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1
John, Rijo M. "Economic costs of diseases and deaths attributable to bidi smoking in India, 2017." Tobacco Control 28, no. 5 (October 18, 2018): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054493.
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ObjectiveTo estimate the economic burden of diseases and deaths attributable to bidi smoking in India for persons aged 30–69 years.MethodsThe National Sample Survey data on healthcare expenditures, data on bidi smoking prevalence from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey and relative risks of all-cause mortality from bidi smoking are used to estimate the economic burden of diseases and deaths attributable to bidi smoking in India using a prevalence-based attributable-risk approach. Costs are estimated under the following heads: (1) direct medical expenditure of treating diseases; (2) indirect morbidity costs and (3) indirect mortality costs of premature deaths.FindingsThe total economic costs attributable to bidi smoking from all diseases and deaths in India in the year 2017 for persons aged 30–69 years amount to INR805.5 billion (US$12.4 billion), of which 20.9% is direct and 79.1% is indirect cost. Men bear 93.7% of the total costs.ConclusionThe total annual economic costs of bidi smoking amount to approximately 0.5% of India’s gross domestic product, while the excise tax revenue from bidi is only half a per cent of its economic costs. The direct medical costs of bidi smoking amount to 2.24% of total health expenditure. Since the poor bear a disproportionately large share of the economic costs of bidi smoking, the unregulated use of bidi would potentially push more households in India, which incur heavy out-of-pocket expenditures on healthcare, into poverty.
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Varghese, Jithin Sam. "An Ecological Analysis of Food Expenditure Patterns During Periods of Economic Recovery and Economic Shock in India." Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (June 2022): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac059.025.
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Abstract Objectives To study the patterns of food expenditure by Indian households during periods of economic recovery (after the Great Recession in 2008–09) and economic shock (from a currency demonetization policy in 2016). I hypothesize that real consumer price index (CPI) adjusted food expenditure (in Rupees) would be lower after the economic shock with higher share of spending on processed foods ― consistent with the nutrition transition hypothesis. Methods Using published tables from India's nationally representative Household Consumer Expenditure Surveys in 2011–12 and 2017–18, I estimate real (Rs.) and percentage (of total expenditure) CPI-adjusted monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) on food. I report the share of food MPCE for dairy products, sugar, oil, fresh fruits, vegetables (including tubers), and processed foods. Analysis was carried out for 36 states and union territories stratified by urbanicity. Results Real and percentage MPCE on food were lower in 2017–18 (Rs. 705.1; 52.3%) relative to 2011–12 (Rs. 794.9; 52.9%) for rural India. For urban India, real MPCE on food (but not percentage) was higher in 2017–18 (Rs. 1207.4; 41.9%) relative to 2011–12 (Rs. 1168.4; 42.6%). The percentage decrease was due to higher non-food MPCE (2011–12: Rs. 1572.8; 2017–18: Rs. 1672.6). At the state-level, real (rural: 28; urban: 9) and percentage (rural: 21; urban: 20) decreases were observed in rural areas. As a share of food MPCE, spending on sugar (rural: 25; urban: 29) and edible oil (rural: 22; urban: 26) decreased in most states from 2011–12. However, share of food MPCE increased on dairy (rural: 26; urban: 23), fresh fruits (rural: 31; urban: 30), vegetables (rural: 26; urban: 19), and processed foods (rural: 20; urban: 26) for majority of states. This is despite a real decrease in spending (in Rs) on processed foods (rural: 26; urban: 9) and vegetables (rural: 21; urban: 8) for most states in rural areas. Real spending (Rs.) increased for dairy (rural: 20; urban: 26) and fresh fruits (rural: 23; urban: 29) for most states. Conclusions Rural areas showed a decrease in real food expenditures from 2011–12 to 2017–18. Food expenditures decreased in share for sugar and oil, but increased in share for fruits, vegetables and processed foods. This was also observed in urban areas where there was an increase in real food expenditures. Funding Sources None.
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Nagendra, Kanchana, Mangala Belur, Nandini C., and Anirudh Krishna. "Catastrophic household expenditure on health in an urban slum: a cross-sectional survey." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20164715.
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Background: The World Health Report 2000 identified financial protection against the costs of ill health as a fundamental objective of health systems. Out-of-pocket expenditure accounts for an average increase in poverty by 2.9 percent for urban India. Therefore, this study aims at evaluating the out-of-pocket health expenditures as well as assessing the predictors of catastrophic health costs care in urban slums. The objectives was to find the prevalence of catastrophic household expenditures on health and to assess the determinants and illnesses commonly associated with catastrophic household expenditure on health.Methods:The study was conducted in a notified urban slum of Shivamogga district which was selected randomly and all the households were included in the study. Data was collected after informed consent using pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed in SPSS vs18.Results: Out of 197 households, 94 (47.7%) households experienced catastrophic health expenditure in past one month. Most common conditions associated with catastrophic expenditure were respiratory infections (cough, cold and fever; p-0.034), arthritis (p-0.001), hypertension (p<0.01) and diabetes (p-0.015).Conclusions:We conclude that almost half of the community incurred catastrophic health expenses. Findings have important policy implications and can be used to ensure higher degree of financial protection against the economic impact of illnesses.
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Lakshmanasamy, T. "THE DIFFERENTIAL ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF RURAL ELECTRIFICATION IN INDIA: QUANTILE REGRESSION ESTIMATION." MAN, ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY 3, no. 1 (2022): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.47509/mes.2022.v03i01.13.
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Rural electrification not only provides affordable modern energy to rural households at a cheaper price but also improves the quality of life and economic development of the rural sector. The welfare gains of electricity are not the same across households. This paper tries to understand who benefits the most from rural electrification - the poor or the rich rural households. The differential effects of rural electrification on household income and expenditures on health and children’s education are estimated using the 2011-2012 IHDS-II survey data applying the quantile regression method. The estimated results show that household electrification increases both household income and expenditure. The higher-income rural households benefit more than the lower-income households from rural electrification. The upper-income rural households gain more in terms of the education of children relative to poor-income households from rural electrification. Rural electrification benefits are higher for median health expenditure households than either for lower or upper quantile households. The larger benefits from rural electrification accrue to the better-off rural households through higher consumption and use of electricity for many productive uses and electrification benefits accrue from multiple channels.
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Loutfi, David, Jean-Frédéric Lévesque, and Subrata Mukherjee. "Impact of the Elderly on Household Health Expenditure in Bihar and Kerala, India." Journal of Health Management 20, no. 1 (January 13, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063417747696.
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Ageing in India is leading to an increase in chronic diseases. Given the limited health insurance coverage, this could lead to a variety of economic- and access-related consequences for the households. Against this backdrop, this article aims at examining the impact of the presence of the elderly on household health expenditure, avoidance of treatment, loss of income and use of alternate sources of funding to pay for care. The article uses data from 2004 National Sample Survey Organisation survey on healthcare for two Indian states, namely, Bihar and Kerala. The rate of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) is found to be higher in Kerala and is associated with a higher proportion of households having elderly members, who, in turn, have higher incidence of chronic disease. While the presence of elderly in the household, incidence of chronic disease and treatment from private sources are linked to CHE, our results suggest that other groups, such as households without elderly, may simply be delaying the economic consequences of paying for healthcare by borrowing. Though the ageing population is leading to increased health expenditure for households due to increased chronic illness, the impact of using private treatment is much less clear.
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Kumar, Indal, and Indrani Roy Chowdhury. "Shadow Education in India: Participation and Socioeconomic Determinants." Journal of South Asian Development 16, no. 2 (August 2021): 244–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09731741211032472.
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Although shadow education in India has been in practice for a long time, the scale has grown dramatically in recent years, with the size of the industry ranging between $40 and $70 billion. Drawing from the five rounds of National Sample Survey data sets on education, the study examines the trends and socioeconomic determinants of shadow education participation in India. It also addresses the time burden of shadow education and students’ learning outcomes by using the Indian Human Development Survey database. The findings state that households’ socioeconomic status, educational level of households’ head, urban residence, current schooling levels and type of educational institutions by management are highly significant determinants of participation in shadow education. The analysis further indicates that shadow education is positively associated with learning outcomes at the elementary level and that its contribution is larger in mathematics. However, shadow education costs a couple of hours per day of recreational time of the children (time cost), 40–50% share of household’s total educational expenditure, and around 20% share of household’s per capita annual consumption expenditure (economic cost).
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Dwivedi, Rinshu, and Jalandhar Pradhan. "Does affordability matter? Examining the trends and patterns in health care expenditure in India." Health Services Management Research 33, no. 4 (May 25, 2020): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0951484820923921.
