Journal articles: 'Economic development – Europe, Western'

1

Keating, Michael. "Local government and economic development in Western Europe." Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 1, no. 3 (January 1989): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08985628900000026.

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Gwiazda, Adam. "Economic emigration from Poland to Western Europe." MOCT-MOST Economic Policy in Transitional Economies 2, no. 3 (1992): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01101443.

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Jackson, P. Alan. "OXFORD REGIONAL ECONOMIC ATLAS OF WESTERN EUROPE." New Zealand Journal of Geography 54, no. 1 (May 15, 2008): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0028-8292.1973.tb00518.x.

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Kozarević, Emira, Nedžad Polić, and Amela Perić. "Financial system development progress in Western Balkans." Banks and Bank Systems 12, no. 2 (June 23, 2017): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.12(2).2017.01.

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Financial system supports economic growth, while its regulatory framework provides stability for investors. Develo-ping countries with bank-oriented financial systems are not attractive to investors, so prolonged status quo leads to economic deterioration. This is particularly the case with some of the most underdeveloped areas in Europe: Western Balkans. It is essential the developing countries in this region consider steps towards financial liberalization, which will help open the borders for capital flows and attract new investments. The main goal of this paper is to review and present the available information related to the banking system development in Western Balkans in terms of ownership structure, capital adequacy, loan and asset performance, return on investment and liquidity. These indicators should provide a clearer picture of the current financial systems in Western Balkans economies and their development progress – useful for comparison with other developing regions and financial transformation and liberalization efforts.

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Rubaeva, L. M., and A. A. Datieva. "ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC SITUATION IN WESTERN EUROPE." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2021-1-106-110.

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The article considers the issue of achieving the most stable socio-economic situation in the countries of Western Europe. The paper highlights socio-economic factors that characterize states with a developed economic system. The authors make a comparative analysis of the macroeconomic indicators of countries with a developed socio-economic situation: Germany, France and the United Kingdom. The study notes the relationship between the sectors of the economy that have allowed developed countries to achieve the greatest results at present time. Based on the study, the authors identify the main provisions that stimulate the economic and social development of the considered states.

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Paunović, Sanja, and Rajko Kosanović. "Further milestones in the economic development of south-eastern Europe." SEER 22, no. 1 (2019): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-2869-2019-1-33.

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This article updates the authors’ previous analysis of the economic position facing western Balkans countries. It analyses development between 2008 and 2018 in five countries from the region - Serbia; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Montenegro; North Macedonia; and Albania - and contrasts this with the three newest EU member states - Bulgaria; Romania; and Croatia. Its argumentation is based on the following parameters: GDP growth; GDP per capita; GDP at purchasing power parity; the share of investment in GDP; average monthly net wages; average monthly gross wages; inflation; the share of foreign and public debt share as a percentage of GDP; and balance of payments. In 2018, economic growth in the western Balkans reached 3.8 per cent, supported by increased public spending and, in Albania and North Macedonia, also by a rise in net exports. According to World Bank projections, western Balkans economies are projected to continue to expand in 2019-20, but this stable outlook is vulnerable and subject to risks, including not least the migration of well-educated and highly-skilled young people.

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McCarthy, Linda. "European Economic Integration and Urban Inequalities in Western Europe." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 32, no. 3 (March 2000): 391–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a3189.

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Recent processes of European integration have influenced profoundly the fortunes of cities across Western Europe. Although some cities have benefited, others have been impacted adversely. Income inequalities result from economic growth differentials occurring between different cities over time. The theoretical literature differs on whether increased integration promotes or reduces income disparities. The European Union (EU) assumes that rising inequalities will impair EU growth and lead to even greater disparities. Empirical analysis has concentrated on the EU-defined regions because of problems of urban data availability and comparability. Using regional data, I identified that the overall level of inequalities changed little for the metropolitan regions between the early 1980s and the early 1990s. Urban disparities were cyclical—decreasing during strong EU growth and increasing in slower growth years. Factors outside direct local government control, including relative location within Europe, reinforced the traditional strong-core—weak-periphery spatial pattern of development. I argue that additional factors specific to cities, such as limited EU urban policy and funding, contributed to overall higher and more sharply rising inequalities since the late 1980s for cities compared with regions. The positive linear relationship between levels of national income and urban disparities has implications for economic polarization within richer member states and for EU efforts to reduce inequalities by raising the level of development in poorer countries.

