Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Economic-Environmental perspective'
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Gorban, Tetiana, and Yulia Polikarpova. "Environmental and economic security in a national perspective." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/9995.
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Kwan, Cheng Lai-man Heidi, and 關鄭麗敏. "Recycling business in Hong Kong: an economic and environmental perspective." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252643.
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Chan, Ping-ki, and 陳炳奇. "Scrap tyre management in Hong Kong: economic and environmental perspective." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253350.
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Kwan, Cheng Lai-man Heidi. "Recycling business in Hong Kong : an economic and environmental perspective /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13498010.
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Chan, Ping-ki. "Scrap tyre management in Hong Kong : economic and environmental perspective /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17457786.
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Ihiabe, Daniel. "Assessing biomass-fired gas turbine power plants : a techno-economic and environmental perspective." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2013. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8451.
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Fossil fuels continue to deplete with use as they are irreplaceable. In addition,
the environmental impact with the continuous use of these conventional fuels
has generated global concern due to the production of harmful emission gases.
An alternative source of energy has become inevitable. Technological
advancements in the area of biomass use for both aviation and power
generation are at different levels of development.
There is however the need for an integrated approach to assess gas turbine
engine behaviour in terms of performance, emission and economics when they
are running on biofuels. The current research work is concerned with finding
alternative fuel resources for use on stationary gas turbine engines for power
generation with the necessary identification of suitable biofuels using a multidisciplinary
approach.
A techno-economic, environmental and risk assessment (TERA) model
comprising the performance, emissions, economics and risk modules has been
developed. There had been several simulations of two gas turbine engines
(GTEs) to ascertain the effects of both ambient and operating conditions and
the effect of fuel types on the engines. These simulations were done with the
use of an in-house code-the Turbomatch and a code developed for the steam
cycle which is employed for the combined cycle simulation. Cont/d.
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Vornovytskyy, Marina S. "Linkages between inequality and environmental degradation an interregional perspective /." Amherst, Mass. : University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3349746/.
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Eriksson, Ola. "Environmental and Economic Assessment of Swedish Municipal Solid Waste Management in a Systems Perspective." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Chemical Engineering and Technology, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3544.
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Waste management is something that affects most people. Thewaste amounts are still increasing, but the waste treatment ischanging towards recycling and integrated solutions. In Swedenproducersresponsibility for different products, a taxand bans on deposition of waste at landfills implicates areorganisation of the municipal solid waste management. Plansare made for new incineration plants, which leads to that wastecombustion comes to play a role in the reorganisation of theSwedish energy system as well. The energy system is supposed toadapt to governmental decisions on decommission of nuclearplants and decreased use of fossil fuels.
Waste from private households consists of hazardous waste,scrap waste, waste electronics and wastes that to a largeextent are generated in the kitchen. The latter type has beenstudied in this thesis, except for newsprint, glass- and metalpackages that by source separation havent ended up in thewaste bin. Besides the remaining amount of the above mentionedfractions, the waste consists of food waste, paper, cardboard-and plastic packages and inert material. About 80-90 % of thismixed household waste is combustible, and the major part ofthat is also possible to recycle.
Several systems analyses of municipalsolid waste managementhave been performed. Deposition at landfill has been comparedto energy recovery, recycling of material (plastic andcardboard) and recycling of nutrients (in food waste).Environmental impact, fuel consumption and costs are calculatedfor the entire lifecycle from the households, until the wasteis treated and the by-products have been taken care of.
To stop deposition at landfills is the most importantmeasure to take as to decrease the environmental impact fromlandfills, and instead use the waste as a resource, therebysubstituting production from virgin resources (avoidingresource extraction and emissions). The best alternative tolandfilling is incineration, but also material recycling andbiological treatment are possible.
Recycling of plastic has slightly less environmental impactand energy consumption than incineration. The difference issmall due to that plastic is such a small part of the totalwaste amount, and that just a small part of the collectedamount is recycled. Cardboard recycling is comparable toincineration; there are both advantages and disadvantages.Source separation of food waste may lead to higher transportemissions due to intensified collection, but severalenvironmental advantages are observed if the waste is digestedand the produced biogas substitutes diesel in busses.Composting has no environmental advantages compared toincineration, mainly due to lack of energy recovery. Therecycling options are more expensive than incineration. Theincreased cost must be seen in relation to the environmentalbenefits and decreased energy use. If the work with sourceseparation made by the households is included in the analysis,the welfare costs for source separation and recycling becomesnon-profitable. It is however doubted how much time is consumedand how it should be valuated in monetary terms.
In systems analyses, several impacts are not measured.Environmental impact has been studied, but not allenvironmental impact. As the parts of the system are underconstant change, the results are not true forever. Recyclingmay not be unambiguously advantageous today, but it can be inthe future.
Despite the fact that systems analysis has been developedduring 10 years in Sweden, there are still many decisions takenregarding waste management without support from systemsanalysis and use of computer models. The minority of users ispleased with the results achieved, but the systems analysis isfar from easy to use. The adaptation of tools and models to thedemands from the potential users should consider thatorganisations of different sizes have shifting demands andneeds.
The application areas for systems analysis and models arestrategic planning, decisions about larger investments andeducation in universities and within organisations. Systemsanalysis and models may be used in pre-planning procedures. Apotential is a more general application (Technology Assessment)in predominantly waste- and biofuel based energy processes, butalso for assessment of new technical components in a systemsperspective. The methodology and systems approach developedwithin the systems analysis has here been transformed to anassessment of environmental, economic and technical prestandaof technical systems in a broad sense.
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Oprea, Alina Daniela. "Educación para el Desarrollo Sostenible en las clases de ELE." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för utbildningsvetenskap (UV), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-30791.
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The aim of this papper is to investigate how spanish teacher understand the concept of Sustainable Development and how they implement the Education for Sustainable Development in their lessons. For this purpose we have used two different methods: the first was to analyze Swedish school policy documents (Education Act, Lgr 11 and Lgy 11) to see if they promote the Education for Sustainable Development in foreign language classes. The second was to analyze the perceptions of the teachers in terms of understanding and application of Sustainable Development in their teaching. A questionnaire study was conducted with 12 spanish teachers representing 11 secondary- and high schools in Växjö. The questionnaire contains 8 questions about personal information, 3 open questions about understanding of Education for Sustainable Development and 27 affirmations about Sustainable Development which measure teacher´s levels of agreement or disagreement (Likert ordinal scale). The results showes that Swedish school policy documents don´t make it clear that teacher in general and spanish teacher in particular have to educate for Sustainable Development (in the Education Act the words 'sustainable development' are not even mentioned). They also showes that 58 % of the teachers implemet in their teaching the Sustainable Development; 100 % of the teachers consider the lack of knowledge, the lack och time and the irrelevance of Sustainable Development in the spanish lessons as factors who difficult the Education for Sustainable Development; 92 % of the teachers would like to get more education about how to educate for Sustainable Development.
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Zhu, Minkang. "A multiple objective approach to evaluate economic and environmental impacts of agricultural management systems from a sustainable development perspective." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/38786.
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NIGRA, MARIANNA. "Patterns of Sustainable Innovation in the Building Industry. Towards a Strategic Management Perspective on Environmental, Social, and Economic Values." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2729358.
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Kapetanios, Andreas. "Beyond environmental and economic determinism : the social rôle of animal production in Ikaria, Crete and Epirus in an ethnoarchaeological perspective." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283901.
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Schomers, Sarah [Verfasser]. "Intermediaries within the governance structures of payments for ecosystem services : cost-effectiveness and environmental effectiveness from an institutional economic perspective / Sarah Daniela Schomers." Hannover : Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1179909356/34.
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Schomers, Sarah Daniela [Verfasser]. "Intermediaries within the governance structures of payments for ecosystem services : cost-effectiveness and environmental effectiveness from an institutional economic perspective / Sarah Daniela Schomers." Hannover : Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1179909356/34.
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Puvimanasinghe, Shyami Fernando. "Foreign investment, human rights and the environment : a perspective from South Asia on the role of public international law for development /." Leiden [u.a.] : Nijhoff, 2007. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0712/2007276511.html.
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Akoh, Emmanuel Inalegwu. "Barriers to public participation in developmental projects : a Nigerian community perspective (case study of the Gbaran-Ubie oil and gas project)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001869.
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This research paper is broken up into three sections, namely an evaluation report, a literature review and research methodology. The evaluation report section is the assessment of the current state of change readiness within the Eskom Contact Centre’s based upon what the literature on change readiness prescribes. The timing of the change readiness assessment is just prior to significant organisational change. The organisational change that was about to be initiated by the organisation was initiated from the boardroom of the most senior echelons of the organisation, and was directed in a top down approach, being a strategic organisational change. The change is deemed to be critical to the organisation being able to meet its long term strategic and sustainability objectives. A critical examination of the literature explored the meaning of change readiness, the importance of it and explained the consequences for organisations that commit to transformational agendas without being ready. Key concepts such as such resistance to change and organisational inertia are described and differentiated from change readiness. The ADKAR change model and its change readiness assessment instrument were used due to the organisations preference for the model. The ADKAR model formed the framework for the analyses of the data, the discussion of the results and the recommendations to the organisation. The research conducted was quantitative in nature; a questionnaire was distributed to the employees of the seven Eskom Contact centre sites around the country through an email. A slightly modified version of the ADKAR change readiness questionnaire was sent via email with an on-line questionnaire link on it; and questions on individual readiness for change were used to assess the level of readiness of the employees. Most of the descriptive and inferential statistics were analysed with the use of Excel (version, 2010), with Factor Analysis being done in Statistica. The results of the research showed that: [iii] - The factors as proposed by the ADKAR change readiness assessment questionnaire (i.e. Awareness, Desire, Knowledge, Ability and Reinforcement) are not different enough to be considered as independent factors for this data set. Based on factor analysis, the factors were subsequently amended from five to three, namely Readiness, Opportunity Realisation and Uncertainty. - The Contact Centre employees were somewhat ready for change. - The Contact Centres needed to focus on all amended ADKAR factors in order to improve the readiness of the department. - The readiness levels in response to the roll out were more or less uniform. The study shows that given Eskom’s preference for the ADKAR model, future research within Eskom should therefore be conducted more circumspectly with respect to ascertaining the validity of the ADKAR factors. The study also makes mention that future work and/or research will need to be conducted, specifically on the readiness of the organisation itself, in order to improve the probability of transformational success. The ADKAR assessment is a people focused assessment and therefore focuses only on the readiness of the individual. Factors such as the adequacy of the current state of resources within the organisation, which incorporate aspects such as infrastructure, technology and staffing, will also need to be assessed to make a more holistic statement of change readiness. A concise review of the literature is incorporated into the Evaluation Report of Section 1 to underpin the study. In Section 2 a more extensive review of the literature is presented. Similarly, the design of the research is discussed in more detail in Section 3 to both describe and justify the appropriateness of the research methodology, and to give a detailed account of the way in which the research was carried out.
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Costello, Diane Ingrid. "A substantive examination of rural community resilience and transition - A social justice perspective of a civil society." Thesis, Curtin University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2360.
