills, Julianne H. "Economic Prosperity, Strong Sustainability, and Global Biodiversity Conservation: Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1243432252.

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Silva, Ana Carina Vieira da. "Integrating public preferences in biodiversity conservation decision-making: a choice-modelling approach." Doctoral thesis, ISA-UL, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14959.

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Doutoramento em Alterações Climáticas e Políticas de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, especialidade em Ciências do Ambiente - Universidade de Lisboa: Faculdade de Ciências, Faculdade de Letras, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Instituto Superior Técnico / Universidade Nova de Lisboa: Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
The need to reverse current trends of biodiversity loss is acknowledged by a wide range of international scientific and political initiatives. Along with the scientific and political agenda, the protection of biodiversity has become an important issue in public opinion too. Nevertheless, general public concerns are not typically considered by decision-makers and conservation planning continues to emphasize only ecological concerns ignoring social considerations. But since public involvement is essential for the success of conservation initiatives we must start thinking on how to capture public concerns and preferences so that they can be posteriorly integrated in conservation decision-making. This was the starting point for the present dissertation. This dissertation proposes an economic valuation approach to capture public preferences regarding biodiversity conservation and to translate them into monetary values, so they can be later incorporated in decision-making to ensure a truly societal management. Using choice experiments method allows for a valuation approach focused on biodiversity roles biodiversity plays for human well-being (benefits) rather than on components, which should simplify the cognitive process of preference formation and translation into monetary values. Considering this main aim, four main research questions arose: 1) Is the public aware of biodiversity roles/benefits? 2) Can we translate public preferences for biodiversity roles into monetary terms through economic valuation? 3) Are public preferences affected by the excludability degree of biodiversity roles? and 4) Are public preferences for biodiversity roles influenced by environmental education and a close contact with some of its components? Research results show that the general public share interesting social representations of biodiversity and seems to choose conservation priorities rationally. Additionally, choice modelling seems to be an appropriate approach to capture and translate public preferences into monetary terms allowing for biodiversity decomposing in different roles (or benefits) perceived by the public
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Caldwell, Colby G. "Chemical investigations of South American plants: Applications to drug discovery, biodiversity conservation and economic development." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/279829.

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This dissertation describes chemical investigations involving 11 Argentinean plant species and a sample of Chilean propolis. In total, 18 known and four novel compounds were isolated and identified. The compounds were tested in various antimicrobial assays. Three novel triterpenes, 3,4- seco-olean-12-en-3,28-dioic acid (4), 3alpha,-hydroxyolean-11-en-28,13 beta-olide (5), and 3alpha-hydroxyolean-11:13(18)-dien-28-oic acid ( 6) were isolated from the aerial parts of the Argentinean shrub, Junellia tridens (Lag.) Mold. (Verbenaceae). Another five compounds, oleanolic acid (1), oleanonic acid (2) and epioleanolic acid (3), all biosynthetically related to the three new oleananes, as well as epibetulinic acid (7) and sitosterol (8), were also isolated. LC-MS data are provided on the occurrence of these triterpenes in six other species of Junellia. We report the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of compounds 1--8 against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and conclude that they are responsible for the antitubercular activity originally observed in the crude plant extract. Four other plants showing preliminary antitubercular activity were also investigated. The EtOAc extracts of Acantholippia seriphioides and Adesmia ameghinoi contained oleanolic acid (1) as their main constituent. The organic soluble portions of Chiliotrichium diffusum and Lathyrus magellanicus contained large amounts of ursolic acid (12) and sitosterol (8), respectively. Bioassay of the predominant compounds in these plants indicated that triterpenes were responsible for the antitubercular activity observed in the crude extracts. Fractionation of propolis (a product of honey beehives) from Colliguay in Central Chile led to the isolation, identification and bioassay of a novel gamma-lactone (14), five flavonoids (15--19), two diarylheptanoids (20--21), and a prenylated coumarin (22). All structures were elucidated primarily by 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectrometry. Based on the traditional use of propolis as an antimicrobial agent, the bioactivity of the purified compounds was determined against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, and Candida albicans . Microscopic analysis of pollen present in the propolis provided clues to its botanical origins.

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Hily, Emeline. "Incentive payments for biodiversity conservation : A dynamic and spatial analysis." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0061/document.

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L'objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier la définition de paiements incitatifs pour la conservation de la biodiversité d’un point de vue empirique et théorique. Dans ce travail, nous visons également à intégrer de façon pertinente les processus écologiques spatiaux et dynamiques inhérents à la biodiversité terrestre dans les modèles économiques que nous développons.Dans le premier chapitre de cette thèse, nous évaluons empiriquement la coût-efficacité des paiements pour contrats Natura 2000 mis en place en forêt en France par le biais d'une approche ex ante. Le caractère insuffisant de la définition de ces paiements et leur mauvaise calibration montre la nécessité de repenser la définition de ces dispositifs d’incitations. Dans le deuxième et troisième chapitre de cette thèse, nous étudions donc la définition de paiements incitatifs efficients et coût-efficaces de façon théorique et conceptuelle, tout en prenant en compte les principaux enjeux posés par la définition de paiements incitatifs pour la conservation de la biodiversité terrestre. Le chapitre 2, par le biais d'un modèle principal-agent à valeur commune, étudie la possibilité de définir des paiements incitatifs différenciés à destinations des propriétaires privés lorsque les coûts et bénéfices de conservation sont hétérogènes et inobservables pour l’agence de conservation. Ce chapitre s’intéresse donc à l’impact de l’asymétrie d’information -- en particulier du phénomène d’anti-sélection -- sur la définition des paiements. Dans le chapitre 3, nous nous intéressons principalement à l’impact du changement climatique sur la définition de paiements incitatifs coût-efficaces. Dans ce chapitre, nous développons un modèle écologique-économique intégré, dynamique et spatialement explicite, nous permettant d’étudier la coût-efficacité relative de différents types de design, impliquant différents degrés de ciblage et de différentiation des paiements de conservation. Le travail réalisé dans l'ensemble de cette thèse nous permet de formuler des recommandations concernant le ciblage et le design de paiements incitatifs pour la conservation de la biodiversité
The objective of this thesis is to study the definition of incentive payments for biodiversity conservation from an empirical and theoretical perspective. In this work, we also aim to account, in a relevant way, for spatial and dynamic ecological processes inherent to terrestrial biodiversity in the economic models that we develop. In the first chapter of this thesis, we empirically assess the cost effectiveness of incentive payments for biodiversity conservation implemented in French forests, namely Natura 2000 contracts, by undertaking an ex ante approach. Our results underline the inadequacy of the current definition of payments for Natura 2000 contracts and their poor calibration. This calls for a rethinking of the definition of conservation incentives. In the second and third chapter of this thesis we leave the framework of Natura 2000 contracts. We study the definition of efficient and cost-effective incentive payments in a theoretical and conceptual way, while taking into account the main challenges posed by the definition of incentive payments for biodiversity conservation. Chapter 2 explores, through a principal-agent common-value model, the possibility of differentiating conservation payments for private landowners when both conservation costs and benefits are heterogeneous and unobservable to the conservation planner. This chapter focuses on the impact of asymmetric information - especially of adverse selection - on the definition of payments. In Chapter 3, we investigate the impact of climate change on the definition of cost-effective incentive payments. In this chapter, we develop an integrated, dynamic and spatially explicit ecological-economic model, and study the relative cost-effectiveness of various payment design options, involving different levels of targeting and differentiation of conservation payments. The work done throughout this thesis allows us to formulate recommendations regarding the targeting and design of incentive payments for biodiversity conservation

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Gomez, Wichtendahl Carla C. "Biodiversity Offsets in a Public Lands Context: A Romantic Concept or a Practical Tool to Balance Economic Development and Biodiversity Conservation Goals?" Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37090.

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Economic development through the exploitation of natural resources has led to biodiversity loss among other environmental issues around the world. The use of biodiversity offsets to balance economic development and biodiversity conservation goals has significantly increased during the last three decades. A recent report of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) released in December of 2016 identified at least 56 countries with laws or policies requiring the use of these types of instruments worldwide. There are over 100 biodiversity offset programs operating in countries such as United States of America, France, New Zealand, Mexico, Australia and others, which are injecting over 3 USD billion per year into the world’s economy. Experiences of different jurisdictions indicate that biodiversity offsets can become a promising tool in addressing the biodiversity loss issue in their territories. Canada and some of its provinces such as Alberta and British Columbia, which have important oil and gas sectors, and are home to important wildlife species, have been part of the biodiversity offsets debate, and have been exploring their use. This research derives from the observation that although some of the international biodiversity offset experiences have been vastly studied, there is little experience analyzing the legal challenges of implementing biodiversity offset systems, including biodiversity banks (a type of biodiversity offset that creates biodiversity markets) on public lands. The very nature of public land, where multiple users may simultaneously access the land and conduct a variety of potentially incompatible activities, can create extra legal challenges with respect to the implementation of biodiversity offsets. Through an Alberta-focused case study, the thesis explores the characteristics that a planning and legal framework of a province with a majority of public lands would need to have in order to support the use of biodiversity offsets and a biodiversity banking system. It also identifies and analyzes the legal issues and challenges of implementing long lasting biodiversity offsets in that context. Under the system studied by this dissertation, the main users of Alberta’s public forests (forest operators and oil and gas developers) become the biodiversity bankers or suppliers, and buyers of biodiversity credits, respectively. This thesis is therefore a contribution to knowledge about how biodiversity offsets, specifically biodiversity banks, can be applied on provincial public lands, used by multiple users. It focuses on the legal frameworks, property right issues, permanence, and additionality needed for a potential biodiversity banking system for a province such as Alberta.