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Haraldsen, Tone, and L. Ahnstrom. "Economic Growth, Stagnation and the Working Population in Western Europe." Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography 73, no. 2 (1991): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/490985.

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Webber, Douglas, Martin Rhodes, J. J. Richardson, and Jeremy Moon. "Information technology and economic recovery in Western Europe." Policy Sciences 19, no. 3 (October 1986): 319–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00141653.

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Bowler, Ian. "Endogenous Agricultural Development in Western Europe." Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie 90, no. 3 (August 1999): 260–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9663.00068.

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Korner, Heiko. "International Labour Migration - Theoretical Considerations and Evidence from the Experience of the Mediterranean Sending Countries." Pakistan Development Review 26, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 723–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v26i4pp.723-734.

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Immediately after the end of the Second World War in 1945, most observers expected that under the pressure of thousands of displaced persons in Western Europe, traditional migration streams between Europe, on the one side, and the countries of North and South America and Oceania, on the other, would be revived. But soon this proved to be a misconception: not only were most of the refugees, but also a considerable part of the working population of southern Europe (mainly from Italy) and Algeria were absorbed by the rapidly expanding labour markets of the countries of North-Western Europe. When during the late Fiftees, the reconstruction period of the European countries came to an end, at first, France, Belgium and Switzerland, and later, the Federal Republic of Germany and Austria experienced rapid economic growth which was accompanied by a depletion of their traditional sources of the labour force. With the intention of stabilizing their economic expansion, the industrial countries of Europe sought to open up new supplies in the European periphery. As a consequence, labour-recruitment contracts were concluded, during the Sixties, between the North-Western European countries and the Mediterranean ones (Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, Yugoslavia and the countries of the Maghreb) to induce the inflow of foreign labour Migrant workers were, at that time the most important growth factor in the industrialized countries of continental Europe.

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Colantone, Italo, and Piero Stanig. "The Surge of Economic Nationalism in Western Europe." Journal of Economic Perspectives 33, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 128–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.4.128.

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We document the surge of economic nationalist and radical-right parties in western Europe between the early 1990s and 2016. We discuss how economic shocks contribute to explaining this political shift, looking in turn at theory and evidence on the political effects of globalization, technological change, the financial and sovereign debt crises of 2008–2009 and 2011–2013, and immigration. The main message that emerges is that failures in addressing the distributional consequences of economic shocks are a key factor behind the success of nationalist and radical-right parties. We discuss how the economic explanations compete with and complement the “cultural backlash” view. We reflect on possible future political developments, which depend on the evolving intensities of economic shocks, on the strength and persistence of adjustment costs, and on changes on the supply side of politics.

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Litmeyer, Marie-Louise, Leah Bender, Sina Happel, Alexa Peusch, Nicola Spory, and Stefan Hennemann. "The effects of gender equality on economic development in Europe." Erdkunde 76, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2022.01.02.

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Gender equality is increasingly perceived as a central issue and discussed as an essential factor for competition, economic growth and solidarity in society. The starting point of this study is the identification of the main factors influenced by gender equality in the context of the economic performance of countries. Europe was chosen as the study area, with regional differences between Northern, Western/Central, Southern and Eastern Europe also being taken into account. The empirical analysis is based on panel regression models. These confirm that policies designed to increase the share of women in leadership positions and to achieve an equal representation of self-employed women and men have a significant positive impact on a country's economic performance across Europe. In addition, differentiated recommendations for action are derived from the results for the individual subregions.

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Waldorf, B. S., and A. Esparza. "Labor Migration to Western Europe: A Commentary on O'Loughlin 1986." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 20, no. 8 (August 1988): 1121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a201121.

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In this commentary we challenge O'Loughlin's article published in Environment and Planning A, in which he concludes that economic factors only marginally influence migration from the European periphery to Western Europe. First, we consider several methodological inconsistencies that bring O'Loughlin's study into question. Second, a model is developed, derived from disequilibrium theory, that, in contrast to O'Loughlin's findings, demonstrates the importance of economic factors for international migration in Europe in the postwar period.

