Journal articles on the topic 'Economic development – Social aspects – OECD countries'
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Alshubiri, Faris, and Mohamed Elheddad. "Foreign finance, economic growth and CO2 emissions Nexus in OECD countries." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 12, no. 2 (August 14, 2019): 161–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-12-2018-0082.
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Purpose This study aims to examine the relationship between foreign finance, economic growth and CO2 to investigate if the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) exists as an empirical evidence in 32 selected Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. Design/methodology/approach This study used quantitative analysis to test two main hypotheses: H1 is the U-shape relationship between foreign finance and environment, and H2 is the N-shaped association between economic growth and environment. In doing so, this study used panel data techniques. The panel set contained 32 countries over the period from 1990 to 2015, with 27 observations for each country. This study applied a panel OLS estimator via fixed-effects control to address heterogeneity and mitigate endogeneity. Generalized method of moments (GMM) with fixed effects-instrumental variables (FE-IV) and diagnostic tests were also used. Findings The results showed that foreign finance and environmental quality have an inverted U-shaped association. The three proxies’ foreign investment, foreign assets and remittance in the first stages contribute significantly to CO2 emissions, but after the threshold point is reached, these proxies become “environmentally friendly” by their contribution to reducing CO2 emissions. Also, a non-linear relationship denotes that foreign investment in OECD countries enhances the importance, as a proxy of foreign finance has greater environmental quality than foreign assets. Additionally, empirical results show that remittances received is linked to the highest polluted levels until a threshold point is reached, at which point it then helps reduce CO2 emissions. The GMM and FE-IV results provide robust evidence on inverse U-shaped relationship, while the N-shaped relationship explains that economic growth produces more CO2 emissions at the first phase of growth, but the quadratic term confirms this effect is negative after a specific level of GDP is reached. Then, this economic growth makes the environment deteriorate. These results are robust even after controlling for the omitted variable issue. The IV-FE results indicate an N-shaped relationship in the OECD countries. Practical implications Most studies have used different economic indicators as proxies to show the effects of these indicators on the environment, but they are flawed and outdated regarding the large social challenges facing contemporary, socio-financial economic systems. To overcome these disadvantages, the social, institutional and environmental aspects of economic development should also be considered. Hence, this study aims to explain this issue as a relationship with several proxies in regard to environmental, foreign finance and economic aspects. Originality/value This paper uses updated data sets for analyzing the relationship between foreign finance and economic growth as a new proxy for pollution. Also, this study simulates the financial and environmental future to show their effect on investments in different OECD countries. While this study enhances the literature by establishing an innovative control during analysis, this will increase to add value. This study is among the few studies that empirically investigate the non-linear relationship between finance and environmental degradation.
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Arsu, Talip, and Ejder Ayçin. "Evaluation of OECD Countries with Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods in terms of Economic, Social and Environmental Aspects." Operational Research in Engineering Sciences: Theory and Applications 4, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31181/oresta20402055a.
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Exhausted natural resources and deteriorating ecological balance, together with the social privileges that people expect to have, are proof that the development of countries cannot be reduced to economic development alone. In this respect, this study aimed to evaluate the economic, social and environmental aspects of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. Within this scope, the countries were firstly divided into two groups by performing cluster analysis in order to create more homogeneous country groups. Then, 12 criteria, consisting of four economic, four social and four environmental criteria, were determined by considering the literature and expert opinions. The criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (CRITIC) method was used to weight the determined criteria and using the calculated criterion weights, the countries in each cluster were then evaluated with the measurement of alternatives and ranking according to compromise solution (MARCOS) method. As a result, the most successful countries in the first cluster were determined as Switzerland, Denmark and Ireland with 68.8%, 62.7% and 62.5% performance scores, respectively. Whereas, the most unsuccessful countries were USA, Canada and Australia with 49.8%, 50.0% and 50.1% performance scores, respectively. The most successful countries in the second cluster were found as Slovenia, Spain and Portugal with 65.9%, 65.5% and 64.5% performance scores, while the most unsuccessful countries were Turkey, Chile and Colombia with 45.9%, 55.4% and 55.9% performance scores, respectively. Finally, in order to test the sensitivity of the MARCOS method, the solution was repeated with the MAIRCA, WASPAS, MABAC and CoCoSo methods using the weights obtained by the CRITIC method. A high correlation (greater than 80%) was found between the rankings acquired using the other methods and the rankings obtained by the MARCOS method.
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KÜRKCÜ, Murat, and Orhan KANDEMİR. "THE ROLE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WOMEN ON INFANT MORTALITY: A PANEL DATA ANALYSES FOR OECD COUNTRIES." Business & Management Studies: An International Journal 5, no. 3 (December 19, 2017): 826–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v5i3.164.
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Social and economic development of a nation is often reflected by the existing infant and child mortality rates. In this context, one of the millennium development goals is to reduce infant and child mortalities globally. In particular, women’s socio-economic positions are important variables in explaining infant/child mortality. The correlation between infant/child mortalities and socio-economic positions of women is very strong. This study uses a panel data analysis to measure the effect of labour force participation rate of women on infant/child mortalities. The present article analyzes how women’s socio-economic situations affect infant/child mortality in OECD countries for the era 2000-2014. Our results are statistically significant and also suitable for theoretical expectations. According to our conclusions mortality rates may decline as a result of the increase in labour force participation rates of women. In this context, there is a negative relationship between the labor force participation rate of women and gender inequality. So, as gender inequality decreases, infant/child mortality rates also decrease.
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Jahn, Detlef. "The Impact of Climate on Atmospheric Emissions: Constructing an Index of Heating Degrees for 21 OECD Countries from 1960 to 2005*." Weather, Climate, and Society 5, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-11-00050.1.
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Abstract The impact of climate on atmospheric emissions is a highly neglected aspect in research on environmental performance. Cold winters may be a major factor for the increase in heating needs and energy consumption, which may in turn lead to substantial increases in atmospheric emissions, thus contributing to climate change. To measure such an impact, this article develops an index that measures the heating requirements in highly populated regions in 21 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries from 1960 to 2005. Applying this index of heating degree months (HDMs) to atmospheric emissions shows that climate has a significant effect. This is above all true for particular atmospheric emissions that have not been substantially reduced over the last three decades. For atmospheric emissions that have been substantially reduced, climate has no explanatory power, suggesting that other factors such as policies and technological development may explain the reduction. These results remain robust when controlling for various aspects of energy production, economic development, and structural changes.
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Nazarov, Dmitry, Aliya Bayakhmetova, Lyazzat Bayakhmetova, and Leila Bayakhmetova. "A Model for Assessing the Causality of Factors in the Development of Voluntary Pension Insurance in the Republic of Kazakhstan." Mathematics 10, no. 9 (April 22, 2022): 1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10091415.
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Many countries have been experiencing a crisis in their pension systems for fiscal and demographic reasons. Voluntary pension funds are a way out of the crisis. The depth of the problem lies in the study of social and economic-mathematical aspects in making economic decisions on implementing voluntary contributions. The authors studied sustainable development, considering the assessment of the causal relationship between factors in the development of voluntary pension insurance in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article analyzes pension system models and studies the experience of the OECD countries. The results of the analysis highlight the most important factors affecting the development of pension systems with an emphasis on voluntary pension insurance mechanisms. The authors propose a conservative, economic, extended economic, and extended intermediate solution for building a set of cause-and-effect models for the development of voluntary pension insurance in the Republic of Kazakhstan based on a survey of a representative sample of citizens in the Republic of Kazakhstan using the QCA method.
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Sahibzada, Shamim A., and Mir Annice Mahmood. "Arie Kuyvenhoven and L. B. M. Mennes. Guidelines for Project Appraisal. The Hague: Directorate-General for International Co-operation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1985. x + 190 pp.Price: fl. 19.50." Pakistan Development Review 25, no. 2 (June 1, 1986): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v25i2pp.200-204.
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There has lately been an increasing emphasis on methods of evaluating development projects in the developing countries. The traditional focus, which relies on only a financial appraisal of projects, is no longer a favourite topic with project analysts, especially in the public sector. In order to capture the full impact of projects, several methodologies, focusing on the economic and social aspects, have been introduced in the literature during the late Sixties and early Seventies. Moreover, to enhance/facilitate the applicability of these methods to actual projects, the need for Manuals, Guidelines, and Guides of project appraisal has been felt from time to time. Some well known attempts in this area have been made by OECD [2], UNIDO [1; 5], ODA [6] and ODM [7].
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Zia Ur Rehman, Muhammad, Ahsan Rafiq, and Waseem Ishaque. "Government Sector Performance of Pakistan, South Asia and 34 OED Countries – International Policy Issues in the Contemporary World." Global Social Sciences Review III, no. III (September 30, 2018): 94–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2018(iii-iii).07.
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The paper focuses on the various aspects especially as globally accepted fact is that social and key economic indicators are influenced by the government activities. Public Sector Performance and efficiency reflect government priorities. The paper evaluates the public sector performance of Pakistan by calculating the Public Sector Performance Index based on seven indicators and these seven indicators are further classified into two broad groups. Many international studies have carried out the performance evaluation of public sectors of industrialized countries missing the public sector performance of Pakistan with other countries. With the aim, Public Sector Performance of Pakistan was compared with countries of South Asia and some developed countries. The research analyzes the public sector performance indicators of countries to calculate the overall performance. The paper aims to compare public sector performance of Pakistan with South Asian Countries and members of Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which currently includes 34 Countries.