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It is well established that rural regional Australians have borne the brunt of globalization in terms of the adverse impacts caused by social and economic restructuring resulting from global, national and local forces. In response governments and communities have embraced sustainability and civil society for promoting local community action and responsibility for social, economic and environmental issues. This research focuses on community narratives about the social change processes as they engage the forces of neo-liberal policies. Applying a qualitative, grounded theoretical approach to data collection and analysis this study also adopts a multi-perspective, multi-disciplinary framework to gain more holistic, contextual understandings of community functioning and change. In echoing the principles of community psychology, the foundational, multidisciplinary concepts of sense of community, social capital, civil society, empowerment and conscientization have informed understandings of this communitys process and outcome towards transformational change. This study offers a critical reflection of transformational change in an effort to promote more peaceful, collaborate relationships between dominant and oppressed groups in expanding our understandings and solutions for community change. Identified by Newbrough (1992, 1995) as the Third Force Position, the ideals of political community are visibly expressed as they attempt to pursue transformational change towards a just and sustainable future for the community. However, while civil society has made a positive contribution, also apparent are the processes and outcomes which affect those most vulnerable. Those most powerless continue to suffer from exclusion, marginalization and as a result are denied access to vital resources to meet their needs.
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Costello, Diane Ingrid. "A substantive examination of rural community resilience and transition - A social justice perspective of a civil society." Curtin University of Technology, School of Psychology, 2007. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=17603.
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It is well established that rural regional Australians have borne the brunt of globalization in terms of the adverse impacts caused by social and economic restructuring resulting from global, national and local forces. In response governments and communities have embraced sustainability and civil society for promoting local community action and responsibility for social, economic and environmental issues. This research focuses on community narratives about the social change processes as they engage the forces of neo-liberal policies. Applying a qualitative, grounded theoretical approach to data collection and analysis this study also adopts a multi-perspective, multi-disciplinary framework to gain more holistic, contextual understandings of community functioning and change. In echoing the principles of community psychology, the foundational, multidisciplinary concepts of sense of community, social capital, civil society, empowerment and conscientization have informed understandings of this communitys process and outcome towards transformational change. This study offers a critical reflection of transformational change in an effort to promote more peaceful, collaborate relationships between dominant and oppressed groups in expanding our understandings and solutions for community change. Identified by Newbrough (1992, 1995) as the Third Force Position, the ideals of political community are visibly expressed as they attempt to pursue transformational change towards a just and sustainable future for the community. However, while civil society has made a positive contribution, also apparent are the processes and outcomes which affect those most vulnerable. Those most powerless continue to suffer from exclusion, marginalization and as a result are denied access to vital resources to meet their needs.
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Mamo, Tesfayesus. "Planification stratégique, tactique et opérationnelle intégrée de la biomasse basée sur la canne à sucre vers les chaînes d'approvisionnement en biocarburants : une approche hybride d'optimisation et de subsitution." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSEP040.
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Ces dernières années, la recherche s'est intensivement concentrée sur la production de biocarburant à partir de la biomasse en raison de son potentiel en tant que source d'énergie renouvelable, son potentiel élevé de remplacement des combustibles fossiles coûteux et des préoccupations environnementales liées à sa consommation excessive. Cependant, pour offrir un produit de biocarburant compétitif sur le marché, il est crucial d'établir une planification résiliente de la chaîne d'approvisionnement. Une approche holistique de cette planification est essentielle pour améliorer l'efficacité de la chaîne d'approvisionnement en biocarburant.Dans la littérature, la planification de la chaîne d'approvisionnement en biocarburant est effectuée hiérarchiquement aux niveaux stratégique (décisions à long terme : conception du réseau d'approvisionnement), tactique (décisions à moyen terme : gestion du réseau) et opérationnel (décisions à court terme : routage) par le développement de modèles distincts. Le problème de la méthode hiérarchique réside dans le fait que les solutions d'un niveau peuvent être incohérentes ou irréalisables pour les autres niveaux. Chaque niveau inférieur (tactique et opérationnel) inclut des variations non prises en compte aux niveaux supérieurs (stratégique). Toutefois, l'intégration des trois niveaux de décision conduit souvent à des problèmes linéaires mixtes en nombres entiers qui nécessitent un effort computationnel énorme pour être résolus. Une méthode capable de surmonter ce problème est donc nécessaire. L'objectif principal de cette dissertation est d'intégrer précisément les différents niveaux de décision et d'étudier l'impact des décisions à ces échelles en maximisant les avantages économiques et en minimisant les impacts environnementaux de la chaîne d'approvisionnement en biocarburant.Ce travail propose une approche holistique de l'optimisation de la chaîne d'approvisionnement en intégrant les niveaux stratégique, tactique et opérationnel. D'abord, un modèle d'optimisation intégrant les décisions stratégiques et tactiques est développé, suivi d'un problème de routage de véhicules en tant que modèle opérationnel. Pour résoudre de manière optimale le modèle d'optimisation avec le modèle opérationnel, une nouvelle approche itérative séquentielle est conçue. Le modèle d'optimisation est un programme linéaire en nombres entiers mixtes (MILP) maximisant la VAN de la chaîne d'approvisionnement en bioéthanol, tandis que le modèle opérationnel est un problème de routage de véhicules (VRP) minimisant le coût de transport. Ensuite, une perspective environnementale est intégrée au plan stratégique et tactique de la chaîne d'approvisionnement de la biomasse au biocarburant, couplée au plan opérationnel. Cela est réalisé en intégrant un objectif environnemental quantifiant les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) de la chaîne d'approvisionnement. La performance environnementale est évaluée par une analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) du système et convertie en valeur monétaire via une approche d'éco-coût. L'approche développée est appliquée à l'optimisation de la chaîne d'approvisionnement en biocarburant du secteur éthiopien, afin de surmonter la complexité computationnelle du problème linéaire mixte en nombres entiers et de mieux représenter la réalité de la chaîne d'approvisionnement. Les résultats de cette recherche montrent la contribution du niveau opérationnel à l'amélioration de la qualité, de la cohérence et de la pertinence des résultats et de leur impact sur les niveaux stratégique et tactiqueIn recent years, research has focused heavily on the production of biofuel from biomass due to its potential as a renewable energy source, its high potential to replace the high cost of fossil fuels, and the environmental concerns associated with its excessive consumption. However, to effectively provide a biofuel product that can compete in the market, the establishment of resilient supply chain planning is important. Therefore, supply chain planning that considers a holistic approach is essential to improving the efficiency of the biofuel supply chain.In the literature, biofuel supply chain planning has been done hierarchically at the strategic (long-term decisions: supply network design), tactical (medium-term decisions: management of network design), and operational (short-term decisions: routing) levels by developing distinct models. The problem with the hierarchical method is that using solutions from one level may result in inconsistent or infeasible solutions. This is because each lower planning level (tactical and operational) includes variations that are not accountable at higher planning levels (strategic). However, integrating the three decision levels frequently leads to large mixed-integer linear or non-linear problems that require enormous computational effort to solve. Thus, a method that can overcome the computational problem is required. Therefore, the main goal of this dissertation is to accurately integrate the different decision levels and study the impact of the decision across these scales by maximizing the economic benefits and minimizing the environmental impacts across the biofuel supply chain.This work addresses a holistic approach to supply chain optimization by integrating the three decision levels (strategic, tactical, and operational). Firstly, an optimization model that integrates strategic and tactical decisions is developed in the first stage, and a vehicle routing problem is developed as an operational model in the second stage. To optimally solve the optimization model with the operational model, a novel sequential iterative approach is designed. The optimization model is mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) that maximizes the NPV of the bioethanol supply chain, while the operational model is a vehicle routing problem (VRP) that minimizes the transportation cost. Secondly, an effort is made to incorporate environmental perspectives into the integrated strategic and tactical plan of the biomass-to-biofuel supply chain, coupled with the operational plan. This is achieved by incorporating an environmental objective that quantifies the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the supply chain. The environmental performance of the biofuel supply chain is assessed using a life cycle assessment (LCA) of the system and converted into monetary value by adopting an eco-cost approach. The developed approach is applied to optimize the biofuel supply chain in Ethiopia's biofuel sector, overcome the computational complexity associated with solving the underlying large-scale mixed integer linear problem, and provide a better representation of supply chain reality. The result of this research highlights the contribution of the operational level in enhancing the quality, coherence, and relevance of the results, as well as their impact on the strategic and tactical levels
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Billgren, Charlotte. "Making Sense of Environmental Values : Wetlands in Kenya." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-10413.
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En av de viktigaste frågorna i världen idag är naturresurshantering. Med en väx-ande befolkning och hoten från klimatförändringar kommer förvaltningen av jordens naturresurser bli än viktigare, såväl för dagens generation som kommande generationer. En viktig aspekt när det gäller naturresurshantering är hur människor uppfattar och värderar naturen. För att komma närmare dessa miljövärden har ett flertal olika vetenskapliga tillvägagångssätt föreslagits. Den här avhandlingen undersöker hur det är möjligt att närma sig miljövärden under olika omständighe-ter och utifrån olika behov. Detta görs genom att undersöka hur olika teorier har använts, och kan användas, avseende olika våtmarker i Kenya. I utvecklingslän-der har naturresurser, teoretiskt sett, ett högre värde eftersom fattiga människor till en högre grad är direkt beroende av naturresurser och ekosystemtjänster. Ut-gångspunkten i denna avhandling är sex våtmarksområden i Kenya under olika förvaltning och med ett flertal, både aktuella och potentiella, användare. I av-handlingen undersöks hur lokalsamhället, myndigheter, industrier och turister uppfattar och värderar våtmarkerna. Genom att applicera ett arenaperspektiv, som betonar vikten av tvärvetenskap, diskuteras i avhandlingen det ekonomiska värdet av miljön för att sedan applicera andra metoder såsom emergy analys, stakeholder analys, kulturteori och riskanalys för att bredda och berika värderingen av miljön.One of the most important issues in the world, both for present and future genera-tions, concerns natural resource management. With a growing global population and the threat of climate change, issues relating to natural resource management will grow in importance with time. One fundamental aspect of natural resource management is how people perceive and value the environment. The value that is ascribed to natural resources will be one of the determinants in the choices that people face in regards to their management. A wide range of approaches have been suggested to approach environmental values. This thesis focuses on analys-ing the assessment of environmental values under different circumstances and needs. This is done by exploring the ways various theories have and can be used to approach natural resource valuation in different wetland management situations in Kenya. In the developing world the value of natural resources can, theoreti-cally, be seen as even higher than in the developed world, due to poor peoples’ direct dependency on their natural resources and the ecosystem services and goods that they provide. The point of departure in this thesis is six wetland areas with different management strategies and with multiple users. It examines how local communities, governmental authorities, industries and tourists perceive the value of the wetlands. By applying an arena perspective, that emphasises the need of interdisciplinarity, this thesis discusses the economic value of the environment and applies other methods such as, emergy analysis, stakeholder analysis, cultural theory and risk analysis, to enrich the valuation of environment.
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Valverde-Barrantes, Oscar Jesus. "A phylogenetic perspective on fine root ecology: assessing the role of root evolution on fine root functional traits and ecological interactions in woody angiosperms." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1384641579.
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Wirkus, Agnieszka Diana, and Rittner Clara Rutfjäll. "Controlling for Sustainability - Implementing the environmental, social and economic perspectives." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-299146.