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Background Absence of better financing mechanism results in higher out of pocket expenditure and catastrophe, which leads to impoverishment and poverty especially among low- and middle-income countries like India. This paper examines the major characteristics associated with the higher out of pocket expenditure and provides an insight from Andersen’s behavioural model that how predisposing, enabling and need factors influence the level and pattern of out of pocket expenditure in India. Methods Data has been extracted from three rounds of nationally representative consumer expenditure surveys, i.e. 1993–1994, 2004–2005 and 2011–2012 conducted by the Government of India. States were categorized based on regional classification, and adult equivalent scale was used to adjust the household size. Multiple Generalized-Linear-Regression-Model was employed to explore the relative effect of various socio-economic covariates on the level of out of pocket expenditure. Results The gap has widened between advantaged and disadvantaged segment of the population along with noticeable regional disparities among Indian states. Generalized-Linear-Regression-Model indicates that the most influential predisposing and enabling factor determining the level of out of pocket expenditure were age composition, religion, social-group, household type, residence, economic status, sources of cooking and lighting arrangements among the households. Conclusions Present study suggests the need for strengthening the affordability mechanism of the households to cope with the excessive burden of health care payments. Furthermore, special consideration is required to accommodate the needs of the elderly, rural, backward states and impoverishment segment of population to reduce the unjust burden of out of pocket expenditure in India.
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Choudhury, Tanima, Souman Samanta, Pranjit Kr Paul, and Adwaita Maiti. "Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Households in West Bengal: A Study in Hooghly District." Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 29, 2022): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjahss.2022.v10i01.004.
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COVID-19 has caused economic shock across the world for taking lockdown. Currently, India has facing a negative GDP growth rate. The economy of West Bengal has been affected a lot because of the strict implantation of lockdowns and also faces natural disasters. Unemployment went up to nearly 24 percent and 18 percent in India and West Bengal respectively in April 2020. The paper aims to investigate the impact of covid-19 pandemic on households’ income, consumption and savings. We have conducted a primary survey on 100 households in a small village in the Hooghly district in West Bengal, India, during the month of October 2020. The study reveals that both income and consumption of households has decreased but income decreased more than the consumption expenditure. The study also found overall consumption expenditure decreased but food expenditure increased, that’s why people have broken their savings for maintaining food expenditure during this situation.
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Behera, Sasmita, and Jalandhar Pradhan. "Uneven economic burden of non-communicable diseases among Indian households: A comparative analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 10, 2021): e0260628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260628.
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Background Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading global cause of death and disproportionately concentrate among those living in low-income and middle-income countries. However, its economic impact on households remains less well known in the Indian context. This study aims to assess the economic impact of NCDs in terms of out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) and its catastrophic impact on NCDs affected households in India. Materials and methods Data were collected from the 75th round of the National Sample Survey Office, Government of India, conducted in the year 2017–18. This is the latest round of data available on health, which constitutes a sample of 113,823 households. The collection of data is based on a stratified multi-stage sampling method. Generalised Linear Regression model was employed to identify the socio-economic covariates associated with the catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) on hospitalisation. Results The result shows a higher burden of OOPE on NCDs affected households. The mean expenditure by NCDs households in public hospitals is INR 13,170 which is more than twice as compared to the non-NCDs households INR 6,245. Particularly, the proportion of total medical expenditure incurred on medicines (0.39) and diagnostics (0.15) is troublesome for households with NCDs, treated in public hospitals. Moreover, results from the generalised linear regression model confirm the significant relationship between CHE with residence, caste, religion, household size, and economic status of households. The intensity of CHE is more for the households who are poor, drinking unsafe water, using firewood as cooking fuel, and household size of 1–5 members. Conclusion Therefore, an urgent need for a prevention strategy should be made by the government to protect households from the economic burden of NCDs. Specifically, to reduce the burden of CHE associated with NCDs, a customised disease-specific health insurance package should be introduced by the government of India in both public and private facilities.
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Lewbel, Arthur, Samuel Norris, Krishna Pendakur, and Xi Qu. "Consumption peer effects and utility needs in India." Quantitative Economics 13, no. 3 (2022): 1257–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/qe1760.
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We construct a peer effects model where mean expenditures of consumers in one's peer group affect utility through perceived consumption needs. We provide a novel method for obtaining identification in social interactions models like ours, using ordinary survey data, where very few members of each peer group are observed. We implement the model using standard household‐level consumer expenditure survey microdata from India. We find that each additional rupee spent by one's peers increases perceived needs, and thereby reduces one's utility, by the equivalent of a 0.25 rupee decrease in one's own expenditures. These peer costs may be larger for richer households, meaning transfers from rich to poor could improve even inequality‐neutral social welfare, by reducing peer consumption externalities. We show welfare gains of billions of dollars per year might be possible by replacing government transfers of private goods to households with providing public goods or services, to reduce peer effects.
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Swargiary, Manali, Hemkhothang Lhungdim, and Mrinmoy Pratim Bharadwaz. "Multi-Layered Catastrophic Health Spending of Inpatient Women by Broad Group of Diseases in India." Journal of Population and Social Studies 30 (December 15, 2021): 183–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.25133/jpssv302022.012.
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Healthcare for Indian women needs prioritizing, as they continue to face social and economic discrimination over their healthcare, often with high out-of-pocket payments. The study examines the amount inpatient women have to pay for treatment of major diseases, re-classified into four groups as infectious, reproductive, non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and disabilities & injuries, across the country to comprehend the extent of catastrophic health spending (CHS) they experienced. The study is based on India’s 75th round of the National Sample Survey (NSS), i.e., Household Social Consumption: Health (2017-2018), consisting of 26,938 inpatient women aged 12 and above from India's urban and rural areas. We examine the prevalence of the four categories of diseases by individual, household, community, and healthcare characteristics. Expenditure estimates were derived from cross-tabulation, followed by binary logistic regression to assess the association between covariates and inpatient expenditures for the diseases. Indian women are more likely to be hospitalized for infectious diseases (43%), but the burden of CHS (overall) is highest for disabilities and injuries (INR 24,414), followed by NCDs (INR 23,053). Duration of hospitalization and possession of health insurance by women indicate maximum variation with medical spending. Almost 97% of women have incurred out-of-pocket expenditure on hospitalization, from which we identify three layers of CHS. A substantial proportion of women (23 to 50%) experienced CHS, i.e., up to 0-10%, 11-30%, and >30%, which varies distinctively by place of residence and across the six regions. Covariates like age, economic status, and healthcare are highly significant and associated with disease-wise CHS thresholds. Women in India face divergent financial hardships for healthcare. Given the heterogeneity of morbidities and socio-economic characteristics, the need for women-sensitive public health services and interventions are evident.
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Chandra, Hukum, and Bhanu Verma. "Small area estimation of food insecurity prevalence for the state of uttar pradesh in India." Model Assisted Statistics and Applications 17, no. 2 (May 23, 2022): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/mas-220011.
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The 2nd Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of the United Nations attempt to eliminate the potential hunger and food insecurity issues by 2030, but in the plight of COVID19 pandemic it has become far more critical and persistent issue globally as well as in India. The nation-wide socio-economic surveys of National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) in India are designed to produce reliable and representative estimates of important food insecurity parameters at state and national level for both rural and urban sectors separately but these surveys cannot be used directly to generate reliable district level estimates. Whereas, efficient and representative disaggregated level estimates for the extent (or incidence) of food insecurity prevalence has direct impact on strategizing effective policy plans and monitoring progress towards eliminating food insecurity. In this backdrop, the paper outlines small area estimation approach to estimate the incidence of food insecurity across the districts of rural Uttar Pradesh in India by linking data from the 2011–12 Household Consumer Expenditure Survey of NSSO, and the 2011 Indian Population Census. A spatial map has been generated showing spatial disparity for the incidence of food insecurity in Uttar Pradesh. These disaggregated level estimates are relevant and purposeful for SDG indicator 2.1.2 – severity of food insecurity. The estimates and map of food insecurity incidences are expected to deliver invaluable information to the policy-analysts and decision-makers.
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Ram, Manokamana. "Determinants of Healthcare Expenditure in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India: Through the lens of NSSO Data." Journal of Communicable Diseases 53, no. 03 (September 30, 2021): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202147.
