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Published: 25 July 2024

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1

Marsot, Afaf Lutfi Al-Sayyid, and Robert L. Tignor. "State, Private Enterprise, and Economic Change in Egypt, 1918-1952." American Historical Review 90, no. 1 (February 1985): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1860873.

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2

Clay, Christopher, and Robert L. Tignor. "State, Private Enterprise, and Economic Change in Egypt, 1918-1952." Economic History Review 38, no. 3 (August 1985): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597034.

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3

Daly, M. W., and Robert L. Tignor. "State, Private Enterprise, and Economic Change in Egypt, 1918-1952." International Journal of African Historical Studies 19, no. 4 (1986): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/219148.

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4

SLUGLETT, PETER. "SAMIR SAUL, La France et L'Egypte de 1882 à 1914: Intérêts économiques et implications politiques, Comité pour l'histoire économique et financière de la France (Paris: Ministère de l'Économie, des Finances et de l'Industrie, 1997). Pp. 787. Fr 249 paper." International Journal of Middle East Studies 33, no. 2 (May 2001): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743801252064.

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This is an exhaustive study of French economic interests in Egypt, the development of a particular type of capitalism in Egypt, and Franco-British relations in Egypt between the British Occupation in 1882 and World War I. It is based on an extraordinarily wide range of sources from Belgium, Britain, Egypt, and France, including British, Egyptian, and French diplomatic documents and material from a variety of banks and business enterprises, such as the Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas, Crédit Lyonnais, La Compagnie du Canal de Suez, and La Société Générale. The book was published in 1997, but—and this is the only negative remark I shall make—it is a matter of some regret that (apart from some of the author's own more recent papers) its very wide-ranging bibliography stops somewhere around the end of the 1980s, possibly because the doctorat d'État, of which this book is “une version réduite” (p. xi) was defended in 1991. There is a warmly appreciative preface by Saul's maître, Jacques Thobie, author of Intérêts et impérialisme français dans l'Empire ottoman (1895–1914), and Saul expresses his own debt to Thobie and other French historians of overseas investments in Morocco, Russia, and Germany in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (Allain, Girault, Guillen, Poidevin).

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5

Gvaryahu, Amit. "A Hebrew Letter on Papyrus and Its Contexts: Oxford MS Heb.d.69(P)." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 65, no. 5-6 (September 1, 2022): 675–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341579.

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Abstract This article is a new reading of a Hebrew letter, Oxford MS Heb.d.69(P), written on papyrus and dated tentatively by scholars to the 6th century. The article begins with a new edition of the letter, first published in 1903, its first translation into English, a discussion of its language and epistolary conventions, including layout, script, and formulary. In the letter, written by the scribe Isi, the lender Lazar describes to Jacob the borrower the history of their contract, and the former’s attempts to collect, and demands payment. I discuss the currency mentioned in this description, the terms of the loan, and the rate of interest it reflects. The article ends with a discussion of the broader usefulness of this letter for the economic and social history of Jewish provincials in Byzantine Egypt.

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6

Krikh, Sergey B. "The History of Ideology: Yu.P. Frantzev on Ancient Eastern Philosophical Thought." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 8 (2022): 184–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2022-8-184-194.

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The author of the article focuses on the analysis of an unpublished chapter for a collective work on the history of philosophy, written by Yu.P. Frantzev (1903–1969) in 1951 and dedicated to the formation of ancient Eastern ideologies. The author of this unpublished text began his scholar career as an Egyptologist and researcher of early religions; he was a student of the Orientalist V.V. Struve, whose works played an important role in the genesis of Soviet ideas about the sequence of socio-economic formations in world history. After WWII Frantsev almost completely departed from historical studies, and the unpublished chapter can be considered his farewell to the topics of early career. Frantsev constructed a text that maximally consistently pursued the idea of the opposition of idealism and materialism in the philosophy of ancient Egypt, Babylonia, India and China. The fate of the author, the peculiarities of the construction of the text, analyzed through the context of the development of Soviet humanitarian thought by the end of Stalin's time, allow us to see how the Soviet historical narrative came to the clearest and most logical vision of ideology as a tool for analyzing social thought within its own frame of reference. The benefit for the modern appeal to this plot is that reaching this point of narrative unification was identified as a dead end – mostly intuitively, in the case of Frantzev, possibly intellectually.

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7

Roessel, David, and Eva Leaverton. "A Sapphic Ode by Thornton Wilder: A Previously Unpublished Playlet." Thornton Wilder Journal 4, no. 1 (June 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/thorntonwilderj.4.1.0001.

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Abstract The manuscript of A Sapphic Ode exists in the Thornton Wilder Papers at the Beinecke Library at Yale University and is published here for the first time. This article contends that the playlet is a response to the discovery of papyrus fragments of Sappho at Oxyrhynchus, Egypt, in 1914. The playlet is of interest for two reasons. It shows Wilder engaging with a recent archaeological discovery, and how archaeology can be a part of literary history. It also shows a young Wilder creating a comedy with a contemporary setting, which differs in tone from the short plays he later collected in 1928 in The Angel That Troubled the Waters and Other Plays. The main intent of this article is to make this short play available to scholars and readers so that it becomes part of the discussion of how Thornton Wilder developed as an author.