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Gaika, Lindiwe. "Adequacy of existing protected areas in conserving biodiversity at global and regional levels in relation to socio-economic conditions." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9646_1254305009.

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At a meeting of worl leaders at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, it was recognized that because of the tremendous increase in the size of the global populations (which now is estimated to exceed six billion), there were concerns that global biodiversity was at risk if insufficient land were not put aside for conservation within formal Protected Areas. The primary aim of this study was to compare investment in Protected Areas in relation to socio-economic conditions at global and regional levels.

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Lawson, Laté Ayao. "Essays on economic growth energy use and biodiversity loss." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAB011.

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L'impact de l'activité économique et de l'augmentation de la population sur l'environnement soulève de profondes questions sur l'avenir des sociétés humaines et des ressources environnementales. En ceci, les "Limites de la Croissance" ("Limits to Growth", Meadows, Meadows, Behrens et Randers, 1974) mettent en garde les sociétés humaines contre la possibilité d'un effondrement social si les tendances actuelles d'exploitation de ressources naturelles et de dégradation de l'environnement suivent leur court. La richesse de la nature étant primordiale à la richesse des nations, cette thèse en sciences économiques au travers de quatre contributions théoriques et empiriques traite de la possibilité d'une cohabitation pacifique des sociétés humaines avec la nature et discute des politiques de conservation de la nature. Nos résultats théoriques et empiriques montrent d'une part que l'expansion de l'habitat humain se fait au détriment des autres espèces biologiques (animales et végétales). D'autre part, nous montrons que les efforts actuels de conservation des espèces biologiques sont fortement orientés vers des forets dont la richesse en biodiversité s'avère douteuse. Finalement, nous montrons qu'une utilisation de plus en plus croissante des énergies primaires, donc à forts impacts écologiques, est encore à attendre des pays en développement. En termes de politiques environnementales, nos travaux appellent davantage à la réduction de l'empreinte écologique des sociétés humaines. Ceci inclut : Une exploitation favorisant la régénération des forêts et non la réduction des aires déjà couvertes ; L'élargissement des aires protégées surtout dans les pays en développement ; Une incitation des individus à orienter les préférences vers la demande de biens à faibles empreintes écologiques
The impact of economic activities and increasing population on the environment raise profound interrogations towards the future of human societies and environmental resources. In this, the "Limits to Growth" (Meadows, Meadows, Behrens and Randers, 1974) warn human societies about the possibility of social collapse if current trends of exploitation of natural resources and environmental degradation remain unchanged. The wealth of nature being essential to the wealth of nations, this thesis in economics through four theoretical and empirical contributions addresses the possibility of a peaceful cohabitation between human and nature and discusses conservation policies of nature. Our theoretical and empirical results show on the one hand that human habitat is being expanded to the detriment of other biological species (animal and plant). On the other hand, we show that current efforts to conserve biological species are strongly oriented towards forests whose richness in biodiversity is doubtful. Finally, we show that an increasingly growing consumption of primary energies, therefore with strong ecological impacts, is still to be expected from developing countries. In terms of environmental policies, our work advocates for a reduction of the ecological footprint of human societies. This includes policies promoting forest regeneration and not the reduction of covered areas, expansion of protected areas, especially in developing countries and incentives for individuals to orient preferences towards the demand for goods with low ecological impacts

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Wait, Requier. "An economic analysis of the 2007 SCB conference." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1131.

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The Society for Conservation Biology held their 21st annual conference in Port Elizabeth during July 2007. This was the first SCB conference hosted on the African continent. Over 1500 conservation professionals and students from throughout the world were brought together by the SCB annual meeting. The local organizing committee was interested in the economic impacts associated with the conference and approached the NMMU Economics Department to conduct an economic impact assessment of the conference. The Economics Department invited the researcher to undertake this study towards obtaining an MCom degree in Economics. The economic impact of conferences stems from two sources, namely: expenditure by delegates (the demand-side) and the expenditure by conference organizers (the supply-side). The study focused on the economic impacts of the conference for the Eastern Cape. The conference expenditure produced an increase in demand in the Eastern Cape. Only new expenditure originating from outside the Eastern Cape were considered. An increase in the demand for one industry’s output will create additional demand for the outputs of its supplying industries, because industries are connected through forward and backward linkages. These inter-industry linkages produce a multiplier effect. The initial direct conference expenditure created secondary impacts. The latter were indirect and induced expenditures. In addition to secondary impacts, the SCB conference produced spill-over impacts. The spill-over impacts of the conference were noted (but not quantified). The expenditure by delegates was determined by means of a delegate expenditure questionnaire conducted during the conference. The expenditure by the conference organizers was determined in consultation with the organizers, using their financial statements. The multiplier impacts were estimated by means of an input-output (IO) analysis, using a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) of the Eastern Cape as the underlying database. These multipliers (Type 1 and 2 multipliers) were estimated using open and closed multiplier models. It was deduced that the 2007 SCB conference created a significant and positive net economic impact in the Eastern Cape. The total direct cash injection of the conference was R12.141 million. Using a Type 1 multiplier this direct stimulus is estimated to have caused an extra R16.502 million increase in gross output. Using a Type 2 multiplier this direct stimulus was estimated to have caused a R19.884 million increase in gross output. The total cash injection of the conference contributed R6.093 million to GVA in terms of a Type 1 multiplier and a R7.344 million increase in GVA in terms of a Type 2 multiplier. Household incomes in the Eastern Cape were increased by R3.384 million. These results confirm that the hosting of major events and conferences is indeed a tool for promoting regional economic development.

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Mahanty, Sanghamitra. "Actors in paradise negotiating actors, landscape and institutions in the Nagarahole Ecodevelopment Project, India /." Online version, 2000. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/23849.

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Jones, Jennifer Lee. "Dynamics of conservation and society the case of Maputaland, South Africa /." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01192007-111257.

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Ferreira, Carlos Eduardo Martins. "Performativity and pluralities of biodiversity offsetting experiments : towards a synthesis of economy as instituted process and economy as performativity." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/performativity-and-pluralities-of-biodiversity-offsetting-experiments-towards-a-synthesis-of-economy-as-instituted-process-and-economy-asperformativity(420f27c6-55a4-480d-813f-f58c1d1f11e7).html.

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Development and land use change diminish the quantity of natural habitat, impacting negatively on the number of animal and plant species – biodiversity. Concern about the consequences of these losses has led to calls for mechanisms which allow development to proceed only when no net loss of biodiversity can be assured, such as biodiversity offsets. Markets for biodiversity offsets are being tried as mechanisms for achieving this societal objective in the most efficient manner possible. Theoretically, this thesis develops a framework connecting the Polanyi-inspired notion of the economy as an instituted process, and concepts developed by Callon and colleagues in the Social Studies of Finance literature. This framework is used to analyse the emergence, development and expansion of markets for biodiversity offsets. Using qualitative methodologies, the research examines in detail three existent biodiversity offset markets: Species Banking (United States), Impact Mitigation Regulations (Germany) and Biodiversity Offsets (England). The emergence of markets for biodiversity offsets is shown to be the result of performativity of economics. Changing representations of biodiversity, anchored on economic sciences, lead to policies which create economic experiments, such as markets for biodiversity offsets. Because these markets are historical and geographically contingent, the economic experiments emerge in the context of preexisting regulations and traditions, resulting in variety of forms of organising biodiversityoffset markets. To bring biodiversity to the market involves measuring and quantifying externalities. This requires the creation and development of market agencements – assemblages of agents and market devices – to commodify biodiversity. These agencements constitute the technical infrastructures upon which the markets are built, but they too are contingent of pre-market practice. This creates tensions between the role of agents and the role of devices inside the market infrastructure. Biodiversity offsets are shown to not maintain their commodity status beyond certain geographical and geopolitical boundaries. The result is the creation of mutually exclusive market nodes, between which no trade takes place. Despite common origins and infrastructures, the local markets do not exchange between themselves. This thesis contributes a framework for the analysis of market emergence, in which two literatures are used to complement each other’s limitations. As a result, the thesis is able to conceptualise how a common generative mechanism results in variety of economic organisation. It also demonstrates that it is possible for markets to share a regulatory and technical infrastructure, but not exchange between themselves and expand.

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Davies, Tamara Ellen. "Assessing the relationship between poverty and biodiversity, within the context of land use change in the Solomon Islands." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11852.