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This study aims to examine the determinants of health-care expenditure in the Eastern region of Uttar Pradesh. Secondary data from the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) of 75th round on social consumption related to health were utilized. The Heckman two-step selection model was used to analyse household and individual decisions to seek care. Findings of this study reveal that having household head aged between 31 to 60 and above 60 years, household size greater than 5 members, belonging to religion other than Hindu, non-ST category as Schedule caste, Other backward class and others, people residing in urban area, people having higher economic status, private hospitals, upper primary and secondary+ schooling of household head and having household members with chronic illnesses were determinants contributing more health-care spending. However, female household head had less likely to incur healthcare expenditure as compared to male household in the region. An important finding indicates that the majority of people visited private hospitals in the region which increased the health-care spending at large and it burdened financially to the vulnerable section of the society. Based on the discussion, a few policy suggestions have been proposed to counter the above problems.
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Das, Pinaki, and Sk Md Abul Basar. "Are the Non-poor Households Nutritionally Secure? An Assessment from NSSO Unit Level Data in India Between 2004–2005 and 2011–2012." Indian Journal of Human Development 14, no. 2 (August 2020): 182–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973703020953504.
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This article analyses the status of nutrition in relation to the status of poverty among the socio-economic groups in both rural as well as in urban India. It also examines the role of public distribution system (PDS) along with other socio-economic factors in the reduction of nutrition insecurity of poor as well as non-poor households on the basis of National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) unit level data of Consumer Expenditure Survey of the latest rounds. It was found that the incidence of poverty as well as nutrition insecurity has declined significantly in the country during the years 2004–2005 and 2011–2012. However, as much as 24.4 per cent non-poor households in 2011–2012 remained nutritionally insecure. They were higher among the non-poor upper caste households and in the urban areas. The latter spent more on food items, evident in the growth rate of monthly per capita food consumption expenditure (MPFCE). But higher nutrition insecurity because of lower value of calorie accompanied diversification of consumption pattern among these households in favour of protein and fat items. Notwithstanding this trend, level of education, food consumption expenditure, PDS benefits and cultivable land have favourable impact on the nutritional status of non-poor households.
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Das, Milan, Kaushalendra Kumar, and Junaid Khan. "Does remittance protect the household from catastrophic health expenditure in India." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 16, no. 4 (November 26, 2020): 481–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-03-2020-0023.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the dynamic nature of the catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) on remittances receiving households between 2005 and 2012 in India. Design/methodology/approach The study adopted Xu’s (2005) definition of catastrophic health-care expenditure. And also used binary logistic regression to examine the effects of remittances being received on CHE in households across India. The data were drawn from the two rounds of the India Human Development Survey conducted by the University of Maryland, the USA, and the National Council of Applied Economic Research, New Delhi, India. Findings The results show that the percentage of households received remittances, and that the amount of remittances received has substantially increased during 2005 and 2012, though variation is evident by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the household. Apparently, the variation (percentage of households received remittances) is more pronounced for factors such as household size, number of 60+ elderly, sectors and by regions. Household’s catastrophic health spending and remittances being received show a statistically significant association. Households which received remittances during both the time showed the lowest likelihood (AOR:0.82; p-value < 0.10; 95% CI:0.64–1.03) to experience catastrophic health spending. Originality/value The paper identified the research gap to examine the occurrence of catastrophic health spending by remittances receiving status of the household using a novel panel data set.
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Bilson Darku, Francis, Frank Konietschke, and Bhargab Chattopadhyay. "Gini Index Estimation within Pre-Specified Error Bound: Application to Indian Household Survey Data." Econometrics 8, no. 2 (June 18, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/econometrics8020026.
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The Gini index, a widely used economic inequality measure, is computed using data whose designs involve clustering and stratification, generally known as complex household surveys. Under complex household survey, we develop two novel procedures for estimating Gini index with a pre-specified error bound and confidence level. The two proposed approaches are based on the concept of sequential analysis which is known to be economical in the sense of obtaining an optimal cluster size which reduces project cost (that is total sampling cost) thereby achieving the pre-specified error bound and the confidence level under reasonable assumptions. Some large sample properties of the proposed procedures are examined without assuming any specific distribution. Empirical illustrations of both procedures are provided using the consumption expenditure data obtained by National Sample Survey (NSS) Organization in India.
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Mahapatro, Sandhya R. "Why Do they Remit? Examining Factors Influencing Migrant Remittances in India." Journal of Development Policy and Practice 2, no. 2 (July 2017): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455133317704745.
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Little is known about the factors that determine the remittance behaviour of migrants in India. With socioeconomic transformations, the gradual change in female migration patterns for economic reasons also signifies their contribution to household well-being. Using the National Sample Survey (2007–2008) data and applying the Heckman’s two-stage procedure, this paper examines, separately, key determinants that influence the remittance behaviour of male and female migrants. Empirical estimates reveal that among various factors, monthly per capita expenditure, distance from origin, and duration of stay at destination are important predictors of remittance behaviour. These determinants of remittance highlight that migrants retain strong economic links with origin families not only to provide economic support but also for social ties. The findings provide support of contractual motive of remitting and suggest remittances are more effective in promoting development. Further, gender differences in remittance behaviour are observed for household size, occupational and educational level of the migrant.
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HUSAIN, ZAKIR, and SASWATA GHOSH. "IS HEALTH STATUS OF ELDERLY WORSENING IN INDIA? A COMPARISON OF SUCCESSIVE ROUNDS OF NATIONAL SAMPLE SURVEY DATA." Journal of Biosocial Science 43, no. 2 (December 15, 2010): 211–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932010000623.
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SummaryThe increasing greying of India's population raises concerns about the welfare and health status of the aged. One important source of information of health status of the elderly is the National Sample Survey Rounds on Morbidity and Health Care Expenditure. Using unit-level data for 1995–96 and 2004, this paper examines changes in reported health status of the elderly in India and analyses their relationship with living arrangements and extent of economic dependency. It appears that even after controlling for factors like caste, education, age, economic status and place of residence, there has been a deterioration in self-perceived current health status of the elderly. The paper argues that, although there have been changes in the economic condition and traditional living arrangements – with a decline in co-residential arrangements – this is not enough to explain the decline in reported health status and calls for a closer look at narratives of neglect being voiced in developing countries.
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Sen, Jayanta. "Growth and Distribution Effects of Changes in Levels of Living in Rural India: A Decomposition Analysis." Indian Journal of Human Development 14, no. 3 (November 15, 2020): 407–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973703020967904.
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This article deals with the changing pattern of levels of living in the rural regions of India during the period of 1993–1994 to 2011–2012 which also corresponds to the on-going economic reforms. These changes may be attributed either to the change in growth component or to the change in equity component or to both. The article therefore examines the effects of growth and distribution components on the variations in levels of living and their relative roles by a scheme of algebraic decomposition. It also investigates the influence of socio-economic factors on levels of living using econometric models. National Sample Survey Organisation consumer expenditure data for 15 major states of India are used for this analysis. Results show an improvement in levels of living (actual) in rural areas of all Indian states. Positive growth effect more than compensates the negative distribution effect and yield positive changes in some of the states. Further, this article argues that the main drivers of this positive change in the levels of living are development of rural physical infrastructure, attainment in education, farm income per capita, non-farm employment and livelihood diversification.
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Ranjan, Rahul, and Kausik K. Bhadra. "Impacts of Traditional Cooking Fuels on the Prevalence of Ailments in India." Indian Journal of Human Development 13, no. 3 (December 2019): 294–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973703019900444.
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This article examines the impact of the use of traditional cooking fuels on health using India Human Development Survey and National Sample Survey Organisation health expenditure data. Analyses reveal that the use of traditional fuel is significantly associated with the prevalence of short-term and long-term ailments. Subsequently, probit estimation is used to measure how the socio-economic and demographic factors influence the prevalence of short-term and long-term ailments due to the use of cooking fuels. It was found that if a household has a separate kitchen, the possibility of its members suffering diseases is lower than the households which do not have a separate one. Further, if a household uses improved chulha with the traditional fuel, the prevalence of diseases will be lesser vis-à-vis the usage of traditional chulha with the traditional fuel.
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Biswas, Sonali Smriti, and Ranjan Karmakar. "Determinants of hand-hygiene practices in India: reflections from the 76th round National Sample Survey, 2018." Journal of Water and Health 20, no. 1 (October 14, 2021): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2021.140.