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8

Ladynin, Ivan A. "The Journey Begins: Letter from Vasily Struve to Mikhail Rostovtzev of 25 May 1914." Herald of an archivist, no. 4 (2020): 1119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2020-4-1119-1130.

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The article presents a publication of the letter from Vasily Vasilievich Struve (1889–1965), pioneer in the research of the Ancient Near East societies in the Soviet Union, to Mikhail Ivanovich Rostovtzev (1870–1952), the prominent Classicist, one of the first scholars in socio-economic history of the Antiquity in pre-revolutionary Russia. The letter was written during Struve’s post-graduate sabbatical in Berlin in 1914; it is stored in the Russian State Historical Archives in St. Petersburg. The document is significant due to its information on Struve’s stay in Berlin and on his contacts with leading German scholars (including Eduard Meyer and Adolf Erman), but it also touches upon a bigger issue. In the early 1930s Struve forwarded his concept of slave-owning mode of production in the Ancient Near East, which was immediately accepted into official historiography, making him a leading theoretician in the Soviet research of ancient history. It has been repeatedly stated in memoirs and in post-Soviet historiography that this concept and, generally speaking, Struve’s interest in socio-economic issues was opportunistic. His 1910s articles on the Ptolemaic society and state published prior to the Russian revolution weigh heavily against this point of view. The published letter contains Struve’s assessment of his future thesis (state institutions of the New Kingdom of Egypt) and puts its topic in the context of current discussions on the Ptolemaic state and society and of his studies in the Rostovtzev’s seminar at the St. Petersburg University. Struve declares the study of Egyptian social structure and connections between its pre-Hellenistic and Hellenistic phases his life-task, introduced to him by Rostovtzev. Thus, Struve’s early interest in these issues appears to be sincere; it stems from pre-revolutionary trends in the Russian scholarship.

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9

Goldschmidt, Arthur. ":The Striking Cabbies of Cairo and Other Stories: Crafts and Guilds in Egypt, 1863–1914.(SUNY Series in the Social and Economic History of the Middle East.)." American Historical Review 110, no. 4 (October 2005): 1288–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.110.4.1288.

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10

Redwood, Stewart D. "The Origin of the Porphyry Deposit Name: From Shellfish, Tyrian Purple Dye, and Imperial Rome to the World’s Largest Copper Deposits." SEG Discovery, no. 118 (July 1, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/segnews.2019-118.fea.

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Abstract The porphyry deposit name has a long and fascinating etymological history of over 3,000 years. “Porphyry” is derived from the ancient Greek word porphyra (πoρϕύρα), or purple. It was originally applied to a rare purple dye, Tyrian purple, extracted by the Phoenicians from murex shells. It was later applied to a prized purple porphyritic rock, Imperial Porphyry or Porfido rosso attico, quarried by the Romans from Mons Porphyrites in the Eastern Red Sea hills of Egypt from the first to fifth centuries A.D., and used as a monumental stone in Imperial Rome and Byzantium (Istanbul). The name evolved in the field of igneous petrology to include all rocks with a porphyritic texture, regardless of their color. Mining of the first porphyry copper deposits, which were originally called disseminated or low-grade copper deposits, started in 1905. As a result of the close spatial and genetic relationship to porphyry stocks, they became known as porphyry copper deposits. The term was first used by W. H. Emmons in his 1918 textbook The Principles of Economic Geology, but it was originally used more as an engineering and economic description, as in Parsons’ 1933 book The Porphyry Coppers. It was slow to catch on in the geological literature. It was first used in the title of a paper in Economic Geology in 1947 but did not gain widespread use until the 1970s, following the publication of seminal papers on porphyry models and genesis by Lowell and Guilbert (1970) and Sillitoe (1972, 1973).

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11

Selby, A. K. "Robert L. Tignor: State, private enterprise, and economic change in Egypt, 1918-1952. (Princeton Studies on the Near East.) xvi, 317 pp. Princeton, N.J.:Princeton, University Press,[1984]. £37." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 50, no. 1 (February 1987): 138–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00053386.

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12

Karp, Sławomir. "Karp Familly from Rekijow in Samogitia in 20th century. A contribution to the history of Polish landowners in Lithuania." Masuro-⁠Warmian Bulletin 303, no. 1 (May 15, 2019): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-134970.