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Sustainability has become an undoubtedly popular and important topic, being discussed among many researchers as well as practitioners. Previous research has focused on the importance of implementing sustainability into organizations’ core business, as well as highlighting potential risk of an inadequate focus on the economic perspective of the triple bottom line (TBL). However, it has still been argued that there is not enough theoretical and practical knowledge on how to implement sustainability with the use of management control systems (MCSs). The aim of the study was thus to explore how traditional management control (metrics and measurements) as well as culture, values and communication can be used to implement the social, economic and environmental perspectives of sustainability into the organization. The authors performed an exploratory study, interviewing six sustainability managers/directors working at companies with a strong sustainability focus, as well as collecting data from the chosen companies’ sustainability reports. The findings suggest that companies implemented and created awareness for the sustainability objectives through the use of both metrics and measurements relating to the TBL perspectives, as well as through communicating and spreading the organizational learning of the culture and values connected to sustainability. The study also provided for challenges and possibilities when implementing the TBL perspective of sustainability.
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Tang, Shaohui. "Three Essays on Efficient Control of Phosphorus Emissions from Agricultural Fields:An Economic Perspective." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1531862320208234.
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Gerged, Ali M. "Corporate environmental disclosure in the Arab Middle Eastern and North African region : an institutional perspective." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2018. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/34526/.
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Prompted by calls to examine social and environmental disclosure beyond developed countries and, in particular, by studies that have begun to investigate practices in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, this study presents a comprehensive analysis of corporate environmental disclosure (CED) by firms in Arab MENA countries. Using a detailed research instrument consisting of 55 items in five categories, a multi-country content analysis of the annual reports of 180 industrial and service sector companies listed on nine of the region’s major stock markets was conducted for a five-year period from 2010 to 2014. Consistent with previous studies that applied balanced panel data, the further statistical analysis was conducted by using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique and supported by carrying out other estimations including a fixed-effects model, lagged-effects model, a weighted disclosure index model, and a two-stage least square (2SLS) model. Theoretically, an institutional framework has been employed to interpret CED practices in the MENA region using the three isomorphic pressures (i.e., mimetic, coercive, and normative). The calculation of an unweighted disclosure index indicates that, although the level of disclosure might be considered relatively low, it increased significantly over the period 2010 to 2014. There are some differences between countries in any given year, but the growth in disclosure is observed to be a region-wide phenomenon. Analysis of five categories of environmental disclosure and the behaviour of different types of the company not only reveals some interesting patterns but also reinforces the picture of a widespread general increase in disclosure. Although firm-specific characteristics (i.e., firm size, profitability, leverage, industry, auditor type) are positively and significantly related to CED in the MENA region, the influence of country-level governance (i.e., voice and accountability, government efficiency, and control of corruption) is heterogeneous in that they may have enhanced or reduced CED levels in annual reports across the nine MENA countries. Additionally, CED reflects the different region-specific pressures (i.e., business cultures and business environment). By using institutional theory, the study argues that country-level institutional factors, representative of the social context of a company’s operational environment may either encourage or discourage the adoption of CED in the countries across the MENA region. Since a relatively comprehensive disclosure index was used, it is unlikely that the study was biased against any particular country or type of company and so it provides a sound basis for comparison across the Arab MENA region. The study also provides a systematic picture for policymakers in the region as well as future researchers.
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Hunt, Nicholas. "Taxpayer compliance from three research perspectives: a study of economic, environmental, and personal determinants." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc849613/.
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Tax evasion is a serious issue that influences governmental revenues, IRS enforcement strategies, and tax policy decisions. While audits are the most effective method of enforcing compliance, they are expensive to conduct and the IRS is only able to audit a fraction of the returns filed each year. This suggests that audits alone are not sufficient to curb the billions of dollars of tax evaded by taxpayers each year and that a better understanding of factors influencing compliance decisions is needed to enable policymakers to craft tax policies that maximize voluntary compliance. Prior research tends to model compliance as economic, environmental, or personal decisions; however, this study models it as a multifaceted decision where these three perspective individually and interactively influence compliance. It is the first to decompose perceived detection risk into two dimensions (selection risk and enforcement risk) and investigates how these two dimensions of risk, decision domains (refund or tax due positions), and three personal factors (mental accounting, narcissism, and proactivity) influence taxpayers’ compliance decisions. I conducted a 2x2 fully crossed experiment involving 331 self-employed taxpayers. These taxpayers have opportunities to evade that employed taxpayers do not. For example, they can earn cash income that is not reported to the IRS by third parties. For self-employed taxpayers (especially those wanting to evade), perceived selection and enforcement risks may be distinctly different depending on a taxpayer’s situation, what they believe they can control, and what risk they are willing to accept. For example, selection risk may be perceived as the greatest risk for those with unreported items on their return, while enforcement risk may be more prominent for those perceiving certain levels of selection risk. Thus, I believe self-employed taxpayers are the most appropriate population to sample from and are likely have reasonable variation in the three personal factors of interest. I find that taxpayers do differentiate between selection and enforcement risks but the difference only manifests for taxpayers in certain decision domains. Taxpayers in a refund position (i.e. conservative mindset) had a greater sensitivity to the form of payment (cash vs. check) and appeared to use this information to make inferences about enforcement risk which was significantly different from their perceptions of selection risk. Conversely, tax due taxpayers (i.e. aggressive mindset) appeared to overlook the form of payment and did not assess these two risks as significantly different. Evaluating the full sample suggests that both selection risk and enforcement risk have a positive influence on compliance. Further, these risks interact to influence compliance. Specifically, compliance is greatest when taxpayers perceive a high likelihood of being selected for an audit and enforcement risk only matters when selection risk is low. This finding is interesting and suggests that avoiding interaction with the IRS is a primary objective of taxpayers. In line with my findings of taxpayers perceiving different risks in refund and tax due positions, the influence of risk perceptions on compliance differed for taxpayers in these positions. Refund taxpayers were influenced by both selection and enforcement risk, similar to the full model; however, tax due taxpayers were only influenced by selection risk and appeared to completely overlook enforcement risk when making their reporting decision. Lastly, the study shows that personal characteristics can also influence compliance in the presence of economic and environmental determinants, but some characteristics only manifest in specific decision domains. Of the three personal characteristics investigated, only mental accounting orientation was a significant predictor for the full sample. When the sample was split by decision domain, only proactivity was a predictor of compliance for refund taxpayers, while only mental accounting orientation was a predictor of compliance for due taxpayers. While I did not find results for narcissism and compliance, my subsequent analysis suggests that individual dimensions of narcissism may be better predictors of compliance than the full measure. Specifically, the exploitation dimension was a significant predictor of compliance for those in a tax due position. This study make several contributions to the accounting and tax literatures. First, this study provides support for a two-construct conceptualization for perceived detection risk that includes both selection and enforcement risks. Second, it answers calls to investigate more comprehensive compliance models and finds economic, environmental, and personal characteristics individually and interactively influence compliance. Third, this study investigates three personal factors that have not been investigated in the tax compliance literature. Finally, this study answers calls for research on self-employed taxpayers and suggests that the IRS will be more successful in increasing compliance by playing on taxpayers’ aversion to being selected for an examination than communicating information on the IRS’ ability to detect noncompliance during an examination.
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Tesluk, Jordan Dennis. "Environmental change and economic transformation in northwest BC : settler and First Nations perspectives on environmental protection in the post-forestry era." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/50562.
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This dissertation examines the way that resource-dependent communities in northwest British Columbia respond to environmental problems in the wake of industrial decline. Northwest communities face many challenges in revitalizing their economies, including significant declines in the health of their local resource base and the uncertain impacts of global climate change. Throughout most of the 20th century, the forestry-based economy dominated British Columbia, and relegated Aboriginal rights and the environmental movement to the margins of resource decision-making processes. The decline of forestry, and the weakening of historical structures have created openings for new social movements to influence resource development activities and community planning. Efforts to create a new industrial base thus unfold within a very different social and political environment than in the past era.
The analytical body of this dissertation utilizes data from a study of community leaders and resource managers in three northwest towns. It is argued that environmental change represents an alpha-level risk that threatens the ability of these communities to subsist. However, responses to environmental problems are mitigated by the emergence of environmentalism and Aboriginal rights as important forces in the northwest, and by the continuing influence of relationships between northwest communities and external agencies that seek to exert control over the resource base. Settler communities seek to achieve balance between industrial and environmentalist imperatives, and see localized natural resource issues as continuations of the struggle between heartland and hinterland interests. However, climate change provokes stronger calls for environmental protection, and sensitizes these communities to their reliance upon wider society. In contrast, First Nations view themselves as independent from both industrial and environmentalist forces, and see environmental problems as issues to be managed through the assertion of their cultural and territorial rights. Findings reveal that opportunities for new social movements to influence resource development are shaped by the way that communities adapt to the contours of the post-staples economy. Moreover, theories of modernization and risk that find resonance in metropolitan settings may not apply in the peripheries of staples-producing regions.Arts, Faculty of
Sociology, Department of
Graduate
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Thapa, Shyam. "Optimization of Parameters for the Densification (Pelletization) of Cereal Crop Residues and Feasibility Study of Pellet Plant Development in the State of Arkansas from Economic Perspective." Thesis, Arkansas State University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10640883.
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Conventional cereal crop residues, namely, rice ( Oryza sativa L.), corn (Zea mays L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is very abundant and readily available widely. It has been a nuisance to agronomic producers to manage these immense “so-called wastes”. The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) promulgated by the United States and The EU’s renewable energy directive mandated the substantial incorporation of renewable energy in their final energy consumption. These led to the increase in R&D’s on biomass and bioenergy products in the United States as well.
Hammer mill grinds of different cereal crop residues, rice, wheat, and corn, sieved through 5"/64 , 1"/8 , and 5"/32 hammer mill screen sizes (details in chapter 3) are mixed with different binders namely gelatin, wheat gluten, and dry milk at 1:10, 1:15, and 1:20 proportions (Chapter 4). Applying Taguchi-Grey relational analysis for four factors with three levels each, optimal operating level for the control factors based on multi-response characteristics was determined. The multi-responses used for the study are bulk density, durability, compressive strength, and gross heating values. Binder ratio was most influential in determining pellet quality. Binder type was next influential factor. The combination of factor levels A1B1C3D 1 was found to be optimal conditions for pelletization as final results were confirmed with tests.
The pelletization parameters for making better quality composite pellets were also investigated (in Chapter V). The same Taguchi –Grey relational analysis method was used for optimization. The process (material variables) parameters those are material type, particle size or grind size, binder type, and proportion of binder were closely studied using L9 Taguchi orthogonal array. Binder ratio (blending ratio) has most significant impact, and particle size (Hammer mill grind) has second greatest impact on pelleting composite wastes. Tests conducted employing optimal conditions (A3B3C2D1) has confirmed that better pellets were produced compared with the hypothesized conditions.
The cost analysis using Invest for excel was carried out in order to study the feasibility of solid biofuel project. The biomass assessment using Biopower Atlas and associated GIS tools from NREL demonstrated that the State of Arkansas has agricultural residues sufficient to support 50 kilotons and 66 kilotons biomass pellet plant. Economy of scale effect can be observed when comparing 50 kilotons and 66 kilotons pellet mill. Gelatin-wheat pellet mill at 50 kiloton and even 66 kilotons were predicted to be unprofitable at the current stage. However, analysis results showed pellet produced from pine shavings – wheat residue blends is profitable. Crop residues are promising resources due to its wide distribution and availability. It can be termed as a “Backstop resource” because it is renewable and will be economically viable option as the price of oil and gas become expensive.
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Kelleher, Luke Anthony. "School choice, travel patterns and transport arrangements in Northern Ireland : economic/financial, environmental and social perspectives on a complex system." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.679234.