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Drastichová, Magdaléna, and Peter Filzmoser. "Factors of Quality of Life in a Group of Selected European Union and OECD Countries." Problemy Ekorozwoju 16, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 75–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/pe.2021.2.09.
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This work focuses on the evaluation of the factors of quality of life in a sample of 26 countries. Quality of life is a complex, multidimensional concept, which includes various social, cultural, economic, political, demographic and environmental aspects. Regarding this, principal component analysis and regression analysis were chosen as relevant methods to analyse relationships among twenty-five variables related to quality of life, and their rela-tionships with three composite indices reflecting crucial aspects of quality of life, wellbeing and sustainability. These indices, applied as the response variables in the regression analysis, include the inequality-adjusted alter-native of the Human Development Index (IHDI), the Happy Planet Index (HPI), and Healthy Life Years (HLY). The IHDI represents an objective indicator of human development and wellbeing. HLY reflects quality of life in terms of health. The HPI combines the ecological efficiency with which human wellbeing is delivered, while it also includes a subjective measure of wellbeing. Since each of these indices represent different aspects of quality of life to a certain extent, some of the factors (represented by selected indicators) affected them in different ways. After applying a Lasso regression, nine of the 25 indicators – representing crucial factors of quality of life – were identified. Homicide rate (representing the factor of safety) affected all three indices in a negative way, whereas Years in education (representing the factor of education) and Life satisfaction – a subjective indicator of wellbeing representing the dimension of the same name, affected them positively.
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OGUZ, N. YASEMIN, STEVEN H. MILES, NUKET BUKEN, and MURAT CIVANER. "End-of-Life Care in Turkey." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 12, no. 3 (July 2003): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180103123109.
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Most physicians confront the moral and technical challenges of treating persons who are coming to the natural end of their lives. At the level of the health system, this issue becomes a more pressing area for reform as premature death decreases and more people live a full life span. Well-developed countries and international organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) have made recommendations for improving healthcare problems in aging societies. Turkey belongs to the WHO and the OECD. This article describes end-of-life healthcare in Turkey, the design of the healthcare system to meet this need, challenges that should be addressed, and solutions that would be appropriate to Turkish culture and resources.
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Shestakova, Elena. "Adhesion To Well-Established Practices Or A New Look At The Problem: Pension Systems In The States Of East Asia." Obshchestvo i ekonomika, no. 1 (2023): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020736760023989-6.
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The impact of changes in the demographic structure of the population and the associated large-scale social spending on economic development has long been a topic of serious discussion by scientists and journalists from economically developed countries. In the rapidly aging countries of East and Southeast Asia with emerging markets, governments are prioritizing new aspects of the social agenda, including the choice of models, rates and sources for raising the living standard, and the scope of social guarantees provided by the state. The article discusses a variety of experience in creating pension systems that meet local conditions for senior citizens in the countries of the region. The main focus is on the analysis of hybrid forms of savings to ensure pensions and meet current needs (Malaysia, Singapore) and complex multi-level systems with almost complete coverage of the elderly people (PRC and Thailand) in Asian countries with the most rapidly aging populations that are not included in the OECD group.
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Bohashko, Oleksandr L. "THE MAIN ASPECTS OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN MODERN CONDITIONS OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT." Economies' Horizons, no. 2(20) (June 30, 2022): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2616-5236.2(20).2022.263346.
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The article outlines the main aspects of innovative development of entrepreneurship in modern conditions of social and economic development of Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to identify factors affecting the innovative activity of entrepreneurship within the framework of regional innovation systems.
The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the fundamental provisions of economic theory and practice, general scientific and special methods of knowledge of economic reality. The main methods that were used: structural and logical; comparative, method of detailing and synthesis.
It was found that innovative activity is increasingly considered in the context of regional development and local innovation systems. Within the framework of this approach, such factors as spatial proximity of regions, local conditions, the specifics of human capital and interregional cooperation are considered.
The article highlights the features of the modern functioning of the innovation sphere, analyses the factors affecting the propensity of firms to innovate. The types of innovations and the classification of innovations generally accepted in the OECD countries are considered. It is noted that innovative companies from countries with catch-up development are primarily interested in such characteristics of the institutional environment as the business climate and stable «rules of the game» in the market. Institutional indicators are the timing of opening a firm and resolving commercial disputes, the stability of the employment index, which reflects changes in hiring and firing conditions, the level of democracy, and maximum tax rates. The importance of most of these factors indicates the need to take them into account in the evaluation of innovative activity.
The study found that a set of interrelated concepts, including the national innovation system and the national business system used for strategic management purposes, largely ignore the role of entrepreneurs. As a rule, they concern individual firms or enterprises, while innovations are created by entrepreneurs who combine existing elements of knowledge and generate new value. At the same time, in the course of their activities, entrepreneurs organize jobs and achieve economic growth, which is especially relevant for the reconstruction of the economy of our country in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war.
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Voevodina, Ekaterina V. "THE THIRD MISSION OF UNIVERSITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DIGITAL SOCIETY: GENDER ASPECTS." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Philosophy. Social Studies. Art Studies, no. 1 (2022): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6401-2022-1-182-189.
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The article analyzes the gender aspects of sustainable development, notes the high relevance of inclusion and gender diversity in this process. It mentions that companies that have implemented these principles in their practice achieve better economic efficiency. Based on a review of modern research and statistical data (UNESCO, OECD, McKinsey, Crowe), on the one hand, a conclusion can be drawn that the gender gap in higher education in developed countries is gradually closing. On the other, there is a gender segregation of professions, especially in STEM sciences, the digital sector and IT. In Russia, the proportion of women in the field of higher education is quite high, but among the scientific personnel of the highest qualification (professors), it is only 35%. Under the third mission of universities, we mean the activities of universities, directly or indirectly aimed at solving social and economic issues, including those related to the implementation of sustainable development goals. To that end the author summarizes that it is necessary to promote programs that support inclusion and gender diversity in higher education through programs of the corporate social responsibility and support. Universities are “guides” of sustainable development at the local level.
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Arabadzhy, Natalia, and Iryna Korniienko. "RETROSPECTIVE AND MODERN ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHARITY." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 4, no. 5 (February 11, 2019): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2018-4-5-256-265.
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The article considers the retrospective and modern aspects of the development of charitable activity in the socio-economic sense, which is the assistance to other persons at the expense of own welfare or free time, and provided that this assistance does not harm other persons and is carried out within the law. Charity should benefit not only the immediate recipient of benefit but also society as a whole. The authors emphasize that the conducted study supports their hypothesis that under the conditions of globalization, society increasingly focuses on social issues that arise as a result of insufficient state resources and so charity becomes a factor in their successful resolution. The development of charity is a system of social, economic, and cultural factors. One of the stages of the development of charity was the creation of charitable foundations specializing in various fields: scientific, cultural, sporting, educational projects, assistance to needy families, help for orphanages, hospitals, fundraising for expensive treatment and other projects. In today’s world, the attitude towards charity as a professional occupation has become widespread, becoming a “social norm.” Charitable funds are a separate and important component of the charitable institution. The concept of “charity” came into the public consciousness as a humanistic call of a person to go to the needy, regardless of religious, national, racial, social affiliation or political or ideological beliefs. Retrospective analysis showed that forms of philanthropy in the advanced form existed already in ancient Rome and ancient Greece; in medieval Europe, they already acquired the status of state and social policy at the legislative level. In the Christian aspect of ancient Rus of the adoption of the Orthodox faith in 988, the foundations of charity are laid as socio-ethical norms of society. In the second half of the XVIII century, as a result of secularization, charitable societies, hospitals, almshouses, open by public organizations and private individuals arise, that is, there are social and state institutions of charity. And charitable funds, which are socio-economic professional activities, are beginning to develop. From ancient to modern times, charitable activity is carried out in the forms of patronage, sponsorship, volunteering, fundraising. Modern trends of charity include: increase of the non-profit sector and its internationalization; cooperation of charitable foundations, development of a social partnership with business, state bodies, and foreign funds; professionalization through the creation of network charity. In turn, charity abroad is characterized by growing professionalism, a variety of forms and programs of cooperation, the growth and expansion of the sphere itself and its importance for non-profit, in particular, socio-cultural activities. The undisputed leader in this area is the USA – the birthplace of modern sponsorship and fundraising. The authors conditionally distinguish three levels of charity. The typology and general characteristics of foreign charitable foundations, typical for the USA, European countries, and Ukraine, are presented. Features of creation and functioning of quasi-public funds are considered. On a global scale, the foreign activity of the US foundations is significant, and the expenditures exceed the official foreign aid budgets of many countries. However, their presence in Ukraine is relatively low. The volume of support is negligible compared to official support amounts: according to the OECD, the amount of grants actually received by Ukraine from other states and multilateral donors in 2011–2017 amounted to more than 5 billion USD while less than 0.1 billion USD came to Ukraine from US foundations. But this does not exclude the role of private donors in solving certain problems, in particular, in terms of supporting civil society, protecting the rights of vulnerable groups of the population, etc.