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The article concerns the fate of Felicjan Karp’s family, one of the richest landowners of Samogitia (Lithuania) in the first two decades of the 20th century. After his father, he inherited approximately 40,163 hectares. The history of this family perfectly illustrates the changes that this social class has undergone in the past century. The end of their existence was the end of the landowner’s existence. The twilight of the Samogitian Karps took place quite quickly, for only a quarter of a century from July 28, 1914, the date of the outbreak of World War I to the Soviet invasion of the Republic of Lithuania on June 15, 1940. Over the course of these years - on a large scale two-fold - military operations, changes in the political and economic system, including agricultural reform initiated in the reborn Lithuanian state in 1922 and deportations to Siberia in 1940 brutally closed the last stable chapter in the life of Rekijów’s owners, definitively exterminating them after more than 348 years from the land of their ancestors. Relations between the Karp family and the Rekijów estate should be dated at least from September 21, 1592. In addition to the description of the family, it is also necessary to emphasize their significant economic and political importance in the inhabited region. These last two aspects gained momentum especially from the first years of the 19th century and were reflected until 1922. At that time, representatives of the Karp family jointly owned approximately 70,050 ha and provided the country with two provincial marshals (Vilnius, Kaunas) and two county marshals (Upita, Ponevezys). The author also presents their fate during World War II in the Siberian Gulag, during the amnesty under the Sikorski–Majski Agreement of July 30, 1941, joining the formed Polish Army in the USSR (August 14, 1941), the soldier’s journey through Kermine in Uzbekistan, Krasnovodsk, Caspian Sea, Khanaqin in Iraq, Palestine to the military camp near Tel-Aviv and then Egypt and the entire Italian campaign, that is the battles of Monte Cassino, Loreto and Ancona. After the war, leaving Italy to England (1946), followed by a short stay in Argentina and finally settling in Perth, Australia.

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13

Lone, Stewart. "The Japanese Annexation of Korea 1910: The Failure of East Asian Co-Prosperity." Modern Asian Studies 25, no. 1 (February 1991): 143–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00015870.

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While Britain was amassing the largest empire ever seen, her policy makers continued to believe that economic ties were a far more effective means of control than costly and provocative military domination. Fortunately for British empire-builders, the peoples they encountered were frequently divided amongst themselves, and lacked confidence in their ability to challenge British domination. This was not entirely the case with Japan's attempts to establish hegemony over Korea following the Russo-Japanese war (1904–05). Although there were serious political and regional divisions within Korea, these were subordinated to broad hostility towards Japan. Japanese technological superiority was seen as a hand-me-down from the West, and Korea's elite, raised in the Chinese tradition, was largely dismissive of Japanese cultural attainments. Even financially, Japan remained a small player in the international market, dependent for her own overseas development on New York, London and Paris. To win Korean converts, Japan had to introduce rapid, visible improvement. One means to support this aim was the idea of Asian unity underJapanese leadership. Failing this, she could enforce her actions with a sizeable, but expensive, military and police presence. However, the rhetoric of Japanese—Korean unity could not be overstressed in view of the burgeoning Western fear of an Asian resurgence. Moreover, the concept of Japan and Korea stemming from one family was unconvincing given the historical enmity of the two peoples. Consequently, Japan sought to diminish native antipathy and retain international sympathy by emulating Britain's exaple of discreet civilian control in Egypt.

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14

Elzer, Herbert. "Lockruf der Levante. Legationsrat Hans Strack, das Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und die deutsch-ägyptischen Außenhandelsbeziehungen 1949–1953." Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 101, no. 1 (2014): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/vswg-2014-0001.

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15

Vitalis, Robert. "State, Private Enterprise, and Economic Change in Egypt, 1918–1952. By Robert L. Tignor · Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984. xvi + 371 pp. Charts, tables, appendix, notes, bibliography, and index. $44.50." Business History Review 63, no. 4 (1989): 994–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3115994.

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16

Palen, M. W. "The Imperialism of Economic Nationalism, 1890-1913." Diplomatic History 39, no. 1 (February 7, 2014): 157–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/dh/dht135.

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17

de la Escosura, Leandro Prados. "Spain’s international position, 1850-1913,." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 28, no. 1 (March 2010): 173–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s021261090999005x.

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AbstractSpain’s financial position during the late 19thand early 20thcenturies has usually been presented as one of persistent deficit on current account, which resulted from her integration into international commodity and factor markets and this, in turn, slowed down the growth of the economy. In this essay a preliminary reconstruction of the balance of payments on current account allows us to reject this view. In fact, a net capital inflow made possible to meet the demand for investment-boosting economic performance. Current account reversals in a context of macroeconomic domestic imperfections help to explain the economic slowdown at the turn of the century.

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18

Greasley, David, and Les Oxley. "Segmenting the contours: Australian economic growth 1828–1913." Australian Economic History Review 37, no. 1 (March 1997): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8446.00003.

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19

Tignor, Robert L., and Iliya Harik. "Economic Policy Reform in Egypt." International Journal of African Historical Studies 31, no. 2 (1998): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/221144.

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20

Salem, Sara. "Historicising the Left in the Middle East: On Agency, Archives and Anti-capitalism." Historical Materialism 25, no. 4 (February 14, 2017): 230–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569206x-12341547.