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There is convergence at the international level that conserving biodiversity can contribute to poverty alleviation, but empirical evidence for this relationship is scarce. In this thesis I assess the relationship between poverty and biodiversity, within the context of land use change, using a case-study from the Solomon Islands. This interdisciplinary study is based on both social and ecological data, primarily collected through focus groups, household surveys and avian line transect surveys. Poor households in Kahua were characterised by fewer members of a working age and fewer male members. They were also found to own fewer assets, which were correlated to lower land tenure. Natural resources, including wild foods, were a crucial resource for the consumption and income for poor households, with evidence of wild foods buffering shortfalls in household consumption. The livelihoods of poor households were dependent on natural resources, whereas wealthier households relied on cash crops. The lower involvement of poor households in cash cropping suggests that the poor have less access to such income sources, possibly through a lack of initial land holding assets. Cash crop areas of monoculture cocoa were the most intensive land use in Kahua and were found to be a poor habitat for many bird species, including most endemics. Overall, the relationship between poverty and biodiversity was found to be complex, context dependent and influenced by various social and institutional factors. Household inequalities in access to land and resources indicate that a social-ecological trap may be occurring for poorer households in Kahua, possibly perpetuated by the livelihoods of wealthier households. More research is required in translating the concept of social-ecological traps into management actions, but this thesis concludes that this could be a useful concept for improving poverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation initiatives.

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Lamarca, Junior Mariano Rua. "O valor econômico do carbono emitido pelo processo de desmatamento da Amazônia como instrumento de conservação florestal." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2007. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/9317.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariano Rua Lamarca Junior.pdf: 1290492 bytes, checksum: e6240c75f20575d90a5be2b3b05d364c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-27
We analyse in the this work the causes of deforestation of the Legal Amazonia and the environment subject present in the public policies for the region, including the Public Forests Management Law (Law 11.284/06), approved with the goal of regulating public forests management in Brazil and promoting the sustainable development. We discuss the Kyoto Protocol´s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) problem regarding forest conservation. Through a hypothetical scenario of zero deforestation and 100% of the not emitted carbon linked to forest conservation projects, we calculate that an economic revenue equivalent to the logging activities could be obtained, contributing to the maintenance of the climatic equilibrium because of the reduced Greenhouse Gases emissions, as well as keeping preserved the biodiversity and environment services values related to the standing forest. Nevertheless, appropriate regulations should be planned and implemented to achieve the desired goal, and the solution proposed in this work is in the convergence of the international laws regulating carbon markets and the native tropical forests protection laws
Analisamos neste trabalho as causas de desmatamento da Amazônia Legal e a questão ambiental presente nas políticas públicas para a região, incluindo a Lei de Gestão de Florestas Públicas (Lei 11.284/06), sancionada com o objetivo de regulamentar a gestão de florestas públicas no Brasil e promover o desenvolvimento sustentável. Discutimos o problema do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) do Protocolo de Kyoto na questão da conservação florestal. Através de um cenário hipotético de desmatamento zero e 100% do carbono não emitido vinculado a projetos de conservação florestal, calculamos que uma receita econômica equivalente à da exploração madeireira poderia ser obtida, contribuindo para a manutenção do equilíbrio climático pela reduzida emissão de Gases de Efeito Estufa, bem como mantendo preservados os valores da biodiversidade e dos serviços ambientais relacionados à floresta em pé (não derrubada). Entretanto, marcos regulatórios adequados devem ser planejados e implementados para atingir o objetivo desejado, e a solução proposta neste trabalho situa-se na convergência das leis internacionais de regulação dos mercados de carbono e das leis de proteção das florestas tropicais nativas

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Hennlock, Magnus. "On strategic incentives and the management of stochastic renewable resources /." Uppsala : Dept. of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/2005124.pdf.

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Law, Matthew Charles. "Willingness to pay for the control of water hyacinth in an urban environment of South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002731.

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Water hyacinth is recognised as one of the most problematic invasive aquatic plant species in Africa. For this reason considerable funds are spent each year on itscontrol. As a consequence of the amount of money being spent on problems such as the invasion of water hyacinth, and because of the recognition of the ongoing and accelerated efforts that are required in the future, recent research has focused on accurately quantifying the costs and benefits of control of invasive species to aid policy decisions.A comprehensive cost-benefit analysis would be able to identify if the funds are justified and are being spent effectively. This thesis provides an example of a cost-benefit analysis of funds spent on the control of water hyacinth in an urban environment in South Africa. In order to develop a comprehensive assessment of the total economic value of the control of water hyacinth to an urban population, the Nahoon River in East London was selected as the study site to calculate the benefits of control. In addition to valuing the direct services provided by the resources that are traded in the market (in this case water provision), a contingent valuation study was undertaken in Abbottsford and Dorchester Heights (two suburbs in East London banking the Nahoon River). These were done in order to assess any non-use value a sample of 132 households of the population has for the control of water hyacinth, and any use values that are not traded in the market, for example recreational value. When the benefits of control of water hyacinth were compared to the costs of one of the least cost effective methods of control (herbicidal control), the benefits outweighed the costs by a ratio of more than 4:1, and for the most cost effective method of control the ratio was almost 6:1. These results provide a justification for the funds that are devoted to the control of water hyacinth, providing an argument for the continued expenditure for its control, and for further research into more cost effective methods of control, such as biological control.

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Barth, Georg [Verfasser], Rainer [Akademischer Betreuer] Marggraf, Holger [Akademischer Betreuer] Kreft, and Jan [Akademischer Betreuer] Barkmann. "Integrating economic costs into global biodiversity conservation priorities: Sensitivity of prioritization to the use of differing cost indicators / Georg Barth. Betreuer: Rainer Marggraf. Gutachter: Rainer Marggraf ; Holger Kreft ; Jan Barkmann." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1085594564/34.

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Tacconi, Luca Economics &amp Management Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "The process of forest conservation in Vanuatu : a study in ecological economics." Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of Economics and Management, 1995. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38725.

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The objective of this thesis is to develop an ecological economic framework for the assessment and establishment of protected areas (PAs) that are aimed at conserving forests and biodiversity. The framework is intended to be both rigorous and relevant to the decision-making process. Constructivism is adopted as the paradigm guiding the research process of the thesis, after firstly examining also positivist philosophy and ???post-normal??? scientific methodology. The tenets of both ecological and environmental economics are then discussed. An expanded model of human behaviour, which includes facets derived from institutional economics and socioeconomics as well as aspects of neoclassical economics, is outlined. The framework is further developed by considering, from a contractarian view point, the implications of intergenerational equity for biodiversity conservation policies. The issues of intragenerational distribution and allocation are then considered. In this regard, cost-benefit analysis (CBA), as applied to the valuation of forests, PAs, and biodiversity, is critically reviewed. A participatory approach to decision-making, which may also include CBA, is then proposed. The resulting ecological economic framework may be thus summarised: (a) ecosystem use patterns should be chosen on the basis of their sustainability, distributional, and efficiency aspects; (b) systems of PAs should be established in order to achieve minimal intergenerational equity; (c) intragenerational equity requires the correction of the asymmetrical distribution of the costs and benefits arising from the establishment of PAs; (d) the institutional features relevant to the environmental-economic issues being analysed should be considered; and (e) the decision-making process should be participatory and action oriented. The framework is applied to two case studies in Vanuatu. These applications detail (a) stakeholders??? views and trade-offs faced in relation to forest management (b) modes of participatory research and decision-making, (c) forms of compensation that may be adopted in correcting asymmetrical distributions of the costs and benefits of PAs, and (d) institutional influences on ecosystems use and implications for conservation projects. The institutional arrangements developed for the establishment of the PAs are presented. The application of this ecological economic framework has resulted in the formal establishment of one PA and the identification and assessment of five other PAs.

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Bas, Adeline. "Analyse de la compensation écologique comme instrument d'internalisation et de lutte contre l'érosion de la biodiversité marine : illustration par l'éolien en mer." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0022/document.

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L’installation des énergies marines renouvelables s’effectue dans le respect des législations environnementales françaises. La séquence Eviter-Réduire-Compenser (ERC) est ainsi appliquée pour aboutir à une non-perte nette de biodiversité. L’objectif de la thèse est de questionner l’efficacité de cette séquence, et plus particulièrement celle de la compensation écologique, en tant qu’instrument d’internalisation et de lutte contre l’érosion de la biodiversité marine. Une approche empirique qualitative a ainsi été mise en oeuvre pour (i) identifier les facteurs écologiques et sociétaux ainsi que leurs caractéristiques théoriques qui doivent permettre à la compensation d’atteindre l’objectif de non-perte nette de biodiversité ; et (ii) contrôler si ces conditions sont vérifiées en pratique dans le cas de l’éolien en mer en Europe et en France. L’analyse met en avant les enjeux juridiques, institutionnels, méthodologiques et sociétaux à relever pour permettre à la compensation écologique d’atteindre son objectif. Sur la base de ce constat, une évaluation multicritères est proposée afin de renforcer les étapes d’évitement et de réduction pour finalement mieux définir les besoins de compensation écologique en mer. L’analyse met par ailleurs en évidence un glissement d’une compensation basée sur une équivalence écologique stricte à une compensation fondée sur une équivalence écologique relâchée. Les actions de compensation tendent à être plus généralistes et/ou davantage dirigées vers les services écosystémiques que sur les composantes des écosystèmes. Associées aux mesures d’accompagnement, elles peuvent contribuer à faciliter l’acceptabilité sociale d’un projet d’aménagement
The installation of marine renewable energies is carried out in compliance with French environmental legislation. The mitigation hierarchy is thus applied to achieve an objective of no net loss of biodiversity. This thesis aims at questioning the effectiveness of the mitigation hierarchy and more specifically biodiversity offsetting as an internalization instrument to halt the erosion of marine biodiversity. We use a qualitative empirical approach to (i) identify the ecological and societal factors as well as their theoretical characteristics that are supposed to enable the offsets achieving the objective of no net loss of biodiversity; and (ii) control whether these conditions are verified in practice for the case of offshore wind farms in Europe and France. The analysis highlights the legal, institutional, methodological and societal issues to be addressed in order to enable biodiversity offsetting to achieve the no net loss priority. On the basis of this observation, a multi-criteria assessment is carried out to reinforce the avoidance and reduction steps of the mitigation hierarchy in order to better define offsetting needs. Ultimately, the analysis shows a shift in biodiversity offsetting based on a strict ecological equivalence to a biodiversity offsetting based on a released ecological equivalence. Offsetting actions tend to be more generalist and / or more directed to ecosystem services than to ecosystem components. Associated with accompanying measures, offsetting actions can help to increase the social acceptability of a development project

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Barranco, Blasco Martín. "Situating adscriptions of value on Nature's Contributions to People : The case of traditional farmers in San Pedro, Paraguay." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-156893.