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Abstract This paper studies the differences and determinants of handwashing practices in India and identifies sections of the population with poor handwashing practices who are relatively more vulnerable during the COVID-19 pandemic. We have used the data from the recent National Sample Survey (NSS, 76th round) for India (2018). Bivariate and logistic regression analyses have been performed to predict the determinants of handwashing practices across states and socio-economic groups. Levels of education of the household head, Usual Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (UMPCE) of the household, access to water (other than drinking water) resources and sanitation facilities, and the availability of water with soap in and around latrines are major socio-economic and demographic factors that impact handwashing practices. Higher access to principal sources of water for drinking and other purposes, access to bathrooms and latrines with soap, and the availability of water in or around latrines increase the likelihood of handwashing among the people. Universal handwashing across different sections of the population will be effective to prevent further infection. The available data help us to identify the vulnerable sections of the population which are towards the lower end of the handwashing compliance spectrum. The policymakers can outline specific planning and strategy implementation for them.
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Akhtar, M. D. Azharuddin, Nadeem Ahmad, and Indrani Roy Chowdhury. "Measuring Socio-Economic Inequality in Self-Reported Morbidity in India: Decomposition Analysis." Review of Development and Change 25, no. 1 (May 18, 2020): 89–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972266120916317.
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This paper assesses socio-economic inequalities in self-reported morbidities (SRMs) among households in India. Particularly, we addressed two questions. Is socio-economic-related inequality in SRMs significantly pro-rich or pro-poor? What are the major socio-economic and regional determinants contributing to inequality? This study is based on National Sample Survey 71st round (2014). We calculated equity ratio and concentration index (CI) to assess socio-economic-related inequality. Further, we applied probit regression and decomposition of CI to identify the major factors contributing to inequality. The finding suggests that SRMs and hospital admission have significantly pro-rich distribution, and accessibility to healthcare is a constraint against poor households. After adjusting the inequality, the unjust inequality due to socio-economic gradient is still found to be significant. Overall, income and regional differences are observed to be inflating factors, while education and insurance are observed to be deflating factors in socio-economic inequality in SRMs. High out-of-pocket expenditure with high proportion of transportation cost indicates high burden of accessing healthcare, which acts as a deterrent for poor in seeking healthcare. The government targets of investing 2.5 per cent of the Gross Domestic Product in the healthcare sector and running an ambitious programme like Universal Health Coverage are necessary efforts in the presence of income and health inequalities.
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Aleksandrowicz, Lukasz, Mehroosh Tak, Rosemary Green, Sanjay Kinra, and Andy Haines. "Comparison of food consumption in Indian adults between national and sub-national dietary data sources." British Journal of Nutrition 117, no. 7 (April 14, 2017): 1013–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114517000563.
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AbstractAccurate data on dietary intake are important for public health, nutrition and agricultural policy. The National Sample Survey is widely used by policymakers in India to estimate nutritional outcomes in the country, but has not been compared with other dietary data sources. To assess relative differences across available Indian dietary data sources, we compare intake of food groups across six national and sub-national surveys between 2004 and 2012, representing various dietary intake estimation methodologies, including Household Consumption Expenditure Surveys (HCES), FFQ, food balance sheets (FBS), and 24-h recall (24HR) surveys. We matched data for relevant years, regions and economic groups, for ages 16–59. One set of national HCES and the 24HR showed a decline in food intake in India between 2004–2005 and 2011–2012, whereas another HCES and FBS showed an increase. Differences in intake were smallest between the two HCES (1 % relative difference). Relative to these, FFQ and FBS had higher intake (13 and 35 %), and the 24HR lower intake (−9 %). Cereal consumption had high agreement across comparisons (average 5 % difference), whereas fruit and nuts, eggs, meat and fish and sugar had the least (120, 119, 56 and 50 % average differences, respectively). Spearman’s coefficients showed high correlation of ranked food group intake across surveys. The underlying methods of the compared data highlight possible sources of under- or over-estimation, and influence their relevance for addressing various research questions and programmatic needs.
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Kundu, Debolina, and Arvind Pandey. "Exploring Rural–Urban Inequality in India in the Post-economic Reform Period." Environment and Urbanization ASIA 11, no. 1 (March 2020): 102–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975425320906278.
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Structural reforms were adopted by India in the early 1990s. Despite a slowdown in the major economies of the world due to global financial crisis in 2008–2009, Indian economy has consistently performed better and achieved a growth rate of 8–9 per cent in the past decade. The proponents of the economic reforms thus believe that the measures of structural adjustment would bring about economic growth and narrow down the rural–urban gap in India. In this context, this article examines the impact of the reforms on rural–urban disparities with regard to select indicators of socio-economic development. This has been addressed by studying the pattern of education attainment levels, employment level and status, and the wage and consumption expenditures of rural and urban workers in India from 1993–1994 to 2011–2012. The results from the four rounds of the national sample survey (NSS) show that in the corresponding period, the gap between rural and urban areas has come down in the select indicators except employment.
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Sengupta, Reshmi, and Debasis Rooj. "Factors Affecting Gender Disparity in Muslim Education in India." Journal of Development Policy and Practice 3, no. 1 (January 2018): 87–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455133317737936.
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Muslims occupy the second largest share in India’s population after Hindus. Therefore, India’s overall economic growth and development are largely dependent on the progress of this community. Muslims, by and large, have remained backward in attaining education so far, and the pace of their educational development is quite slow. The situation is even worse for Muslim women. This gives rise to gender disparity in education and raises concerns over the formulation, implementation and monitoring of government policies and programmes directed towards the betterment of this community. This study aims to empirically evaluate the effect of some socio-economic and demographic variables; particularly household consumption expenditure as a proxy for household income, on current education attendance levels of Muslims using a sample of individuals aged 5–17 years from the National Sample Survey, 68th round Employment–Unemployment survey, 2011–2012. In addition, this article is also an attempt to examine the effect of these factors on the gender gap in education of Muslims. Results from the empirical analysis show that members of this community are less likely to attend any educational institution if they belong to the lower income status household and are more likely to attend if they belong to the upper income status household. In comparison to Muslim girls, Muslim boys are more likely to attend school if they belong to rich families. In contrast, in poor Muslim families, girls are more likely to attend school than boys. Several other socio-economic and demographic factors also affect current education participation of Muslim children. Besides other factors, if on the one hand, children’s growing age and number of children in the household increase gender gap, then knowledge of Internet operation and presence of a female household head help in reducing gender gap in current attendance level of Muslim children in India.
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Kaur, Amit, and Sumana Gupta. "An evaluation of middle-income group housing in Kolkata, India." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 12, no. 3 (June 3, 2019): 487–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-04-2018-0025.
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Purpose This study aims to assess the satisfaction level of middle-income group (MIG) residents of government group housings of Kolkata, India. Further, a Composite Satisfaction Index (CSI) was also devised for assessing the satisfaction level. Design/methodology/approach The satisfaction level was assessed in three domains – “within premises”, “at neighbourhood” and “with cost” – incurred and questionnaires were designed to conduct primary survey. Question on overall level of satisfaction “with location” was also included. All satisfaction responses were recorded on a five-point Likert scale. Subsequently, a CSI – a weighted average of satisfaction for attribute “with location” and “with cost” – was devised. The weights were assigned through expert opinion survey using Delphi technique. Data being ordinal in nature, a two-step approach was adopted – initially through exploratory factor analysis, contributing attributes were identified and later a Generalised Ordered Logit Model was fitted in STATA. “Monetary benefits” were calculated as a difference of actual expenditure incurred from recommended expenditure towards regular transportation and housing. Mean satisfaction scores for attributes “with cost” were validated with “monetary benefits”. Findings Attribute “with cost” contributed significantly towards the overall level of satisfaction “with location”. The computed CSI values also comply with the findings, indicating the reliability of the index in similar contexts. The government group housing model was successful in its outreach towards the intended beneficiaries. Practical implications The CSI devised will help the MIG in identifying appropriate residential housing locations and enable policymakers in reviewing group housings. Originality/value Residential satisfaction studies were not specific to MIG residents considering attribute “with cost”. Hence, this study contributed to the existing knowledge in this specific context.
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Dhama, K., B. Singh, M. Saminathan, Sandip Chakraborty, R. Tiwari, R. A. Ram, and T. Damodaran. "Impact of novel low cost technological interventions on expenditure pattern of landless and subâ€marginal farmers." South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 3, no. 5 (December 8, 2013): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.3(5).p261-267.