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AbstractThis article is a review of Ilham Khuri-Makdisi’s bookThe Eastern Mediterranean and the Making of Global Capitalism, 1860–1914. I argue that this book is a valuable contribution to historiographies of the Left in the Middle East, a field that remains under-represented given the importance of labour to the nationalist movements as well as broader worker-activism in the region throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. I review the main debates of the book, and raise critical questions about aspects that could have been probed further, among them the questions of imperialism and race in contexts such as Egypt and Lebanon, and the relationship(s) between workers and the radical intellectuals discussed throughout the book.

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21

Khanin, Grigory. "Important Contribution to the Coverage of National Income Statistics and the Economic History of Pre-Revolutionary Russia and the USSR." Ideas and Ideals 15, no. 2-2 (June 28, 2023): 247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/2075-0862-2023-15.2.2-247-260.

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The author of this paper analyses the book by A. Markevich and M. Harrison, “Great War, Civil War, and Recovery: Russia’s National Income, 1913 to 1928”. He highlights the fact that the authors’ (A. Markevich and M. Harrison) calculations introduced in this article significantly expand and clarify the economic situation in Russia and the USSR in 1913-1928 from an economics point of view. For the first time, M. Harrison and A. Markevich evaluate the dynamics of national income and production of individual economic sectors, including the service industry, and compare the economies of Russia and the USSR with other countries in the same period. The calculations show a more successful development of the economy of Russia than other warring countries during the First World War. In addition, the article analyzes the decline in Russia’s share in the world economy in 1928 compared to 1913. Thereby, the authors make a reasonable conclusion about the decrease in the efficiency of the USSR economy in 1928 compared to the pre-revolutionary period. Estimates of the national income, the personal consumption fund, and the population allowed evaluating the entire economic development of pre-revolutionary Russia, the USSR, and post-Soviet Russia. Finally, the authors reveal the consequences of the economic crises of the 20th century in Russia. Drawing on personal and other researchers’ calculations, the authors criticize the opinion about the national income growth in 1928 in comparison with 1913 as exaggerated. Its significant drop during the civil war was caused by war communism as well as by the rupture of economic ties.

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22

Verburg, Jelle, Tal Ilan, and Jan Joosten. "Four Fragments of the Hebrew Bible from Antinoopolis, P.Ant. 47–50." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 105, no. 2 (December 2019): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307513320905848.

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An expedition of the Egypt Exploration Society in 1913–14 discovered four fragments of the Hebrew Bible (from the books of Kings and Job). This article presents the first critical edition of the fragments. With a few minor exceptions, the fragments conform to the Masoretic Text. The possible datings of these fragments range from the third to the early eighth centuries ce. Very little is known about the transmission of the text of the Hebrew Bible in the so-called ‘silent’ or ‘dark’ period between the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Cairo Genizah. The fragments also testify to the presence of a Jewish community in Egypt – which was virtually eradicated after the revolt of 115–17 ce. The article gives a brief overview of the extant documentary and epigraphic evidence to reconstruct the forgotten story of Jews at Antinoopolis in Late Antiquity.

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23

Huberman, M., and W. Lewchuk. "European economic integration and the labour compact, 1850-1913." European Review of Economic History 7, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 3–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1361491603000017.

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24

ROGERS, EDMUND. "THE UNITED STATES AND THE FISCAL DEBATE IN BRITAIN, 1873–1913." Historical Journal 50, no. 3 (August 28, 2007): 593–622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x07006279.

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ABSTRACTHistorians of the debate over free trade and tariffs in Britain during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries have not taken adequate account of the impact of the protectionist United States. The article first examines how American protectionism influenced the cause of imperial preference. It then looks at how both sides in the fiscal debate used the American economic experience to bolster their cases. Finally, it is demonstrated that the economic success and liberal democratic character of America compelled free traders to attack the American example on a moral and political basis.

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25

Jansson, Walter. "Stock markets, banks and economic growth in the UK, 1850–1913." Financial History Review 25, no. 3 (December 2018): 263–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565018000124.

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This article shows that neither stock markets nor commercial banks had a significant impact on the UK's economic growth from 1850 to 1913. These results are based on a new dataset on paid-in capital of securities listed on the UK's stock exchanges, which is analysed using a vector autoregression with time-varying parameters. Econometric results also indicate that the growth of the banking sector and the capital markets was, to a significant extent, driven by factors other than domestic economic growth.

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26

Yousef, Hoda A. "Pleading for a place in modern Egypt: negotiating poverty and patriarchy, 1908–1913." British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 47, no. 2 (July 9, 2018): 302–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2018.1491298.

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27

Gemmell, Norman, and Peter Wardley. "The contribution of services to British economic growth, 1856–1913." Explorations in Economic History 27, no. 3 (July 1990): 299–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(90)90016-r.

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28

Herranz-Loncán, Alfonso. "Railroad Impact in Backward Economies: Spain, 1850–1913." Journal of Economic History 66, no. 4 (November 28, 2006): 853–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050706000350.