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Puzule, Anita, and Ērika Žubule. "ASSESSMENT OF TAXATION AS A FISCAL POLICY INSTRUMENT." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 4 (May 26, 2017): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2017vol4.2347.
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Taxation is one of the instruments the government can actively use to have an effect on the ongoing economic processes, directing their development into the preferred route. Economic development in the world and Europe, as well as domestic issues and the accession to the community of OECD member states have created new challenges for Latvia’s development and for improvement of the national tax policy and the tax system. Latvia’s fiscal policy is not sustainable, because every year is being adjusted, thus causing dissatisfaction of society and slowing down the country's economic development in general.
Aim of the research is to evalute theoretical aspects and practical application of possibilities to use the taxation as a fiscal policy instrument in order to stabilise Latvia’s national economy.
Based on the experience of different countries and scientific research, the theoretical findings on the application of taxes as a fiscal policy instrument were explored, and the essential measures to be implemented in order to make Latvia’s tax system more sustainable and to reduce social inequalities, as well as to advance the economic growth were identified.
The monographic method, logical constructive method, method of analysis, opinion and concept comparison method, as well as statistical data comparison were used in the research.
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Siegal, Gil. "Genomic Databases and Biobanks in Israel." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 43, no. 4 (2015): 766–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12318.
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In addressing the creation and regulation of biobanks in different countries, a short descriptive introduction to the social and cultural backgrounds of each country is mandatory. The State of Israel is relatively young (established in 1948), and can be characterized as a multi-religious (Jewish, Muslim, Christian, Druz, and others), multi-ethnic (more than 14), multi-cultural (Western “Ashkenazi” Jewry, Oriental “Sfaradi” Jewry, Soviet Jewry, Israeli Arabs, Palestinian Arabs) society, somewhat similar to the American melting pot. The current population is 8.3 million, a sharp rise resulting from a 1.2 million influx of immigrants from the former Soviet Union in the 1990s. Seventyfive percent are Jewish, 20% Arabs (the majority of whom are Muslims), and several other minorities. The birth rate is 3.8 per family, the highest in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
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Ianchuk, Svitlana. "Popularity Dynamics of Social and Affordable Housing: Ethics vs Business." Business Ethics and Leadership 5, no. 1 (2021): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/bel.5(1).109-117.2021.
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This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the issue of social housing, existing ethical dilemmas, and business development. The main purpose of the research is to investigate the interest level and popularity dynamics of social and affordable housing in the world in general and in OECD countries. The systematization of literary sources and approaches for solving the problem of ethical and economical aspects of social and affordable housing indicates that there is no single point of view on this issue among scientists. That is why the essence of the concepts of social, affordable, and public housing needs to be clarified considering existing differences. Besides it, comparative analysis of the results of analytical analysis of the interest level and popularity dynamics of social and affordable housing based on Google Trends tools and the results of statistical analysis in this context has not been conducted yet. Investigation of the topic about popularity dynamics of social and affordable housing emphasizing ethical needs and expected business benefits in the paper is carried out in the following logical sequence: systematization and clarification theoretical approaches to determine the essence and the difference between social, public and affordable housing; description of dominant types of funding social and affordable housing; analytical analysis of popularity dynamics of social and affordable housing with the determination of key value picks; statistical analysis of certain social housing indicators; comparing the results and making conclusions. Methodological tools of the research methods were logical generalization and scientific abstraction, statistical and structural analysis, comparative, and graphical analysis using the Excel software. Analytical analysis was realized based on Google Trends tools. The objects of research were the search requests about social, public, and affordable housing in the world in 2004-2021, and the indicators of social housing from the sample of OECD countries and other EU countries (limit in 2018 due to the availability of information on open information portals of The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development). The paper presents the results of analytical, statistical, and comparative analysis of the level of interest (popularity) and development of social and affordable housing. The recommendations according to the coexistence of ethical and entrepreneurial principles can be useful for public and private investors in social and affordable housing.
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Aragão, Áurea Machado de, and Antônio Martins De Oliveira Júnior. "Socioeconomic and demographic scenario of Brazil, India and Australia." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 9 (September 30, 2019): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss9.1725.
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This work presents a study on the social, economic and demographic aspects of Brazil, India and Australia. For this study, a socioeconomic and demographic survey was carried out, analysing Brazil, India and Australia, aimed at comparing the current scenario of these three countries. For the qualitative and quantitative analysis, data mining on the World Bank, IndexMundi, CountryEconomy, Trading Economics and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) databases was performed, having subsequently drawn graphs that summarise the textual information found. With the results, among other conclusions, it was observed that Indian women are not highly present in the job market, with Brazil and Australia having an analogous rate of working women. Furthermore, a similarity was found between the rates of articles published in scientific journals in both Brazil and Australia. Regarding per capita spending on health, it could be noted that the rate in Australia is 10 times higher than in Brazil, while this rate is 20 times lower in India when compared to Brazil. It was also concluded that, although India has 60% more requests for resident and non-resident patent applications, the revenue from intellectual property in this country is 36% lower than the one in Australia and 19% lower than in Brazil.
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Altintas, Koray, Ozalp Vayvay, Sinan Apak, and Emine Cobanoglu. "An Extended GRA Method Integrated with Fuzzy AHP to Construct a Multidimensional Index for Ranking Overall Energy Sustainability Performances." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 20, 2020): 1602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041602.
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In an age of rapid technological advancement, the increasing need for energy and its related services to satisfy economic and social development has become a critical concern of national governments worldwide. This has triggered researchers to work on metrics for tracking and tracing energy sustainability in order to provide monitoring mechanisms for policy makers. In this regard, multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) methods are becoming more popular to deal with the multidimensional and complex nature of sustainability. We have proposed an extended and revised version of the grey relational analysis (GRA) method, which is integrated with the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP), to develop a new composite index for comparing the overall energy sustainability performances of 35 OECD member countries. Our case study revealed the performances of selected countries by providing their strengths and weaknesses based on determined criteria as well as the level of change in performances with different criteria weights. The proposed GRA model can be used in different applications of sustainability due to its flexible nature, which provides benefits from goal-oriented extensions in order to adequately capture different aspects of sustainability.
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Hausmann, Róbert, and Ákos Szalai. "New Measurement System for Sustainability : MNB’s Sustainability Report and Index." Prosperitas 8, no. 2 (2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31570/prosp_2021_0003.
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Our study explains why it is important to implement the aspects of sustainability in order to successfully converge and break out of the trap of medium development, and presents the main findings of the MNB Sustainability Report and Index based on a self-developed quantification-purpose methodology. The socio-economic system of a country is considered sustainable if its environmental, social, financial and real economy resources are used in a sustainable way to achieve and maintain longterm prosperity. The MNB’s Sustainability Index ranks Hungary 15th among the 27 EU member states in 2021, which is slightly better than the average ranking of the Visegrád countries, but slightly behind the EU average. There is room for improvement in all four priority areas, with the identification of the greatest scope for convergence in the financial and social sustainability dimensions. In line with the frameworks of international organisations (UN, OECD) with a strong track record in sustainability, the MNB report helps to identify key areas of potential sustainability strengths and reserves, thus supporting, on the one hand, long-term, strategic policy-making, specialised research in the field of sustainability and, on the other hand, sustainable convergence.
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Ahmad-Yar, Ahmad Wali, and Tuba Bircan. "Anatomy of a Misfit: International Migration Statistics." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (April 5, 2021): 4032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13074032.
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Migration is one of the key aspects of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). To understand global migration patterns, develop scenarios, design effective policies, focus on the population’s needs, and identify how these needs change over time, we need accurate, reliable and timely data. The gaps in international migration data have persisted since international organizations collect data. To improve the data gaps, there is a need to conceptualize the types of gaps and pinpoint the gaps within the international data systems. To that end, the ultimate objective of this paper is twofold, (i) to review and categorize the gaps in the literature and (ii) assess the statistical data sources, i.e., United Nations Department of Social and Economic Affairs (UN DESA), Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), International Organization for Migration (IOM), Eurostat, and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Our results demonstrate that the gaps could be categorized under (1) definitions and measures, (2) drivers or reasons behind migration, (3) geographic coverage, (4) gaps in demographic characteristics and (5) the time lag in the availability of data. The reviewed sources suffer from the gaps, which are not mutually exclusive (they are interlinked): the quality and availability of both migration flows and stocks data vary across regions and countries, and migration statistics highly rely on immigrants’ arrival.
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Bogoviz, Aleksei V., Svetlana V. Lobova, and Alexander N. Alekseev. "The Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility Based on Integrating the SDGs into Corporate Strategies: International Experience and the Risks for Profit." Risks 10, no. 6 (June 2, 2022): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks10060117.