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Approximately 50% rural population is facing a major challenge of sustainable and reasonable livelihood security. In the present study, low costâ€highly profitable technologies were intervened to landless and subâ€marginal farmers for their socioâ€economic upliftment. The study was conducted during 2009â€2013 in Barabanki and Raebareli districts of Uttar Pradesh, India. Base line survey in 42 villages (700 farmers) was conducted, interventions initiated in mid 2009 and later, these were expanded in 65 villages (5250 families). For preâ€intervention period, 6 months average was considered, whereas in postâ€intervention period 12 months average was taken in comparing expenditure pattern. The farmers were intervened with novel technologies viz.,rural poultry production and purchase of bovine and goat, mineral based estrous induction, mastitis prevention, high yielding perennial fodder on waste land, banana as cash crop and family nutrition, lemon, guava and seasonal vegetables in courtyard, bioâ€enhancer for supporting vegetables and fruit plants. Sodic or barren unused land was transplanted with guava intercropped with vegetables and banana seedlings. The expenditure on food and clothing in preâ€intervention period was costing average of 71.4% and only 28.6% monthly earning was available for other family needs, while in postintervention period, in spite of improved food, nutrition and clothing quality, the expenditure was only 23.2% of total income. In conclusion, low input technologies whenever are intervened aiming higher profitability the impact on socioâ€economic status is visible within shortest time. It is a better option if governments create the infraâ€structural facilities and provide support with technological innovation for rural poverty alleviation.
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Anushree, K. N., and S. Madheswaran. "Inequalities in Health Outcomes: Evidence from NSS Data." Journal of Health Management 21, no. 1 (February 21, 2019): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063418822567.
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Health is a systemic entity and inequalities in health outcomes not only limit an individual’s potential to contribute to the economy but also inhibits one from living one’s life to the fullest potential, affecting one’s own well-being and social welfare at large. The purpose of this study is to assess the magnitude of inequalities in health outcomes and to explain the contribution of different factors to the overall inequality. Using the data of National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) 60th (2004) and 71st (2014) rounds for the analysis, the health outcome of interest was self-reported morbidity captured in the survey with 15 days recall period. Socio-economic status was measured by per capita monthly expenditure, and the concentration index is used as a measure of socio-economic health inequalities and is decomposed into its contributing factors. Our findings show that high-level inequalities in self-reported morbidity were largely concentrated among wealthier groups in India. On the other hand, even though the inequalities in self-reported morbidity were more among the wealthier groups for Karnataka, yet the magnitude of inequalities in reported morbidity was low for both the years. Decomposition analysis shows that inequalities in reported morbidity are particularly associated with demographic, economic and geographical factors.
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Dash, Antaryami, Pranab Kumar Chanda, Sharmistha Das, Atefh Ali, Debashmita Bhaumik, Md Masud Rana, and Neha Santwani. "Making Nutritious Diets More Affordable: Findings from a Cost of Diet Assessment in West Singhbhum, Jharkhand, India." World Nutrition 13, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26596/wn.20221333-11.
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Background: India bears a disproportionate burden of undernutrition. Access to an affordable, nutritious diet is one of the critical challenges. There is a need to assess the cost of a nutritious diet and find ways to understand and minimise the affordability gap through a comprehensive approach.
Objective: The present study was conducted in the West Singhbhum district of Jharkhand, India. Its objective was to find out the cost of various diets, and their affordability, based on households’ accounting for their total food expenditure, and assessing the coverage of essential governments’ nutrition-specific interventions to use a model for suggesting ways to minimise the affordability gap. We also estimate the potential impact of nutrition-sensitive programmes on household food affordability.
Methodology: The study employed the Cost of the Diet (CotD) methodology, a mixed-method, cross-sectional assessment, where the research team conducted surveys in 16 markets, 12 focus group discussions (FGDs) and 96 individual interviews (IDIs). Additionally, 434 household-level surveys were conducted to understand income, expenditure patterns in the localities and uptake of key nutrition-sensitive interventions. Secondary information from the 68th round of the National Sample Survey 2012 were used to assess rural Jharkhand’s non-food expenditure (NFE). Data were analysed primarily using the Save the Children’s Cost of the Diet software version 2.5.2.
Results: The cost of the diet increased with an increase in the diet quality – from a basic energy-only diet costing INR 33,892 ($505.85)[1] per year for a standard household with 6 members to a food-habit nutritious diet (FHAB) costing INR 70,627 ($1054.13) per year. More than half of the sampled households could not afford a nutritious diet. The poorest quartile was spending 56.8% of income on food, compared to 33.7% for the richest quintile.
Conclusion: The cost of a FHAB diet should be used as a benchmark to track the progress of beneficiary groups in upcoming socio-economic assessments. Changes in the affordability gap should be observed to assess whether new initiatives have worked. Optimal coverage of existing nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive programmes has the potential to reduce the cost of a FHAB nutritious diet by up to 30%.
[1] $1=INR 67 (The exchange rate at the time of data collection, December 2019)
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LaVeist, Thomas A., Eliseo J. Pérez-Stable, Patrick Richard, Andrew Anderson, Lydia A. Isaac, Riley Santiago, Celine Okoh, et al. "The Economic Burden of Racial, Ethnic, and Educational Health Inequities in the US." JAMA 329, no. 19 (May 16, 2023): 1682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.5965.
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ImportanceHealth inequities exist for racial and ethnic minorities and persons with lower educational attainment due to differential exposure to economic, social, structural, and environmental health risks and limited access to health care.ObjectiveTo estimate the economic burden of health inequities for racial and ethnic minority populations (American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Black, Latino, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander) and adults 25 years and older with less than a 4-year college degree in the US. Outcomes include the sum of excess medical care expenditures, lost labor market productivity, and the value of excess premature death (younger than 78 years) by race and ethnicity and the highest level of educational attainment compared with health equity goals.Evidence ReviewAnalysis of 2016-2019 data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) and state-level Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and 2016-2018 mortality data from the National Vital Statistics System and 2018 IPUMS American Community Survey. There were 87 855 survey respondents to MEPS, 1 792 023 survey respondents to the BRFSS, and 8 416 203 death records from the National Vital Statistics System.FindingsIn 2018, the estimated economic burden of racial and ethnic health inequities was $421 billion (using MEPS) or $451 billion (using BRFSS data) and the estimated burden of education-related health inequities was $940 billion (using MEPS) or $978 billion (using BRFSS). Most of the economic burden was attributable to the poor health of the Black population; however, the burden attributable to American Indian or Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander populations was disproportionately greater than their share of the population. Most of the education-related economic burden was incurred by adults with a high school diploma or General Educational Development equivalency credential. However, adults with less than a high school diploma accounted for a disproportionate share of the burden. Although they make up only 9% of the population, they bore 26% of the costs.Conclusions and RelevanceThe economic burden of racial and ethnic and educational health inequities is unacceptably high. Federal, state, and local policy makers should continue to invest resources to develop research, policies, and practices to eliminate health inequities in the US.
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Banerjee, Shreya, and Indrani Roy Chowdhury. "Inequities in curative health-care utilization among the adult population (20–59 years) in India: A comparative analysis of NSS 71st (2014) and 75th (2017–18) rounds." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 25, 2020): e0241994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241994.
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Objective The study attempts (a) to compute the degree of socio-economic inequity in health care utilization and (b) to decompose and analyze the drivers of socio-economic inequity in health care utilization among adults (20–59 years) in India during the periods 2014 and 2017–18. Data source The analysis has been done by using the unit level data of Social Consumption: Health (Schedule number 25.0), of National sample Survey (NSS), corresponding to the 71st and 75th rounds. Methods Odds ratios were computed through logistic regression analysis to examine the effect of the socio-economic status on the health seeking behaviour of the ailing adult population in India. Concentration Indices (CIs) were calculated to quantify the magnitude of socio-economic inequity in health care utilization. Further, the CIs were decomposed to find out the share of the major contributory factors in the overall inequity. Results The regression results revealed that socio-economic status continues to show a strong association with treatment seeking behavior among the adults in India. The positive estimates of CIs across both the rounds of NSS suggested that health care utilization among the adults continues to be concentrated within the higher socio-economic status, although the magnitude of inequity in health care utilization has shrunk from 0.0336 in 2014 to 0.0230 in 2017–18. However, the relative contribution of poor economic status to the overall explained inequities in health care utilisation observed a rise in its share from 31% in 2014 to 45% in 2017–18. Conclusion To reduce inequities in health care utilization, policies should address issues related to both supply and demand sides. Revamping the public health infrastructure is the foremost necessary condition from the supply side to ensure equitable health care access to the poor. Therefore, it is warranted that India ramps up investments and raises the budgetary allocation in the health care infrastructure and human resources, much beyond the current spending of 1.28% of its GDP as public expenditure on health. Further, to reduce the existing socio-economic inequities from the demand side, there is an urgent need to strengthen the redistributive mechanisms by tightening the various social security networks through efficient targeting and broadening the outreach capacity to the vulnerable and marginalized sections of the population.