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One of the key governmental concerns reflected in the 1988 Education Reform Act for England and Wales and the subsequent Education Reform Order (NI) 1989 was to promote enhanced choice of schools for parents. however consequences relating to the theory and practice of choice for parents involved in making such decisions had implications for sustainability and transport arrangements which were not taken into consideration. Post Primary Education in Northern Ireland offers more scope for choice than any other part of the UK and its segregated and selective system has particular implications for travel patterns. Moreover, the consequences of current and future arrangements for home to school travel have not been addressed. The aim of this research is to investigate the financial/economic, environmental and social implications of enhanced school choice and the likely response to the inevitable reform of the system which will be required. Particular reference is paid to travel patterns and transport provision. in order to achieve this aim, key objectives of the research include: gaining greater understanding of the decision-making process made by parents in relation to school choice in order to determine how they will react to my potential reform; investigating the implications of current and potential schooling systems for home to school transport costs; illustrating the extent to which the current system of educational provision in Northern Ireland undermines issues of equality in relation to admissions criteria; developing a range of tools in order to inform policy 'makers on future school travel patterns in response to an ongoing programme of reforms in education 'and demographic change. the research is informed by an in-depth discrete choice analysis, based on household surveys that encompass school choice and travel patterns, attitudinal questions and stated preference experiments. Geographical information Systems (GIS) analysis is employed to highlight the spatial dimension of the survey data.
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Velin, Johanna, Pär Gustafsson, and Emmy Torstensson. "Sustainable Food Consumption : Exploring Consumers' Perspectives." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-65186.
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The aim of this study was to explore consumers’ descriptions of sustainable food consumption. The concept of sustainability can be difficult to grasp, but is often defined in terms of three pillars; environment, society and economy. Prior research of sustainable food consumption have often focused on one of the pillars rather than all of them together in relation to consumers understandings of sustainable food consumption. Notwithstanding, previous research have mentioned that in order to fully comprehend sustainability it is essential to take all of the three pillars into consideration. Therefore, this study acknowledged this gap, as it focused on the three pillars of sustainability as a base, and further connected the three pillars to the four food concepts; organic, Fairtrade, sustainable diets and waste, in order to fully understand consumers descriptions of sustainable food consumption. The study was conducted using a qualitative approach, and the data was collected through semi-structured interviews with a sample of students and employees at Linnaeus University in Sweden. The interviewees gave varied and interesting answers, which later were analyzed in comparison to the theory on the subject. With the answers from the interviews it was concluded that environmental and social sustainability were prioritized to economic sustainability among participants. As the participants’ descriptions of sustainable food consumption was varied, and all of the four concepts in relation to three pillars were analyzed, a framework was developed in order to clarify how the consumers describe sustainable food consumption. The study also presents a number of implications for further research as well as managerial implications. Keywords Sustainable food consumption, consumers description, three pillars of sustainability, economic sustainability, environmental sustainability, social sustainability, organic, Fairtrade, sustainable diets, vegetarian, locally produced, waste reduction, food waste
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RODRIGUES, Mariana da Silva. "Impactos ambientais urbanos: desafios e perspectivas para a implementação de políticas públicas no Estado de Pernambuco." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/17832.
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FACEPE
Faz-se imprescindível a instauração de um novo modelo de gestão urbana, baseado na regulação pública dos interesses privados, o que pressupõe um poder político legitimado pela credibilidade democrática, honestidade e eficiência. Analisar e mediar diretrizes das políticas públicas ambientais das Unidades Federativas assegura um caminho para a sustentabilidade e a construção de um arcabouço histórico da relação existente entre realidade histórica e ideal político. Os processos sociais e as políticas públicas deverão coexistir. Pensar a política pública ambiental dos Estados significa incorporar à cidade real concomitante a mudança acelerada do cenário mundial. Desta forma, a presente pesquisa científica irá subsidiar um novo modelo de análise da implementação de políticas públicas ambientais. A Análise Fatorial será a metodologia utilizada para comparar o grau de influência das variáveis ambientais voltadas ao desenvolvimento sustentável no Brasil. Através dessas informações os planejadores públicos poderão intervir em políticas específicas de desenvolvimento privilegiando medidas bottom-up approach em que todos os atores públicos e privados possam ser envolvidos na formulação e implementação de programas. Considerando a análise de implementação delineada na pesquisa, elaborou-se o Índice Relativo de Sustentabilidade Ambiental (IRSA) das capitais brasileiras, assim como a classificação político-partidarista das regiões de forma a subsidiar um modelo de análise das políticas públicas ambientais que permita a identificação das fragilidades e ideologias presentes nas Unidades federativas. A investigação viabilizará a possibilidade de a gestão pública refletir e propor políticas públicas que promovam o avanço de suas cidades para uma média de desenvolvimento ambiental eficaz e exequível. A pesquisa visa colocar à luz o fato de o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas ambientais atravessam questões multidisciplinares que envolvem uma imersão de inputs necessários à produção de políticas públicas eficientes. As considerações obtidas poderão nortear e intensificar a aplicação dos recursos públicos em setores que transformem as Unidades Federativas em Estados que promovam a sustentabilidade em suas cidades.
It will be essential for the establishment of a new urban management model based on public regulation of private interests, which requires a political power legitimized by democratic credibility, honesty and efficiency. Analyze and mediate guidelines of environmental policies of the Federal Units ensures a path to sustainability and building a historical framework of the relationship between historical and political reality ideal. Social processes and public policies should coexist. Think environmental public policy of the United means incorporating the real concomitant city rapidly changing world scenario. Thus, this scientific research will support a new analysis model of implementation of environmental policies. The Factorial Analysis is the methodology used to compare the degree of influence of environmental variables aimed at sustainable development in Brazil. With this information public planners may intervene in specific development policies favoring bottom-up approach measures in all public and private actors can be involved in the formulation and implementation of programs. Considering the implementation of analysis outlined in the research, drew up the Relative Index of Environmental Sustainability (IRSA) of the Brazilian capitals, as well as political and partisan classification of regions in order to support a model of analysis of environmental public policies that enable the identification the weaknesses and present ideologies in federative units. The investigation will enable the possibility of public management reflect and propose public policies that promote the advancement of their cities for an average of environmental development effective and feasible. The research aims to put forth the fact that the development of environmental policies cut across disciplinary issues involving immersion of inputs needed to produce efficient public policies. The obtained considerations can guide and intensify the use of public resources in industries that transform the Federative Units in States that promote sustainability in their cities.
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Horn, Luiz Fernando Del Rio. "As perspectivas ambiental e socioambiental do desenvolvimento sustentável sinérgico e sua aplicabilidade." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2009. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/479.
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O que são o desenvolvimento sustentável, seus desdobramentos teóricos e suas implicações, pode não suscitar muitas dúvidas ao investigador da academia, mas sua aplicação real vem provocando intensos debates nas muitas ciências, em razão dos temas que o cercam: quase tudo pertinente ao sistema social, para não dizer tudo. A extensão de qualquer enfrentamento a tal tema não permite grandes concessões e exceções das diversas áreas do conhecimento, sob pena de incompletude de observação, esta por si naturalmente limitada ao seu ponto cego. Assim, alguns pontos latentes para o desenvolvimento sustentável foram alinhados nos respectivos capítulos, de maneira que, no último, o somatório de revisões redunda num representativo avanço. A iniciar, e por meio do resgate histórico crítico, buscou-se a melhor definição para o desenvolvimento sustentável na contemporaneidade. Esta é observada em veias reflexivas na sequência, para contextualização do leitor nesta modernidade avançada. O processo produtivo de consumo, com ênfase para este último, detém toda a atenção a seguir, permitindo o conhecimento das engrenagens econômicas motivacionais. Dando continuação, aborda-se o desenvolvimento sustentável sob o prisma do sistema jurídico brasileiro, no qual a matriz do direito entra em discussão. Por fim, faz-se uma revisão minuciosa dos principais movimentos e correntes ambientais e socioambientais, prestando-se para a revisão do desenvolvimento sustentável, agora sinérgico.Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-30T16:09:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Luiz Fernando del Rio Horn.pdf: 871974 bytes, checksum: 3db221d36f479c613c269122b5246c1f (MD5)
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What is the maintainable development, their theoretical unfolding and their implications, it cannot raise a lot of doubts to the investigator of the academy, but its real application is provoking intense debates in a lot of sciences, in reason of the themes that surround it: almost everything pertinent to the social system, for not saying everything. The extension of any confronting of such a theme does not allow great concessions and exceptions of several areas of knowledge, under penalty of observation uncompleted, this for itself limited naturally to its blind point. Like this, some latent points for the maintainable development were aligned in the respective chapters, so that, in the last, the sum of revisions is redundant in a representative progress. In the first chapter, through the critical historical rescue, the best definition was looked for the maintainable development in the contemporaneousness. This is observed in reflexive veins in the second chapter, for contextualization of the reader in this advanced modernity. The productive process of consumption, with emphasis for this last one, stops all the attention in the chapter third, allowing the knowledge of the gears economical motivations. In the four there is an approach of the maintainable development under the prim of the brazilian legal system, in which the head office of the right enters in discussion. In the fifth and last, it is made a meticulous revision of the main movements and environmental currents and social environments, being rendered for revision of the maintainable development, now synergic.
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Ricci, Olivia. "Capture et stockage géologique du CO2 à partir de biomasse : quelles perspectives économiques ?" Thesis, Orléans, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ORLE0506/document.
Full textAbstract:
Dans un contexte de croissance effrénée de la demande mondiale d'énergie et de pression environnementale pour lutter contre le réchauffement climatique, cette thèse étudie une des technologies envisagées pour réduire les émissions de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) : la capture et le stockage géologique du carbone (CSC). Nous étudions principalement l’application de cette technologie à la production des bioénergies (BCSC) car ce procédé permet d’épurer l’atmosphère tout en fournissant un substitut énergétique non polluant aux énergies fossiles. La première partie de ce travail analyse le potentiel économique et environnemental de la technologie de BCSC. Tout d'abord, une évaluation économique et environnementale de la BCSC dans le secteur de la production de bioéthanol en France est conduite.Ensuite, grâce à un modèle bottom-up d’optimisation TIAM-FR, nous étudions le potentiel global et régional de cette technologie dans le secteur de l'électricité. Enfin, les incitations économiques à mettre en place pour assurer son développement sont mises en évidences. Dans la deuxième partie, un modèle d'équilibre général calculable est utilisé pour évaluer les politiques environnementales. Nous construisons le modèle théorique en introduisant les technologies de CSC et de BCSC ainsi qu’une large variété d’instruments économiques. Le modèle est ensuite calibré pour comparer l’efficacité économique des instruments de politique environnementale à un niveau mondial et à un niveau françaisIn a context of unbridled growth of global energy demand and environmental pressure in the fight againstglobal warming, this thesis studies one of the proposed technologies to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2)emissions: carbon capture and geological storage (CCS). We therefore consider the application of thistechnology to the production of bioenergies (BCCS) because this technology allows purifying theatmosphere while providing a clean energy alternative to fossil fuels. The first part of this work analyzesthe economic and environmental potential of BCCS. First, an economic and environmental assessment ofBCCS in the bioethanol production in France is conducted. Then, using the bottom-up optimization modelTIAM-FR, we study the global and regional potential of this technology in the electricity sector. Finally,the economic incentives that need to be provided to ensure BCCS deployment are highlighted. In thesecond part, a general equilibrium model is used to evaluate environmental policies. We construct thetheoretical model by introducing the CCS and BCCS as well as a wide range of economic instruments.The model is then calibrated to compare the effectiveness of environmental policy instruments at a globallevel and at a French level
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Cardoso, Fatima Cristina. "Do confronto à governança ambiental: uma perspectiva institucional para a Moratória da Soja na Amazônia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/90/90131/tde-24052010-160154/.