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KREUKELS, TON, and EGBERT WEVER. "PORTS IN WESTERN EUROPE." Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie 87, no. 4 (September 1996): 291–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.1998.tb01559.x.

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ADAMOVSKY, EZEQUIEL. "DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS AND THE “RUSSIAN CASE”: THE IMPACT OF RUSSIA’S REALITIES AND THINKERS IN THE MID-TWENTIETH-CENTURY DEBATE ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 33, no. 4 (December 2011): 527–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837211000319.

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The aim of this article is to explore whether there is a relevant impact of the Russian case and of Russian economic thought on the twentieth-century Western debate on economic development. It is argued that things Russian continued to have an impact on this notion, similar to the one we have found for the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Russia’s historical experience provided an important standpoint from which to think and rethink the meaning of economic development. As in the previous centuries, Russia’s paradoxical presence—between Europe and Asia, backward but also modern, an “apprentice” who now claimed the position of a teacher—helped to spark new thinking. The resistance of some of her intellectuals and policy makers to accept the certainties of the mainstream of the economic science contributed to raise doubts regarding the validity of Western conceptual frameworks.

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de Bot, Kees. "Applied linguistics in Europe." AILA Review 17 (December 31, 2004): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aila.17.07bot.

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In this contribution developments in Applied Linguistics in Europe are linked to major social changes that have taken place over the last decades. These include: The decline of the USSR and the end of the cold war; The development of the EEC and the EU and fading of borders; The economic growth of Western Europe; Labor migration from the south to the north of Europe; The emergence of regionalism. All of these developments have shaped the role of languages in society and they have sparked research on linguistic aspects related to the languages in contact due to these developments.

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Wood, Peter A., Lloyd Rodwin, and Hidehiko Sazanami. "Industrial Change and Regional Economic Transformation: The Experience of Western Europe." Economic Geography 68, no. 1 (January 1992): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/144046.

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19

Niehans, J. "The Development of Economics in Western Europe since 1945." History of Political Economy 33, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 667–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-33-3-667.

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20

Ristic, Irena. "Religion as a factor of political culture and economic development." Filozofija i drustvo, no. 28 (2005): 145–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid0528145r.

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In his essay ?The Protestant Ethic? Max Weber explains the specific economic development and the foundation of capitalism in Western Europe due to the appearance of protestant sects and the ?spirit of capitalism?. By doing so, Weber assigns religion a significant place among the factors of social and economic development. Taking Weber?s theory and argumentation as a starting point, this article drafts a thesis on ?orthodox ethic? and determines its role in the development of the ?spirit of capitalism? in orthodox countries. For that purpose this article compares political-historical circumstances on the territory of the Western and Eastern Church on one, and pictures the theological-philosophical basis of both Protestantism and Orthodoxy on the other side.

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Vlachová, Kláara. "Lost in transition, found in recession? Satisfaction with democracy in Central Europe before and after economic crises." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 52, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2019.07.007.

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For decades, research on democracy has produced evidence that the peoples of countries in Central Europe are less satisfied with the way democracy works in their countries than people in Western Europe. Using the data from the European Social Survey (ESS) I explore, how satisfaction with the way democracy works (SWD) changed in these countries between 2004 and 2014 and test the impact of satisfaction with the present state of the economy and trust in parliament on SWD. Results of the analysis reveal that people in Central Europe are still less satisfied with the democratic performance on average than people in Western Europe, but their satisfaction is on the rise especially in countries where the economy performs well, economic performance brings better standard of living, and people share a sense of economic optimism. Results also suggest that in countries where economic optimism is low, political evaluations of “crises in democracy” may play a larger role in explaining satisfaction with democratic performance.

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Dabasi-Halász, Zsuzsanna, Julianna Kiss, Ioana Manafi,, Daniela Elena Marinescu, Katalin Lipták, Monica Roman, and Javier Lorenzo-Rodriguez. "International youth mobility in Eastern and Western Europe – the case of the Erasmus+ programme." Migration Letters 16, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v16i1.626.