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Majumder, Amita, and Chayanika Mitra. "Dropout Behaviour of Children: The Case of West Bengal." Indian Journal of Human Development 14, no. 2 (August 2020): 275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973703020951514.
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This article examines the dropout behaviour of students below class 10 level (maximum age of 16 years) from two different perspectives. First, from the parents’ perspective, we identify the major characteristics of a household that forces the child to dropout from school, using a Probit analysis. Second, from the child’s perspective, we try to relate the reasons for dropping out (as specified by the child) with the background of the household the child belongs to and the school infrastructure provided to him/her, through a multinomial logit model. The data set used is the 71st round (January 2014 to June 2014) data on education expenditure and is provided by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). The analysis is done for the state of West Bengal, India, separately for boys and girls. It shows the significance of parental education and economic factors in children’s dropout behaviour, which is in line with the observations in existing literature. Additionally, this article offers children’s perspectives on such behaviour from across genders and economic classes.
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Jha, Jaya, and Edward J. Kelley. "Returns to Relationships: Social Capital and Household Welfare in India." Social Sciences 12, no. 3 (March 17, 2023): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci12030184.
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Sociological scholarship, economic theory, and empirical studies all indicate that interpersonal relationships are valuable productive assets and deserve to be formally incorporated into the study of human development. This paper employs the India Human Development Survey to examine, using OLS and logistic regressions, the impact of different dimensions of social capital on multiple proxies for household welfare. Social capital in the form of memberships in local community organizations and social network connections has a statistically and economically significant association with household consumption expenditures, physical asset ownership, and the probability of a household living in poverty. Households that are members of any formal community organization are expected to have higher monthly per capita consumption expenditures than households without any memberships. Estimates of a similar magnitude are observed when modeling a household’s stock of physical assets, a longer-term indicator of economic welfare. These indicators of social capital are also significantly associated with lower odds of a household living below the poverty line. Organizational memberships and social networks are also associated with considerably higher odds of a household assessing its own economic situation positively. Overall, social capital is a catalyst for increasing household welfare along multiple dimensions, and, therefore, a critical area of focus for economists, sociologists, development practitioners, and policymakers.
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Rout, Narayan. "Effect of rural development and targeted expenditure towards poverty alleviation in Odisha, India." Indian Journal of Economics and Development 8 (December 9, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijed/v8.38.
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Objectives: To evaluate the direct tools of poverty alleviation in Odisha, and investigate the response of alleviation programs to poverty. Method: The assessment proceeds with three simple steps of identifying: who, what and how by focusing on four important aspects namely; rural employment, rural development, food security and social security. The causes of poverty are matched with the available tools of active and operational schemes in Odisha state reported by the Dept. of Economics & statistics, Govt. of Odisha and World Bank Survey Reports during the period 2009 to 2011, the corresponding target coverage and progress are located to deduce the end period outcomes of impact on poverty rates. The under coverages shown or identified, were related to respective relevant alleviation programs using horizontal comparative analysis, which shows the changes from the reference period in absolute amount and percentages. Findings: The study reveals that the benefits and outcome of social sector and development programs (rural employment, PDS, development, social pension) have not been realized to their fullest extent. For instance, the coverage of employment schemes is low (penetration is only 3.8% in 2017 and 6.5% in 2018 against 138.53 Lakhs BPL persons) and meager to cause a fall in actual poverty. The coverage under Gopabandhu Gramin Yojana is lower at 40 % in 2019 covering 9229 projects (out of 22,538 targeted projects). Novelty: It demonstrates the use of broader and comparative assessment of key schemes to evaluate the end outcome of poverty rates and matches the periodic poverty limits to per capita gross expenditure incurred by the state. Keywords: anti-poverty; programs; alleviation tools; beneficiaries; Odisha
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Datta, Subhendu, Aviral Kumar Tiwari, and C. S. Shylajan. "An empirical analysis of nature, magnitude and determinants of farmers’ indebtedness in India." International Journal of Social Economics 45, no. 6 (June 11, 2018): 888–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-11-2016-0319.
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PurposeAccording to the 70th round of the National Sample Survey published by the Government of India in 2014, the incidence of indebtedness among households in the rural areas of Telangana state, India, is twice that of rural all-India. Around 59 per cent of rural households are indebted in Telangana as against 31 per cent all-India. The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent and magnitude of indebtedness among rural households in the Medak district of Telangana state. Further, the authors wanted to identify the sources of credit to these households and for what purpose the loans were utilised.Design/methodology/approachTo achieve the objective, the authors conducted a primary-level household survey in one of the distressed districts in newly formed state. The authors applied the Bayesian and the Lasso regression methods to identify the factors that impact indebtedness of a household.FindingsThe OLS results based on the Lasso regression results show that among all the explanatory variables, principal occupation, use of modern technology, the rate of interest, household medical expenditure and source of loan are significant, indicating that these variables significantly affect the loan taken by the farmers in the study area. The study shows that alternative sources of non-farm income and promotion of modern technology in agriculture can reduce the incidence of farmers’ indebtedness in India.Originality/valueThe paper contains significant information with regard to indebtedness. It focusses on the issue troubling the authorities the most. It provides the ground realities of the incidence of indebtedness in Medak, one of the most distressed districts of Telangana, a Southern Indian state. There have been very few similar studies done in the newly formed state. The paper has employed an advanced statistical technique, i.e. Heckman’s selection regression technique, to study farmers’ indebtedness in India. It provides a means of correcting for non-randomly selected samples, which otherwise can lead to erroneous conclusions and poor policy.
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Tripathi, Sabyasachi, and Komali Yenneti. "Measurement of Multidimensional Poverty in India: A State-level Analysis." Indian Journal of Human Development 14, no. 2 (August 2020): 257–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973703020944763.
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This article measures Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) in India using National Sample Survey (NSS) data on “Consumption Expenditure” for the period 2004–2005 and 2011–2012, adopting Alkire and Foster’s (2011, Journal of Public Economics, vol. 95, pp. 476–487) methodology. It considers three main indicators, namely standard of living, education and income at the level of households or persons. The results show that multidimensional poverty head count has declined from 62.2 per cent in 2004–2005 to 38.4 per cent in 2011–2012. However, separate rural and urban regional analysis clearly indicates a sharp decline in rural poverty compared to urban poverty reduction. Lack of education of the household members made the highest contribution to poverty, followed by income and standard of living in India. A state-level analysis shows that Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Orissa, Bihar, Chhattisgarh and Arunachal Pradesh have a higher poverty head count ratio, while Kerala, Mizoram, Nagaland, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Haryana have a lower poverty rate.
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Ghosh, Sudipta, and P. S. Aithal. "Trends in Disinvestment of Government’s Equity: An Explicatory Study of Public Sector Enterprises in India." Revista Review Index Journal of Multidisciplinary 2, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm2022.v02.n03.001.
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A Public Sector Enterprise (PSE) is an enterprise which is owned and proscribed by the Local, or State or Central Govt. In a civic enterprise, the investment is either entirely or partially made by the Govt. Under PSEs, the Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) occupy an important position in the economy. They were set up to achieve fiscal development, self-support in manufacturing, intemperance equilibrium of expenditure, and controlling the deflationary and inflationary trends. These macro-economic objectives are taken as an instrument for structural change of the nation with equality and social fairness. Disinvestment is a process in which the Govt. equity fund is introverted either in fraction or in totality. The Govt. of India introduced the process of disinvesting its equity shares in Indian PSEs in the fiscal year 1991-92. The prime tenet at the back of disinvestment is to boost prosperity, endorse public partaking at wider scale and to bring improved market answerability. In this backdrop, the present study is an attempt to analyze the trends in disinvestment of Government’s equity in Indian PSEs during the period 1991-92 to 2019-20. For this purpose, secondary information has been sourced from the available yearly reports of the Public Enterprises Survey, Govt. of India. Overall, a low level of disinvestment is observed during the initial years (i.e., up to 2008-09). Thereafter, more or less an increasing trend is observed in actual disinvestment as compared to actual disinvestment in the earlier years. The real proceeds from disinvestment have fluctuated at certain point of time during the period under study. Furthermore, actual receipts from disinvestment are less than that of the budgeted receipts in most of the years under study.
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Kumar, Hemant, Iybu V. Chacko, Seema Mane, Narayanan N. Govindan, and Sneha Prasanth. "Study of utilization of antenatal care services and its determinants among pregnant women admitted in a tertiary care hospital in Mangaluru, Karnataka, India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 5 (April 24, 2020): 1960. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20202014.
