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1
Palazzo, Pedro P. "Vernacular Patterns in Portugal and Brazil: Evolution and Adaptations." Journal of Traditional Building, Architecture and Urbanism, no. 2 (November 10, 2021): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.51303/jtbau.vi2.524.
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Traditional towns in Portugal and Brazil have evolved a finely tuned coordination between, on the one hand, modular dimensions for street widths and lot sizes, and on the other, a typology of room shapes and layouts within houses. Despite being well documented in urban history, this coordination was in the last century often interpreted as contingent, a result of the limited material means of pre-industrial societies. But the continued application and gradual adaptation of these urban and architectural patterns through periods of industrialization and economic development suggests that they respond both to enduring housing requirements and to piecemeal urban growth. This article surveys the persistence of urban and architectural patterns up to the early 20th century, showing their resilience in addressing modern housing and urbanization requirements.
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Ramos, Rui Jorge Garcia, Eliseu Gonçalves, Gisela Lameira, and Luciana Rocha. "State-Subsidised Housing and Architecture in 20th-Century Portugal: A Critical Review Outlining Multidisciplinary Implications." Challenges 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/challe12010007.
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Stable access to affordable quality housing is a core feature of public health principles and practices. In this report, we provide an update on the research project “Mapping Public Housing: A Critical Review of the State-subsidised Residential Architecture in Portugal (1910–1974)” (MdH), developed between 2016 and 2019 at the Faculty of Architecture of the University of Porto (FAUP) in Portugal. This funded research project (PTDC/CPC-HAT/1688/2014) brought together an international and multidisciplinary team composed of architects, sociologists, historians, an economist, an anthropologist, information scientists and archivists, from different academic levels (senior researchers, postdoctoral, PhD and Master’s degree students), adopting a variety of approaches and operating in a range of different contexts. The aim of the research undertaken was to investigate the reality of social and state-subsidised housing in terms of its architecture, while, at the same time, seeking to broaden our understanding of this phenomenon and of the transition to a democratic regime. Furthermore, this research project was designed to contribute towards the development of common ground for supporting decisions in the environmental, social and economic fields relating to housing management, as well as architectural heritage management and protection. This review is based on the submitted application (2015) and final report (2020).
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DORÉ, NATALIA I., and AURORA A. C. TEIXEIRA. "Brazil’s economic growth and real (div)convergence from a very long-term perspective (1822-2019): An historical appraisal." Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 42, no. 4 (December 2022): 934–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572022-3376.
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ABSTRACT The reconstruction of the economic history of Brazil since independence from Portugal (1822) may lead to a new understanding of its economic growth. The deep-rooted idea that Brazil could have done better means there is a need to delve into each phase of its development. In this paper, we provide a very long-run perspective (1822-2019) of Brazil’s economic growth and process of real convergence. On the one hand, this review indicates that structural changes observed in the middle of the 20th century were crucial in promoting the country’s growth and real convergence with technologically advanced countries. On the other hand, poor institutional conditions and deficient human capital formation have emerged since colonial times as critical factors underlying Brazil’s inability to establish robust and sustainable economic growth.
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Soares, Clara Moura, Rute Massano Rodrigues, and Carlos Filipe. "Heritage and history of the marble industry in Alentejo (Portugal)." Revista CPC 15, no. 29 (July 31, 2020): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1980-4466.v15i29p235-248.
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The Heritage and History of the Marble Industry project (PHIM), based on interdisciplinary principles and practices, highlights the importance of the Portuguese marbles of Alentejo Anticline in a context of patrimonial and cultural valuation of a region where the ornamental rock industry defines landscapes, shapes the economy, and defines ways of life. Knowledge coming from scientific research is being disseminated through various platforms and audiences, contributing to regional development and providing solid contents for industrial and cultural tourism of quality. After two phases of the project that allowed to achieve broad knowledge about the application of the Alentejo marbles in the artistic heritage, the 3rd phase serves to expand the chronology under study (from Roman times to the 20th century) and to allow for new interdisciplinary perspectives, with the cooperation of History of Law and Economic History.
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Vovchuk, Liudmyla. "Implementation of European Values by Foreign Consuls in Southern Ukraine (Late 19th – Early 20th Centuries)." European Historical Studies, no. 15 (2020): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2020.15.6.
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Today we hear more and more that until our country realizes fundamental European values, it will not be able to become a full member of the “European family”. But it should be emphasized that this process began long before Ukraine gained independence and the leading role in this was played by foreign consuls of Europe and America. The countries that created the modern world as it is, where the foundations of modern statehood, civil society, an efficient market economy, and a system of social justice were laid. Therefore, this article is dedicated to highlighting the role of these representatives in the implementation of European values in the south of Ukraine in the late XIX – early XX centuries. Being in the port cities of the region, which then opened wide horizons for commercial activity, and using all opportunities to maximize the protection of the interests of their state and citizens, foreign consuls, through the development of public-social life of the region, contributed to the implementation of priority values. There were many consuls who made a significant contribution to the development of urban territories, their improvement, the enrichment of the spiritual and intellectual life of the townspeople. Consulates of Greece, Norway, Sweden, Germany, Italy, Belgium, England, Denmark, Portugal, Brazil and Argentina deserve special attention. Awareness of the importance of education, spiritual status of the population and the development of the city as a whole made positive changes. At the end of XIX – beginning of XX century the South of Ukraine began to occupy leading positions in the foreign economic activity of the Russian Empire. Of course, it cannot be said that this was done solely through the work of foreign representatives, but they nevertheless managed to prove that the unity of values is the foundation on which the European Union stands today.