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This thesis focus on the unidimensional adscriptions of value behind industrial soybeans production in Paraguay. The thesis aims to present non-economic Nature’s Contributions to traditional farmers’ quality of life, the role of farmers’ traditional knowledge to display these contributions and the efficiency of such knowledge regarding high productive demands. From a theoretical framework based on nature’s contributions to people, ecosystem services, knowledge systems and conservation, the thesis formulates the following research questions: 1) What drives the prioritization of a single economic value on nature’s contributions to people in rural Paraguay? 2) What is the value of non-economic nature’s contributions, and what is the role of traditional farmers on displaying these values? The study mostly relies in primary data obtained through semi-structured interviews conducted during fieldwork period in the study area of San Pedro, Eastern Paraguay. The results present a plural assessment on nature’s contributions and the adaptation of small farmers to modern farming techniques. The thesis concludes that a perspective dominated by unidimensional value can be socially motivated within the rush for development in Paraguay, a concept tied to economic growth and modernization. In addition, nature’s contributions displayed by small farmers suggest that community-based conservation could represent a more sustainable approach for the farmers’ needs and the current environmental challenges of the country.

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Torres, Patricia Carignano. "Caça e consumo de carne silvestre na Amazônia Oriental: determinantes e efeitos na percepção do valor da floresta." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41134/tde-19032015-105110/.

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A extração de produtos florestais é uma estratégia de sustento importante para populações que vivem próximas a remanescentes de florestas tropicais. Entre estes produtos, a carne silvestre é fonte importante de proteína e renda monetária. A sobreçaca, no entanto, pode levar à extinção local de espécies, comprometendo a integridade das florestas tropicais e o sustento de populações humanas. Como consequência, pode também levar à diminuição do valor atribuído às florestas pelos moradores, incentivando a sua conversão a outras formas de uso da terra. Sabe-se que fatores econômicos, como renda monetária e riqueza, são determinantes importantes da caça e do consumo de carne silvestre. Porém, tem sido sugerido que o efeito destes indicadores econômicos dependa do contexto ambiental - em especial, a cobertura florestal, associada à disponibilidade de animais para caça e a distância ao centro urbano, associada ao acesso a outras fontes de renda e proteína - e do contexto cultural, em particular, a região de origem dos moradores. No entanto, estudos prévios não consideraram todos estes fatores simultaneamente. Além disso, pouco ainda se sabe sobre qual o valor atribuído às florestas por populações rurais e sua relação com a caça e o consumo de carne silvestre. Através de questionários estruturados aplicados por meio de entrevista à população rural de uma região extensa e heterogênea na Amazônia oriental, esta tese teve como objetivos investigar: (i) o efeito de fatores ambientais em maior escala como determinantes da caça e do consumo de carne silvestre (Capítulo 1); (ii) a importância relativa e as interações entre fatores em escalas distintas - econômicos, culturais e ambientais - na determinação da caça e do consumo de carne silvestre (Capítulo 2) e; (iii) se a caça e o consumo de carne silvestre, bem como o desmatamento, que pode comprometer esse recurso, estão associados à percepção do valor das florestas (Capítulo 3). No Capítulo 1, os resultados indicam que fatores ambientais são determinantes mais importantes da caça do que do consumo de carne silvestre, que é mais frequente que a caça, sugerindo a relevância do compartilhamento e/ou comércio como formas de obtenção de carne silvestre. Enquanto o consumo de carne de silvestre foi um pouco mais frequente em áreas remotas e mais florestadas, a caça foi mais frequente em áreas mais florestadas, mas também em áreas mais próximas a centros urbanos. Assim, os resultados sugerem que é improvável que a pressão de caça diminua com a crescente migração para áreas urbanas que hoje se observa na Amazônia. O Capítulo 2 traz evidências de que o consumo de carne silvestre, e principalmente a caça, dependem não só do contexto ambiental, mas também do cultural, e que os efeitos de indicadores econômicos dependem de fatores ambientais. A caça e o consumo de carne silvestre foram mais frequentes nas famílias de origem na região Amazônica, entre aqueles que dependem mais de atividades de subsistência, e ambos aumentaram com a renda monetária em áreas próximas a centros urbanos e/ou menos florestadas, mas diminuíram com a renda monetária em áreas remotas e/ou florestadas. Isto sugere que o sucesso de intervenções econômicas que visem tanto à redução da pobreza quanto à conservação da biodiversidade depende do contexto ambiental, e é muito mais provável em áreas mais florestadas e remotas. Os resultados do Capítulo 3 indicam que a quantidade de carne silvestre consumida influencia positivamente a percepção do valor utilitário da floresta, enquanto que a quantidade de florestas remanescentes no entorno influencia positivamente a percepção de seu valor intrínseco. Assim, para além de estratégias que visem o bem-estar humano via incentivos econômicos, há oportunidade para iniciativas que considerem outros aspectos do bem-estar associados aos serviços providos pela floresta - sejam recursos como a carne silvestre ou benefícios culturais e estéticos. Ao mesmo tempo, os resultados apontam o potencial de um perigoso ciclo de desvalorização da floresta, em que o desmatamento leva a diminuição da percepção do seu valor, que, por sua vez, pode agravar o desmatamento, indicando a urgência de investimentos em iniciativas de conservação nas paisagens mais alteradas
The extraction of forest products is an important livelihood strategy for human populations living in and around tropical forest remnants. Among these products, bushmeat is an important source of protein and monetary income. However, overhunting can lead to local species extinction, compromising the integrity of tropical forests and the livelihoods of human populations. As a consequence, it can also lead to a decrease in the value local people attribute to forests, further promoting land conversion. It is well known that economic factors, such as monetary income and asset-wealth, are important drivers of bushmeat hunting and consumption. However, it has been suggested that the effect of economic factors depend on the environmental context - especially forest cover, associated with game availability, and distance to urban centers, associated with alternative sources of protein and income - and on the cultural context, particularly the region of origin of residents. Nevertheless, previous studies did not consider all these factors simultaneously. In addition, little is known about the value attributed to forests by rural populations and its association with bushmeat hunting and consumption. Using questionnaire-based interviews with the rural population of a wide heterogeneous region in eastern Amazonia, this thesis aimed at investigating (i) the effects of large-scale environmental factors as drivers of bushmeat hunting and consumption (Chapter 1); (ii) the relative importance and interactions between factors at different scales - economic, cultural and environmental - in driving bushmeat hunting and consumption (Chapter 2) and; (iii) whether bushmeat hunting and consumption, as well as deforestation, which may compromise this resource, are associated with the perception of forest values (Chapter 3). In Chapter 1, the results indicate that environmental factors are more important drivers of hunting than of bushmeat consumption, which is widespread, suggesting significant bushmeat sharing and/ or trading. While bushmeat consumption was slightly more likely in remote and more forested areas, hunting was more likely in more forested areas but also in areas closer to urban centers. These results suggest that hunting pressure is unlikely to decrease with the increasing migration to urban areas nowadays observed in the Amazon. Chapter 2 brings evidences that bushmeat consumption, and especially hunting, depend not only on the environmental context but also on the cultural context, and that the effects of economic variables depend on environmental factors. Bushmeat hunting and consumption were more likely in households with Amazonian origin, with greater reliance on subsistence activities and both increased with monetary income in less remote and/or less forested areas, but decreased with monetary income in more remote and/or more forested areas. This result suggests that the success of economic interventions aiming at both poverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation depend on the environmental context, and is more likely in more forested and remote areas. The results of Chapter 3 indicate that the amount of consumed bushmeat positively influences the perception of forest instrumental value, while forest cover in the surroundings positively influences the perception of forest intrinsic value. These results suggest that, beyond strategies that aim at human well-being through economic incentives, there is opportunity for initiatives that consider other aspects of well-being associated with services provided by forests - whether resources such as bushmeat or cultural and aesthetic benefits. At the same time, the results suggest the potential for a dangerous reinforcing cycle of forest depreciation, in which deforestation erodes perceptions of forest values, which may in turn facilitate further deforestation, indicating the urgent need to invest in conservation initiatives in more altered landscapes

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Luiz, Ricardo Gomes. "Conservação da biodiversidade, cultivo e produção de erva-mate no município de São Mateus do Sul - Paraná." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2955.