Full textAbstract:
Este estudo analisa como mudanças institucionais no mercado da soja brasileiro proporcionam as condições para negociação de um sistema de governança ambiental para a produção na Amazônia. Em junho de 2006, as principais agroindústrias anunciaram um acordo inédito parao setor agrícola do país: Elas se comprometeram a não comercializa a colheita produzidas em novas áreas desmatadas da floresta amazônica. Esse acordo ficou conhecido como a Moratória da Sója e deu origem a um sistema de segurança multistakeholders para conter o avanço da produção sobre a floresta. O comportamento dos atores ligados à agroindústria da soja é a face mais visível de um fenômeno social que também tem seus componetes econômicos, culturais e políticos. O arranjo que surgiu no campo da soja faz parte de um movimento que se espalha por vários mercados contemporâneos, onde cada vez mais as organizações, em vez de esperar pelo Estado antecipam-se criando sistemas voluntários de gestão ambiental, por meio de protocolos e acordos voltados a reduzir os impactos ambientais negativos daquilo que fazem. A decisão de decretar a moratória e a consequente criação de um comitê de governança ambiental é analisada sob uma perspectiva histórica, na qual grupos dominantes e desafientes constantemente disputam nos campos sociais a definição das instituições que dão estabilidade aos mercados. A partir de novas vertentes teóricas da nova sociologia econômica e da teoria das organizações, as ações tomadas pela agroindústria são vistas não apenas como escolha racional a partir dos recursos internos das empresas e dos sinais do mercado, mas como resposta a pressão externa por legitimidade.This study focus on how institutional changes in the soybean market generated conditions to setting an environmental governance system for production in the Amazon region. On June 2006, the main soybean and trading companies working in Brazil reached an unprecedented agreement on not to trade soy grown in newly deforested area in the Amazon. The agreement was named Soybean Moratorium in the Amazon and led to the creation of the Soya Working Group, a multistakeholder arrangement to curb production from spreading throughout the forest. The soybean industry actors behavior is part of a broader complex social phenomenon, which also includes economic, cultural and political components. The new institutional arrangement in the soybean organizational field is connected to a broader move spreading on several contemporary markets, in which organizations, instead of waiting for State regulations, adopt initiatives, such as voluntary systems of environmental management through alliances, agreements and certifications systems, to control the negative impacts of their activities. The new attitudes are explained from a historical perspective, in which dominant groups and their challengers dispute, within social arenas, the definition of institutions that stabilize the organizational field. Using the theoretical approaches of economic sociology and sociology of organizations, the action of the soybean industry is seen not only as rational choices based on the company resources and market signals, but as answers to external pressures for legitimacy
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Ricci, Olivia. "Capture et stockage géologique du CO2 à partir de biomasse : quelles perspectives économiques ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ORLE0506.
Full textAbstract:
Dans un contexte de croissance effrénée de la demande mondiale d'énergie et de pression environnementale pour lutter contre le réchauffement climatique, cette thèse étudie une des technologies envisagées pour réduire les émissions de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) : la capture et le stockage géologique du carbone (CSC). Nous étudions principalement l’application de cette technologie à la production des bioénergies (BCSC) car ce procédé permet d’épurer l’atmosphère tout en fournissant un substitut énergétique non polluant aux énergies fossiles. La première partie de ce travail analyse le potentiel économique et environnemental de la technologie de BCSC. Tout d'abord, une évaluation économique et environnementale de la BCSC dans le secteur de la production de bioéthanol en France est conduite.Ensuite, grâce à un modèle bottom-up d’optimisation TIAM-FR, nous étudions le potentiel global et régional de cette technologie dans le secteur de l'électricité. Enfin, les incitations économiques à mettre en place pour assurer son développement sont mises en évidences. Dans la deuxième partie, un modèle d'équilibre général calculable est utilisé pour évaluer les politiques environnementales. Nous construisons le modèle théorique en introduisant les technologies de CSC et de BCSC ainsi qu’une large variété d’instruments économiques. Le modèle est ensuite calibré pour comparer l’efficacité économique des instruments de politique environnementale à un niveau mondial et à un niveau françaisIn a context of unbridled growth of global energy demand and environmental pressure in the fight againstglobal warming, this thesis studies one of the proposed technologies to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2)emissions: carbon capture and geological storage (CCS). We therefore consider the application of thistechnology to the production of bioenergies (BCCS) because this technology allows purifying theatmosphere while providing a clean energy alternative to fossil fuels. The first part of this work analyzesthe economic and environmental potential of BCCS. First, an economic and environmental assessment ofBCCS in the bioethanol production in France is conducted. Then, using the bottom-up optimization modelTIAM-FR, we study the global and regional potential of this technology in the electricity sector. Finally,the economic incentives that need to be provided to ensure BCCS deployment are highlighted. In thesecond part, a general equilibrium model is used to evaluate environmental policies. We construct thetheoretical model by introducing the CCS and BCCS as well as a wide range of economic instruments.The model is then calibrated to compare the effectiveness of environmental policy instruments at a globallevel and at a French level
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Belío, Chesa Ana. "Estudio poblacional y situacional sobre las opciones de un cambio de mentalidad en el uso de la energía eléctrica en Haití. Perspectivas de Nuevas Vías de Comunicación para la Implementación Exitosa de Programas Sociales en el sector de la electricidad en el país." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/482198.
Full textAbstract:
Este trabajo de investigación analiza, en lo particular, la problemática del acceso a la energía eléctrica en Haití y busca generar, en lo general, aportaciones en el ámbito de la gestión de la comunicación en el sector energético. Saber “qué tipo de comunicación provoca cambios en los comportamientos energéticos de los usuarios” y “qué impactos genera la ausencia de electricidad en una población de ingresos escasos”, “qué papel juega el Marco Institucional vinculado al sector” (Debilidad – Fortaleza – Ausencia), no es un tema de investigación que haya generado preocupación en el ámbito académico. Hemos creído que, en un mundo en el que se habla de “transición energética”, donde se ha superado ya la filosofía de los “Objetivos del Milenario para el Desarrollo Sostenible” (OMD), donde las Naciones Unidas intentan pasar a un concepto más amplio del Desarrollo Sostenible, donde se intenta hacer realidad la “supresión de las barreras energéticas” intentando erradicar la pobreza, incluso la energética, hacía falta plantear una investigación de este tipo y en un marco regulatorio realmente desfavorable como es el de Haití.
Para eso, ciertamente hay que adaptar la “comunicación” al público receptor, hay que conocerlo. Por eso, en el presente trabajo analizaremos la influencia de una comunicación efectiva en el cambio comportamental tendiente a mejorar las relaciones del individuo con la energía en general y con la electricidad en particular, en un país con un gran déficit energético, Haití. Para ello, nos adentraremos en la estructura institucional del país, en el ecosistema institucional con los diferentes subsectores para poder comprender mejor lo que ocurre con el acceso a la electricidad en Haití.
Así, en esta investigación, intentaremos, a partir de un estudio de casos, comprobar si una mejora de la gestión de la Comunicación y de la Eficiencia en la transmisión de mensajes en el sector energético, puede :
- Provocar cambios de hábitos de forma inmediata (o a muy corto plazo) en la población objeto,
- Inhibir comportamientos negativos con respecto a los bienes energéticos,
- Favorecer buenas prácticas en el buen uso de los recursos energéticos disponibles.
Se verá, a partir las respuestas obtenidas, que también en Haití se pueden lograr cambios comportamentales profundos, inhibir comportamientos negativos y favorecer buenas prácticas. Los resultados obtenidos si bien permiten albergar esperanzas sobre la efectividad de los mensajes, de las campañas para lograr cambios comportamentales efectivos en el sector energético, también muestran que no basta con comunicar de forma adecuada o hasta eficiente. Se necesita cumplir con lo básico, cubrir la necesidad básica del individuo (situar el acceso a la electricidad en el nivel primario de necesidad). Dar un servicio mínimo a partir del cual se puede “predisponer” al individuo a ser más receptivo a posibles mensajes que pretendan fomentar en él una “cultura energética”.
Además, para lograr los objetivos fijados, no solamente analizaremos la información disponible para construir y mostrar el perfil energético de Haití sino que contribuiremos a crear dispositivos coadyuvantes de mejora de la arquitectura del sistema energético del país.This research analyzes, in particular, the problem of access to electric energy in Haiti and seeks to generate, in general, contributions in the field of communication management in the energy sector. Knowing "What kind of communication causes changes in the energy behaviors of users" and “What impacts generates the absence of electricity in a population with scarce income”, “What role the Institutional Framework linked to the sector” (Weakness - Strength - Absence), this is not an issue of research that has generated concern in the academic field. We have believed that, in a world in which we talk about "Energy Transition", where the philosophy of the "Millennium Development Goals for Sustainable Development (MDGSD)", where the United Nations is attempting to move to a broader concept of Sustainable Development, where "suppression of energy barriers" is attempted, in order to eradicate poverty, including the energetic, there is a need for such research in this issue and a regulatory framework that really unfavorable as it is in Haiti. For that, it is necessary to adapt the "communication" to the receiving public, it is necessary to know it. Therefore, in the present research we will analyze the influence of an effective communication on the behavioral change tending to improve the relations of the individual with the energy in general and with the electricity in particular, in a country with a great energy deficit, as Haiti. To do this, we will enter the institutional structure of the country, in the institutional ecosystem with the different sub-sectors in order to better understand what happens to access to electricity in Haiti. Thus, in this investigation, we will try, from a case study, to verify if an improvement of the Communication Management and the Efficiency in the transmission of messages in the energy sector, can: - To cause immediate changes of habits (or in a very short term) in the objective population, - To inhibit negative behavior with respect to energy goods, - Favor good practices in the proper use of available energy resources. It will be seen, from the answers obtained, that also in Haiti can be achieved deep behavioral changes, inhibit negative behaviors and favor good practices. The results obtained, while allowing hope for the effectiveness of messages, campaigns to achieve effective behavioral changes in the energy sector, also show that it is not enough to communicate adequately or even efficiently. It is necessary to comply with the basics, to cover the basic needs of the individual (to place access to electricity as the primary level of needs). Give a minimum service from which one can "predispose" the individual to be more receptive to possible messages that seek to foster an "Energy Culture".
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Jutlah, Russell Sean. "Great Lakes environmental policy : the ecosystem approach and an economic perspective." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/9701.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is concerned with the conceptual foundations of environmental law and
policy in the Great Lakes basin, the world's largest freshwater ecosystem. The Great Lakes
regime is now widely recognized as one of the most advanced international environmental
management regimes in existence. Over the past two decades, toxic contamination has
emerged as a highly pressing ecological issue in the Great Lakes basin. In Canada and the
United States, the ecosystem approach, a comprehensive and integrated approach to
environmental management, has been adopted both bilaterally and domestically in the Great
Lakes' complex environmental policy framework to guide the protection of ecological
integrity. There has been extensive discussion of the ecosystem approach, particularly from
scientific and managerial perspectives; however, the economic content of the concept has
been largely neglected, despite the importance of considering all relevant perspectives in the
development of law and policy.