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This article reassesses the economic impact of Spanish railroads in 1850–1913, which has usually been considered to be substantially higher than in the most developed countries on the basis of the social saving methodology. The application of growth accounting techniques shows, by contrast, that the direct contribution of railroads to economic growth was lower in Spain than in the United Kingdom, mainly due to the low importance that railroad transport had within Spanish GDP before 1913.

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29

Warburton, David A. "Un(der)employment in Bronze Age Egypt: Anachronism or Insight?" Journal of Egyptian History 12, no. 2 (December 3, 2019): 137–258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18741665-12340052.

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Abstract Based on the productivity of ancient Egyptian agriculture, a discussion of economic theory, per capita GDP, economic growth, and agrarian economies through history, this paper tries to isolate the relative roles of land, labor, and grain in the economy of Ancient Egypt. There is little room for full employment in an agrarian economy; in Bronze Age Egypt the labor of a small fraction of the population would have sufficed to nourish all. Aside from services, an agrarian economy cannot expand employment much. Increasing productivity is counter-productive and none of the wealthy agrarian economies grew organically into an industrial economy. Govert van Driel pointed out that in agrarian ancient Mesopotamia there was no place for the market or silver, although both were present (as is claimed for Egypt). Overcapacity, trade, underemployment, and finance allow an understanding of the ancient economies, economics and economic growth; the impact of using modern economic thought based on production (and not economic behavior and activity) results in a flawed theory that must be revised.

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30

Rizescu, Marilena-Cornelia. "U.S. TRADE STRATEGY (1913-1930): THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC STRUCTURE." Analele Universităţii din Craiova seria Istorie 28, no. 1 (July 31, 2023): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/aucsi.2023.1.03.

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This new situation regarding the transformation of the international economic structure from hegemony to bilateral opportunism has substantially modified the American trade strategy. While the United States had relied on the security provided by Britain’s hegemonic leadership in the past, it was becoming necessary to adapt to the mixed interests of its main trading partner. These new constraints, manifested primarily in domestic political discourse as a fear of foreign retaliation for continued protectionism, led to the accommodative trade strategy adopted in 1913 and followed through the late 1920s. The United States therefore responded with freer trade policy of the Underwood Act as Britain’s position gradually evolved within the international economic structure before the First World War. The war drastically disrupted centuries-old patterns of trade flows: money and investment, and created significant political problems that generated widespread international economic instability. As expected, both Britain and the United States adopted higher but still restricted levels of protection in the wake of the war, and Anglo-American cooperation still proved difficult. The trade strategy of the United States was also affected by the level of international economic instability generated by the fear of retaliation, rooted in the structure of bilateral opportunism, which restrained the levels of American tariffs.

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31

Islami, Islam. "Political history of modern Egypt." ILIRIA International Review 6, no. 1 (July 27, 2016): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v6i1.231.

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Under the Ottoman Empire, Egypt was granted some autonomy because as long as taxes were paid, the Ottomans were content to let the Egyptians administer them. Nevertheless, the 17th and 18th centuries were ones of economic decline for Egypt.In 1798, the French army led by Napoleon Bonaparte landed in Egypt and defeated the Egyptians on land at the battle of the Pyramids, but he was utterly defeated at sea by the British navy, which made him abandon his army and leave Egypt. Subsequently, British and Ottoman forces defeated the French army and forced them to surrender.In particular after the last quarter of 19 century, in Egypt began colonizing activities by Western European countries, while the reaction to such events occurred within “the Egyptian national movement.”With its history of five thousand years, Egypt is considered as the first modern state of the Arab world. Ottoman military representative Mehmet Ali Pasha takes a special place through his contribution to this process. He is seen as a statesman who carried important reforms, which can be compared even with the ones of Tanzimat. He managed to build Egypt as an independent state from the Ottoman Empire, standing on its own power.Gamal Abdel Nasser was the one who established the Republic of Egypt and ended the monarchy rule in Egypt following the Egyptian revolution in 1952. Egypt was ruled autocratically by three presidents over the following six decades, by Nasser from 1954 until his death in 1970, by Anwar Sadat from 1971 until his assassination 1981, and by Hosni Mubarak from 1981 until his resignation in the face of the 2011 Egyptian revolution.

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32

Foss, Clive. "Egypt under Muʿāwiya Part I: Flavius Papas and Upper Egypt." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 72, no. 1 (February 2009): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x09000019.

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AbstractPapyri from Egypt constitute the largest body of contemporary documentary evidence for the reign of Muʿāwiya. Most notable among them are the 107 texts in the archive of Flavius Papas, a local official of Upper Egypt in the 670s. Most are in Greek and provide insight into the administration, society and economy of a provincial centre. Since many deal with taxes and requisitions, they illustrate the incessant demands of the Islamic regime in Fusṭāṭ and the way local officials dealt with them. In particular, the archive shows the importance of Egypt for providing the men, materials and supplies essential for the war fleet of the caliphate. A few other documents from Upper Egypt hint at the economic role of the Church. This is the first of two parts, the second dealing with Middle Egypt, Fusṭāṭ and Alexandria.