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A country's mobility pattern is largely influenced by its previous historical development and current socio-economic situation. Hungary and Romania, due partly to the legacy of their socialist past, share many of their social and economic characteristics, which differ from countries in Western Europe. Such differences are also present when looking at the issue of international youth mobility, which contrast not only by rate but also by type in post-socialist countries when compared to Western Europe. The main objective of the present paper is to analyse the differences and similarities between Eastern and Western European countries with regard to one mobility programme – Erasmus+. The article presents the differences looking at macro data and quantitative questionnaire data.

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Górka, Kazimierz, and Paulina Szyja. "Regional Policy of the European Union Versus Sustainable Development." Barometr Regionalny. Analizy i Prognozy, no. 3 (29) (December 21, 2012): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.56583/br.1223.

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The authors begin with the statement that Western Europe, as in the USA, commenced activities aimed at overcoming financial and economic crisis with the bailing out of financial and banking institutions while neglecting stimulation of real economic policy. Nonetheless, the strategic plan of the European Union called ‘Europe 2020’ points out that ensuring lasting economic growth and social development are prerequisite. In the subsequent parts of the article the authors present an evaluation of the importance of regional policy for economic stimulation of the EU. To this end the authors analyze the EU budgetary expenditures on cohesion policy and the impact those expenditures make on sustainable development; they also present some methods of transforming the European economy into a low emission (green) model.

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Keating, M. "The Invention of Regions: Political Restructuring and Territorial Government in Western Europe." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 15, no. 4 (December 1997): 383–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c150383.

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Regionalism has come back to prominence, as the political, economic, cultural, and social meaning of space is changing in contemporary Europe. In some ways, politics, economics, and public policies are deterritorializing; but at the same time and in other ways, there is a reterritorialization of economic, political, and governmental activity. The ‘new regionalism’ is the product of this decomposition and recomposition of the territorial framework of public life, consequent on changes in the state, the market, and the international context. Functional needs, institutional restructuring, and political mobilization all play a role. Regionalism must now be placed in the context of the international market and the European Union, as well as the nation-state.

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WILLIAMS, COLIN H. "ETHNIC SEPARATISM IN WESTERN EUROPE*." Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie 71, no. 3 (March 27, 2008): 142–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.1980.tb00882.x.

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Vorobiev, A. A. "Peculiarities of the Research of the History of Western European Countries, Case of Norway." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 5(44) (October 28, 2015): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-5-44-14-23.

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Abstract: Researcing of history of small advanced countries of Western Europe has a number of specific features, which are connected to its socio-economic level and dynamic development and the dependence on the external economic factor. So the article is devoted to the analysis of regularity of the development of the industry of Norwegian economic specialization (energy sector) in the international division of labour as an important element of its historical development. The author of the article analyzes the influence of the energy sector on the political life of the country, the balance of political forces, legislation, foreign policy priorities, and the history of the development of society. At the same time he uses the interdisciplinary approach to determine the relationship of cause and effect between historical events to compile a complete historical picture. The author concludes that the regularities in history are universal and concern all small highly developed countries of Western Europe including Norway. The complex of economic, social, political, financial, legal, tax, environmental and other measures of state support to specialized branches of the national economy is the main semantic rod of historical events in many of the small countries of Western Europe. Analysis of individual industries of the economy in the international division of labor should be an integral part of researches of the historical development of small countries which have a narrow structure of economy, because it helps to understand the peculiarities of the historical development of nations.

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Olson, Robert K. "Partners in the Peace Process: The United States and Europe." Journal of Palestine Studies 26, no. 4 (1997): 78–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2537909.

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The author advocates a more unified Western response to the peace process. However, since the Gulf War both Europe and the United States have gone their own mutually exclusive ways, the United States with the Madrid/post-Oslo process, Europe with the twenty-seven-nation Euro-Mediterranean Partnership Agreements signed in Barcelona in 1995. This is bad for the peace process and Western relations and ignores the importance of Western cooperation in meeting future economic and political conflicts in the Mediterranean area.

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Blake, Stephen P. "The Urban Economy in Premodern Muslim India: Shahjahanabad, 1639-1739." Modern Asian Studies 21, no. 3 (July 1987): 447–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00009161.