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Білявець, Сергій. "PECULIARITIES OF POLICE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION (END OF THE XX - BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY." Збірник наукових праць Національної академії Державної прикордонної служби України. Серія: педагогічні науки 24, no. 1 (April 26, 2021): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32453/pedzbirnyk.v24i1.627.
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The article presents the results of the analysis of regulatory and scientific sources, which reveal the features of police training for EU countries at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries. It was found that the integration of European states in the second half of the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century contributed to the fact that the system of police training was changing in accordance with the changes in the political and socio-economic situation in individual EU countries and in the Community as a whole. The police training system itself is part of the integration processes within the framework of the integration of the EU law enforcement and police systems. Features such as the practical orientation of training, its continuous nature, and its close relationship to practice are characteristic of all police training institutions in EU countries. At the same time, EU countries are ambivalent about the innovations proposed by the 1999 Bologna Convention.
States with established educational systems (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) are more conservative and less inclined to abandon their own educational standards, unlike Eastern European states that pursue radical reform policies, including reforms in police training. In police education programs, a significant number of hours are devoted to the development of skills and abilities to work with scientific and technological means, which are extremely widely used in police work in foreign countries. It was also found that police officers are thoroughly and comprehensively prepared for close interaction of national services, both through Interpol and directly with each other. At conferences, symposiums, seminars, exchanges of experience and delegations, increased attention is certainly given to police training.
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Gribincea, Alexandru. "An Overview of the Further Demographic Situation and Economy in 2035." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 37-38 (December 12, 2018): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2018.37-38.80-87.
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The study of the situation in Europe and other countries in the context of demographic evolution, the forecast of economic development has shown that the population, structural migration and economies are closely correlated. The population and economy in the EU in the near future will undergo dramatic changes. In some developed, industrialized countries, the population grows slowly or stagnates, while in economically poor economies, birth rates are accelerating, and as healthcare increases, it will lead to a demographic explosion. In recent years, the EU population has grown by 507 million, with a projected increase of 5% by 2050, reaching a maximum of 526 million, after which it will decrease to 523 million in 2060 yr. In about half of the EU countries, despite the population growth trend, the total population will diminish. This trend refers to Bulgaria, Germany, Estonia, Greece, Spain, Croatia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia and Slovakia. In total, decline of population in Eastern European countries is linked to a number of factors. First is the reduction of the socio-economic level of the population, increasing labor migration to countries with advanced living standards. In these countries, as a rule, the standard of living, social and medical assistance, social protection is reduced. At the same time, world community is going through a difficult time. A deep and prolonged recession that followed the global financial crisis has changed with the slow recovery of employment.
Never in the history of mankind, the growth rate of the world population was not as large as in the second half of the 20th and early 21st century. Between 1960 and 1999, the population of the planet doubled (from 3 to 6 billion people), and in 2007 - 6.6 billion people. Although the average annual growth rate of the world's population declined from 2.2% in the early 1960s to 1.5% in the early 2000's absolute annual growth increased from 53 million to 80 million people. Demographic changes from traditional (high fertility - high mortality - low natural growth) to the modern reproductive population (low fertility - low mortality - low population growth) ended in developed countries in the first decade of the 20th century, and most of the transition economies - in middle of last century. At the same time, in the 1950s and 1960s, the demographic transition began in several countries and regions of the rest of the world and begin to the end only in Latin America, East Asia and Southeast Asia and continuing in East Asia, Africa Sub-Saharan Africa from the Sahara to the Middle East. Rapid population growth compared with the indicators of socio-economic development in these regions leads to aggravation of problems related to employment, poverty, food, land, low education and health risks.
Keywords: workforce, aging population, birth rate, living standards and life expectancy, inflation, unemployment and technical and scientific progress
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Wolfensohn, James D. "Entering the 21st century: the challenges for development." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 354, no. 1392 (December 29, 1999): 1943–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1999.0533.
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By many people, the 20th century will be remembered as an era of great achievement in human endeavour, and of enormous economic growth and prosperity. Achievements in medical research, from eradicating infectious diseases to laser surgery; in engineering, from the transistor to space exploration; and in economic development have all contributed to greater well being in the world at the end of the 20th century. Among the challenges to development identified by the World Bank in the coming decades will be managing the twin processes of globalization and localization, as well as post–conflict reconstruction. These will form the backdrop of the Bank's main focus of creating a world free of poverty.
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Dementiev, Alexey. "Spain vs Portugal: the turbulent past and the complicated present." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 2 (June 28, 2018): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2018-2-14-21.
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Spain and Portugal – Iberian neighbors joined by the peninsular geography and disjoint by historical avatars. The Middle Ages were riddled with wars, domination and mutual resistance. The 16th century is characterized by marine splendor and territorial expansion of both nations that for the dynastic reasons lived through a controversial period of “Iberian Union” (1580–1640). In later times they had many coincidences: political and economic decline in the 17-18th centuries, fruitless revolutions of liberal court in the 19th century, fall of monarchies and existence of dictatorial regimes in the 20th century. In an almost simultaneous way (in the middle of the 70s) both countries initiated the transition towards democracy. From the 1st of January, 1986, Spain and Portugal turned into partners in the European space. At present Spain and Portugal are two of the European associates with major economic integration. Nevertheless, controversies as for maritime delimitation, ecology, shared use of water, energy, railway networks and road infrastructure exist between them. Despite a significant approach in many spheres it is not an easy matter to forget the traditional mistrust. Still there persists a suspicion of the Portuguese towards the Spanish and the Spanish indifference towards Portugal.
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Antunes, Gonçalo, and Caterina Francesca Di Giovanni. "Housing policies in Portugal and Italy." Debater a Europa, no. 25 (December 28, 2021): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_25_5.