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33

Quandt, William B., William J. Burns, and Hermann Frederick Eilts. "Economic Aid and American Policy toward Egypt, 1955-1981." American Historical Review 90, no. 5 (December 1985): 1246. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1859787.

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Prat, Marc. "Textile trade and trade credit in Spain, 1840–1913." Financial History Review 16, no. 1 (March 18, 2009): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565009000055.

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AbstractTrade credit - the credit provided by suppliers to firms - can be seen as the second-best solution when financial development fails to keep pace with economic growth. This article analyses trade credit between Catalan cotton manufacturers and their clients in nineteenth-century Spain. Spanish historiography has suggested that trade credit had a detrimental effect on the profitability of the cotton firms. Based on an analysis of the archives of several firms, as well as judicial and notary sources, we present a more optimistic interpretation of the system. Manufacturers were, in fact, acting as their customers' bankers because they were in the best position to perform this function. They built up a good information structure, managed the credit risk efficiently and got positive returns from this activity.

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Warburg, Gabriel R. "Some Social and Economic Aspects of Turco-Egyptian Rule in the Sudan." Belleten 53, no. 207-208 (August 1, 1989): 769–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.1989.769.

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Between 1821 and 1885 most of the area constituting the present Sudan came under Turko-Egyptian rule. The annexation of the Sudan to Egypt was undertaken in 1820-1 by Muhammad 'Ali, the Ottoman Wali of Egypt, and was completed under his grandson, the Khedive Isma'il, who extended this rule to the Great Lakes in the south and to Bahr al-Ghazal and Darfur in the west. In the history of the Sudan, this period became known as the (first) Turkiyya. The term Turkiyya is not really arbitrary since Egypt was itself an Ottoman province, ruled by an Ottoman (Albanian) dynasty. Moreover, most of the high officials and army officers serving in the Sudan were of Ottoman rather than Egyptian origin.

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Harvey, Charles, and Peter Taylor. "Mineral Wealth and Economic Development: Foreign Direct Investment in Spain, 1851-1913." Economic History Review 40, no. 2 (May 1987): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2596687.

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Gatrell, Peter. "After Tsushima: Economic and Administrative Aspects of Russian Naval Rearmament, 1905-1913." Economic History Review 43, no. 2 (May 1990): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2596789.

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Gray, Matthew. "Economic reform, privatization and tourism in Egypt." Middle Eastern Studies 34, no. 2 (April 1998): 91–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263209808701224.

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Aravik, Havis, Fakhry Zamzam, and Ahmad Tohir. "The Economic Portrait of Mamluk Dynasty of Egypt; History and Thought." Mizan: Journal of Islamic Law 4, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.32507/mizan.v4i1.642.

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AbstractThis article discusses the economic portrait during the Mamluk dynasty in Egypt; The history and thought by aiming to find out how the Islamic economy during the Mamluk dynasty in Egypt was. This research used qualitative research based on the library (library research) with a descriptive qualitative approach and technical analysis and also content analysis. The results of this study indicated that the Islamic economy during the Mamluk Dynasty advanced with various policies such as the governmental system that was the military oligarchic not monarchic, rewarding for scientists and academics, establishing trade relations with foreign countries, free-market policies to farmers, navy resilience, and the effective use of waqf property. Meanwhile, the decline was caused by a prolonged economic crisis, the sultan's lifestyle, corruption and economic monopoly, attacks by other nations, and the bad behavior of the sultans.Keywords: Mamluk Dynasty, Advancement, Decline, Economy Abstrak.Artikel ini membahas potret ekonomi selama dinasti Mamluk di Mesir; Sejarah dan pemikiran dengan bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana ekonomi Islam selama dinasti Mamluk di Mesir. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif yang berbasis pada perpustakaan (library research) dengan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dan analisis teknis serta analisis isi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ekonomi Islam selama Dinasti Mamluk maju dengan berbagai kebijakan seperti sistem pemerintahan yang oligarki militer tidak monarkis, memberi imbalan bagi para ilmuwan dan akademisi, membangun hubungan perdagangan dengan negara-negara asing, kebijakan pasar bebas untuk petani, ketahanan angkatan laut, dan penggunaan efektif properti wakaf. Sementara itu, penurunan tersebut disebabkan oleh krisis ekonomi yang berkepanjangan, gaya hidup sultan, korupsi dan monopoli ekonomi, serangan oleh negara-negara lain, dan perilaku buruk para sultan.Kata kunci: Dinasti Mamluk, Kemajuan, Penurunan, Ekonomi

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García, Juan Carlos Moreno. "Recent Developments in the Social and Economic History of Ancient Egypt." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 1, no. 2 (November 28, 2014): 231–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/janeh-2014-0002.