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This paper aims to study the international experience (in the aspect and taking into account the specifics of regions of the world) integrating the SDGs into corporate strategies and to identify the following: (1) supported SDGs (UN standards); (2) implemented measures of corporate social responsibility to support the SDGs and (3) approach from the positions of risks for profit. Based on a sample of 193 countries (seven regions of the world) from 2020–2021 (386 observations) based on the method of structural equation modelling (SEM), it was discovered that the SDGs (UN standards) are supported by companies to a different extent in the different world regions, but, on the whole, they are strongly integrated into the corporate strategies in each region. The largest support of the SDGs from business is observed in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The risks of integrating the SDGs (UN standards) into corporate strategies for profit are low (moderate in the OECD). The commercial approach to integrating the SDGs into corporate strategies is implemented in all regions of the world. The theoretical significance of the results consists in the fact that the discovered differences pointed at the necessity for and set the foundation for the transition from global to regional management of the integration of the SDGs (UN standards) into corporate strategies. The practical significance of the authors’ conclusions and developments consists in the fact that they allow increasing the effectiveness of risk management of the practices of corporate social responsibility for profit.
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Diliuvienė, Laura, and Zita Tamašauskienė. "Impact of Financialization on Income Inequality in Aspect of Welfare." Socialiniai tyrimai 44, no. 2 (December 14, 2021): 170–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/soctyr.44.2.11.
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Recently income inequality has been growing in many countries, and it is one of the biggest economic and social problems. The International Monetary Fund, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and other organizations stress the importance of this issue. According to Atkinson, Brandolini (2009), changes in income inequality show whether a particular society becomes more egalitarian over time or not, in which socio-economic direction it progresses.Even countries with similar economic structures differ in the level of income inequality and, according to Stiglitz (2015), differences in income inequality are related to policy decisions. The decisions of countries may depend on the prevailing view if markets are efficient or inefficient. In the first case, countries tend to rely more on neoliberal economic doctrine, and in the second, on the welfare state, where the role of government is more active (Stiglitz, 2017). However, it is observed that the growing income inequality is related to the growing role of the financial market, i.e. the phenomenon of financialization, which weakens the role of government. Thus, assessing the impact of financialization on income inequality is an actual topic of scientific debate.The results of studies, assessing the impact of financialization on income inequality, are mixed. Some financialization dimensions, such as financial liberalization, banking / financial crises increase income inequality, but microfinance intensity reduces income inequality. The contradictory results can be explained by the fact that research samples differ, various indicators reflecting the financialization are used, different independent variables are included in the regression equations.Studies have also been conducted in groups of countries that belong to different welfare state regimes (Josifidis, Mitrović, Supić, Glavaški, 2016; Dafermos, Papatheodorou, 2013). These studies emphasize that the level of income inequality is related to the efficiency of the social security system, i.e. income inequality is lower in Social–democratic welfare state regime (inherent universal social services and benefits) and Conservative–corporatist welfare state regime (social security model related to employment status) groups of countries than in the Mediterranean welfare state regime (characterized by the fragmentation of the social security model) and Liberal welfare state regime (inherent the specificity of the social security model, there is no universality) groups of countries. However, there is a lack of research that assesses the impact of financialization on income inequality in different welfare state regime groups of countries. The research problem: what is the impact of financialization on income inequality, is this impact the same in different EU welfare state regime groups? The object of the research - the impact of financialization on income inequality. The aim of the research is to assess the impact of financialization on income inequality in EU country groups.Research methods: analysis of scientific literature, grouping, generalization, regression analysis of panel data.When assessing the impact of financialization on income inequality in different welfare regimes EU country groups during the period 1998-2017, the least-squares regression analysis method of the panel data was used. The conducted research confirms the hypothesis and clearly shows that financialization, measured both by financial development index and domestic credit to the private sector, increases income inequality in all groups of countries. Thus, it shows that the role of the financial market is growing and financialization processes are contributing to the growth of income inequality in all groups of welfare regime countries and may reduce the role of government. These results are in line with Stiglitz, 2012; Razgūnė, 2017; Dünhaupt, 2014; Golebiowski, Szczepankowski, Wisniewska, 2016; Palley, 2008) who analyzed the relationship between financialization and growing income inequality. However, the study of Dabla-Norris et al. (2015), by contrast, find that the ratio of domestic credit to GDP in developed countries reduces income inequality.
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Rowe, Andrea May. "Gender and innovation policy in Canada and Sweden." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 10, no. 4 (November 19, 2018): 344–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijge-04-2018-0039.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a comparative case study of national innovation system in Canada and Sweden from the perspective of gender equality. The case study focuses on public policy to illuminate the formal aspects of innovation systems as they are conceived by the state in relation to gender, diversity and social inclusion. Formal policy measures are contrasted with interview data to provide a holistic picture of innovation policy as it relates to gender equality in both countries. Design/methodology/approach This paper relies on data from 44 qualitative interviews with innovation leaders in the public sector, private sector and academia in Canada and Sweden, as well as a sample of innovation and gender experts at the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), in Paris, France, between 2012 and 2014. The theoretical framework draws on feminist institutionalism to explain the gendered interactions of institutions in innovation spaces. Findings This study finds that Sweden is a global policy leader in the development of gender-conscious innovation policy, while Canada has yet to consider a gender-conscious approach to innovation policy. Gender-conscious innovation policy norms have not traveled across the OECD because of administrative solos and political opportunity structures. Research/limitations implications Each of the people contacted to sit for an interview was chosen primarily on their professional title and their ability to speak from a place of knowledge about innovation in their country and or industry, and this creates a success bias within the study focusing on the knowledge of elites in the field. Practical implications This study explores how policy might be reimagined to support gender equality and diversity, thus changing the institutional landscape to support a wider range of innovations and distributing the benefits of innovation in a more equitable way. Social implications This paper challenges assumptions about the social and economic power dynamics reflected in current innovation systems in Canada and Sweden. Originality/value This is the first study of its kind in comparative public policy to explore differences in gender equality and innovation policy in Canada and Sweden. This research also contributes more widely to the existing body of gender, public policy and innovation literatures in Canada and Sweden, respectively.
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Kolesnikova, Juliya S., and Sohib Boudjenah. "IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN NORTH AFRICA." Scientific Review. Series 2: Human Science, no. 3 (2021): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4685-2021-3-05.
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International migration is one of the key factors in the functioning and development of the world economy at the present time. The global COVID-19 pandemic has seriously impacted international migration. In addition to threatening the health of migrants, economic and social shocks threaten the long-term livelihoods and well-being of millions of people. At the moment, many works are devoted to international migration, however, aspects of international migration in North Africa, including in the context of the COVID-19, are poorly researched. This article aims to discuss data on migrants in North Africa with the aim of informing about the possible impact of the COVID-19. The study found that migrants are highly vulnerable to the health impacts of the pandemic from work during the pandemic, as well as vulnerabilities such as housing and poverty. There is a low probability of transferring migrants to remote work, according to international analysts, in most OECD countries the share of immigrants able to work remotely is 5% lower than that of local residents. The risk of infection for migrants is at least twice that of local residents.
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Topolovčan, Tomislav, and Snježana Dubovicki. "The Heritage of the Cold War in Contemporary Curricula and Educational Reforms." Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal 9, no. 2 (June 20, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26529/cepsj.567.
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Using a theoretical-critical and historical approach, this paper analyses the implications of the Cold War in national curricula and educational reforms of the second half of the 20th century with emphasis on the 21st century. The context of the time after the Second World War and the beginning of the Cold War is shown, as well as the social and political changes that are significant for education and were prompted by the wars. The emergence of the international Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (whose focus is not educational but economic) and the role of behavioural psychology were also analysed, which explained their significance in later educational reforms. The role of the Cold War in reducing socio-humanistic teaching contents and the implementation of natural sciences and mathematics has also been explained. The synthesis of the analysed aspects suggests that the Cold War military and technological race resulted in the implementation of the STEM area, thus the measurability of learning outcomes, which influenced the psychologisation, standardisation, economisation, and globalisation of education. Most of the current (un)successful national educational and curricular reforms were initiated in that direction without respect for the social, cultural, and historical features of individual countries. These changes have left a mark in pedagogy, in which the humanistic approach appears to counteract other approaches. Some educational systems demonstrate a shift from such trends, from the technical-scientific curriculum towards the didactic tradition of Bildung and the philosophy of education. The reasons can be found in the above-average results on international standardised evaluations of those countries that have national curricula, in contrast to what is recommended by the globalisation and standardisation of education as some of the elements of the Cold War heritage.
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Cherney, Daniil. "Improving the Financial Support of Pension Insurance in Russia." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Political, Sociological and Economic sciences 2021, no. 2 (August 13, 2021): 280–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2500-3372-2021-6-2-280-288.
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The financial support of the compulsory pension insurance system in Russia is receiving much attention both in government and in scientific circles. During economic crises, the load on the country's social sphere increases, which leads to an exacerbation of the unresolved problems of the Russian pension insurance system, arousing in society an increased interest in finding various ways of its development. The purpose of the study was to substantiate the need for additional sources of pension funding, as well as to improve the approach to taxation of incomes of various population categories. The study was based on the analysis of the mechanism for forming the financial resources of the compulsory pension insurance system. It featured theoretical and applied aspects of the pension insurance funding system in Russia. The author reviewed relevant publications by Russian authors, who offered various solution of the above-mentioned problem. The paper focuses on the sources of the budget revenues of the Pension Fund and the main parameters of the mechanism for collecting insurance contributions for compulsory pension insurance. The author defined such problem areas as the dependence of the Pension Fund budget on subsidies from the federal budget and the regressive tariff scale for insurance contributions. The article also contains a comparative analysis of the tax burden on wages in Russia and in the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Any further development of the system of pension insurance financial support should be aimed at eliminating the regressive nature of the collection of insurance premiums, as well as at differentiating the values of the tax rate for personal income tax depending on the level of income of the taxpayer.