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A conservação da biodiversidade é objeto de um acordo internacional promovido pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), a qual registra a redução da diversidade de espécies e ecossistemas em todo o Planeta. O Brasil é signatário da Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica desde 1994. Sua responsabilidade se estende por biomas como a Amazônia, Pantanal, Cerrado, Caatinga, Campos Sulinos e a Mata Atlântica, além das áreas marinhas. Esta dissertação está inserida no contexto da Floresta com Araucária, situada no sul do Brasil. Associada à Mata Atlântica, ali ocorrem árvores pinheiros, imbuias, ipês, canelas e a erva-mate, além de uma variada fauna. Em processo de trocas de áreas de floresta por áreas de cultivo, há necessidade de se criar estratégias para conservar as áreas remanescentes, como é o caso daquelas existentes no município de São Mateus do Sul-PR. As argumentações para embasar este contexto de perda de biodiversidade e das externalidades provêm dos estudos de Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade, os quais desenvolvem conceitos relevantes para estabelecer as relações entre as ações humanas e a manutenção da biodiversidade. O objetivo geral do estudo é analisar os conflitos, as contradições e consensos que interferem na conservação da diversidade biológica e nas formas de cultivo da ervamate produzida no município de São Mateus do Sul-PR. A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa, descritiva e bibliográfica. Os procedimentos metodológicos recorrem à análise da percepção e coleta de dados por meio de observação, entrevistas e depoimentos. Na perspectiva da conservação da biodiversidade da Floresta com Araucária com a qualidade do produto da erva-mate cultivado na região, com base em comportamentos conflituosos e contraditórios, empresas e produtores fizeram associações técnicas e científicas não satisfatórias para as expectativas da dissertação. Porém, existem contribuições e potencialidades de acordos e consensos dos atores e de conceitos dos estudos CTS que permitiram criar diferentes olhares para o pesquisador sobre seu objeto de estudo. Logo, o levantamento e análise de dados foram veículos de abertura para adentrar em ponderações entre sobrevivência e respeito ao meio ambiente. Deste modo, conclui-se que existe continuamente uma construção social dos atores que pode trazer à tona outros conceitos que contrastam com o determinismo e a utopia dos ganhos e perdas.
The conservation of biodiversity is an issue of an international agreement promoted by the United Nations, which records the reduction of diversity of species and ecosystems throughout the planet. Brazil has been a signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity since 1994. Its responsibility extends to biomes such as the Amazon, Pantanal, Cerrado, Caatinga, Campos Sulinos and the Atlantic Forest, in addition to marine areas. This dissertation is inserted in the context of the Araucaria Forest, located in the south of Brazil. Associated with the Atlantic Forest, in this ecosystem there are trees like araucaria-pine, imbuias, ipês, canelas and yerba-mate, besides a varied fauna. In the process of exchanging forest for cultivated areas, it is necessary to create strategies to conserve the remaining areas, as is the case of those existing in the municipality of São Mateus do Sul, in Paraná State. The arguments to support this context of loss of biodiversity and externalities come from the Science, Technology and Society (STS) studies, which develop relevant concepts to establish the relations between human actions and the maintenance of biodiversity. The general objective of the study is to analyze the conflicts, contradictions and consensuses that interfere in the conservation of the biological diversity and in the forms of cultivation of yerba mate produced in the municipality of São Mateus do Sul. The research is qualitative, descriptive and bibliographic. The methodological procedures use the analysis of perception and data collection through observation, interviews and testimonials. In the perspective of the conservation of the biodiversity of the Araucaria Forest with the quality of the yerba-mate cultivated in the region, based on conflicting and contradictory behaviors, companies and producers made technical and scientific associations not satisfactory to the expectations of the dissertation. However, there are contributions and potentialities of agreements and consensus of the actors and concepts of the STS studies that allowed to create different looks for the researcher about his object of study. Therefore, the data collection and analysis were opening fields to enter into considerations between survival and respect for the environment. In this way, it is concluded that there is a continuous social construction of actors that can bring to light other concepts that contrast with the determinism and utopia of gains and losses.

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Ring, Irene. "Economic Instruments for Conservation Policies in Federal Systems." Doctoral thesis, 2010. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A11243.

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This habilitation thesis consists of seven published journal articles and one published book chapter. Part I, consisting of chapter 1, introduces the overarching theme of environmental policy instruments and discusses the current use of and prospects for economic instruments in conservation policies. A number of research gaps are identified which are addressed in the subsequent chapters. Part II, consisting of chapters 2–5, encompasses four papers focused on a single type of policy instrument: intergovernmental fiscal transfers. Although well documented in public finance literature, intergovernmental fiscal transfers remain a somewhat neglected instrument in environmental policy. Despite being well suited to address the spillover benefits that often accrue with conservation policies, there is scant research literature on ecological fiscal transfers compared to other economic instruments such as environmental taxes or tradable permits. In fact, very few countries make practical use of them to achieve conservation objectives. Thus intergovernmental fiscal transfers are an innovative instrument in conservation policies in particular, so that advances in both theory and applied research may prove especially beneficial here. Part III, consisting of chapters 6–9, combines a number of articles in integrative biodiversity research and applied biodiversity governance, themes that are often neglected in the economic analysis of environmental policy instruments. However, when implementing policy instruments in societal settings, interdisciplinary research bridging the natural and social sciences is as much a prerequisite as policy-relevant research that responds to the needs of decision makers and other stakeholders. Both policy design and policy evaluation yield the best outcomes when they involve ecologists, economists, legal and other social scientists, as this ensures that consideration is given to ecological effectiveness, economic efficiency, administrative feasibility, social acceptance, and perception by stakeholders. Policy-relevant research also responds to current societal developments and prospective changes in legislation which may provide windows of opportunity to propose new instruments. Meanwhile, sound empirical research and case study design are indispensable in making concrete policy recommendations, taking into account existing formal and informal institutions.

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Hartig, Florian. "Metapopulations, Markets and the Individual: Refining incentive-based approaches for biodiversity conservation on private lands." Doctoral thesis, 2010. https://repositorium.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-2010012932.

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When designing financial incentives for voluntary conservation of threatened habitats and ecosystems, we are faced with the problem that there is no single indicator for "biodiversity value". The value of a habitat depends on multiple factors such as habitat type, area, and spatial and temporal connectivity. Moreover, not only are there local trade-offs between these indicators, but land use changes at one location may also change the value of sites in the vicinity. This doctoral thesis analyzes the consequences of including trade-offs and interactions between sites in market-based conservation schemes. We ask the following questions: How can trade-offs between the survival of different species be quantified? How can spatial processes and temporal processes be included in market-based conservation, in particular the value of spatial and temporal connectivity? And how do underlying economic dynamics relate to the spatio-temporal allocation of conservation measures in market-based conservation schemes?

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"The biosphere as an instrument of sustainable tourism and community development." Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2522.

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Mumbunan, Sonny. "Ecological Fiscal Transfers in Indonesia." 2010. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A11197.