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This study analyzes the housing policies enacted in the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century in Portugal and Italy to understand whether the comparison between the two countries’ housing domains reflects a divide between the “center” and the “periphery,” or, on the contrary, can be observed as “between peripheries.” This article stems from a comprehensive literature review on the topic, which is divided into a theoretical discourse on housing, a general European housing scenario, and a historical and contemporary framework of housing policies in Portugal and Italy. The literature review seeks to identify the economic and sociocultural singularities of the two countries through official laws and statistical data. Within a fundamentally theoretical comparative observation, this work aims to identify whether Italy and Portugal are contrasting realities within the housing domain—that is, with housing characteristics typical of the center (Italy) or the periphery (Portugal)—or represent two similar realities that integrate the peripheral context of Europe.
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Nunes, Ana Bela. "The theory of economic crises in Portugal during the first half of the 20th century." Boletim de Ciências Económicas 57, no. 3 (2014): 2539–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/0870-4260_57-3_1.
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Sidaway, James D., and Marcus Power. "‘The Tears of Portugal’: Empire, Identity, ‘Race’, and Destiny in Portuguese Geopolitical Narratives." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 23, no. 4 (August 2005): 527–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d345t.
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Geopolitical discourses are constitutive moments within the expression and construction of ‘national’ identities. Approaching geopolitics and identities as contested and fluid domains, we examine the relationships between geopolitical narratives and visions of Portugueseness ( Portugalidade). The focus is on the frames of geopolitical thought developed in 20th-century Portugal, with particular reference to the post-1945 period and with some consideration of the transformations since 1974 accompanying the collapse of what was both the first and the most enduring European overseas empire. This study of Portuguese geopolitical discourses leads to a conclusion in which we reflect on the significance of relations between the ‘colonial’ and the ‘postcolonial’ and the articulations of East–West and North–South in geopolitical discourses. This permits wider critique concerning the location of geopolitics within 20th-century and contemporary imperialisms.
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Seidler, Valentin. "Colonial Bureaucrats, Institutional Transplants, and Development in the 20th Century." Administory 1, no. 1 (August 8, 2018): 155–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/adhi-2018-0009.
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Abstract The article presents a new research agenda which links the composition of the British colonial administrations in the mid-20th century with the economic development of former colonies. It presents the first findings taken from the biographical records of over 14,000 senior colonial officers which served in 46 colonies between 1939 and 1966. Legal transplanting, i.e. the process of copying foreign law into countries lacking them, is discussed as a common practice in international development efforts and as new approach in understanding long-term economic development. The approach puts emphasis on the senior bureaucrats who are in charge of institutional copying. Successful transplanting requires very specific training and personal experience in the receiving society. Colonial officers with such characteristics served in the British colonial administrations while decolonization provides a historic period of intensified legal and institutional transplanting.
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Silva de Moura, Carlos André, and Dirceu Salviano Marques Marroquim. "The making of a visionary culture: connected histories among Marian apparitions in Portuguese-Brazilian world (1917-1936)." Religiones y religiosidades en América Latina, no. 26 (December 31, 2020): 161–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36551/2081-1160.2020.26.161-178.
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This paper will analyze the shaping of supposed Marian apparitions in Pesqueira, a Brazilian city located in Pernambuco, as part of a series of events related to the devotions to Our Lady representations in modern and contemporary periods. Based on the propositions of Cultural History, regional newspapers, ecclesiastical documents, and personal letters were used in order to understand the relation of these events to political, economic, and social issues of the first half of the 20th century. The analysis will suggest that the events in Pesqueira were connected to other religious representations, such as the apparitions in Lourdes (France) and Fatima (Portugal), reinforcing the image of the 20th century as the “golden century” of apparitions to members and followers of the Catholic Church. Therefore, this work highlights the central performance of ecclesiastics, scholars, and devotees in the shaping of new devotions and cults in a specific space in Latin America.
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Wall, Karin. "Peasant Stem Families in Northwestern Portugal: Life Transitions and Changing Family Dynamics." Journal of Family History 19, no. 3 (September 1994): 237–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036319909401900303.
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The article analyzes data on family forms and individual life experiences in two rural communities of the Baixo Minho (northwest Portugal) during the 20th century. It examines how social and economic differentiation shaped norms and practices, giving rise to a variety of family forms rather than a regional family pattern. The stem family is found to be characteristic of wealthy peasant farmers. Drawing on individual life histories in two different generations, the article traces changes in stem family dynamics under the impact of industrialization and modernization over the last thirty years.
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Fomina, Olga. "Financial and economic shocks and trends in economic development: the experience of Latin American countries." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 3 (September 28, 2017): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2017-3-33-40.
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This article aims to the stages of economic development in Latin America, analyzes the experience of overcoming the crisis phenomena in the financial and economic spheres. The author shows the strategies and models of the socio- economic development of Latin American countries from the beginning of the 20th century to the present days.
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Padayachee, Vishnu. "The 20th-century South African economy through a development lens." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 35, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569119x15765873896736.
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Based on Bill Freund’s latest book, this review essay critically reviews the author’s discussion of: the institutional and network fibres underlying the mid-20th-century South African developmental model; how and why it developed; how and why it transformed through the course of that century; and how it was dismantled by the end of that century. The essay also tries to assess the significance of that model for South African development in the post-1994 democratic era, as well as the economic and public policy choices exercised by the African National Congress (ANC)-led government under conditions of fiscal constraint.
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van der Wee, Herman. "The twentieth century: an economic retrospective." European Review 8, no. 1 (February 2000): 17–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106279870000452x.