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Ledger, Susan, Michael Thier, Lucy Bailey, and Christine Pitts. "OECD's Approach to Measuring Global Competency: Powerful Voices Shaping Education." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 121, no. 8 (August 2019): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811912100802.
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Background/Context Adding global competency to the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Program of International Student Assessment (PISA) suite heralds the world's first large-scale attempt at gauging education systems’ development of students’ global competency. Given the contested definitions and more than 150 extant instruments whose creators purport to measure global competency or related constructs, it is important to interrogate how influential and privileged global voices such as OECD portray and promote the construct. This new aspect of the PISA battery has the potential to reach 15 year olds in 80 countries that account for more than 80% of the world economy. Purpose/Focus of Study This paper is the first of a series of policy studies aimed at mapping OECD's global competency measure that will occur at significant periods of time within the implementation process. This initial study examines OECD's Global Competency for an Inclusive World (GCIW) promotional document to reveal its construction of global competency within discourse and assessment design. Research Design The study employs an uncommon mix of interpretive and relational methods. Critical discourse analysis (CDA) captures “how” global competency is portrayed and interrogates implications of OECD's language use and power differentials. Social network analysis (SNA) captures “who” is influencing the policy text and examines the connectivity among the authors cited as authorities on the subject of global competency. Greene, Caracelli, and Graham's (1989) convergence, complementarity, and contradiction framework is used to triangulate qualitative and quantitative datasets. Discussion and recommendations are framed and filtered through a policy implementation lens with five core policy threads: (a) people, (b) place, (c) philosophies, (d) processes, and (e) power, which authors refer to as the 5Ps. Findings CDA and SNA findings converge around the people, power, and places most central to OECD's approach to measuring global competency. The CDA shows that OECD's construction of the globally competent student reflects a rather narrow philosophical view of the term. The SNA demonstrates the power of particular academic networks and people that have informed this particular construction of global competency. CDA and SNA tell complementary stories about OECD's philosophies and processes. There were minimal contradictions between analytical methods, but the document under review seemed at odds with its own claims at times. For example, the PISA global competency measure seems to privilege particular social and economic ideologies, exercising power through its language in ways that oppose the very global competency definition that OECD seems to espouse. Conclusions By investigating the policy threads (5Ps) embedded in GCIW's production, the authors of the current study find OECD to have entertained a somewhat limited conversation in developing its definitional and measurement frameworks for assessing global competency. The ensuing critique highlights power differentials and inequalities within the GCIW document, revealing political, social, and technical issues. The current study concludes by challenging policymakers to seek a wider range of voices to inform policy directions as OECD and other influential organizations continue to refine their understanding of global competency, a 21st century imperative that is yet-to-be fully understood. The current study also offers recommendations such as continuing critiques of global policy texts and measures from inception through implementation, ensuring to capture both implications and impacts.
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Salikhova, O. B., and O. O. Kurchenko. "State policy of the innovative start-up development in the interest of endogenous economic development: best foreign practices and recommendations for Ukraine." Ukrainian society 75, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 57–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/socium2020.04.057.
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The purpose of the article is to substantiate the theoretical and applied principles of small innovative entrepreneurship and develop recommendations for policies to promote the establishment of innovative start-ups, taking into account the best foreign practices in the interests of endogenous development of Ukraine’s economy. It is shown that the vital link in the ecosystem of start-ups is an entrepreneur-innovator. It is justified that the state’s efforts to accumulate knowledge and human capital should be complemented by encouraging innovative entrepreneurship. It has been found that the integration of start-ups into social networks and their close connection with the external environment is crucial, as well as the qualities of the entrepreneur-innovator and his team to overcome the problems of “novelty vulnerabilities” and “minor vulnerabilities”. Authors demonstrate that in the conditions of limited assets and a highly competitive market environment, the most perspective direction of developing innovative start-ups is their establishment of symbiotic relations with reputable companies. Their dynamic interaction and complementary measures, on the one hand, will ensure the viability of start-ups, and on the other, they will strengthen the technological potential of the existing business. Paper reveals the peculiarities of the policy of innovative entrepreneurship in the OECD countries. Development of innovative start-ups is a systemic process in which the government creates favourable conditions for its participants and directly participates itself. The state acts as an entrepreneur-innovator, taking on the risks of innovation related to uncertainty, and at the same time plays a role a contractor who buys an innovative product of start-ups, created with financial assistance within budget programs. Such policy of assistance at all stages – from development to implementation and introduction to the market promotes endogenous economic development and strengthening its position in the world market. It is revealed that the legislation of Ukraine only fragmentarily mentions certain aspects of the functioning of entities that form the ecosystem of innovative start-ups, without combining them into a single structure. This complicates the formation and implementation of a purposeful state policy to create necessary conditions and mechanisms to stimulate innovative entrepreneurship. To address the shortcomings, the authors propose regulatory and institutional changes. Paper recommends developing essential documents: the draft Law of Ukraine “On technology-oriented start-ups” and the project “Strategy for the development of technology-oriented start-ups in the interests of innovative development of the Ukrainian economy”.
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Ianchuk, Svitlana, Olga Garafonova, Yuliia Panimash, and Dariusz Pawliszczy. "Marketing, management and financial providing of affordable housing." Marketing and Management of Innovations 5, no. 2 (2021): 213–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2021.2-18.
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Today’s rising housing prices in most countries worldwide have caused increasable attention to the problem of affordable housing. It is a social or ethical issue and an essential economic direction. Thus, affordable housing has great potential, influencing economic growth, labor forces, innovation, sustainable development, and an inclusive economy. Systematization of informational sources, theoretical and practical approaches for providing affordable housing, and assessing social housing needs indicated many views on this problem among scholars and policymakers. That is why marketing, management, and financial providing of affordable housing are significant mainstreams. The research aims to investigate marketing and management fundamentals of providing affordable housing in connection with funding aspects based on cross-country analysis. For achieving this target, key trends of housing market segmentation were analyzed, considering the distribution of the population by tenure status and analytical house price indicators using the data of the statistical office of the EU, the World Bank, and the OECD. The ways to promote more affordable housing by public and local authorities, private investors in affordable housing, and specific social and affordable housing market organizations were described. Main organizational forms of providing affordable and social housing were also characterized. Particular attention was paid to strategic planning for affordable and social housing, especially housing business plans or affordable housing strategy development as a priority step in marketing, management, and financial providing affordable housing. A SWOT analysis for affordable housing developments was used to show strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to the affordable housing market. To empirically confirm some relevant strengths, the impact of indicators of financial providing of affordable housing was formalized based on correlation analysis (calculating Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficients with time lags based on results of Shapiro-Wilk testing) and construction of Arellano–Bond linear dynamic panel-data regression model with checking the Sargan test of overidentifying restrictions (the sample from 25 EU countries for 2011–2019) using the Excel 2010 and STATA 14.2 software. The dynamic model made it possible to consider the share of affordable housing owners with mortgage or loan or the share of tenants, rent affordable housing at a reduced price or free. The value of GDP of the previous period affects the current situation (due to introducing lag variables and using instrumental variables or the generalized method of moments (GMM) to obtain adequate estimates). The hypothesis that an increase of 1% of the share of affordable housing owners with mortgage or loan causes the rise in GDP per capita of an average of 0.44% with a two-year time lag was empirically confirmed. An increase of 1% of the share of tenants, rent-free housing or affordable housing at the reduced price, causes the decrease of GDP per capita of an average of 0.5% with a two-year time lag. It was substantiated that governments should continue and improve their policies for financing social and affordable housing. At the same time, they should prefer affordable mortgage lending programs over programs of reduced or free rental housing. The results of this research confirm the significant drivers of policies and practices devoted to affordable and social housing, such as marketing, management, and financial providing. The presented recommendations are useful for scholars interested in this scientific field of research, public and local authorities, investors in affordable housing, and specific affordable and social housing organizations.
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Naumenko, T., and M. Kozyreva. "Reforming VAT for Digital Economy in Latin America." International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy 20, no. 2 (2022): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17994/it.2022.20.2.69.8.