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Environmental positive externalities from public provision, such as the benefits yielded from the public measure of nature conservation, are often not internalized. Potential sub-optimal public service provision can be expected from such a condition, leading to inefficiency, if the benefits at a greater territorial scale are not acknowledged. This holds particularly true for intergovernmental fiscal relations in a decentralizing multi-tiered governmental system. Moreover, in developing countries the fiscal capacities to perform measures of ecological public functions are limited with their fiscal needs for these functions often appearing to outweigh their fiscal capacities. Research at the interface of the economic theory of fiscal federalism, the sustainability concept, and policies related to conservation and the environment is relatively new. Furthermore, in the literature on environmental federalism the emphasis tends to be comparatively less on the benefits of positive environmental externalities. The essential contribution of this study is an extension of this research field that is still in its infancy by applying the specific case of Indonesia as the context, on account of this tropical country‟s ecological significance as well as its recent developments during the fiscal decentralization process. The overall aim of this study is to assess the possibilities of ecological fiscal transfers as a set of instruments in the public sector to internalize environmental externalities. To this end, the study traces the development as well as the current state of intergovernmental fiscal transfers in Indonesia in terms of ecological purposes. On the basis of this knowledge, the study offers new policy perspectives by proposing a number of policy options for ecological fiscal transfers in the context of the functioning fiscal transfer system and institutions between the national and the subnational (province and local) governments as well as among jurisdictions at the same governmental level. The incorporation of an explicit ecological indicator into general-purpose transfers is the first option. The second option is derived from a revenue-sharing arrangement. In this arrangement, two sub-options are proposed: first, shared revenues from taxes are distributed on the basis of the ecological indicator and, second, shared revenues from natural resources are earmarked for environmental purposes. Finally, the third option suggests an extension of existing specific-purpose transfers for the environment. The potential and limitations of the respective options are addressed. Additionally, a short treatment is given to the discourse on the possible mobilization of fiscal resources in the context of tropical deforestation and global climate change. The research concentrates mainly on the first option, namely the incorporation of an ecological indicator into the structure of general-purpose transfer allocation. In order to substantiate an explicit ecological dimension in the transfer, it extends the present area-based approach by introducing a protected area indicator while maintaining the remaining socio-economic indicators in the fiscal need calculation. The parameter values of area-related indicators are adjusted and subject to the properties of the existing formula. The simulation at the provincial level yields the following results. First, more provinces lose rather than gain from the introduced ecological fiscal transfer when compared to the fiscal transfer that they received in the reference fiscal year. Second, on average the winning provinces obtain a higher level of transfer from the introduction of an ecological indicator in the fiscal need calculation. The extent of the average decreases for the losing provinces, however, it is lower compared to the extent of the average gain by their winning counterparts. In terms of spatial configurations of the general-purpose transfer with an ecological indicator, provinces in Papua would benefit most from the new fiscal regime whereas provinces in Java and Sulawesi, with a few exceptions, would suffer a transfer reduction. Kalimantan and Sumatera show a mixed pattern of winning and losing provinces. The analysis on the equalization effects of the general-purpose transfers makes the following important contributions. It suggests that, first, the transfers are equalizing and, second, the introduction of the protected area indicator into the structure of these transfers plays a significant role in the equalizing effect, particularly in the presence of provinces with a very high fiscal capacity and when the area variable is also controlled. All of these new insights are imperative in the design of fiscal policy which intends to integrate explicit ecological aspects into the instruments of intergovernmental fiscal transfers. Since a formula-based fiscal transfer distribution is intrinsically zero-sum, the aforementioned configuration of winning and losing jurisdictions is conceivable. Among other future perspectives, it is the task of further research to explore ecological fiscal transfer instruments and associated measures that on the one hand seek to induce the losing provinces to join their winning counterparts and, on the other hand, are still subject to the requirements of the rational fiscal transfer mechanism.

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Fannin, Timothy Gower Donovan. "Tourists' willingness-to-pay for biodiversity conservation accreditation." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5308.

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Imperfect information on aspects of biodiversity conservation will constrain the extent to which tourists’ preferences for biodiversity conservation are revealed in game reserve (GR) tariffs, reducing the incentive for tourism businesses to invest in biodiversity conservation. Accreditation is an institutional approach to addressing the issue of imperfect information on biodiversity conservation. In this study, Choice Experiments (CE) and the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) are used to estimate tourist’s willingness-to-pay (WTP) to visit biodiversity conservation accredited terrestrial nature-based tourism (NBT) destinations in selected areas of South Africa (SA). A survey of 97 domestic tourists and 96 foreign tourists was conducted at 16 private and public GR camps in north-eastern KwaZulu-Natal (NEKZN) and Mpumalanga/Limpopo Provinces (MP/LP) during October and November 2004. The survey captured socio-economic data to be used in discriminating between market segments, eighteen hypothetical CE questions and a CVM question. Analyses comparing the preferences of domestic tourists from foreign tourists, tourists visiting NEKZN from tourists visiting MP/LP and tourists visiting private GRs from tourists visiting public GRs were performed. In addition, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) was used to identify groups of tourists with similar preferences. Respondents are grouped into three market segments according to their revealed preferences using HCA. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) was used to discriminate the three groups based on socio-economic characteristics. These groups were named “Conservation Vacationers”, “Incidental Sightseers” and “Big 5 Brigade” based on socioeconomic characteristics unique to each group. The region (NEKZN or MP/LP), level of education and itinerary (independent travellers or part of tour group) were the most powerful in discriminating “Big 5 Brigade” from the other two groups in the first function. The second function primarily discriminates Conservation Vacationers from Incidental Sightseers based on membership to a wildlife society, gender and education. Results of the CE and CVM studies respectively, indicate that, overall, respondents were willing to pay premiums of R114.41 and R87.67 per person per night (all premiums are presented as per person per night, unless otherwise stated) to stay at a GR accredited with having a high standard of biodiversity conservation. Foreign tourists were, on average, willing to pay the highest premium of R136.35 for biodiversity conservation accreditation, while tourists visiting private GRs were, on average, willing to pay the lowest premium of R 96.42. A further three market segments were identified using HCA. The average WTP estimates for biodiversity conservation accreditation for Groups 1(Conservation Vacationer), 2(Incidental Sightseer) and 3(Big 5 Brigade), identified by HCA were R171.41, R66.15 and R14.94, respectively. On average, respondents in all groups, game-viewing quality was most highly valued, followed by the level of congestion. Results of this study may be useful to NBT operators and managers in developing marketing strategies targeting specific market segments. Analysis of the results by market segments indicates that CE may be a more reliable technique than CVM. Further research on the costs and benefits of biodiversity conservation accreditation is necessary to predict the extent to which NBT businesses are likely to adopt biodiversity conservation accreditation.
Thesis (M.Agric.Man.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.

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Barth, Georg. "Integrating economic costs into global biodiversity conservation priorities: Sensitivity of prioritization to the use of differing cost indicators." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0028-86DF-8.

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Makindi, Stanley Maingi. "Communities' perceptions and assessment of biodiversity conservation strategies : the case of protected areas in Kenya." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/1599.

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Protected areas in Kenya constitute 7% of the total land area with over 75% of wildlife in the country being found on private or communal land. Wi th one of the highest population growth rates in the world and facing a range of developmen t issues with limited resources, one of the greatest challenges in Kenya is reconciling and sus taining economic development with biodiversity conservation and sharing the costs and benefits of conservation between individuals, state and the general community. The study was info rmed by the relevant literature and the researcher’s fieldwork which was conducted in 2008 in three categories of protected areas under different governance types and primary management o bjectives in Kenya (Lake Nakuru National Park – government managed, Kimana Community Wildlif e Sanctuary – communally managed, and Kedong Game Ranch – privately managed). The res earch examined the general issues of how local communities in Kenya have embraced differ ent biodiversity conservation strategies. A major emphasis was on identifying those factors inf luencing their attitudes towards conservation approaches and their participation in conservation management institutions. At issue was whether support for a particular conservation strat egy is primarily a function of communities’ experiences with biodiversity decline or their rela tionship with the conservation authorities. The research employed both qualitative and quantitative techniques in gathering the data. A total of 270 community respondents and 45 staff respondents were interviewed. Several demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the local peo ple that include age, gender, educational level and location, amongst others, were found to signifi cantly influence the attitudes of the local people towards the protected areas conservation act ivities. The direction of the influences (whether positive or negative) depended on the mana gement category of the particular protected area. The general findings of the study suggest tha t although local people appreciate the crucial value of biodiversity and the role of protected are as in conserving it, there is some evidence of resentment towards some management activities of th e protected area regulators. Negative attitudes were attributed to perceived problems of living next to the protected areas such as lack of involvement of the local people in the managemen t of the protected areas, restrictive access to and use of resources from the protected areas, hara ssment by the conservation enforcing agents, conflicts with wildlife and lack of compensation fo r damages and losses incurred. Widespread support for the management activities was associate d with perceived benefits to the local populations such as support for educational program mes, social amenities, employment and business opportunities. It is clear from this study that different rationales of conserving biodiversity need to address the issue of protected area management in the context of sustainable development through a combination of conservation s trategies.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.

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De, Koning Maria Adriana Imelda. "Analysis of a model designed for land restitution in protected areas in South Africa." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/4042.

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This thesis investigates the design of a model, methods and guidelines that may assist government agencies in South Africa to find a balance between the objective of biodiversity conservation and increased local economic development in cases of land restitution in protected areas. The data collection that was needed for this study took place from 2007 to 2009 and was limited to seven priority protected areas in Mpumalanga Province. The general model design was established via an extensive literature review and analysis of the legal background and formed the theoretical concept of this thesis. The general model design was used to devise the guidelines for co-management to be used by government agencies in South Africa for the possible implementation of the biodiversity conservation and local economic development mandates in cases of land restitution in protected areas, within their financial and institutional limitations. From the results, it is clear that a consolidated government position, agreed upon by all relevant government stakeholders, assists in keeping the land restitution process in protected areas within the legal framework. Through the analysis of the model design in the seven priority protected areas it was identified that additional information is needed to reach the preferred land claim settlement option per protected area such as the actual tourism record, a socio-economic assessment of the environment in which each protected area is embedded, and financial figures to make projections on current and future net profit calculations. Government should support all the land claim settlement options, as elaborated in the model design, which is not the case at the moment, and most alternative options, other than co-management, are currently still unclear and/or not feasible. This might have serious negative implications for the conservation agency, with the risk of compromising its mandate to manage areas of high biodiversity effectively. The methods that were developed to workshop the generic agreement frameworks with the land claimant representatives proved to assist in the land claimants making an informed choice within the legal framework and to tailor the land claim settlement option and agreements to their specific situation.
Development Studies
Ph. D. (Development Studies)

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Bloor, Marcus Daniel. "Review of current vegetation monitoring on privately protected land under ongoing economic use (grazing) : a thesis submitted to the University of Canterbury in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Science (Environmental Science) /." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3681.