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The first of the three waves of economic development covering the 20th century started back in the previous century. The factors determining the success of this so-called ‘long 19th century’ were ideological and political, as well as economical. They generated, at the end of that wave, the move towards the first global economy. During the second wave (1914–1945), economic liberalism and globalisation came under pressure. The mixed economy of the postwar period – the framework of the third wave – initiated a trend towards a new global economy, covering ‘les trente années glorieuses’ (1945–1973), the uncertain 1970s, and the restructuring of the economy along neo-liberal lines (1980s and 1990s). What will be the economic future of Europe?
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Burachonak, Aliaksandr V. "Major trends in the development of business activity in Belarus in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century (the case of Minsk)." Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, no. 1 (February 16, 2021): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2021-1-26-35.
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The article provides analysis of major directions of entrepreneurship development in Minsk in late 19th – early 20th century, showcases dynamics of quantitative and qualitative changes in industry and trade. The paper uncovers level of credit business development as well as institutional changes in the economic life of Minsk in the post-reform period. The conclusions reveal influence of modernisation processes on the development of business activity in Minsk in the late 19th – early 20th century.
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Omercic, Jasmin. "Waqf in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 20th and 21st Century." ICR Journal 8, no. 3 (July 15, 2017): 342–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v8i3.179.
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This paper investigates the socio-economic role of waqf in Bosnia and Herzegovina from the 20th century to date. Bosnia and Herzegovina waqf endured through various political fortunes and improved the social and economic circumstances of Muslims. A contemporary challenge is to reconstruct this waqf. A new development is the emergence of Islamic Economics. Since 1995, the Waqf Directorate of the Islamic Community of Bosnia and Herzegovina (WD-ICBIH), the main authority over waqf, initiated reforms to revive the socio-economic role of waqf and integrate it into Bosnia and Herzegovina development. The study identifies the challenges facing the Waqf Directorate and the development of Islamic Economics in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The emergence of Islamic Economics and Islamic Banking and Finance, in cooperation with the Bosnia Bank International, presents opportunities to the Waqf Directorate to achieve its vision and mission. Some avenues for waqf integration into Bosnia and Herzegovina development qualify as commendable efforts of reform, indicate a feasible future for the Waqf Directorate, and gradually address various challenges. The paper concludes with actionable policy recommendations.
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Guo, Yixiao. "Beijing Subway and the Political and Economic Development of China." Public Administration Research 8, no. 1 (April 28, 2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/par.v8n1p23.
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This research paper analyses the main purposes the Beijing subway system, which served from 1969 to now as a tool of political defense as well as a transportation system. The notion to construct the system arose in 1953, but the first section of today’s Line 1 did not open until September 1969. Today, the Beijing subway system is the world’s busiest in terms of annual ridership and the world’s second longest subway system, ranking only behind Shanghai’s. (Xinhua News Agency, 2017, http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2017-12/30/c_1122188643.htm.) The political and economic development and trends in China in the second half of 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century, such as the Cultural Revolution and the 2008 Olympics, affected the subway system’s development greatly. This paper examines Chinese documents with the aim of providing a general understanding of the development and purpose of the Beijing system, through political, economic and technical analysis, among others, of its history.
There exists almost no document, ¬¬either in English or Chinese, that analyzes the development of Beijing’s subway system. However, this topic should be considered important, as it provides an alternative way of viewing the development of China and its governing principles throughout its late-20th century and current-day history.
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Gómez-Barroso, José Luis, and Raquel Marbán-Flores. "Telecommunications and economic development – The 20th century: The building of an evidence base." Telecommunications Policy 44, no. 2 (March 2020): 101904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2019.101904.
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Artamonova, L. N. "POST-KEYNESIANISM: EVOLUTION OF KEYNESIAN MACROECONOMICS IN THE 20TH CENTURY." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 6(51) (December 28, 2016): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2016-6-51-106-114.
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The article analyzes the development of J.M. Keynes's theory in the second half of the twentieth century due to the works within the new direction of economical science - Post-Keynesianism. It is shown that in free-market economy Keynesian school based of the original Keynesian methodology requires additional studies of state regulation principles and take into account the qualitative changes in the market mechanisms. It is shown that post-Keynesianism has had a significant impact on the subject of research and has taken into account the principles of free enterprise, market pricing, level of price dynamics. All this principles allow realizing the principle of self-regulation of the market mechanism. New approaches to the post-Keynesians role of the state and state regulation combined with the freedom of entrepreneurship are analyzed. Taking into account real changes and economic crises it is necessary to analyze the main directions of development of the Keynesian model of economic regulation with a view to their effective use in shaping economic policy. There are considered the basic directions of development of post-Keynesianism such as Neo-Ricardian theory of value and prices of goods based on direct costs of production in the framework of macroeconomic model by P. Sraffa, information theory of "fundamental" uncertainty of the future by R. Klauder and the theory of financial instability hypothesis by H. Minsky. Their differences within the framework of post-Keynesianism under the subject specialization are considered. It is noted that the development of PostKeynesianism allows to present the latest research in modern Keynesian school within an interdisciplinary approach to economical problems.
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Boiarska-Khomenko, Anna. "Adult Learning Development in Poland in the 20th Century." Comparative Professional Pedagogy 7, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rpp-2017-0053.