This thesis is divided into five chapters. After discussing in Chapter 1 the ecological
and institutional contexts and methodological issues of the analysis, this thesis defends, in
Chapter 2, the view that economic theory has relevance to issues of environmental law and
policy. In addition to highlighting the main contours of welfare and environmental
economic theory, a main conclusion, and an essential premise upon which the analysis
proceeds, is that economics remains a useful analytical approach to environmental issues,
despite some important criticisms.
Subsequently, in Chapter 3, the analysis shifts to an examination of four bilateral and
domestic Great Lakes instruments that form the core of Great Lakes toxic pollution policy: (i) the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement; (ii) the Great Lakes Binational Toxics
Strategy; (iii) the Canada-Ontario Agreement; and (iv) the Final Water Quality Guidance
for the Great Lakes System. After outlining key principles underpinning each instrument,
the thesis underscores common themes running through the collective policy framework.
The ecosystem approach constitutes a unifying concept in this framework.
The ecosystem approach is examined from an economic perspective in Chapter 4.
After identifying key elements of the ecosystem approach, this chapter highlights important
parallels between fundamental welfare and environmental economic notions. One main
conclusion is that economic concepts and approaches, such as environmental valuation,
externalities, and self-interest, form an integral part of the ecosystem approach.
Finally, Chapter 5 identifies some directions for further research. Given that, as the
thesis seeks to establish, economic theory constitutes an important, albeit not sole,
perspective on the ecosystem approach, a key challenge will be to facilitate interdisciplinary
analysis and cooperation leading to effective operationalization of the concept.
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Xu, Xinpeng. "International trade and environmental regulation : a dynamic perspective." Phd thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/144721.
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Aregbeshola, Maryam Titilayo. "Public participation in environmental impact assessment : an effective tool for sustainable development a South African perspective (Gautrain)." Diss., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2999.
Full textAbstract:
The need for public participation in the development of policies, programmes or
actions has been widely accepted by both government and private sectors because
of the benefits of such involvement. Involving the public in the development of any
policy, programme or action is, however, a daunting task. Public involvement in the
development of a policy or action often leads to protest, legal litigation, criticism and
delay in carrying out the project. The main objectives of this research are to examine
the process of public participation in the Gautrain project and to interrogate how
public involvement in the decision-making processes of environmental concerns can
be improved.
A quantitative study was conducted to describe and explore the process of public
participation in the Gautrain environmental impact assessment procedure. The
purposive sampling method was used. Thereafter, the data generated was analysed
using statistical tools such as charts, tables and the Wilcoxon Mann Whitney U test
to examine the similarities and differences in the response patterns of the public and
the project proponent. Cronbach alpha statistical methodology was also used to test
the reliability of the measurement.
The findings are discussed in relation to the objectives of the study and research
hypotheses. The results indicate that (1) the public were not involved early enough
during the project planning and design phases; (2) adequate information was not
provided to the public; and (3) public input does not have much impact on decisionmaking
processes. The study does, however, indicate that the process has
enhanced the participants’ learning and that the process of participation has
improved in recent time as compared to the 2002-2003 periods. The study concludes
by providing relevant solutions and recommendations.Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Management)
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Pereira, Margarida Miguel Costeira e. "A geographic perspective of the impact of the economic crisis on childhood obesity." Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/95399.
Full textAbstract:
Tese no âmbito do Doutoramento em Geografia, ramo de Geografia Humana, apresentada à Faculdade de Letras/Departamento de Geografia e Turismo da Universidade de Coimbra.Childhood obesity has reached an epidemic level worldwide over the last forty years and is considered a major public health concern once it is a well-known risk factor for numerous diseases throughout life. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the determinants of obesity is important for the development of scientific-based preventive interventions. Socioeconomic inequalities impact health in various ways and in Portugal they have increased during the period of European economic crisis. Broader social inequalities contribute to the increase observed in the rates of childhood obesity. Furthermore, it is possible to identify patterns in the geographic distribution of childhood obesity. Evidence shows that living in urbanized areas with certain features have an impact in children weight status. Hence, research in this matter benefits from using the Social Ecological Model (SEM) which categorizes obesity determinants in different levels and serves as theoretical framework in both quantitative and qualitative studies. SEM comprises five levels: (1) the individual (knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and behaviours), (2) the interpersonal (family, peers, social networks and associations), (3) the community (social networks, schools and associations), (4) the environmental (social, economic, built) and (5) the state level (local, state, federal policies and laws to regulate/support healthy actions). This study main goal was to deepen the knowledge about the processes by which the environmental level of health determinants impact childhood obesity, namely during and after the economic crisis, using diverse methodological approaches. More specifically, it aimed to disentangle the underlying mechanisms of the association between urban environments and childhood obesity, through a geographic lens. The relation between the environment features and obesity was assessed and explored at different SEM levels. Different sets of primary and secondary quantitative data were statistically (SPSS) and geographically (GIS) analysed, to explore the associations between urban environment features and childhood obesity by itself or adjusted to other level of obesity determinants. Qualitative analysis was used to assess programs at the local level regarding its concerns about childhood obesity. This works’ results show that there is a lack of studies investigating the community, environmental and state level determinants of childhood obesity, either independently or combined, and further research is needed to test new analytical multilevel approaches in this field. Results also show that the weight status of children living in densely urbanized areas vary according to the neighbourhood environmental features and, more importantly, some neighbourhoods appear to protect for overweight and obesity, even when considering mother weight status and family socioeconomic class. Moreover, results show that the economic crisis might have enhanced the social inequalities regarding childhood obesity and that it is important to identify priority areas to tackle obesity, using an accurate assessment of the urban territory, thus aiding the creation of evidence-based strategies to lessen the social inequities in health outcomes, created by the crisis. Finally, local level governments are the more suitable entities to delineate and implement interventions to tackle childhood obesity. Such interventions should, however, be evidence-based which demands a greater proximity between academic institutions, research centres and governmental organs.
A obesidade infantil atingiu um nível epidémico em todo o mundo nos últimos quarenta anos e é considerada uma grande preocupação de saúde pública, uma vez que é um reconhecido fator de risco para inúmeras doenças ao longo da vida. Por isso, um conhecimento aprofundado dos determinantes da obesidade é importante para o desenvolvimento de intervenções preventivas com base em evidência científica. As desigualdades socioeconómicas impactam a saúde de várias maneiras e em Portugal aumentaram durante a crise económica europeia. Maiores desigualdades sociais contribuem para o aumento observado nas taxas de obesidade infantil. Além disso, viver em áreas urbanizadas com certas características tem impacto na composição corporal das crianças. Portanto, a investigação nesse assunto beneficia do uso do Modelo Socio-Ecológico (MSE), que categoriza os determinantes da obesidade em diferentes níveis e serve como enquadramento teórico tanto em estudos quantitativos e qualitativos. O MSE integra cinco níveis: (1) o individual (conhecimentos, atitudes, crenças e comportamentos), (2) o interpessoal (família, pares, redes e associações sociais), (3) o comunitário (redes sociais, escolas e associações), (4) o ambiental (social, económico e construído) e (5) o nível estatal (políticas e leis estatais para regular/apoiar ações saudáveis). O objetivo principal deste estudo foi aprofundar o conhecimento sobre os processos pelos quais os determinantes da saúde de nível ambiental afetam a obesidade infantil, nomeadamente durante e após a crise económica, utilizando diversas abordagens metodológicas. Mais especificamente, procurou destrinçar os mecanismos subjacentes à associação entre ambientes urbanos e obesidade infantil, através de uma perspetiva geográfica. A relação entre as características do ambiente e a obesidade foi avaliada e explorada em diferentes níveis de MSE. Diferentes conjuntos de dados quantitativos, primários e secundários, foram analisados estatisticamente (SPSS) e geograficamente (SIG), para explorar as associações entre as características do ambiente urbano e a obesidade infantil, por si só ou ajustadas a outros níveis de determinantes da obesidade. A análise qualitativa foi usada para avaliar os programas no nível local em relação às preocupações com a obesidade infantil. Os resultados deste trabalho mostram que faltam estudos que investiguem os determinantes de nível comunitário, ambiental e estatal da obesidade infantil, por si só ou em conjunto, e que é necessária mais investigação para testar novas abordagens analíticas multiníveis nesta área. Os resultados mostram também que o peso das crianças que vivem em áreas densamente urbanizadas varia de acordo com as características ambientais da vizinhança e, mais importante, mostram que alguns bairros parecem proteger para o sobrepeso e obesidade, mesmo considerando o peso da mãe e a classe socioeconómica da família. Além disso, os resultados mostram que a crise económica pode ter aumentado as desigualdades sociais em relação à obesidade infantil e que é importante identificar áreas prioritárias para combater a obesidade, utilizando uma avaliação precisa do território urbano, auxiliando na criação de estratégias baseadas em evidências para diminuir as desigualdades sociais nos resultados de saúde, criadas pela crise. Finalmente, os governos locais são as entidades mais adequadas para delinear e implementar intervenções para combater a obesidade infantil. Tais intervenções devem, no entanto, ser baseadas em evidências, o que exige uma maior proximidade entre instituições académicas, centros de investigação e órgãos governamentais.
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Chien, Chu-Chen, and 簡琡真. "The Reflection between Economic Development and Environmental Protection in Kuo-Kuang Petrochemical Event--from a Perspective of Land Ethic." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40916906332716492020.
Full textAbstract:
碩士華梵大學
哲學系碩士班
100
With the rapid economic growth, people can live a convenient and better-off life. However, in the meantime, we are faced with a dilemma that if we focus on environmental protection, the economic development will be in stagnation and vice versa. Is that true ecological and environmental conservation and economic development can never coexist? Actually, environment and economy are two combined components of this planet, which cannot be considered separately. However, they are often taken as independent issue without considering the correlation. Petrochemical industry was the pillar industry in leading the economic development in Taiwan, but its development also causes the high energy consumption, high pollution and transformation of land view. Therefore, the paper explores the conflict between economy and environment. It first explores the development process and challenge of petrochemical industry that has brought economic miracles for Taiwan. Next it analyzes the content of the conflict between economy and environment in the case of Kuo-Kuang Petrochemical Technology Corporation (KPTC) from the concerned perspective of Not in My Backyard Phenomenon (NIMBY) and Environmental Justice. Moreover, the Leopold’s Land Ethic is adopted as the reflection direction to handle the petrochemical problems. It is found in the study that the petrochemical industry has stepped into different stages with the changing time and space, and on the occasion of increasing environmental issues and environmental protection awareness. This paper deliberates the conflict between economy and environment during the petrochemical development by combining with Land Ethic perception. It proposes to start from Land Ethics, Ecological Economy and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), not only internalize the Land Ethic perception by making in-depth study in environmental education, but also link with the related disciplines in a horizontally systematical way, making the government and corporations share the social responsibilities, create integrative Land Ethic Economics and step towards a sustainable environment philosophy and ethic perception.