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The article aims at examining the issue which is both urgent and in demand in scientific space and social life: at digitalization and informatization of all spheres of modern society and, above all, in the economic sphere. In fact, digital transformations of the modern world are reflected both in the activities of businesses and in value creation processes, as the latter demands an improvement in tax policy, because the previous systems did not take into account the factor of digital commerce, thus causing the reduction of tax revenues in the budget. The main objective of the research is to analyze the specific traits of the digital transformation of Latin America economies in order to identify the features of their adjustment to the environment in order to improve the VAT collection systems. For its implementation, a systematization of the main characteristics of the digital economy was carried out noted by the OECD as urgent challenges to national fiscal systems. Among them, a special place is occupied by mobility, the development of multilateral business models, which have an impact both on the economy of the whole world in general and on Latin America in particular. The study has found that, despite a significant increase in the percentage of digital goods in total GDP, only five countries in the region, Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Peru and Uruguay, have made legal changes on the issue under consideration. Besides, their different visions and some approaches to solving the problem of taxation were considered, main differences were identified, which include a definition of the digital goods and services, as well as the chosen methods of tax collection, each of them having their advantages and disadvantages. The authors explore the issue of VAT, based on the classification of the principles for applying this tax presented by the OECD – by place of origin or by purpose – since these aspects are of the utmost importance in the restructuring of national fiscal systems to the realities of the digital economy. This criterion contributed to the identification of the main models of reform, followed by highlighting their strengths and shortcomings. The chosen multifaceted analytical prism of the digital economy and the problems of taxation in the states of Latin America forms the novelty of the study, actualizing the need for the simultaneous application of various methodological approaches that identify problem areas and prove that within new standards of the digital economy there occur lots of problems, and a systematic approach to them requires further research.
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Perkhov, V. I., S. I. Kolesnikov, and E. V. Pesennikova. "Formation of public-private model in Russia health care organization." Acta Biomedica Scientifica 6, no. 3 (August 17, 2021): 216–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.29413/abs.2021-6.3.22.
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The pandemic of COVID-19, the threat of technogenic and anthropogenic character, brought to the foreground non-market aspects of the general, corporate branch culture and strategy in medicine and health care. Therefore, in many countries, despite differences in state and private property ratios in health infrastructure, the state priority is ensuring cooperation within the national health care system which capable quickly and well-coordinated work in the extremely dangerous epidemics conditions and other emergency situations. The purpose of this article is discussing a problem of public and private models of medical care organization in Russian health care system.Materials and methods. Content analysis methods, economical and statistical analysis, information and analytical materials of the Russian and foreign news agencies, a summary across Russia of Rosstat form No. 62 of the state statistical observation «Data on resource providing and on delivery of health care to the population» (legal entities - the medical organizations which are carrying out activity in the sphere of compulsory health insurance), analytical materials and statistical data of World Health Organization (The European portal of information of health care of WHO: https://gateway.euro.who.int/en/hfa-explorer/), statistical data and metadata on the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, https://stats.oecd.org/), the materials of monographic researches and periodicals including placed on the Internet were used in this article.Results: the system of compulsory health insurance is an ancestor of the program of the state guarantees of free medical care of in Russian citizens. The length of the text of this Program so far was increased in 130 times in comparison with initial edition of 1998. At the same time, there is still no clear delineation for the bases, volumes and conditions differentiation of free and paid medical care rendering. As a result, the major human right to free medical care remains not completely realized. The numbers of the non-state medical organizations to provide free of charge medical care to the population according to the policy of obligatory medical insurance (i.e. financed from the state sources) in the period of 2011 to 2019 – from 648 to 2423 organizations respectively were increased in Russia four times. This demonstrates the creation of the new, «integrated» model of health care in Russia in the mode of public and private partnership for deciding of social tasks. Although, free medical care for citizens in the private medical organizations is not mentioned in the Constitution of Russian Federation (Main Law). In emergency situations such integration allows private medical structures to involve capacities and also be coordinated with one of the tasks of the Ministry of health target program «Development of the Fundamental, Transmitting and Personalized Medicine».Conclusions. There is a formation of the integrated, public and private (hybrid) model of health care in modern Russia that needs developing of a new partnership and principles of management in the sphere of medical care organization. State policy in the health care financing sphere should be directed not only to the state guarantees of medical care specification, but also to a gap in social and economic inequality reduction. The social protection systems should be focused, first of all, on people who are most in great need of medical care. For the protecting population from catastrophic payments for medical care, it is necessary to bring the concept of the social standards - a number of the general rules, norms and standards which must guarantee the state ensuring constitutional rights of citizens to free medical care in the health care legislation.
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PETROVA, GALINA. "FINANCIAL AND LEGAL MEASURES TO COUNTER THE NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC (CRP) IN THE SYSTEM OF SOCIO-POLITICAL MEASURES OF BUDGETARY POLICY OF STATES: NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS." Sociopolitical sciences 10, no. 5 (October 30, 2020): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2223-0092-2020-10-5-36-42.
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Introduction. The socio-political and legal prerequisites for enhancing the coordinating role of the state, its budgetary policy and financial and legal regulators to counter the negative consequences of the coronavirus infection pandemic (PKI) are considered. International financial organizations (IMF, World Bank, OECD and others), supporting states in the fight against CRP, propose new standards of fiscal and investment policy developed by them on the basis of financial planning and budgeting with the involvement of budgetary funds and public financial reserves for social and economic support of the population from the consequences of CRP. States use these post-CRP international stability standards as part of their fiscal and development strategies. Materials and methods. The report of the UN Department of Global Communications on measures to counter the destruction of economies as a result of COVID-19 and the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals 2020 was used. The conceptual provisions of the Analytical Summary of the Department of Fiscal Policy of the IMF (April 2020) with recommendations to government agencies on the restoration of economies destroyed by the CRP were considered. The article provides the norms of the Russian budget, tax, banking legislation, adopted in the implementation of the provisions of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 02.04.2020 No. 239 on measures against CRP. The Federal Law of the Russian Federation of March 18, 2020 No. 52-FZ on budgetary policy for 2020 and for the planning period of 2021 and 2022 was considered in connection with the CRP. Used a document of the Bank of Russia dated 08/10/2020. on measures to limit the consequences of the coronavirus infection pandemic and other acts. Results. The international recommendations of the IMF on supporting the public sector of the economies in the context of countries overcoming the consequences of the CRP through budget loans, guarantees, fiscal risk management, and coordinated fiscal stimulus are considered. A steady tendency on the part of states and international financial organizations (IFIs) to strengthen the budgetary law of states and promote “soft law” international legal regulation of standards for the implementation of the planning, coordinating and supervisory functions of states, which should be strengthened as overcoming the destroyed CRP economies, finance, education, culture, social sphere. Discussion and conclusions. IMF in their reports emphasize that international financial and other cooperation of states in the context of the fight against CRP should move to a new level of trust and mutual assistance. It is shown that the new financial and legal norms in the budgetary, tax, and banking legislation of the Russian Federation in 2020 act as a set of anti-crisis regulation measures in the face of countering the CRP with the involvement of budgetary funds from the National Welfare Fund (NWF) and other sources of budgetary financing under control by the method of treasury support.
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Melnyk, Leonid, Hanna Sommer, Oleksandra Kubatko, Marcin Rabe, and Svitlana Fedyna. "The economic and social drivers of renewable energy development in OECD countries." Problems and Perspectives in Management 18, no. 4 (November 9, 2020): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.18(4).2020.04.
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There are continuous research and practical interest to combine different renewable sources within one Smart Grid network. The paper aims to estimate the influence of key economic and social drivers of renewable energy and Smart Grid promotion in OECD member countries. The random effect of the generalized least squares method was used to estimate the empirical model based on the World Bank, OECD, Heritage Foundation, and World Energy Council datasets for a panel of 36 OECD counties. For the empirical estimation, the dependent variables considered are energy renewable electricity output and energy trilemma index, taken as two proxies for Smart Grid development. The results suggest that an increase in GDP p. c. in national economies by 10,000 USD leads on average to a 3.9% decrease in renewable electricity output during 2001–2015. The richer the society, the less renewable energy sources were used for power generation in a group of OECD countries. The last is also supported by the fact that gross fixed capital formation treated as a percentage value of GDP is negatively correlated with structural changes in renewable energy output. The empirical conclusion is that during the study period, OECD countries were mainly oriented to economic growth, which was achieved by consuming non-renewable energy resources, and limited attention was paid to sustainability and Millennium Development Goals. The paper provides policy recommendations for Smart Grid development and points in the future research within OECD countries. AcknowledgmentsComments from the Editor and anonymous referees have been gratefully acknowledged. Leonid Melnyk gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (0118U003578). Oleksandra Kubatko gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (0119U100766) and National Research Foundation of Ukraine (2020.01/0135).
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Kurniawati, Meta Ayu. "ICT infrastructure, innovation development and economic growth: a comparative evidence between two decades in OECD countries." International Journal of Social Economics 48, no. 1 (December 16, 2020): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-05-2020-0321.
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PurposeThe objective of this study is to examine the causal relationship between economic growth, information and communication technology (ICT) penetration and innovation development in OECD countries.Design/methodology/approachThis study incorporates data for 24 OECD countries from 2000 to 2018, which is divided into the earliest (2000–2009) and the latest (2010–2018) periods. The econometric methodologies of this study employ panel cointegration, estimation procedures and vector error-correction modelling to investigate the potential interconnections between ICT, innovation development and economic growth.FindingsThe results from the latest period illustrate that OECD countries have achieved positive and significant economic development from high ICT penetration, while results from the earliest period show that OECD countries were just beginning to enjoy the benefits of ICT penetration. Moreover, findings show that innovation development is highly significant in the latest period when promoting economic growth.Practical implicationsThe policy implications suggest that promoting ICT infrastructure establishment and expanding the innovation development may drive the process of economic development in OECD countries.Originality/valueThis study employs mobile and Internet penetration as the development of telecommunication which is in line with the enlargement of innovation to foster economic growth in OECD countries. Comparing the evidence from two decades provides significant value for policymakers and decision-makers regarding the advantages of technology expansion and innovation development to promote economic growth in recent conditions.