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Abstract The article presents a retrospective analysis of adult learning development in Poland in the 20th century. Based on the study and analysis of historical and pedagogical literature, normative documents of the official bodies of Polish government, the periodical press of the 20th century, several stages of adult learning development, in the particular historical period, have been determined: 1905–1913 years were defined by the legalization of educational institutions for adults, the search for new forms and methods of education, the involvement of a wide range of people; 1914–1945 was the stage of world wars that had led to the destruction of the adult learning system, which led to the decline of educational institutions; 1950–1960 years were characterized by the restoration of adult learning institutions, the adaptation to the new political system, a new approach to formulating the goals and objectives of adult learning; in the 70s and 80s of the 20th century, there was the cardinal rethinking of the goals and objectives of adult learning, educational institutions practiced new forms and methods of teaching, the idea of lifelong education was widespread in the society; the period of the end of the 20th century had initiated the integration of adult learning in Poland into the Common Educational Space, which contributed to the intensification of the theoretical substantiation and practical implementation of the international concepts of adult learning. Among the criteria for determining the stages, there were socio-political, socio-economic, organizational and pedagogical factors that led to the change of subjects, goals, objectives, content, principles, forms, methods of organizing adult learning in Poland in the 20th century. The historical and pedagogical features of each stage are shown, the influence of historical events on the formation and development of adult education in Poland is taken into account and analyzed. In accordance with each stage, the leading forms and methods of adult learning are have been determined. The peculiarities of the activity of adult learning institutions at all stages have been demonstrated. The disadvantages of the adult learning system, as well as the difficulties of its development, have been identified.
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Ulunyan, Arutyun. "“Cotton Shadow” of the Great Game (1880s — Early 20th Century)." ISTORIYA 13, no. 12-1 (122) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840023789-6.
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The article analyzes the interconnection between the political and economic interests of Britain in the context of the Great Game in the 1880s — early 20th century and the strengthening of the British participation in making and development of the Russian cotton industry. Archival sources, materials of parliamentary reports, the British press, publications of British and Russian participants in the events, all of them, provide legitimate basis to detect the peculiarities of the links between Britain’s economic and political interests during this period. The “cotton shadow” of the Great Game turned out to be a phenomenon that allows even at the statistical level to reveal the prevailing importance of economic interests over purely political assessments of the likely Russian threat to Britain in Central and East Asia and partially overshadow them.
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Carvalho, Fernando P. "Environmental Remediation and the Legacy of Uranium Mining Waste in Portugal and Europe. Lessons to Retain." Advanced Materials Research 107 (April 2010): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.107.157.
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Radioactive ore mining for the production of radium and uranium in Portugal did span over most of the 20th century and ceased in 2001. It was performed mostly before the development of environmental legislation and radiation protection standards. Environmental remediation of the mining and milling sites is currently underway. Rehabilitated and non-rehabilitated sites require also radioactivity monitoring whose costs are covered by the State. The likely re start of uranium mining, in Portugal as well as elsewhere in Europe, reminds that uranium mining shall be managed under the mine “life cycle approach” in order to include decommissioning and environmental rehabilitation costs in the ore pricing.
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Vivarelli, Roberto. "Political freedom and economic freedom." European Review 8, no. 2 (May 2000): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700004750.
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This article attempts to outline the development in our time of two ideas of freedom. At first, economic freedom depended on political freedom and the aim of both was moral improvement. From the beginning of the 20th century, economic freedom has become an end in itself and political freedom has given up any moral claim; both ideas of freedom are no longer what they were.
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Gavalas, Vasilis S. "The Demographic Footprint of Economic Development." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 5, no. 4 (October 2014): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsesd.2014100105.
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This paper examines the dynamic relationship between economic development and the demographics of population for a group of islands in the middle of the Aegean Sea, namely the Cyclades, in the period 1860-2011. This period covers the greatest part of demographic transition, which for the Cyclades started in the mid-nineteenth century. In every stage of the transition, the changes in mortality and fertility levels tended to destabilise the relationship between population and the limited resources of the islands. Migration is the key factor in understanding the demographic regime of these islands. Either negative or positive (emigration or immigration), population mobility has always been and still is the element that regulates natural increase and determines the real increase of the population. Whenever rates of natural increase were too high, emigration acted as a counterbalancing factor by taking population away from the islands, while when rates of natural increase reached very low levels from the 1970s onwards due to low fertility, immigration came as a substitute. Two of the Cyclades islands, namely Paros and Naxos, are used as cases studies for a closer focus on these islands during the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century and especially in the period 1951-2011.
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Atutova, Zh V., and Zehong Li. "Environmental conditions of the landscape functioning in the Pribaikalskii National Park: historical perspective." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 895, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/895/1/012006.
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Abstract The history of the economic development of the valley complexes of the Goloustnaya River basin is considered. Forestry and agricultural activities are designated as the main activities developed by the local population. Fluctuation changes in the intensity of their implementation are highlighted, specifically. the slowly developing process of economic development of valley landscapes due to low population in the second half o f the 17th century and until the first half of the 20th century; expansion of agricultural land and growth of industrial development of forest resources, starting from the middle of the 20th century until the end of the 1980s; and a decrease in economic activities since the end of the last century, which is connected both with the state reorganization of the country’s economy and with creation of specially protected natural territories within the studied area. The valley complexes of the Goloustnaya River are at risk from the recreational development of coastal areas of Lake Baikal that have been actively developing in recent years. Taiga landscapes of the upper and middle reaches of the river are at risk of spreading forest fires. Negative consequences from economic activities have been contributing to a significant anthropogenic transformation of landscapes of the Pribaikalskii National Park for a long period.
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Silva, Célia Taborda. "Democracy and Popular Protest in Europe: The Iberian Case (2011)." European Journal of Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/643pea84j.