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Sekamane, Thabang. "An exploration of the impacts of socio-economic activities on the loss of biodiversity in the Maseru and Berea districts of Lesotho." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18652.

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Text in English
Biodiversity is a fundamental characteristic of life on Earth and encompasses the whole range of variation in living organisms. Lesotho has been subjected to tremendous biodiversity change over the last two centuries, primarily due to socio-economic activities. A number of socio-economic factors have contributed to the loss of biodiversity. However, worldwide experience has shown that, the consequences emanating from loss of biodiversity are sometimes irreversible as some species are threatened by extinction. The study aimed at exploring the impacts of socio-economic activities that result in loss of large game animals, predators and indigenous plants species in Lesotho. To serve this objective, both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies were used to collect data. Quantitative research method was used in pre-post tests whilst qualitative research method was used in interviews and focus group discussions to collect data. The finding and results of the study show that, impacts of human vectors such as immigration, migration, settlement, economic and recreation activities in Lesotho have the impacts to the loss of large game animals, predators and indigenous plants. It is imperative therefore, for Lesotho to find ways to establish more parks and botanic gardens that could offer opportunities for re-introduction of species in Lesotho, thus, adding value to the existing parks.
Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

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Tai, Hsing-Sheng [Verfasser]. "On sustainable use of renewable resources in protected areas as an instrument of biodiversity conservation : a bioeconomic analysis / vorgelegt von Hsing-Sheng Tai." 2002. http://d-nb.info/964955466/34.

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Santarém, Frederico da Costa. "Ecotourism development for biodiversity conservation and local economic development in remote regions: a multi-scale approach in the Sahara-Sahel." Tese, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/133444.

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Santarém, Frederico da Costa. "Ecotourism development for biodiversity conservation and local economic development in remote regions: a multi-scale approach in the Sahara-Sahel." Doctoral thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/133444.

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42

Vogt, Nora. "Trust and Reciprocity in the Market-Based Provision of Public Goods. Experimental Evidence and Applications to Conservation Tenders." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-609C-7.

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Zahlungen für Ökosystemdienstleistungen (Payments for Ecosystem Services – PES) und auktionsbasierte Vergabeverfahren sind ein wichtiges und innovatives Instrument im Kampf gegen den fortwährenden Verlust von biologischer Vielfalt. Basierend auf einem Vertrag zwischen einem Leistungserbringer und einem öffentlichen oder privaten Leistungsempfänger, der die Naturschutzleistung entlohnt, können bestimmte Vorgaben der Landschaftspflege oder der agrarwirtschaftlichen Bearbeitung verbindlich festgelegt werden. Die Vorteile von PES liegen in dem direkten monetären Anreiz zur Bereitstellung von Naturschutzleistungen und zudem in der Möglichkeit, ein Niveau an Umweltschutz und –qualität jenseits des von der Umweltgesetzgebung sichergestellten Mindestniveaus zu implementieren. Der Nachteil liegt in der hohen Informationsasymmetrie in der Vertragsbeziehung, welche einerseits dem Umweltgut als Vertragsgegenstand und andererseits der Natur ökonomischen Handelns geschuldet ist. Thema dieser Dissertation ist die Analyse der interdependenten Beziehung von Kompetitivität und Vertragserfüllung und das Aufzeigen der Relevanz von Vertrauen und Reziprozität in Verträgen über Umweltgüter. Auf diese Weise leistet sie einen Beitrag zu der umfangreichen und multidisziplinären Literatur über Zahlungen für Ökosystemdienstleistungen und Naturschutzauktionen. Während der vergangenen 25 Jahre habe Praktiker und Wissenschaftler unser Verständnis der Funktionsweise von Ausschreibungen zur Allokation von Zahlungen für Ökosystemdienstleistungen konstant verbessert und erweitert. Ein Großteil der Forschungsaktivität war jedoch auf die Auktionsmetrik und das Bieterverhalten gerichtet, wohingegen die resultierende Vertragsbeziehung zwischen Programmverwaltern (den Käufern) und Landbesitzern (den Ausführenden) weitgehend unbeachtet blieb. Wie in dieser Dissertation bewiesen wird, ist jedoch genau diese Beziehung der Schlüssel für ein erfolgreiches marktbasiertes Naturschutzprogramm. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird in drei Artikeln argumentiert, dass Vertrauen und Reziprozität für die Überwindung von asymmetrischer Information in kompetitiv alloziierten PES-Verträgen von herausragender Bedeutung sind. Anhand eines für diese Arbeit entwickelten, zweistufigen experimentellen Testszenarios wird der Entscheidungsprozess in der inversen Auktion und in der anschließenden Vertragserfüllung in der kontrollierten Laborumgebung simuliert. In einem ersten Experiment kann auf Basis dieses Untersuchungsdesigns gezeigt werden, dass die Informations- und Anreizkonstellation in Naturschutzauktionen ein erhöhtes Risiko für vorvertragliche adverse Selektion, opportunistisches Verhalten bei Vertragserfüllung und somit suboptimale Ergebnisse birgt. Das Marktversagen kann jedoch durch eine vertrauensstiftende Institution, wie zum Beispiel Kommunikation zwischen Käufern und Verkäufern, verhindert werden. Persönliche Interaktion veranlasst Marktteilnehmer ihr individuell-rationales Verhalten zugunsten einer sozial-verträglicheren Verhaltensweise zu ändern. Dabei entsteht ein erhebliches Potential für die Bilateralisierung der Vertragsbeziehungen. Ein zweites Experiment verdeutlicht jedoch, wie wichtig vertrauensbasierte Vertragsbeziehungen insbesondere in Bereitstellungsumgebungen sind, die stark von externen, stochastischen Einflüssen verzerrt werden können. Ohne das nötige Vertrauen bricht die Kooperation in einem derartigen Szenario fast vollständig zusammen. Schließlich lässt der systematische Vergleich der Ergebnisse aus beiden Experimenten in einem dritten Aufsatz keinen Zweifel daran, dass stabile Langzeitvertragsbeziehungen in auktionsbasierten Vertragsnaturschutzprogrammen gefördert und nicht verhindert werden sollten. Langzeitverträge sind randomisierten Kurzzeitverträgen aus der Perspektive des Naturschutzes aber auch hinsichtlich der Kosteneffektivität überlegen. Daher liegt eine wesentliche Herausforderung für Programmentwickler darin, einerseits die Bildung von ausreichend Sozialkapital zu ermöglichen und andererseits faire Markt- und Vergabestrukturen zu erhalten.

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43

Ndou, Avhatakali Christopher. "An investigation into the socio-economic factors and community perception in the direction of the conservation and management of the wetland : a case study of Thohoyandou Block F." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/38.

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44

Lembani, Reuben Lungu. "Greening Soweto : calculating above-ground tree biomass, stored carbon and net economic value." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/19343.

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A research report submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master in Environmental Science Johannesburg, 2015
Quantifying ecosystem services of urban forests has become an important subject for the national and international ecological economics agenda. This is in the wake of offsetting anthropogenic emissions of CO2, while promoting urban habitability and sustainability. This study estimates above-ground tree biomass, carbon stored and the associated economic value and net economic value of carbon sequestrated by the tree planting project in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. Measurements of diameter at breast height (1.3 m) and tree height were done on all the individual trees that were recently planted (estimated to be about seven years) and other trees estimated to be over 25 years old in Petrus Molefe Park and Thokoza Park. A general allometric equation by Tietema (1993) was used to estimate above-ground biomass which was converted to carbon stocks. The economic value of carbon sequestrated was calculated at an equivalent price of R440.40 per tonne of carbon. The total above-ground biomass, carbon stored and economic value, and net economic value of the trees in Petrus Molefe Park was 7.45 tonnes, 3.35 tonnes, R1,475 and R-495,325, while the trees in Thokoza Park had 205.76 tonnes, 92.59 tonnes, R40,777 and R-312,023, respectively. The results indicated that the older trees in Thokoza Park had larger amounts of above-ground tree biomass, greater carbon storage and net economic value than the younger trees in Petrus Molefe Park. The economic values of carbon sequestrated were less than the cost of planting the trees, therefore the net economic value of carbon sequestrated were negative. The project is at an early, but promising stage, since the Greening Soweto Project provided a number of ecosystem services (i.e. beautifying the landscape, filtering air, recreation and amenity etc.), the performance of the project was evaluated by the extent to which it integrates the environmental and social benefits into the economic benefits and opportunities. Key words: Above-ground biomass, allometric equation, carbon stored, diameter at breast height, net economic value.

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Naidoo, Santhuri Santhakumari. "Evaluating the impact of environmental governance on biodiversity management in South African cities." Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23267.