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Tkachenko, A. A. "Social Imperatives of Economic Development." Economics, taxes & law 11, no. 4 (November 6, 2018): 6–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/1999-849x-2018-11-4-6-22.
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The paper analyzes social imperatives in Russian society in the 2010s in the context of the ongoing reforms and tasks arising from the presidential decrees of 2012 and 2018. The subject of research is the social and economic implications of the population aging and their impact on the state macroeconomic policy. The purpose of research was to identify the real problems of demographic aging and differences in approaches to their solution in developed countries and in Russia. The paper also analyzes the experience of the retirement-age increase in the OECD countries and substantiates the conclusion about its fundamental difference from the Russian reform of 2018 characterized by the socially dangerous transition speed. It is concluded that the economic activity of elderly people in the Russian economy is increasing and has an impact on its future even without raising the retirement age; the real demographic burden of the elderly is revealed which in Russia is much lower at present and in the long term, therefore, there can be no arguments in favor of the reforms carried out. The niche of social transformations related to the growing share of the «NEET» generation unused in the state policy is demonstrated.
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Gani, Azmat. "Measures of tolerance and economic prosperity." International Journal of Social Economics 43, no. 1 (December 31, 2015): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-04-2014-0077.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how a wide range of measures of tolerance, considered from social and institutional perspective relate to growth in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. Design/methodology/approach – The empirical framework is based on a growth regression equation with a specification that is common in the growth literature. The estimation includes the generalized least squares, fixed and random effects methods. The empirical analysis is based on cross-country data from a sample of countries from the OECD. Findings – The findings on social measures of tolerance provide strong support that OECD countries are tolerant toward migrants and women’s participation in economic activities and national policy making. The findings also provide evidence that political rights, civil liberties and rule of law as indicators of institutional tolerance, are strongly associated with growth. Practical implications – The findings presented here from OECD countries lead to the conclusion that tolerance matters for the prosperity of nations. The findings of this study have policy implications beyond the OECD countries and particularly relevant to the developing economies. Originality/value – This paper makes a new empirical contribution to the tolerance literature.
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Diogo, Sara Margarida, and Teresa Carvalho. "Brothers in Arms? How Neoliberalism Connects North and South Higher Education: Finland and Portugal in Perspective." Social Sciences 11, no. 5 (May 13, 2022): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11050213.
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This paper puts in perspective the reforms of the Portuguese and Finnish higher education (HE) sectors in the light of the role intergovernmental organisations have—especially the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)—in influencing neoliberal public policies in these countries. On the year that the OECD celebrates its 62nd anniversary, (the OECD was founded with this name on 14 December 1960 by 20 countries, following the establishment of the former European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) in April 1948) and by comparing two different countries, this article analyses the extent to which the OECD has been and is an “imperial agent” in Portuguese and Finnish HE policies. By cross-comparing the OECD reports of both HE systems, the empirical data shows how the OECD proposes neoliberal reforms based on three main components of neoliberalism: market, management and performativity in different countries. Taking these proposals into account, Portugal and Finland undertook similar HE legislative reforms despite their geographical, historical, cultural and economic differences. The data reveal a convergence in HE policies in these countries, anticipating the reinforcement of neoliberal policies at the national level.
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Yaprakli, Sevda, and Erdemalp Ozden. "The Effect of Sustainable Development on Economic Complexity in OECD Countries." International and Multidisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences 10, no. 2 (July 30, 2021): 51–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/rimcis.7949.
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Economic complexity showing a holistic measure of countries' economic productive power and characteristics has become a new tool for understanding the dynamics of the economy. Examining the relationship between sustainable development and this new tool is vital in determining new policies. By applying panel data of OECD countries covering different development levels from 1996 to 2017 to a data-driven dynamic econometric model, the research provides fresh insight between sustainable development and economic complexity. The results indicate that economic complexity is significantly affected by sustainable developments’ economic indicators such as GDP, FDI, R&D expenditure, social indicators such as human development, income inequality, and environmental indicators such as production-based CO2 emissions, renewable energy consumption, and greenhouse gas. The research, consequently, suggests that switching to technology and knowledge-based production processes, expanding qualified production factor capacity, raising social living standards, and making investments in the green economy will foster economic complexity while ensuring stable sustainability.
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Woźniak, Katarzyna. "Migration Policy in the Area of Border Control and Migration of the Population in OECD Countries –Theoretical and Practical Aspects." Studia Historiae Oeconomicae 38, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 219–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sho-2020-0010.
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Abstract The aim of the study is to present the phenomenon of population migration and migration policy as part of the state’s economic policy based on the example of OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries, with particular emphasis on the area of migration policy, which is border control and related illegal migration. The temporal scope of the empirical analysis covers the period 1990-2016. The article consists of four main parts. The discussion began with a presentation of the balance of migration, the scale and dynamics of population immigration in OECD countries. Furthermore, the significance, areas and process of shaping migration policy as a part of the economic policy of the country are presented. Then, it focused on the migration policy in the area of border control in OECD countries. The discussion was crowned with the conclusions that followed.
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Megyesiova, Silvia, and Vanda Lieskovska. "Analysis of the Sustainable Development Indicators in the OECD Countries." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2018): 4554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124554.
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Sustainable development is a key task for governments that should end poverty, ensure prosperity, create better conditions for health, education or social needs. The set of indicators to be monitored for evaluation of successes or failures of the sustainable development varies by intergovernmental organizations like OECD or EU. To discover the status and dynamics of variables which are part of the sustainable development goals of the OECD countries is the main aim of the presented analysis. To measure the convergence of socio-economic indicators the coefficient of variation was used. The Pearson’s correlations coefficient and regression analysis were applied to detect the linear relationship between a pair of variables. The OECD countries were compared not only by using univariate statistical methods but also by applying a multivariate approach. The cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used for a set of indicators to monitor the countries from a wider perspective. The analyzed indicators GDP per capita or real change in GDP per capita belong to variables of economic activity. Variables of life expectancy at birth, standardized death rates for noncommunicable diseases belong to indicators of health. Altogether fifteen selected indicators were used for a multivariate analysis of OECD countries in two periods of time.
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Käufer, B. "Regulatory and safety aspects of ageing in nuclear power plants." Kerntechnik 67, no. 4 (August 1, 2002): 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kern-2002-0067.
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Abstract The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) is a semi-autonomous body within the OECD established in 1958 with the mandate to promote co-operation among the governments of its participating countries in furthering the development of nuclear power as a safe, environmentally acceptable and economic energy source. While all of groups have detailed programmes involving important aspects, this paper will focus specifically on the work of Committee on Nuclear Regulatory Activities (CNRA) and the Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations (CSNI).
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Park, Myung-Bae, Eun Woo Nam, Chun-Bae Kim, Hae Jong Lee, Kwang-Soo Lee, and Sang-Baek Koh. "Favorable and unfavorable health conditions within OECD countries: An exploratory study." SAGE Open Medicine 6 (January 1, 2018): 205031211775384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312117753847.
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Objectives: This study compared the physical, mental, and social health levels among Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. Methods: We sampled from 34 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development member countries and divided physical, mental, and social health into three domains based on World Health Organization health definitions. Results: A multivariate hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted to group countries that were similar in terms of health. Regarding physical health, Japan, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, and ten more countries reported favorable health conditions. For mental health, Australia, Canada and eight more countries revealed favorable conditions. Finally, in terms of social health, Austria, Finland, Iceland, and seven more countries reported favorable conditions. Sweden and Switzerland reported the best health conditions aggregated across all three domains. Conversely, Estonia, Hungary, and Turkey reported comparatively poorer health across all three domains when compared with other Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. Conclusions: We suggested that mental health policy should be further strengthened in cases of Korea and Japan. In case of the Eastern Bloc countries, health policies should be established focusing on health equity for effective improvement of indicators.
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Huh, Taewook, and Yun Young Kim. "Triangular Trajectory of Sustainable Development: Panel Analysis of the OECD Countries." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (March 1, 2021): 2374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052374.
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This study analyzes how the three pillars of sustainable development (economic growth, social justice, and environmental protection) have influenced each other for the past twenty-six years (from 1987 to 2013). The relationship between the triangular pillar of SD can be characterized by “ecological modernization”, “eco-socialism”, and the traditional debate between growth and distribution. This paper examined the correlation analysis of the nine representative variables in the three categories, adopting the cases of twenty-six OECD countries. In particular, the panel analysis (PCSE models) was conducted to identify the seven independent determinants affecting both response (dependent) variables and environmental factors (“CO2 emissions” and “renewable electricity output”). In short, during the entire period, the findings reveal that all economic and social variables did not have a positive impact on reducing CO2 emissions. However, the variables of “employment in industry” and “social expenditure” are effected by the increase of renewable electricity output. Consequently, highlighting the detailed findings different for each set period (1987–2013, 1987–2002, and 2003–2013), this study suggests the implications of the analysis result in the light of the theories of ecological modernization and eco-socialism.