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Economists and economic historians have not devoted much time or effort to the analysis of premodern economies. Most scholars have tended to concentrate on the United States and Western Europe during the twentieth century. While a few persons have examined the economic development of premodern Europe (1000–1700 a.d.), almost no one has chosen to write about economic organization in the countries of Asia and Africa before 1800.

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Mroczek, Arkadiusz. "The Economic Performance of Central Europe Metropolises. A Comparative Approach." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 24, no. 4 (December 17, 2021): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.24.33.

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Since the fall of communism, the big cities of Central Europe have been included in the international metropolitan network, and their economic performance has improved significantly. Based on that, it can be asserted that the whole region is undergoing a process of metropolisation, which may be manifested by a focus of development in the limited areas of metropolises. Therefore this paper aims to present the results of a closer examination of this process in Central Europe. It is based on a comparative analysis of the metropolises in relation to their countries in terms of economic performance. A taxonomic approach based on Hellwig’s development pattern is adopted. The available Eurostat data (NUTS 3 level) on a range of socio‑economic characteristics is used. The study results show that the economic performance of Central European metropolises is relatively closer to Western Europe’s cities than the countries’ non‑metropolitan parts. Highlighting development issues in Central Europe from the spatial‑metropolitan point of view is the paper’s added value.

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Homoniuk, Olena, and Larysa Pokudina. "Peculiarities of Future Finance and Economics Specialists’ Training in Western European Countries and Ukraine." Comparative Professional Pedagogy 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rpp-2016-0028.

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Abstract The article touches on the peculiarities of future finance and economics specialists’ training in educational establishments of Western Europe and Ukraine. The problem of higher economic education has been considered. The experience of higher economic education organization in developed European countries has been generalized. The peculiarities of finance students’ training at foreign and Ukrainian universities have been defined. The approaches to learning and implementing of interdisciplinary links into the teaching practice of European higher educational establishments have been studied, as well as participation and influence of non-government organizations and foundations on the development of economic education in Western European countries. The authors have concluded that it is necessary to create a Ukrainian model of future finance and economics specialists’ training taking into consideration national and economic conditions of the state functioning as well as developed countries experience.

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Brenner, Robert, and Christopher Isett. "England's Divergence from China's Yangzi Delta: Property Relations, Microeconomics, and Patterns of Development." Journal of Asian Studies 61, no. 2 (May 2002): 609–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2700302.

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In the great divergence, Kenneth Pomeranz (2000) proposes a radical revision of our understanding of the pattern of economic evolution in the eastern and western ends of Eurasia over the course of the early modern and modern periods, roughly late Ming and Qing. A recent restatement of the standard or traditional view can be found in the macro-economic historian Angus Maddison's account of world economic development in the very long run,The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective(2001), which sums up his argument inChinese Economic Performance in the Long Run(1998). According to Maddison, “Western Europe overtook China … in per capita performance in the fourteenth century. Thereafter China [was] … more or less stagnant in per capita terms until the second half of the twentieth century” (2001, 44). In contrast, Pomeranz insists that if the comparative focus is placed, as only makes sense, not on Europe or China as a whole—both of which contained the most disparate regions at vastly different levels of economic development—but on the most advanced, or core, areas within each, it can be seen that, by as late as 1800, there was little to choose between them, in terms of the character of the economy, the nature of growth, or its results (2000, 7–8).

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Aleksandrova, Olena. "New Stakeholders Changing Europe." Skhid, no. 1(165) (February 29, 2020): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21847/1728-9343.2020.1(165).222715.

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The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the stakeholders’ impact on the development of the European Union and identifies prospects for the stakeholders’ development and building out appropriate institutions for Ukraine. Globalization, transition of a number of Western countries to the initial stage of an information society, formation of the world economic system, formation of a "risk society" - all these and other factors have led to the transformation of stakeholders in the European Union. The new stakeholders, namely, the global civil society, the transnational capitalist class, the blurred middle class and the precariat, the knowledge-class, the under-class are changing the foundations of the modern world order. Against the background of globalization, the global economic crisis of 2008-2013, many countries are trying to avoid considerable shocks by deepening cooperation, participation in certain integration processes, coordination with other countries or international organizations to address issues of stabilizing their own socio-economic situation. Ukraine has also chosen this strategy by signing and ratifying the Association Agreement with the EU in 2014. For Ukraine, the example of the enlargement of the European Union in 2004 is a heuristic, because the mechanism of admission of new participants is still relevant today. The key components of the country's preparation algorithm were economic transformations, democratization of the country's governance, increase of energy efficiency, and synchronization of legal norms with the EU.