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Background: Globally only 64% of women receive antenatal (prenatal) care four or more times throughout their pregnancy. National family health survey (NFHS) -4, brings out that in India, 21% of pregnant women utilized full ANC, ranging from 2.3-65.9% across the states. Quality health care during pregnancy and childbirth can prevent many pregnancy related deaths. The objective of the present study was to examine utilization of antenatal care services among the study subjects and find out its determinants, including out of pocket expenditure incurred on management of the pregnancies.Methods: The study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital among full term pregnant mothers and those who had recently delivered. Purposive sampling method was used and sample size of 368 was calculated.Results: The study brought out that 100% women had their registration, 75.5% of them within 12 weeks of pregnancy. Majority of the women (69.5%) preferred private health care facility clinic for antenatal check-up. However, the utilization of various government schemes in place for the benefit of pregnant mothers were underutilized (26.6%).The study also revealed that 16.0% of the families suffered catastrophic expenditure as the cost of treatment on antenatal care and treatment went beyond household budget and they had to borrow money for the treatment.Conclusions: A significant association was found between number of antenatal visits and increasing age, higher socio-economic status, higher educational status, Hindu religion, place of residence (urban), nuclear type of family and early registration.
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Kumar G. N., Anil, Mohith Kumar G. V., Vijaya N. L., Reddy B. S., and Venkataravana Nayaka G. V. "An Economic Analysis of Mulberry and Cocoon Production in North Eastern Karnataka." International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 13, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 1148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/1.2022.3226b.
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The present study is an attempt to assess the silkworm cocoon production and its profitability in North Eastern Karnataka region, India through structured survey during June–September, 2018. The multistage random sampling technique was adopted in designing sampling frame. In the first stage, three districts namely Ballari, Kalaburagi and Raichur districts were selected based on the highest area under mulberry crop. In the second stage two taluks were selected based on the potentiality and highest area under mulberry crop. In the third stage, 10 farmers from selected taluks of the districts were selected randomly in view of spread out of sericulture farmers in different villages. Total sample size of sericulture farmers were 60 respondents. However, 15 market intermediaries representing 5 respondents each from the selected districts constituting village trader and reeler’s were chosen randomly and interviewed personally to elicit required information with the help of well-structured and pre-tested schedule. The human labour usage in establishment of mulberry garden was highest in Kalaburagi (53.25 mandays) compared to Raichur (50.30 mandays) and Ballari (46.80 mandays). The variable cost incurred by sericulture farmers was more than 81% of the total cost of cultivation of mulberry. However, the expenditure on human labour (35.97%) was the major constituent of the total cost. The net returns realised by silk cocoon producing farmers was ` 55,819 300 DFL-1. The extent of net returns realised was highest in Kalaburagi (` 58,708 300 DFL-1) district compared to Raichur (` 54,726) and Ballari (` 54,025) districts.
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Kaur, Simrit, and Cheshta Kapuria. "Determinants of financial inclusion in rural India: does gender matter?" International Journal of Social Economics 47, no. 6 (June 8, 2020): 747–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-07-2019-0439.
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PurposeSince finance is an efficacious instrument for economic development, social inclusion and women empowerment, the present paper examines the determinants of accessing institutional and non-institutional finance across male- and female-headed households in rural India.Design/methodology/approachMultinomial logistic regression is applied for categorizing households' accessing finance in four categories, namely Only Institutional Finance (IF), Only Non-institutional Finance (NIF), Both Sources of Finance (BF) and Neither Source of Finance (N). Both household and state-level determinants have been analysed. Household data set is sourced from the Situation Assessment Survey (NSSO, 70th round) and state-level data sets from Basic Road Statistics 2016, Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2016, Rainfall Statistics of India 2014, database on Indian Economy RBI and Census 2011. Econometric regressions have been evaluated for female-headed households (FHHs), male-headed households (MHHs) and overall pooled households (HHs).FindingsFour important findings emerge. First, FHHs have a lower probability of accessing IF and a higher probability of accessing NIF vis-a-vis MHHs. Second, in general, education levels, monthly household consumption expenditure, land size holding, irrigated area and penetration of scheduled commercial banks favourably influence FHHs accessing IF. Third, FHHs belonging to socially disadvantaged castes have a lower probability of accessing IF. Fourth, a substantial proportion of FHHs accesses neither IF nor NIF relative to MHHs.Practical implicationsThe paper thoroughly addresses the issue of accessing finance by FHHs and MHHs, which will further assist policymakers in formulating holistic financial policies for rural India.Social implicationsThe paper recommends increasing women's access to financial services as an effective tool for reducing poverty and lowering income inequality in rural India.Originality/valueThis article contributes to the scant empirical literature on finance and gender.
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Kang, Yunhee, Anurima Baidya, Alec Aaron, Jun Wang, Christabel Chan, and Erica Wetzler. "Differences in the Early Impact of COVID-19 on Food Security and Livelihoods and in Rural and Urban Areas in the Asia Pacific Region." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab029_030.
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Abstract Objectives Lockdowns due to COVID-19 had health, economic, social, and political consequences globally. This study examined if the early impact of COVID-19 on livelihoods and food security differed between rural and urban areas in six Asia-Pacific countries. Methods Secondary data analysis was conducted in May 2029 using a total of 13,522 household survey data collected cross-sectionally among socially disadvantaged populations through a World Vision's rapid response assessment (n = 13,522) in Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Myanmar, and Vietnam. Changes in food expenditure, availability of various food items, and accessibility and affordability of essential items (staple food, fresh foods, medicine, and hygiene) were tested between rural and urban areas using multivariate logistic regressions, accounting for confounding variables. Results Job loss or reduced income was prevalent (rang: 54.1%–89.6%), higher in urban than rural areas in all six countries. A higher percentage of households reduced food expenditure in urban areas (53.0%–80.3%) than in rural areas (34.2%–66.4%) in India, Myanmar, and Vietnam (all P < 0.001). The proportion of households having no food stock varied in six countries (13.4%-66.0%), with lower odds of available food stocks in urban areas than rural areas (OR range in Bangladesh, India, and Myanmar: 0.30–0.53, all P < 0.05). Access to essential items was moderate to high depending on the type of item. Essential medicines were more accessible in urban than in rural areas with an OR range of 1.88–5.63 in India, Myanmar, and Vietnam. Household affordability was low particularly for rent (3.8%-16.6%) and loan repayment (3.3%-19.9%), with higher affordability for rent payments in urban than in rural areas with an OR range of 1.98–22.2 across four countries (P < 0.05). Access and affordability for essential items were better in urban areas than in rural areas in Vietnam. Conclusions Disproportional differences were found in experiencing food security and livelihoods between rural and urban areas in six Asia Pacific countries. An understanding of the differential implications of lockdowns related to COVID-19 by residence can inform specifically recovery policies and guide mitigation efforts. Funding Sources N/A
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Pagán, Ricardo, and Daniel Horsfall. "Medical tourism trends in the United Kingdom 2000-2016." Journal of Tourism Analysis: Revista de Análisis Turístico 27, no. 1 (November 23, 2019): 20–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jta-06-2019-0025.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the inbound and outbound medical tourism in the UK to determine if the UK can be considered as a net exporter of health services as well as the impact of the 2007 global economic crisis, diaspora populations and the number of UK expats on medical tourism figures. Design/methodology/approach Using microdata drawn from the International Passenger Survey (2000-2016), the authors estimate the flows, number of nights and expenditure of tourists looking for medical treatment who complete international visits of less than 12 months’ duration to and from the UK. The authors also analyse the main destinations of UK residents, the country of origin of overseas residents and the particular case of British expats. Findings The results show the upward trend of inbound and outbound patients, the strong seasonality in outbound patients, and the significant increase in the levels of expenditure of overseas residents since 2005. Poland, France, Hungary and India are the chosen countries by UK residents to be treated, whereas Irish Republic, Spain, France, Gibraltar and the United Arab Emirates are the main countries providing inbound health patients. However, the processes of migration explain full or partly the inbound and outbound flows found for some countries. Originality/value This study offers a critical insight into inbound and outbound medical flows, demonstrating both the scope for and limitations to market development in this area.
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Yadav, Jeetendra, Geetha R. Menon, and Denny John. "Disease-Specific Out-of-Pocket Payments, Catastrophic Health Expenditure and Impoverishment Effects in India: An Analysis of National Health Survey Data." Applied Health Economics and Health Policy 19, no. 5 (February 22, 2021): 769–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40258-021-00641-9.
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Patel, Amrit. "FINANCING SMALL FARMERS FOR INDIA’S FOOD SECURITY." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 4, no. 7 (July 31, 2016): 196–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i7.2016.2612.