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In recent years, Europe has witnessed social movements that break away from the conventional patterns typical of 19th and 20th century movements. The party-or trade union-organised social movements, very much centred on 19th century political and economic issues, or the New Social Movements centred on more universal values such as peace, environment, gender, ethnicity, of the 20th century seem to be changing their 'repertoire'. At the beginning of the 21st century, parties and trade unions have been losing their leading role in the organisation of demonstrations and strikes and collective actions prepared and led by specific actors have given way to new forms of social action, without leaders, without organisation, without headquarters, and which use social networks as a form of mobilisation. These are social movements that contest not to have more rights but to exercise those that exist, a full citizenship that offers the freedom to express one's opinion and the regalia of participation in political, economic, social, educational areas. In Europe, there are various types of such movements, but we will highlight the "Geração à Rasca (Scratch Generation)" movement in Portugal and that of the "Indignados (Outraged)" or 15 M in Spain, both started in 2011, and which had repercussions in the main European capitals. Using a qualitative methodology, through these protest movements we seek to understand how the complexity of today's social movements and their non-institutionalisation represent a challenge to European democracy.
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Maljaee, Hamid, António Santos Silva, and Ana Velosa. "Characterization of Mortar from Casa Barbot (Portugal), a Case Study from the Beginning of the 20th Century." Buildings 13, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010232.
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The popularity of natural cement (Roman cement) in buildings from the late 19th and the beginning of the 20th century and the high diversity of characteristics of natural cement demand research of mortar and binders used in the buildings of this period in Portugal. Understanding the type of binder used in the historic buildings will help the project/intervention team to make the best decisions in terms of the development of compatible mortars for historical conservation purposes. Casa Barbot is one of the Art Nouveau examples of the beginning of the 20th century in Portugal. The garden of this building is characterized by peculiar elements in terms of materials and architecture. Full characterization of the mortars employed in the construction of this building as well as identification of the used binder is the main objective of this study. The study comprises a wide range of laboratory characterization techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), petrography, open porosity, density, water absorption by capillarity, and compressive strength. The results show the diversity of compositional characteristics in the mortars used in the decorative elements in the period garden of Casa Barbot. All mortars are composed of Portland cement with a mix of additives such as blast furnace slag, limestone filler, air lime, and the occasional presence of charcoal. The results raise doubt about the use of natural cement as stated in the historical documents. This study will broaden the scientific knowledge of the materials of that period in Portugal to provide a comprehensive plan for the preservation of historical buildings.
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Xu, Yin, and Xiaoqun Xu. "BECOMING PROFESSIONAL: CHINESE ACCOUNTANTS IN EARLY 20TH CENTURY SHANGHAI." Accounting Historians Journal 30, no. 1 (June 1, 2003): 129–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.30.1.129.
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This paper examines the experience of Chinese accountants transforming themselves into a profession during the early 20th century. It delineates how the experience was shaped by an intersection of economic development, the political culture and the nationalist movement in semi-colonial Shanghai. Chinese accountants responded to the daily manifestations of these larger historical forces by combining their professional self-interests with a nationalist agenda and by adapting to the changing political environment. The history and legacy of this experience provides a point of reference for observing the re-emergence of the accounting profession in China since the end of the Maoist era.
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Makhnovsky, D. "The Coastal Regions of Europe: Economic Development at the Turn of the 20th Century." Baltic Region 4 (2014): 50–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2014-4-4.
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Amorim, Inês, and Bruno Pinto. "Portugal in the European Network of Marine Science Heritage and Outreach (19th–20th Centuries)." Humanities 8, no. 1 (January 17, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h8010014.
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The gradual consciousness of the scientific and economic riches of marine life is rooted in the legacy of some pillars of scientific production and dissemination in institutions such as natural history museums, aquariums, and maritime stations. Nowadays, one of the biggest issues of these scientific collections of species (marine or others) is their contextual interpretation which demands its original collection point, collectors, and original aims. The current research focuses on the origin of collections of marine specimens in Portugal as well as their historical evolution. In this particular approach, we assess the connection of the Portuguese natural history museums, universities and aquariums to similar European institutions since the mid-19th century, crossing primary sources from different archives. It was possible to reconstruct connections with the Zoological Station of the bay of Naples (Italy), the Maritime Museum of Monaco, and Aquariums of Monaco, France, and England. We identify both informers and the circulation of zoological specimens that underpin Museums and Aquariums collections that are today important scientific heritage repositories for a larger understanding of marine biodiversity and its threats, and core places of aesthetic contemplation and of philosophical discussion about the evolution of scientific knowledge.
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Ugrinov, Dragan, Miloš Markov, and Magdalena Nikolić. "Small-town sustainable development opportunities." Serbian Journal of Engineering Management 6, no. 2 (2021): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sjem2102032u.
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The notion of sustainable development in a line with local economic development emerged in the seventies of the 20th century when local authorities in the western countries realized that their local communities had begun abandoning mobile capital, which resulted in limiting their economic potentials and opportunities for citizens' employment. This necessitated both a detailed study of the local economic potentials, the determination of best ways to use, maintain and develop them, and a thorough examination of the impediments to the local community's economic development. Local economic development is also seen as a process of certain changes, where, in the competition for the market, economic and country dominance, local governments, despite their status as the lowest level of public administration, are recognized as competitors in the market and, in collaboration with the economic sector, try to be more innovative and more competitive among them.
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Klein, Herbert S. "The Social and Economic Integration of Portuguese Immigrants in Brazil in the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries." Journal of Latin American Studies 23, no. 2 (May 1991): 309–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00014012.