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Bhujabal, Padmaja. "Essays on the Perspective of Foreign Direct Investment in South and South-East Asian Economies: Beyond its Growth Effects." Thesis, 2022. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/10400/2/2022_PhD_PBhujabal_515HS3006_Essays.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is the process that enables the residents of one country to acquire ownership of assets in another country thereby controlling the production, distribution, and other activities in a firm of that country. The period of globalization in the 1990s marked the flow of private investment from developed countries to developing countries, mostly in the form of FDI. The developing countries are left behind in the process of economic growth due to lack of capital accumulation, poor infrastructural facilities, technological backwardness, low investment and paucity of research and development. FDI from the developed countries helps in boosting their economy by increasing investment and efficiency, leading to economic growth. It provides capital for financing new industries and enhancing the existing ones, boosts the infrastructure, creates new employment opportunities and increases productivity. It has been considered as a source of employment generation and modernization through transferring technical know-how and enhancement of technology. It helps in increasing the efficiency of resource use as well as total factor productivity in the host economy. As a result, it aids in increasing the production capacity and capital accumulation. Thus, it acts as a catalyst to economic growth. Prior to the 1990s, South Asia and Southeast Asia were only partially open to FDI; however, after realizing the importance of FDI in determining investment, economic growth, and employment, the governments of these regions began to act as 'facilitators' to draw FDI. South Asia and Southeast Asia have recently been favored recipients of FDI inflows due to their strong economic growth in services and exports, their sizable domestic market, and the favorable opinions of international investors. The World Bank anticipates that these regions will be crucial to the global development narrative in the Asian century. Although South Asia and Southeast Asia were only partially open to FDI before the 1990s, their governments came to understand that FDI is a key factor in determining investment, economic growth, and employment during this time and began acting as "facilitators" to draw FDI. Due to this, FDI inflows rose, making South Asia and Southeast Asia a more desirable location for foreign investors, albeit not as desirable as China or Brazil. This is due to the unfavorable business environment, which includes subpar infrastructure, stringent labour laws, a lack of coordination between government departments on policy, a policy for special economic zones (SEZs) that is dormant, a lack of institutional reforms, corruption, and cost and time overruns in infrastructure projects as a result of contractual and institutional failures, which are frequently brought on by a lack of coordination between central and state government departments on land acquisition and environmental clearance. The present study broadly examines the determinants and impact of FDI inflows in South Asian and Southeast Asian countries. The first objective of the study is to investigate the determinants of FDI inflows in South Asian and Southeast Asian countries. We have used data from WDI over the period 1980-2019 for this study. Six explanatory variables (market size, trade openness, infrastructure, inflation, exchange rate and human capital) were considered for the study. We used the Hausman test to determine which of the two models (fixed effect model and random effect model) fits our data the best. We found the fixed effect model to be the best fit and the results indicate that market size and human capital yield significant coefficients in relation to FDI inflow for the panel of 18 countries under consideration. The findings also reveal that the influence of inflation on FDI was negative and significant. This implies that with a decrease in the rate of inflation, FDI inflows increase in the South Asian and Southeast Asian countries. The second objective is to examine the role of foreign aid on FDI inflows and economic growth in South Asian and Southeast Asian countries. We examine the interrelationship among foreign aid, FDI and economic growth during 1980–2019. For unit root tests, we have applied LLC, IPS and PP-Fisher tests. After testing the stationarity of the variables, we run the Johansen-Fisher Co-integration test to establish the long run relationship among the variables during the concerned time period. Further we proceed with OLS, quantile regression and system GMM. Our empirical results from alternate empirical estimations suggest that FDI flows positively impact economic growth in the region. Whereas GDP growth attracts FDI only when entire in South Asian and Southeast Asian region as a whole is considered; underlying the importance of trade integration to benefit from foreign capital. In this regard, our findings also suggest that being a member of WTO have shown mixed impact on FDI and economic growth in the region. This clearly indicates that mere compliance of WTO norms might not work well for most of these economies due to their macroeconomic constraints and structural bottlenecks. We find that foreign aid flows have contemporaneous negative relation with FDI flows. The results indicate that foreign aid crowds out FDI. The third objective examines the effect of institutional quality on FDI inflows in South Asian and Southeast Asian countries by controlling the effects of macroeconomic instabilities during the period 2002-2019. We have used six governance indicators as a measure of institutional quality by the use of Principal Component Analysis. The governance indicators have been extracted from the WGI database. In this study, we have applied Iterated-GLS (IGLS) model for estimation of the results. We find that institutional quality affects FDI inflows in this region positively. Furthermore, we have investigated the impact of each of the six variables separately on FDI inflows and found that except for the 2 variables, that is, rule of law and voice and accountability, all the other institutional variables have a positive impact on FDI inflows. The fourth objective investigates the impact of FDI inflows on domestic investment in South Asian and Southeast Asian countries over the period 1990-2019. We have used various panel methods such as Westerlund co-integration, pooled OLS, fixed effect, GMM system, and FMOLS. We found the existence of long run stable relationship among the variables from the cointegration test. Further, the results showed that, in the South Asian and Southeast countries, a one unit increase in FDI led to increase in domestic investment by more than one unit in the long run. This implies that an increase in FDI will lead to improvement in the domestic investment in the South Asian and Southeast Asian countries. In other words, FDI crowds in domestic investment in these regions. Lastly, the fifth objective examines the effect of ICT and FDI on environmental pollution in South Asia and Southeast Asia during the year 1990–2019. We use Pooled Mean Group (PMG) and Dumitrescu-Hurlin Panel Causality for the estimation of the results. Our results suggest that ICT and FDI affect the carbon emissions or environmental pollution negatively. This implies that with the rise in ICT infrastructure and FDI inflows, environmental pollution decreases significantly in the long run. The Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality results suggest the existence of bidirectional causality among ICT and FDI which implies that increase in foreign investment leads to increase in ICT infrastructure and also, with increasing ICT infrastructure, the foreign investment increases in the South Asian and Southeast Asian countries.
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Rahman, Anisur. "Canadian bottled water industry : technological, economic and environmental perspectives /." 2007. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses2,2203.
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Williams, Amy M. "Environmental Processes, Social Perspectives and Economic Valuations of the Coast." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2010-08-8583.
Full textAbstract:
Coastal ecosystems provide important resources for social, economic and environmental capital to global and local communities. Socially, coastal ecosystems provide a place for people to recreate and get in touch with nature. Economically, tourism, fisheries, and businesses are dependent upon coastal resources. Environmentally, coasts provide habitat for diverse species of flora and fauna, and protection for watersheds and anthropogenic structures.
This research investigates three studies in order to provide information on social, economic and environmental issues in Matagorda, Texas. The first study uses LIDAR (Light Image Detection-and-Ranging) scanning, a remote sensing methodology that uses laser pulses to collect X, Y, and Z coordinates, to evaluate coastal changes after Hurricane Ike. Results suggest that landscape loss occurs immediately after the hurricane, but recovers and fluctuates throughout the year. Also, different areas of the dunes show unique changes during different times of the year.
The second study uses questionnaire surveys to collect demographic, social perspectives and opinions and economic information about coastal users on Matagorda Peninsula. The questionnaire investigates the most important characteristics to beach users, opinions and perceptions about beach safety, activities, maintenance and presence of seaweed, information about their trip, cost of their trip and demographics. The results provide broader knowledge about the beach users in Matagorda and indicate that while direct costs of using the beach are minimal, the indirect and intrinsic costs are much higher which result in a greater overall use value.
The third study investigates the use of the sargassum, a natural marine subsidy, as a fertilizer for dune plants. Beach raking provides a cleaner, more aesthetically pleasing experience for beach users but alters the natural design of the ecosystem by subsequently moving sand, nutrients, subsidies for habitat and fauna from the fore-beach to the dunes. Results show that sargassum does have potential as a natural fertilizer as it did not negatively affect any of the species. The results could be used to alter management practices in order to capitalize on this natural resource while still providing a clean sandy beach for recreationalists.
These three studies together provide ecological information about coastal functions and processes that can help in creating broad holistic science based management strategies.
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Nyamadi, Victoria Mensah. "The role of corporate social responsibility in sustainable development in Ghana : a critical perspective on Anglogold Ashanti Ghana." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26993.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this research was to identify and assess the extent to which AngloGold Ashanti
(AGA) Mining Company has been able to apply its corporate social responsibility (CSR)
policies in its operations, in a participatory manner, in contributing to sustainable development in its area of operation. The mixed method approach was used. Cluster sampling under the random sampling and purposive sampling methods were used to select both the respondentsand communities affected by mining. Six communities were surveyed from the Obuasi Municipality in the Ashanti region of Ghana. Participatory interviews, questionnaires, focus group discussions and participant observation techniques were used to gather data. The study identified that the CSR initiatives of AGA are evaluated on five main principles, namely commitment to core values, compliance with legal provisions, managerial discretion in taking actions, economic contributions and participatory mechanisms. The study found that, to some extent, the local people have been engaged in the implementation of AGA’s CSR activities. 25.2% were involved in project planning and design, and more than 80% were informed before the start of projects. Also, the results reveal that AGA’s mining activities have had both positive
and negative impacts on the economic well-being of residents within the selected communities. The impact of AGA’s mining activities on the environment, especially on water quality, soil quality, sanitation and noise levels, was found to be negative, resulting in major health problems for residents in mining communities. As a contribution to knowledge, the study shows how community members (respondents) perceive AGA’s CSR activities as fulfilling just one aspect of CSR (philanthropic dimension) and not necessarily rectifying the effect of their mining activities on the environment (ethical dimension). The study therefore recommends that comprehensive CSR measures principled through the lens of nonphilanthropic considerations be developed to reverse the general negative outcomes of mining on communities economically, socially and environmentally, especially regarding the growing unemployment and displacement of communities.Inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukuhlonza nokuhlola ukuthi iNkampani yeMayini iAngloGold Ashanti (AGA) ikwaze kanjani ukusebenzisa izinqubomgomo zayo zegunya lokubambisana kwezenhlalo (GLK) ekusebenzeni kwayo, ngendlela yokubamba iqhaza, ekunikelweni entuthukweni esimeme emkhakheni esebenza kuyo. Kusetshenziswe indlela ehlanganisiwe. Iqoqo lamasampula ngaphansi kwesampula engahleliwe nezindlela zokwenza amasampula ahlosiwe asetshenziselwe ukukhetha bobabili abaphendulayo kanye nemiphakathi ethintekayo ezimayini. Kuhlolwe imiphakathi eyisithupha ivela kuMasipala wase-Obuasi esifundeni i-Ashanti eGhana. Izingxoxo zokubamba iqhaza, iqoqo lemibuzo, izingxoxo zamaqembu okugxilwe kuwo kanye namasu wokubuka ababambiqhaza asetshenziselwe ukuqoqa idatha. Ucwaningo lukhombe ukuthi izinhlelo ze(GLK) le-AGA zihlolwa ngemigomo engqala emihlanu, okungukuthi ukuzibophezela kumanani ayisisekelo, ukuhambisana nezinhlinzeko zomthetho, ukuqonda ekuthatheni izinyathelo ezithile, iminikelo yezomnotho nezindlela zokubamba iqhaza. Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi, ukuya ezingeni elithile, abantu bendawo babambe iqhaza ekwenzeni imisebenzi ye-AGA's ne GLK. Ama-25.2% abambe iqhaza ekuhleleni nasekuklanyweni kwamaphrojekthi, kwathi abangaphezu kuma80% aziswa ngaphambi kokuqala kwamaphrojekthi. Futhi, imiphumela iveza ukuthi imisebenzi yezimayini ye-AGA ibe nemithelela emihle nemibi enhlalweni yezomnotho yabahlali emiphakathini ekhethiwe. Umthelela wemisebenzi yezimayini ye-AGA emvelweni, ikakhulukazi kwizinga lamanzi, ikhwalithi yenhlabathi, ukuthuthwa kwendle namazinga omsindo, kutholakale kukubi, okuholele ezinkingeni ezinkulu zezempilo kubahlali emiphakathini yezimayini. Njengokunikela olwazini, ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi amalungu omphakathi (abaphendulayo) bayibona kanjani imisebenzi ye-AGA's CSR njengokufeza isici esisodwa seGLK (ubukhulu bokusiza) hhayi ukuthi kulungiswe umthelela wemisebenzi yabo yezimayini emvelweni (ubukhulu bokuziphatha).Ngakho-ke ucwaningo luncoma ukuthi izinyathelo eziphelele ze-GLK eziqondiswa ngokusebenzisa ukuqondwa kwezinto ezingenkulu ezingezona zokusiza zithuthukiswe ukuguqula imiphumela emibi ejwayelekile yezimayini emiphakathini ngokwezomnotho, kwezenhlalo nangokwezemvelo, ikakhulukazi maqondana nokwanda kwemiphakathi engasebenzi kanye nokufundiswa kwayo.