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According to the Global Hunger Report, India continues to be among nations where hunger is "alarming". It is most disappointing that despite high economic growth, the hunger index in India between 1996 and 2011 has insignificantly improved from 22.9 to 23.7. National Sample Survey Organization data revealed that the average per capita food expenditure per annum during the period from 1993 to 2010 increased only by 0.2 % annually in rural India and declined by 0.1% in the urban areas. At any given point of time, the cereal intake of the bottom 20% people in rural India which is engaged more in manual work continues to be at least 20% less than the cereal intake of the top decile of the population, despite their better access to fruit, vegetables and meat products. Endemic hunger continues to afflict a large proportion of the population. Agricultural Census [2010–11] revealed that out of 138.35 million operational holdings in India as high as 85% (which account for 44.6% of the total cultivated area) are small and marginal farmers [S&MFs] owning less than two hectares. This, therefore, characterises India’s agriculture a small-scale-farming. Average size of small-holding is only 0.61 hectare whereas overall average size of holdings declined from 1.33 ha in 2000–01 to 1.15 in 2010–11.The role of S&MFs in boosting food output and reduction of poverty is well recognized. Therefore, the future of sustainable agricultural growth, food security and poverty reduction in India depends on creating environment that enables huge number of S&MFs to easy, hassle-free and reliable access to institutional credit. Against this background, this article analyses the performance of Government–sponsored and Banks programs aimed at financing S&MFs and suggest enabling measures to achieve 8% target of credit to S&MFs within existing 18% credit to agriculture by 2017 as recently prescribed by the Reserve Bank of India [RBI].
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Vikram Arora and Bhavna Gupta. "Evaluating the Prosthodontic Status of People Visiting a Dental Clinic in New Delhi, India." International Healthcare Research Journal 3, no. 3 (June 24, 2019): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26440/ihrj/0303.06249.
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BACKGROUND: Oral diseases place a huge economic and social burden on the population in terms of pain, suffering and lost productivity, as well as expenditure on treatment and prevention. The elderly people are worst affected by tooth loss as edentulism further leads to deterioration of their existing frail general health.
MATERIALS AND METHOD: The present study is an attempt to study the prosthodontic status of people attending a private clinic in Delhi from April to December 2018. Data was collected with the help of WHO Oral Health Assessment Form (2004) and survey was conducted as per guidelines of American Dental Association for Type III examination. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 20.0.
RESULTS: Out of 204 study subjects, 30.4% were completely dentulous, 7.4% were completely edentulous and rest were partially edentulous for the maxillary arch. While 34.8% were completely dentulous, 14.7% were completely edentulous and 50.5% were partially edentulous for the mandibular arch. Prosthodontic status for both the maxillary and mandibular arch was very poor with 79.4% and 85.3% individuals being devoid of any kind of prosthesis in the maxillary and mandibular arch respectively.
CONCLUSION: The population of Delhi has a poor prosthodontics status. High cost of prosthetic treatment, lack of availability of skilled healthcare professionals, poor infrastructure and the general attitude of the population towards replacement of missing teeth are the major hindrances in the way of healthcare delivery system in our country. This has lead to the poor prosthodontic status in general population.
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Govindaraj, Gurrappanaidu, Satrasala Suryaprakash, and Nilakantan Sivaramane. "Present status of edible oil consumption and household demand projection for Tamil Nadu (India)." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 57, no. 1 (2012): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1201041g.
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Until the 1990s the major edible oil consumed in Tamil Nadu state was peanut and sesame oil. The technological, economic and policy changes thereafter induced dynamism in consumer demand for food, including edible oils. In this study, the household demand for individual edible oils based on present consumption was assessed and forecasted for 2015 and 2020 for Tamil Nadu. Due to constraints in the secondary data published by National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO), the primary data was used. The Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model was employed to estimate the income (expenditure) elasticities and in turn used to project the demand for edible oils and associated products like ghee and butter. The overall edible oil demand is expected to grow at 7.0% per annum in Tamil Nadu, with the highest growth of sunflower oil (8.7%) followed by other oils (7.8%), sesame oil (6.6%), peanut oil (6.6%) and palm oil (3.1%). The demand for total edible oil in rural Tamil Nadu increases from 3.14 lakh tonnes (2009-10) to 5.3 lakh tonnes (2020), whereas, in urban areas, it increases from 3.24 lakh tonnes to 5.45 lakh tonnes. The non-traditional oil like sunflower oil and other oils (soybean, corn, rice bran, palm oil) has made inroads in the consumption basket and will continue to dominate in the future. Hence, concerted efforts like increasing seed replacement rate, increasing the intensity of adoption of improved technology and appropriate price policy are required to increase productivity of non-traditional crops besides promoting traditional crops (peanut and sesame) to meet the growing edible oil demand in the state.
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Lakshmi, S. Jyothi, and Shivakumarswamy. "Health status and demand for health care of the rural women: preliminary observations from the backward districts of Karnataka state, South India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 10, no. 6 (May 31, 2023): 2094–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20231686.
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Background: In the last few decades, rural people’s health care has garnered increased attention. Especially rural women are facing a variety of life-threatening diseases as a result of traditional health culture, gender-based health exclusion, and low socioeconomic status. This study attempted to disclose the health status and demand for health care of rural women in two backward districts of Karnataka state- south India. Methods: The study has used a survey and interview methods of data collection from 426 rural women from two districts of Karnataka. Results: This study found that women reaching menopause state face a slew of health issues; including anemia (44%), stress (63%) menstrual irregularities (39%), heart disease (47%), arthritis (50%), and diabetes (48%) from a low socio-economic profile. Women in the menopausal stage are the most impacted, followed by pre-menopause and reproductive groups. Per-capita income, level of education, and medical expenditure are decisive factors in the demand for quality health care. Conclusions: Changing health culture has a close nexus with the socioeconomic status affecting rural health behaviour of women. Household income and occupation have a key role in determining women’s health. It is time to establish low-cost healthcare insurance for rural women and encourage the medical pluralism that exists in rural areas.
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Faizi, Nafis, and Yasir Alvi. "Comment on: “Disease-Specific Out-of-Pocket Payments, Catastrophic Health Expenditure and Impoverishment Effects in India: An Analysis of National Health Survey Data”." Applied Health Economics and Health Policy 19, no. 5 (April 27, 2021): 783–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40258-021-00650-8.
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Narayan, Vishal, and Shreya Kankanhalli. "EXPRESS: The Economic and Social Impacts of Migration on Brand Expenditure: Evidence from Rural India." Journal of Marketing, May 17, 2021, 002224292110219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00222429211021992.
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Households sending members to work away from home often receive information about lifestyles and consumption behaviors in those migration destinations (i.e., social remittances) along with economic remittances. We investigate the effect of having a migrant household member on household brand expenditures in rural India—a market characterized by substantial consumption of unbranded products. We collect and analyze household-level survey data from 434 households across 30 villages using an instrumental variable strategy. Economic remittances result in greater brand expenditure and this level is higher for poorer households. After controlling for economic remittances, the effect of migration on brand expenditures is more positive for households residing in more populous villages, with greater access to mobile phones, lower viewership of television media, and with less recently departed migrants. We demonstrate how marketing resource allocation across villages can be improved by incorporating migration data and provide insights for household targeting in the context of door-to-door selling in villages. Our results are robust to alternate, public policy-based instruments, and can be generalized to expenditure on private schools. Using additional survey data from 300 households in 62 new villages, we replicate our results by comparing within-households brand expenditures before and after the migration event.
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Motkuri, Venkatanarayana, and E. Revathi. "Private Expenditure on Education in India: National Level Analysis Exploring NSSO Survey (CES and SCE) Estimates." Indian Journal of Human Development, March 14, 2023, 097370302311552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09737030231155242.
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Education being a public good calls for higher public investment. In India, there is a growing trend towards private expenditure on education. The present article examines the trends of private expenditure on education based on the NSSO-Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES) and Social Consumption on Education (SC-E) survey estimates for the period 1986–1987 to 2017–2018. The analysis reveals the rising share of private expenditure on education in GDP and total household consumption expenditure (HCE) indicating its faster growth over GDP and/or HCE. There is a positive association between income level and per capita private expenditure on education. In the case of bottom economic strata, per capita private expenditure on education and its share in their total HCE is rising faster. The ratio of per capita private expenditure on education of the top 10% to the bottom 10% is high but decreasing over time, indicating lower economic strata are spending a higher proportion of their income on education vis-à-vis upper economic strata.