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South Africa is recognised as one of the megadiverse nations of the world. In recent years, the South African Government has prioritised human needs, without adequately safeguarding the country’s natural resources. Biodiversity is the living fabric of our planet, responsible for human health, well-being and ultimately, the preservation of the environment. It is the Government’s responsibility to ensure that processes and policy frameworks recognise the significance of biodiversity and its role in ensuring a sustainable future for the country while at the same time ensuring essential services delivery to its people. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of environmental governance on biodiversity management at the local government level in South Africa. The study was conducted in three Metropolitan Municipalities in South Africa. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire from officials of these municipalities. Variables that were assessed include capacity assessment, intergovernmental relations, budget and biodiversity management. Interviews were conducted with the Heads of the environmental departments of the municipalities. A review of the defining national and international environmental law was conducted to evaluate the transformation, challenges and successes of biodiversity mangement at the local government level in South Africa. The results of this study highlight the challenges faced by local governments in implementing biodiversity management such as capacity constraints, lack of resources and the absence of a biodiversity mandate at the local government sphere. Integrating biodiversity management at the local level will only be possible through more robust policy development, stronger cooperation and communication among the different levels of government, as well as enhanced capacity (skills) and resource provision in the municipalities.
Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

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Foot, Shelley. "The place of community values within community-based conservation : the case of Driftsands Nature Reserve, Cape Town." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/11914.

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The most contemporary approach to biodiversity conservation within South Africa is that of community-based initiatives, which seek to combine biodiversity conservation with socioeconomic development. As a challenge to the Western, science laden approaches to conservation there is an increasing need for community initiatives to reflect the values of local communities. Values of local communities and the management body, CapeNature, with regards to Driftsands Nature Reserve, Cape Town, were captured and analytically coded through the qualitative methods of interviewing and participant observation in order to develop a grounded theory and model. A discussion of the expressed values suggests that community-based conservation initiatives are doing little to include community values even though there is a large degree of agreement between these and corporate values. As such, it is questioned whether community-based conservation can be practised within an organisation which, due to procedures and protocols, is top-down in its approach.
Geography
M. Sc. (Geography)

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Wolf, Jason. "Damming the Mekong: the social, economic and environmental consequences of the Nam Theun 2 Hydroelectric Project." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/4404.

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More than a decade after the World Bank was forced out of the dam-building industry due to the social and environmental consequences of the projects they helped to finance, World Bank support for the development of the Nam Theun 2 (NT2) Hydroelectric Project, located atop the bio-diverse Nakai Plateau in central Laos, signals the re-emergence of the Bank’s involvement in large-scale dam construction initiatives. The NT2 project is the Bank’s response to its international critics. The project is a ‘test case’ for a new model of hydropower development that seeks to counteract any negative consequences to the surrounding environment and populations through the enactment of a new set of environmental and social safeguards that the Bank had spent over a decade developing. As the optimal consequence, if NT2 achieves the goal of safeguarding the bio-diverse environment of the Nakai region through the creation and implementation of long-term ‘socially and environmentally sustainable’ livelihood activities capable of raising the living standards and income levels of Nakai villagers beyond the national poverty line, then the NT2 model of development will be validated and its use in other World Bank supported hydroelectric initiatives all but assured. The alternative result is that the new safeguard mechanisms fail to achieve these goals, significantly contributing to the destabilization of one of the of the most environmentally and culturally unique regions in the world. This thesis analyzes the effectiveness of NT2 social and environmental safeguards in order to determine to what extent this new model of development is achieving the objectives it set prior to construction. Using a range of data, it analyzes outcomes produced from the core safeguards program of the project: the resettlement livelihoods’ programmes. Analysis of villagers’ livelihoods after resettlement clearly indicates that the NT2 model was never able to overcome challenges posed by reduced access to forest and agricultural lands for re-establishing villagers’ core land-based livelihood activities. As a result, many villagers have abandoned the livelihoods programmes at resettlement villages across the Plateau. In the short term, these villagers have, nevertheless, significantly increased their incomes through intensified commercial fishing and export-oriented rare timber and endangered wildlife extraction activities. The problem for NT2 developers such as the World Bank is that this form of economic activity is neither socially nor environmentally sustainable, placing the regional environment, local populations and the NT2 project in jeopardy.
Graduate

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48

Oliveira, Miguel Tiago Cantiga Lopes de. "The role of artificial reefs to promote biodiversity and sustainability of the ecotourism in Cape Verde: ecological, biological and management aspects." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.1/8996.

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Tese de doutoramento, Ciências do Mar, da Terra e do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2016
This multidisciplinary study aimed to assess the impact of artificial reefs (ARs) deployment off Santa Maria (Sal Island), to promote biodiversity and sustainability of the ecotourism in Cape Verde.

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Njiru, Lincoln Mwaniki. "Understanding the effects of a protected area on livelihoods of a neighbouring local community : a case study of Mokolodi Nature Reserve, Botswana." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/1019.

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Establishment of protected areas continues to be recognized in many parts of the world as one of the most appropriate strategies of conserving biodiversity. As a result, their numbers have continued to increase globally with significant support coming from many national governments and international agencies. Some cases of earlier establishments of protected areas had negative effects on local communities especially where there was displacement and relocation of people, and loss of access to various natural resources important for livelihoods sustenance. In other cases however, protected areas brought positive effects to local communities such as creation of employment opportunities, contribution towards community development and giving the local people the opportunity to actively participate in natural resources management. All these effects have influenced livelihoods of many local communities in several ways. This study focuses on the effects of Mokolodi Nature Reserve on a neighbouring community from the angle of a community that traditionally did not have exclusive access and use of the land that is now the reserve, nor have a claim against it. Effects of the changes that have occurred on the livelihoods of the local people since the establishment of the reserve are looked at, as well as the attitudes and perceptions that people have towards the reserve. Relationships between the reserve management and the local people that have brought changes in the lives of the local people form a key component of this study. Further, ways in which the local people are involved in natural resource management in the area are explored, as well as the reserve‟s contribution towards enhancing better and sustainable livelihoods of the local people The study adopts a qualitative approach, with information being collected by use of structured questionnaires and key informant interviews. The majority of respondents were members of the local community. A few key informants were from outside the community but had associations with the area of study. Data was analyzed and presented in the form of descriptions, tables and graphs. Findings show that the reserve has brought changes, some of which have benefited the local community such as provision of job opportunities and creation of environmental awareness among the people. However, according to some respondents, especially the older, such benefits are minimal and only go to a few people. Such respondents hence consider the reserve to be of little or no benefit to the community. Attitudes and perceptions towards the reserve vary amongst respondents, with younger respondents appearing to have more positive attitudes and perceptions towards the reserve. Indications are that the relationship between the reserve management and the local community is not very well developed. The older respondents however appear to be keen on having good relationships with the reserve management established, as opposed to many of the younger respondents whose main concern is employment. Lack of community conservation initiatives in the area is considered a drawback towards increased people‟s participation in resource management in the area. Despite the varied opinions in terms of benefits and non-benefits, the reserve would still be considered to have played an important role in improving the livelihoods of the local people. Indications that some people have an interest in getting involved in various reserve-related activities, is a good opportunity for developing good relationships. This could also possibly change the negative attitudes and perception some people have towards the reserve. With continued interactions and learning of lessons from the past, there are opportunities for the reserve management and the local people to work together and hence find a balance between conservation priorities and local livelihoods. This would also work towards achieving one of the initial goals of the establishment of the reserve, of improving the standards of living of people in the local community.
Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.

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Musetsho, Khangwelo Desmond. "Development of a sustainable land and ecosystem services decision support framework for the Mphaphuli Traditional Authority, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27703.

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This study aimed to investigate the spatial extent of Land-Use Land-Cover (LULC) change and the implications for ecosystem services in order to develop a sustainable land-use management framework for traditional authorities in South Africa. Effectively, this study undertook an insightful examination of the impacts that arise from policy decisions and practices, which unfortunately were found to be ineffective. The methodologies and approaches used in this study included both quantitative and qualitative techniques. The critical quantitative method employed in this research was the use of survey questionnaires to collect primary data. Qualitative approaches, such as one-on-one and key informant interviews, were used to triangulate the findings. Remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) methods were used to investigate changes in LULC from 1990 to 2018 through the use of data obtained from the South African National Land-Cover project. Stochastic models were used to predict future LULC changes from 2018 to 2050. The Co$ting Nature Policy Support System was used to identify and undertake economic valuation of services provided by ecosystems. Statistical analysis using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences was used to identify correlations and the reliability of the data, while graphs and tables were generated to identify patterns and lessons from the research. Between 1990 and 2018, significant changes in land cover were noticed for thickets and dense bush, woodlands, waterbodies, subsistence agriculture, and built-up areas. Woodlands changed by over 1 000 hectares (ha) per year, while thickets decreased by over 900 ha per year. Drivers of these changes include deforestation, among others. Future predictions for LULC revealed that between 2018 and 2050, almost 500 ha of woodlands would be lost to built-up areas. The aggregate value of the services flowing from ecosystems was found to be R9 509 044 608.00. A significant issue was that 90% of the traditional leaders interviewed could not positively respond to whether they knew the extent of the land they presided over, which raised questions regarding the effectiveness of their management systems. Recommendations were made in this study to address the limitations identified in the land-use management practices by adapting elements of the main theoretical frameworks, namely the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services framework; the Drivers, Pressures, States, Impacts and Responses framework; the sustainability theory; and the hierarchy of plans, into a new framework designed specifically for traditional leaders, titled the “Traditional leaders land-use decision support framework”.
Environmental Sciences
D. Phil. (Environmental Management)

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Economic Instrument for Biodiversity Conservation'

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