Maikemišetšo a dinyakišišo tše ke go tseba le go sekaseka bogolo bjo ka bjona Khamphani ya Moepo ya AngloGold Ashanti (AGA) e kgonnego go phethagatša melawana ya ona ya maikarabelo a khamphani setšhabeng (CSR) ka mešomong ya yona, ka mokgwa wa go kgatha tema ga badudi, ka nepo ya go tsenya letsogo go tlhabollo ya go ya go ile ka lefelong leo e šomelago go lona. Mokgwa wo o hlakantšego mekgwa o šomišitšwe ka mo dinyakišišong tše. Go dira sampole sehlopha ka fase ga mekgwa ya go dira sampole ka sewelo le go dira sampole ka maikemišetšo go šomišitšwe go kgetha bobedi baarabi le ditšhaba tšeo di amilwego ke meepo. Go ile gwa dirwa dinyakišišo go metse ye tshela ka Masepaleng wa Obuasi ka seleteng sa Ashanti sa Ghana. Dipoledišano tšeo baarabi ba kgathago tema ka go tšona, lenaneo la dipotšišo tša dinyakišišo, dipoledišano tša dihlopha tšeo di nepišitšwego le mekgwa ya go lekola bakgathatema e šomišitšwe go kgoboketša tshedimošo. Dinyakišišo di utollotše gore maitekelo a CSR a AGA a sekasekwa go melawana ye mehlano ye megolo, e lego boikgafo go maitshwaro a bohlokwa, go obamela ditlhagišo tša melao, sephetho sa ba taolo sa go tšea dikgato, seabe sa ekonomi le mekgwa ya go kgatha tema. Dinyakišišo di utollotše gore, go fihla mo go itšego, go rerišanwe le batho ba tikologo ka go phethagatšeng ga ditiro tša CSR tša AGA. 25.2% ya bona e kgathile tema ka peakanyong le tlhamo ya protšeke, gomme palo ya go feta 80% e tsebišitšwe pele ga ge diprotšeke di ka thoma. Gape, dipoelo di utolla gore mešomo ya meepo ya AGA e bile le bobedi diabe tše botse le tše mpe go seemo sa ekonomi sa badudi ka metseng ye e kgethilwego. Seabe sa mešomo ya meepo ya AGA go tikologo, kudukudu go boleng bja meetse, go boleng bja mobu, go kelelatšhila le go maemo a lešata, go hweditšwe gore e bile ao a sego a loka, gomme se ile sa feletša ka mathata a magolo a tša maphelo go badudi ba ka metseng yeo meepo e lego gona. Bjalo ka seabe go tsebo, dinyakišišo di bontšha ka fao maloko a setšhaba (baarabi) ba bonago mešomo ya CSR ya AGA e lego yeo e phethagatšago fela selo se tee sa CSR (e lego ditiro tša go abela setšhaba) e sego go phošolla seabe sa mešomo ya bona ya meepo go tikologo (e lego ditiro tša maitshwaro). Dinyakišišo ka fao di šišinya gore magato ka kakaretšo a CSR ao a beilwego go se gwa lebelelwa go abela setšhaba a phethagatšwe ka nepo ya go phošolla dipoelo tša kakaretšo tšeo di sego tša loka tša mešomo ya meepo go ditšhaba mabapi le tša ekonomi, tša leago le tikologo, kudukudu mabapi le go tlhokego ya mešomo ye e golago le go tloša ditšhaba mafelong a tšona.
Development Studies
D. Phil. (Developmental Studies)
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Araújo, Thiago Lima Klautau de. "Sustainable development in a changing climate: new legal, environmental, economic and social perspectives in Brazil." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/29345.
Full textAbstract:
The discussion about environmental degradation, destruction of ecosystems
and climate change is way broader than just biological, chemical or physical
technical criteria. As phenomena caused by human activity, it is necessary to
understand their causes, possible paths to their reversion, mitigation or
adaptation of the populations for the present and future consequences.
Environmental issues became even more complex when it is realized that they
are not isolated from other problems faced by societies, especially in Brazil.
Precarious basic sanitation system, high levels of poverty and violence, low
indexes of social and economic development are some of the various situations
which their solutions are seen as a priority by the common citizen.
Environmental preservation can be – and frequently is – seen as a big
hindrance to economic growth and development of the country. Some political
currents point out the investments in the area as a burden that will be carried
out by the tax payers. However, changes in the legal and economic dynamics
in Brazil can transform current situation of social and environmental
degradation into a more sustainable and prosper context. By using the
potentialities – especially the environmental assets – in a more rational and
ecological manner, it is also possible to create wealth to the country. What is
seen as a problem may be the most efficient solution. The present thesis is
divided in five publications, in which are addressed current issues of social,
institutional, legal and economic dynamics that hinder the implementation of a
more sustainable economic model. By that, this thesis has built a more precise
framework of the theme, making possible to suggest alternatives, as well
creating new ramifications and bases for new solutions.A discussão sobre a degradação ambiental, a destruição dos ecossistemas e as alterações climáticas é muito mais ampla do que critérios técnicos da biologia, química ou física. Como fenômenos causados pela atividade humana, é necessário compreender suas causas, possíveis caminhos para sua reversão, mitigação ou adaptação das populações para as presentes e futuras consequências. As questões ambientais se tornam ainda mais complexas quando verificadas que não estão isoladas dos outros problemas enfrentados pelas sociedades, especialmente no Brasil. Saneamento básico precário, elevados índices de pobreza e de violência, ineficiência dos serviços públicos, nomeadamente na educação e saúde, desemprego, baixos índices de desenvolvimento social e económico são algumas das muitas situações cujas soluções são vistas como prioritárias para o cidadão comum. A preservação ambiental pode ser – e frequentemente é – vista como um entrave ao crescimento e ao desenvolvimento do país. Algumas correntes políticas apontam os investimentos na área como um peso a ser sustentado pelo contribuinte. No entanto, mudanças na dinâmica económica e jurídica do Brasil podem transformar a atual conjuntura de degradação social e ambiental em um contexto mais sustentável e próspero. Ao utilizar as potencialidades – principalmente os ativos ambientais – de forma mais racional e ecológica, também é possível gerar riqueza para o país. O que é visto como problema, pode ser a mais eficiente solução. A presente tese está dividida em cinco publicações. Nelas, são abordadas questões atuais da dinâmica social, institucional, jurídica e económica que dificultam a implementação de um modelo económico mais sustentável. Assim, esta tese construiu um quadro mais preciso e atualizado de seu objeto, possibilitando proposições positivas, bem como desdobramentos e bases para novas soluções.
Programa Doutoral em Biologia e Ecologia das Alterações Globais
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Irfany, Mohammad Iqbal. "Economic development and de-carbonization paths: Micro and macro perspectives from Indonesia." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-9942-8.
Full textAbstract:
Die drei Essays dieser Dissertation verbinden Themen der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung und des Klimawandels. Alle Essays erörtern die allgemeine Frage wie steigende Einkommen und Austauschbeziehungen in Umweltfragen verbunden werden können und konzentrieren sich dabei auf CO2 Emissionen als Hauptverursacher von Treibhausgasen. Die Forschungsarbeit beleuchtet die wesentlichen Treiber und Verteilungswege von CO2 Emissionen und zeigt wie wirtschaftliches Wachstum, Energieverbrauch und Emissionen interagieren.
Im ersten Essay wird am Beispiel Indonesiens der ökologische Fußabdruck von Haushalten durch ihre Konsumentscheidung aufgezeigt. Es werden Muster, Determinanten und die Aufschlüsselung der steigenden Emissionen der Haushalte analysiert. Die Arbeit konnte zeigen, dass die Sektoren mit Leichtöl und im Transportwesen die intensivsten Emittenten in Indonesien sind und ein signifikantes Ungleichgewicht der Karbon-Emissionen zwischen Haushalten besteht. Sie konnte zudem darlegen, dass ein steigendes Einkommen die wichtigste Determinante der Haushaltsemissionen sind. Die Aufschlüsselung des Emissionswachstums legt nahe, dass die steigenden Emissionen zwischen 2005 und 2009 hauptsächlich auf den steigenden Wohlstand der Haushalte zurückzuführen sind.
Eine gerechtere Haushaltsverteilung besitzt -wie jedes Emissionsreduzierungskonzept- einen größeren Effekt zur Abschwächung des Klimawandels in einer Gesellschaft mit weniger Ungleichheit als in einer Gesellschaft mit verstärkter Ungleichheit. Im zweiten Essay wurde die Ungleichheit von Haushalts-Emissionen und die Aufschlüsselung der Emissionsungleichheiten in ihre Ursachen untersucht.. Die Studie zeigt einerseits eine steigende Ungleichheit unter den untersuchten Haushalten als auch dass Energie-Transport hauptsächlich für höhere Emissionsungleichheit verantwortlich ist.
Der dritte Essay untersucht kausale Zusammenhänge zwischen Emissionen, Energieverbrauch und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung gemeinsam mit Urbanisierung und Investitionen im Falle von Indonesien unter Verwendung von Zeitreihenanalyse. Diese Studie zeigt eine Granger-Kausalität von Output und Energieverbrauch hin zu Emissionen, aber nicht in die entgegengesetzte Richtung von Emissionen zu Output. Dies weist darauf hin die Möglichkeit Emissionen zu reduzieren ohne Wachstum zu hemmen. Damit könnte Energieverbrauch die hauptsächlich verändernde Variable zwischen Output und Emissionen sein. Urbanisierung und Kapitalformation können CO2 neutral sein, wenn das betreffende Land nachhaltige städtische Entwicklung, grüne Investitionen und Energieeffizienz zur Entschärfung des Klimawandels fördert.
Jeder dieser Essays trägt zu der Literatur dazu bei, wie ökonomische Aktivitäten (wie steigender Konsum) steigende Emissionen - eine der wichtigsten Externalitäten menschlicher Entwicklung - bedingen. Andersherum könnte Umweltzerstörung (und/oder entschärfende Maßnahmen) weitere Entwicklung menschlichen Wohlbefindens erschweren. Passende Politikmaßnahmen, der Konsum in Richtung von weniger emissionsintensiven Ausgaben stimulieren, könnten implementiert werden. Aber insbesondere in Entwicklungsländern, die mit Energieeffizienz (CO2 intensive Energiesysteme), ungenügend grünen Infrastrukturen, Städteplanung, öffentlichem Nahverkehr und hohen (und ungünstig gezielte) Treibstoffsubventionen zu kämpfen haben, könnte dies schwierig werden. Diese Themen könnten dann nicht nur für Indonesien als entwickelnde Ökonomie sondern auch bei globalen Debatten dazu beitragen, wie Entwicklungspfade weniger kohlenstoffintensiv gestaltet werden können und damit substantielle Bedeutung erlangen.