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Like most of the peripheral countries of Europe in the nineteenth century, Portugal experienced population growth, agricultural expansion and even serious industrial development. By mid-century, in fact, it compared reasonably well in basic economic indices with most comparable late industrialising European countries. Although Portugal continued to develop in the second half of the century, its economy did not grow as rapidly as the rest of Europe and by the end of the century it had fallen seriously behind, becoming one of the poorest societies on the continent. This relative backwardness had several causes. Severe problems of land distribution affected the ability of national agriculture to modernise rapidly, especially in the densely populated north where minifundia land holdings predominated. Portugal's important wine industry was modernised but in only one sector and this sector could not expand its international markets.
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Köpeczi-Bócz, Tamás, and Mónika Lőrincz. "The characteristics of the resource needs of innovative businesses." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 69 (March 23, 2016): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/69/1800.
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Every university was funded in different historical periods with particular feature, particular political system, particular proprietory structure and particular economic background, which characterised the particular era. The historical antecedents considerably influenced the situation and role of the institutions as well as the course of their development. Although they had common features but their spatial projections are very dissimilar. In the 19th and 20th century Hungarian history – in the periods of economic integration with the modification of political system and transformation of the social background – the economic and social functions of tertiary education underwent considerable changes, which started to accomplish by the second half of the 20th century and the early 21st century. To moderate regional disparities, European and Hungarian regional development policy considers particular importance to the economic structure of the regions and their potential to be reformed, which is one of the corner stones of compatibility. Considering the more and more diversifying functions of universities, the question is, which factor is more significant; tertiary education or the relation between the sectors of national economy. The possible correlations we presented through the economic structure and the transformation of tertiary education functions of the integration periods.
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Kolupaev, Andrei A. "Land USE and the Economy System in Russia at the Beginning of the 20th Century." Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series: History and Law 12, no. 5 (2022): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1501-2022-12-5-199-207.
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Relevance. This article is an attempt to study the features of land use in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Land use and the economic system in Russia during the period under study were the result of a complex centuries-old process of development of the country's agricultural sector. The purpose research is to study the features of the development of land use and the economic system in Russia at the beginning of the XX century. Objectives. The tasks of our scientific research will be formulated as follows: to present an analysis of historical information related to the structure of land use and the economic system in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century; ras-look at the dynamics of the development of land relations in the country. Methodology. The methodological basis of the study was: the principle of historicism; methods of objectivity and scientific character; chronological, historical and comparative approaches research served: the principle of historicism; methods of objectivity and scientific character; chronological, historical and comparative approaches. Results made it possible to draw objective conclusions about the structure and dynamics of the development of the land use system and the economic system in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Conclusion Thus, the system of land use in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century was closely connected with the system of land tenure, which was formed over several centuries. The Russian peasantry was in dire need due to its limited land resources. It was forced to rent large areas from other owners: landlords, the state, and other peasants. In turn, this became the cause of the poverty of the peasantry, who gave on average half of their crops to the owners of the land. As a result, the poor Russian peasantry was largely exposed to the revolutionary propaganda of various leftist forces. This was clearly manifested during the revolutionary events of 1905-1907. and especially during the revolutionary events of 1917, when mainly representatives of these small-land peasant farms destroyed the entire mechanism of the land use system.
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Ramos, Rui. "A Tale of One City? Local Civic Traditions under Liberal and Republican Rule in Portugal (Late 18th Century–Early 20th Century)." Citizenship Studies 11, no. 2 (May 2007): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13621020701262511.
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Olshanska, Olena. "Biblical Aspects of Economic Literature." Perspektywy Kultury 26, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35765/pk.2019.2603.03.
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The biblical aspects in Ukrainian economic literature of the 20th and 21st century and its preconditions in European economic literature have been examined. The economic theory has been rethought in the context of Christian economic ethics. The 21st century is, in a way, a result of spirituality of the previous generations, and most of all Christian spirituality. A number of socio-economic researches (such as labor processes, the study of wealth and poverty features) have shown that within the existing paradigm of science it is almost impossible to explain their nature and patterns of operation. The development of Christian economic ethics may be just the impetus not only for fairly significant change in economic thinking, but also for the further development of public opinion in general.
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ELISEEV, A. L. "KOMSOMOL IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL ECONOMY." JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AND MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION 11, no. 1 (2022): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2225-8272-2022-11-1-28-40.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the role of Komsomol in the implementation of economic transformations in the USSR in the second half of the 20th century. In the sixties, the economic reforms were begun. They were aimed at using economic management methods. The reforms were reasonable practical measures to stimulate the development of industry and agriculture in Sovi-et society. They implied changes in the man-agement structure, in the planning system, introduced new economic incentives. As a result of the research, the author draws the conclusion that the results of this process in the end, the producer's interest in both general and individual labor results, the emergence of mutual financial responsibility between economic entities, the development of inter-economic relations, and planning systems should have appeared.
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Sintserov, L. M. "Geography of World Economic Relations at the Turn of the 20th Century." Geography and Natural Resources 40, no. 2 (April 2019): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s187537281902001x.
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Gloveli, G. "Russian Economic and Geopolitical Schools." World Economy and International Relations, no. 11 (2010): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2010-11-37-49.
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Two outstanding scientists of the late 19th – early 20th century V.P. Semenov-Tyan'-Shan'skii, a successor to encyclopedic traditions, and P.N. Savitskii, a promoter of the Eurasian movement, can be justly entitled the founders of the Russian economic-geopolitical school. Their generalizations are interesting not only for the history of geopolitical doctrines, but also for modern geoeconomics and a comparative historical-economical study methodology. In the article, the main Russia's development concepts formulated and introduced by the above mentioned scientists are investigated, also their predecessors' works both here and abroad are examined.