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AbstractRecent developments in Pharaonic social and economic history help provide a more balanced interpretation of ancient Egypt. Landscape research shows the succession of several micro-regions in the Nile Valley. The conditions prevailing in some of these regions show that cattle rearing played a crucial economic role, while mobile populations from Egypt and abroad could lead lifestyles alternative to cereal cultivation. Trade also appears as a largely underestimated activity, where markets, private merchants and agricultural “entrepreneurs” fuelled exchanges not only within Egyptian borders but also abroad. Their role was crucial in the transformation of agrarian produce into wealth while their activities were in many ways autonomous from any institution, including temples or the crown itself. Not surprisingly, the social structure appears less rigidly organized than previously thought. Elites and peasantry, for instance, actually encompassed very distinct social groups whose goals and interests were not always coincident. While the former included not only officials and high dignitaries but also local potentates and chiefs of villages, the latter encompassed a variety of conditions, from poor rural workers and forced labourers to wealthy cultivators and rich peasants. The local power of such sub-elites enabled them to head extensive patronage networks. Their cooperation with the royal administration was crucial for the stability of the monarchy, even if their appearance in official sources is rather elusive. Politics, the negotiation between factions and groups for power, between the core of the kingdom and the provinces, were common practice, quite far in fact from the supposedly autocratic power of pharaohs.

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Kotlica, Slobodan. "Globalization and international trade." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 112-113 (2002): 245–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0213245k.

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In this paper, the author discusses main characteristics of integration and globalization as economic phenomena. Basic characteristics of the contemporary wave of globalization were compared with the characteristics of the first wave of globalization (1870-1913). Two waves of globalization have important similarities. Ignoring of data from economic history became a source of myths about processes in modern world economy.

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Russell, Mona L. "Beauty Standards in Egypt." Journal of Middle East Women's Studies 17, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 366–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15525864-9306846.

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Abstract The creation of a hybrid beauty in the cartoon sphere and in advertising intersected with popular and consumer culture at a moment when women’s roles in the public sphere were changing. Politically the nation was at a crossroads: the Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936 removed most impediments toward Egyptian independence; however, British troops remained in the Suez Canal zone. With respect to economic history, multinationals were expanding in Egypt, while an emerging bourgeoisie worked to establish local industries. With World War II came economic crisis: inflation, profiteering, black markets, rising inequality, and the return of British troops to strategic locations around the country. This article argues that the hybrid beauty represents the push and pull between women’s emerging roles in public spaces and traditional values, imperialism versus authenticity, local industry competing against multinationals, and a negotiation of new roles for husbands and wives in companionate marriage.

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Laidler, David. "Meltzer's History of the Federal Reserve." Journal of Economic Literature 41, no. 4 (November 1, 2003): 1256–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/002205103771800031.

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This review argues that Allan Meltzer's account of the Federal Reserve between 1913 and 1951 complements Friedman and Schwartz's in their Monetary History. Meltzer emphasizes policy making within the system, rather than the evolution of the money supply and its effects on the economy. He stresses the uncertainty of the Fed's independence before the 1951 Accord, and the effects of economic ideas, notably the real bills and Riefler-Burgess doctrines, on policy. Many virtues in the book are noted, and one weakness, namely a failure to explain why inadequate ideas became dominant within the Fed when sounder alternatives were available in contemporary monetary thought.

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Tafunell, Xavier. "Capital Formation in Machinery in Latin America, 1890-1930." Journal of Economic History 69, no. 4 (December 2009): 928–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050709001338.

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Investment in machinery is a key component in the analysis of long-term economic growth during the spread of industrialization. This article offers consistent annual series on the magnitude of machinery imports per capita into all Latin American countries for the period 1890-1930. Analysis of these series shows that machinery imports diverged across countries from 1890 through 1913. After 1913 a number of the more backward countries experienced rapid growth in machinery imports. These large differences in machinery investment contributed to unequal development across the Latin American countries.

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Moreno García, Juan Carlos. "Elusive “Libyans”: Identities, Lifestyles and Mobile Populations in NE Africa (late 4th–early 2nd millennium BCE)." Journal of Egyptian History 11, no. 1-2 (October 8, 2018): 147–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18741665-12340046.

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Abstract The term “Libyan” encompasses, in fact, a variety of peoples and lifestyles living not only in the regions west of the Nile Valley, but also inside Egypt itself, particularly in Middle Egypt and the Western Delta. This situation is reminiscent of the use of other “ethnic” labels, such as “Nubian,” heavily connoted with notions such as ethnic homogeneity, separation of populations across borders, and opposed lifestyles. In fact, economic complementarity and collaboration explain why Nubians and Libyans crossed the borders of Egypt and settled in the land of the pharaohs, to the point that their presence was especially relevant in some periods and regions during the late 3rd and early 2nd millennium BCE. Pastoralism was just but one of their economic pillars, as trading activities, gathering, supply of desert goods (including resins, minerals, and vegetal oils) and hunting also played an important role, at least for some groups or specialized segments of a particular social group. While Egyptian sources emphasize conflict and marked identities, particularly when considering “rights of use” over a given area, collaboration was also crucial and beneficial for both parts. Finally, the increasing evidence about trade routes used by Libyans points to alternative networks of circulation of goods that help explain episodes of warfare between Egypt and Libyan populations for their control.