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BAKİ, Rahmi. "Comparison of the socio-economic sustainability performance of OECD countries." Business & Management Studies: An International Journal 10, no. 2 (June 25, 2022): 502–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v10i2.2037.
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Socio-economic Sustainability (SES) enables an organisation or a country to pursue economic growth in the present without undermining the ability of future generations to meet their needs, especially in terms of curtailing the depletion or destruction of environmental resources. Ensuring SES in a country helps shape the conditions for long-term economic and social development while conserving the environment. This study compares the SES performance of 38 member countries of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) by applying a multi-criteria approach. This research aims to make inferences about SES in developed and developing countries and promote change in line with sustainable development goals. A technique known as Multi-Attributive Border Approximation area Comparison (MABAC), considered a valuable and reliable decision-making tool for rational management, was applied. In practice, socio-economic performance indicators obtained from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) were examined to evaluate the performance of the 38 OECD countries included based on nine criteria. The study found that, of those 38, the highest performings were Korea and Japan, and the lowest was Colombia and Mexico.
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Yu, Sam, C. M. Chau, and K. M. Lee. "Using defamilisation typologies to study the Confucian welfare regime." Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 31, no. 1 (February 2015): 74–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2014.992457.
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Since Esping-Andersen classified the 18 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries into the “three worlds of welfare capitalism” in 1990, the comparative studies of welfare have been dominated by the responses to this study. This paper focuses on two of these responses. The first response is concerned with the gender insensitivity of Esping-Andersen's way of categorizing the welfare regimes. The second response is concerned with the issue that the East Asian countries are under-represented in the 18 OECD countries. To make contributions to these responses, two analytical tasks are conducted. First, we build new defamilisation typologies covering both East Asian countries and OECD countries. Second, we demonstrate that the evidence generated from the typologies suggest that some of the indispensable conditions for the development of a Confucian welfare regime do not exist.
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Su, Hang, Yong Geng, Xi-Qiang Xia, and Quan-Jing Wang. "Economic Policy Uncertainty, Social Development, Political Regimes and Environmental Quality." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4 (February 21, 2022): 2450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042450.
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This paper aims to examine the influence of Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) on environmental performance, as well as the moderating effect of social development and the political regimes in EPU’s influence on environmental performance. To investigate such essential issues, we conducted Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimations by utilizing cross-country data covering 137 countries during the period of 2001–2018, according to the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology (STIRPAT) model. Our empirical estimations support that EPU negatively affects environmental performance; this idea was still supported when we conducted an empirical analysis by changing the measurements, employing alternative estimations and constructing new samples. Furthermore, not only would the absolute level of EPU bring worse environmental performance, but so would an increase in EPU. Moreover, higher economic performance, globalization and a high quality of governance can help countries to alleviate the adverse environmental effect of EPU. Additionally, EPU’s negative effect on environmental performance is stronger in right-wing countries, autocracies and non-OECD countries, compared to their counterparts. Our study provides substantial policy implications for governments participating in the international treaties of environmental protection, to mitigate environmental degradation.
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Yıldırım, Seda, Durmus Cagri Yildirim, and Hande Calıskan. "The influence of health on economic growth from the perspective of sustainable development: a case of OECD countries." World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development 16, no. 3 (April 17, 2020): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjemsd-09-2019-0071.
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PurposeThis study aims to explain the role of health on economic growth for OECD countries in the context of sustainable development. Accordingly, the study investigates the relationship between health and economic growth in OECD countries.Design/methodology/approachThis study employed cluster analysis and econometric methods. By cluster analysis, 12 OECD countries (France, Germany, Finland, Slovenia, Belgium, Portugal, Estonia, Czech Republic, Hungary, South Korea, Poland and Slovakia) were classified into two clusters as high and low health status through health indicators. For panel threshold analysis, the data included growth rates, life expectancy at birth, export rates, population data, fixed capital investments, inflation and foreign direct investment for the period of 1999–2016.FindingsThe study determined two main clusters as countries with high health status (level) and low health status (level), but there was no threshold effect in clusters. It was concluded that an increase in the life expectancy at birth of countries with higher health status had no significant impact on economic growth. However, the increase in the life expectancy at birth of countries with lower health status influenced economic growth positively.Research limitations/implicationsThis study used data that including period of 1999–2016 for OECD countries. In addition, the study used cluster analysis to determine health status of countries, and then panel threshold analysis was preferred to explain significant relations.Originality/valueThis study showed that the role of health on economic growth can change toward country groups as higher and lower health status. It was proved that higher life expectancy can influence economic growth positively in countries with worse or low health status. In this context, developing countries, which try to achieve sustainable development, should improve their health status to achieve economic and social development at the same time.
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Lim, Doo Hun, Shin-hee Jeong, Sangok Yoo, and Min Hee Yoo. "Older workers’ education and earnings among OECD countries." European Journal of Training and Development 42, no. 3/4 (May 8, 2018): 170–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejtd-08-2017-0069.
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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to identify to what extent individual-level factors (age, gender, participation in formal and non-formal education and levels of skills use at work) and country-level factors (social capital factors, national competitiveness and gross domestic product [GDP]) have contributed to older generations’ earnings in developed countries.Design/methodology/approachUtilizing the data from the Organizational Economic Co-operation and Development Skills Outlook 2013 survey, GDP and the World Economic Forum’s annual Global Competitiveness Report, this study adopted a multilevel path analysis method to measure cross-country-level effect of the study variables on older workers’ earnings.FindingsStudy results indicated that age, gender, non-formal education, use of influencing and task discretion skills at work at the individual level, and GDP, social trust, and higher education and training at the country level were identified as influential factors for older workers’ monthly earnings.Originality/valueWith more aging societies worldwide, the traditional view of the aging workforce has been affected by the desires and needs of the elderly. This study contributes to the literature by identifying what individual- and country-level factors should be considered for policymakers to improve the economic benefits of older generations living in developed countries.
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Ustinovich, Elena Stepanovna. "Social aspects of economic security." Social'naja politika i social'noe partnerstvo (Social Policy and Social Partnership), no. 7 (July 7, 2022): 463–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pol-01-2207-01.
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Economic security serves as the foundation and material basis of national security. Manifesting itself in the spheres of influence of other types of security, penetrating into them and interacting with them, accumulates their effects. The methodological foundations of economic security concepts have ancient origins, since there has always been a desire of more developed countries to use their competitive advantages in the level of economic development in relation to less developed countries. In accordance with Russian legislation, economic security is a state of protection of the national economy from the possibility of harming objectively significant economic needs of the country, which ensures the independence of the state in conducting domestic and foreign policy, taking into account international obligations, the unity of its economic space, conditions for the implementation of strategic national priorities of the Russian Federation. In this article, among other tasks to be solved, the role of public-private partnership as a tool for the implementation of economic security issues is substantiated. Using the example of infrastructure construction and other PPP projects, it is shown that the key to economic development in the next decade is due to the creation of new jobs, reduction of travel time and transport costs in the structure of the cost of goods and services. It is concluded that PPP projects, including the creation of new high-speed transport corridors, will ensure targeted economic growth and an increase in the level and quality of life of the population, which is a priority of state policy.
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METZGER, Nicola, and Vijay SHENAI. "ECONOMIC GROWTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN OECD COUNTRIES: A TWENTY-YEAR STUDY OF DATA 2000–2019." Issue Vol 20, No 4 20, Issue Vol 20, No 4 (2021) (December 1, 2021): 585–631. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/jee2021.04.585.
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The aim of the current research is to determine the factors and processes which influence economic growth and human development in relatively free societies and thereby provide a framework for policy formulation. Countries within the OECD grouping are committed to democratically elected government and market economies and fall into this category. The OECD group comprises 37 countries, including Colombia, and in 2019 accounted for 63% of real global GDP. This research focuses on the data of the thirty-seven countries over the twenty-year period of 2000-2019. Economic data is drawn from the World Bank and the IMF websites; whilst data on development indicators and income inequality is drawn from the UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) and WID (World Inequality database) websites. Analysis of the data in these countries provides insights into the factors and processes which influence economic growth and human development in economies with a democratic political regime. The estimated equation shows that economic growth in OECD countries was significantly higher when incoming investment as a proportion of the size of the economy and openness of the economy were higher, inflation, exchange rate changes and oil prices were lower. Smaller economies in the OECD also had higher economic growth. As the aim of a government is to increase not only the income but also the standard of living of its citizens, it is necessary also to assess the relationship between economic growth and the quality of life and wellbeing of its citizens. Five-year average cross-sectional regressions also show that economic growth in OECD countries is higher in the countries with lower HDI. This report further finds that economic growth has a bi-directional causality with changes in the human development index, and changes in life expectancy and a unidirectional causality with changes in the expected years of schooling (implying higher delivery of education) and changes in the standard of living. Another finding is that income inequality increases with economic growth; both in terms of the share of income of the top 10% and share of the lower 50%. Clearly investment in public goods, and social policies for education, skills training, healthcare and redistribution of wealth need more attention.