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Sharueva, Marina V. "THE CRITICAL ISSUES OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF KYRGYZSTAN (THE LATER 20TH – THE EARLY 21ST CENTURY)." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Eurasian Studies. History. Political Science. International Relations, no. 3 (2021): 130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7648-2021-3-130-142.
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The article is concerned with the issues of socio-economic development of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan at the present stage. The analysis of the current state of the national socio-political sphere is preceded by a short excursus into Kyrgyzstan’s history, with an emphasis on analyzing the causes of the economic crisis of the early 1990s, identifying national approaches to stabilization and examining local specifics of the transition from the command economy to market one. The author also underlines the close interconnection between economic and (ethno)political processes in the newly independent states and, based on that point, examines the economic consequences of the coups d’état in Kyrgyzstan, the dominance of the clan system and the division of Kyrgyz political elites into “northern” and “southern” ones, the policy of prevarication repeatedly resorted to by Kyrgyz leaders who were forced to seek compromise between different pressure groups inside and outside the country, etc. In order to emphasize the importance of cross-national and inter-ethnic relations for stable economic development, the author lists the risk factors that Kyrgyzstan has to face (conflicts between the Kyrgyz and ethnic Uzbeks in the Osh region, armed confrontations over the shortage of water resources on the borders of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, etc.).
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Dziegieć, Elżbieta, and Stanisław Liszewski. "The Development of the Geography of Tourism in Poland in the 20th Century." Turyzm/Tourism 12, no. 2 (December 30, 2002): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0867-5856.12.2.06.
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The aim of this review is to present the development of the Polish geography of tourism, particularly its main research areas and greatest academic achievements of the last 70 years. In order to delimit the development stages, official dates have been presumed dividing the period into four sections: before World War II, 1945-1970, 1970-1990 and after 1990. The authors have taken into account the significant political, economic and social changes which have affected tourism in Poland, as well as its academic research. They also referred to books and academic journals about tourism, as well as all the habilitation theses on the geography of tourism that have appeared.
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De Matos, Fátima. "Ageing and Quality of Life - New Responses from the Real Estate Sector in Portugal (1)." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 15, no. 15 (January 1, 2011): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10089-011-0004-y.
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Ageing and Quality of Life - New Responses from the Real Estate Sector in Portugal (1) In the second half of the 20th century, the history of European demography is associated with a pronounced and widespread process of ageing. The 21st century will have to cater to the needs of an elderly population in transformation. Portugal is also part of this process and in efforts to improve the quality of life of the elderly, a wide range of facilities, services and social responses have been established by a variety of promoters, targeting several social levels. This paper will analyze a specific segment directed at an exclusive niche of the elderly population, the Senior Residential Condominiums. This is a very recent segment of the housing market, with high levels of comfort, quality, sanitation, health, and recreation, essential to full well-being. The paper intends to characterize this real estate market niche so as to identify its distinctive features, the promoting agents and how they can contribute to residents' quality of life.
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LARIONOV, Aisen Afanasievich, Evgeniy Fedorovich AVDOKUSHIN, and Galina Ivanovna RATZ. "Startups Creation and Development in China." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 11, no. 4 (June 15, 2020): 1191. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v11.4(50).15.
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The reform of the economic system in China initiated under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping in the late 70s of the 20th century included as the main components and mechanisms the gradual and consistent elimination of the state’s status of a monopoly economic entity. The economic reform was aimed at, first, the de-collectivization of the agricultural sector, the gradual implementation of individual and private forms of ownership, private economy management, and the transition from an administrative-command model of economic management to the use of commodity-money, and then market methods of economy management at the determining and directing role of the state. An open-door policy and foreign economy, as well as the use of the global economy mechanisms and potential, have become the most important components of economic reform and the entire development model of the Chinese economy.
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Grechishkina, Sophia A. "ECONOMY AND MIGRATION PROCESSES IN THE USA IN THE LATE 19th – EARLY 20th CENTURY." IZVESTIYA VUZOV SEVERO-KAVKAZSKII REGION SOCIAL SCIENCE, no. 3 (215) (September 30, 2022): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2687-0770-2022-3-45-53.
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The article is devoted to the consideration of the influence of migration processes on the economic development of the USA in the late 19th - early 20th century. Attention is paid to the development of industrial relations and their participants. It is noted that few studies deal with the topic of the relationship between immigration and industrialization. An assessment of the overall level of immigration is given and the representation of foreigners in industry and trade, it is noted that immigrants were the main labor force in the rapidly developing industrial economy of the early twentieth century. The reasons for the low level of internal migration are analyzed. The influence of continuous migration on the development of inventive activity in the USA is analyzed. The conclusion about the positive impact of migration on the pace of economic development is made.
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Mau, V. "Russia’s Social and Economic Policy in 2014: Finding New Frontiers." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 2 (February 20, 2015): 5–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2015-2-5-31.
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The paper deals with the roots and features of current Russian economic problems as a combination of structural and institutional crises, cyclical and external shocks. Mobilization and liberalization are discussed as two key economic policy alternatives. The analysis includes historical retrospection which provides some important lessons from economic development in the 20th century. Special attention is paid to the desirable policy to stimulate economic growth.
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Dju, Orlindo, Johnatan Da Costa Santos, Darinka Brosovich Flores, and Jorge Marko Calderon Verduga. "African direction in the foreign policy of Brazil." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 11-1 (November 1, 2020): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202011statyi06.
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The article considers political, economic, social and cultural aspects of Brazilian-African cooperation at the end of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century. At the present stage, after two decades of active development, Brazilian policy towards Africa has been losing momentum. Nowadays the cooperation between Brazil and African countries requires developing a new strategy.