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Absell, Christopher David, and Antonio Tena-Junguito. "THE RECONSTRUCTION OF BRAZIL’S FOREIGN TRADE SERIES, 1821-1913." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 36, no. 1 (November 10, 2017): 87–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610917000143.

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AbstractTo date, research on the economic history of Brazil during the 19th century has relied on official foreign trade statistics, the accuracy of which has repeatedly been put into question. This paper provides insights into the accuracy of the official series by examining the accuracy of the export and import series for Brazil during the 19th century. We re-estimate the official import series using trading partner sources, and find that the official series was marginally under-valued during certain periods of the 19th century. Furthermore, we provide new upper- and lower-bound estimates of the export series by testing different assumptions regarding the size of the cost, insurance and freight to free on board factor adjustments. Finally, we introduce a new import price index for the period 1827-1913.

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Allen, Robert C. "American Exceptionalism as a Problem in Global History." Journal of Economic History 74, no. 2 (May 16, 2014): 309–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002205071400028x.

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The causes of the United States’ exceptional economic performance are investigated by comparing American wages and prices with wages and prices in Great Britain, Egypt, and India. American industrialization in the nineteenth century required tariff protection since the country's comparative advantage lay in agriculture. After 1895 surging American productivity shifted the country's comparative advantage to manufacturing. Egypt and India could not have industrialized by following American policies since their wages were so low and their energy costs so high that the modern technology that was cost effective in Britain and the United States would not have paid in their circumstances.

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Macleod, David I. "Food Prices, Politics, and Policy in the Progressive Era." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 8, no. 3 (July 2009): 365–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781400001316.

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U.S.food prices surged abruptly higher in 1910–1913, alarming urban consumers, who equated them with the high cost of living, but delighting farmers. Progressive reformers tackled detailed aspects of the food-price problem but had no overarching solution and no effective programs t o please both consumers and farmers. A volatile pattern of economic voting resulted, but unlike conventional models, it had countervailing tendencies, setting consumers against food producers. Food prices cost the Republicans heavily in the 1910 election and helped disrupt the party by 1912, ending the Republican “system of 1896.” In power, Democrats pursued primarily a southern-tinged agrarian agenda and narrowly preserved power through 1914 and 1916 but fell victim to interest-group conflicts in 1918 and economic disasters in 1920.

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Cohen, Mark. "Reforming States, Agricultural Transformation, and Economic Development in Russia and Japan, 1853–1913." Comparative Studies in Society and History 60, no. 3 (June 27, 2018): 719–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417518000245.

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AbstractA once-dominant family of interpretations of the beginnings of Japanese and Russian development claimed that policies adopted by the two states were inadequate to modernize agrarian property relations, and so both states were required to mediate between premodern agriculture and “hot-house” modern industry. More recent accounts have insisted that despite the limited reforms to agrarian property relations, agriculture in both countries in fact dynamically participated in economic development. This paper contends that these revised accounts’ one-sided focus on market opportunities leaves unresolved key puzzles. Why did productivity growth jump higher after the Meiji reforms in Japan? Why did only some regions participate in agricultural development in Russia? To answer these questions, this paper argues it is necessary to return attention to the ways agrarian property relations did and did not change following reforms adopted by the two states in the 1860s and 1870s. The key theoretical upshot of this analysis is that the initiation of capitalist development required a political process in which institutions that had previously guaranteed non-market access of rural households to subsistence were dismantled in favor of the domination of market relations.

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Gessler, Anne. "“Purifying the Upper Atmosphere”: Women’s Work in Early Radio, 1905-1913." American Studies in Scandinavia 46, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v46i1.5152.

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This essay argues that between 1905 and 1913, female commercial radio operators deployed a range of complicated and contradictory arguments to establish credibility in the new, male-dominated communications field. Women envisioned early radio as a utopian space that would renegotiate gender roles in the American workforce. Female radio operators also engaged in a larger conversation around women’s citizenship and voting rights. However, while wireless companies initially hired female employees to diffuse tense labor relations, a national conversation around women’s dubious moral character and inferior physical capabilities soon animated the field. The essay explores the political, economic, and cultural events that transformed radio from a potentially transgressive space to an industry that instead reinforced gender and class hierarchies: the RMS Republic-Florida disaster in 1909; the formation of the wireless division of the Commercial Telegraphers Union of America in 1910; the American Marconi Company’s takeover of the United Wireless Company in 1912; and finally, the RMS Titanic disaster in 1912 and the subsequent passing of the Radio Act of 1912. These events pushed female radio operators out of the industry. Not until World War I would the federal government and corporations formally recruit women to serve as professional radio operators.

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