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Sergi, Bruno S., Enisa Salimović, Sanja Paunović, and Rajko Kosanović. "Wage developments in south-east Europe and the influence of economic policy." SEER 22, no. 2 (2019): 189–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-2869-2019-2-189.

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This article analyses economic development in five western Balkan countries - Albania; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Montenegro; North Macedonia; and Serbia - between 2008 and 2018. Data on the status of the economy and on the situation of wages were provided for the study by trade union economic experts from each of the countries in the region and based on a questionnaire, for which the data was collected in December 2018 and then supplemented by the authors during 2019. In most western Balkan countries, the economic situation may be characterised, among others, by low salaries and low purchasing power, a high unemployment rate, plenty of corruption, a considerably-sized grey economy, a low GDP growth rate, massive participation of public and foreign debt in GDP, the widespread phenomenon of the non-payment of taxes and contributions, low economic competitiveness, sizable inequalities in pay between men and women, a high poverty rate and other social disparities. The authors conclude that, in such circumstances, the need for an effective worker voice, and for true social dialogue, remains as important as ever.

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Martin, Philip L. "Migration, trade, and development: Comparing Mexico-US and Turkey-Europe." Migration Letters 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v9i1.199.

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Migration was the major relationship between Mexico and the US and Turkey and Western Europe for most of the past half century. Changes in both migrant-sending and –receiving countries aimed to substitute trade for migration. Mexico and Turkey have had roller-coaster economic growth trajectories, sometimes growing faster than other OECD countries and sometimes shrinking faster. There have been significant changes in Mexico and Turkey but, until more formal-sector jobs are created, especially young people leaving agriculture or joining the labour market may be candidates for migration.

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ADAMOVSKY, EZEQUIEL. "BEFORE DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS: WESTERN POLITICAL ECONOMY, THE “RUSSIAN CASE,” AND THE FIRST PERCEPTIONS OF ECONOMIC BACKWARDNESS (FROM THE 1760S UNTIL THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY)." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 32, no. 3 (August 27, 2010): 349–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837210000313.

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Before the emergence of the field of development economics in the mid-1940s, the mainstream of Western economists had very little to say about the world outside western Europe. However, perhaps due to Russia’s ambivalent location as a nation considered not fully European (nor completely Asiatic) and to her status as a major player in the international arena despite the fact of her modest economic achievements, from the eighteenth century onwards the “Russian case” called the attention of some of the most prominent Western minds, including the first economists. By discussing Russia’s economy, they came to notions and concepts regarding development and backwardness that, to a great extent. informed the twentieth-century debate. The aim of this article is to explore the way in which Russia as a case study affected the evolution of ideas on economic growth or development. The evidence of things Russian, it will be argued, raised doubts about common economic views, thus enabling new thinking that pointed either to criticism of liberal orthodoxy, or to expansion and refinement of its arguments.

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Rieger, Hans Christoph. "BOOK REVIEWS: Economic Relations Between Western Europe and Developing Asia, published by Asian Development Bank." Southeast Asian Economies 1, no. 2 (1985): 70–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/ae2-1h.

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Shkiperova, G. T., and E. V. Molchanova. "FEATURES OF RELATIONSHIP ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND MEDICAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS IN RUSSIA AND WESTERN EUROPE." Вестник Алтайской академии экономики и права 2, no. 10 2020 (2020): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17513/vaael.1367.

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Macías Ruano, Antonio José, and José Ramos Pires Manso. "The Development of Legislation on the Social Economy in Continental Western Europe." Resources 8, no. 3 (September 3, 2019): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources8030154.

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One of the main instruments for local development is the regulatory legal framework of the so-called Social Economy, a term and concept that is yet to be fully defined. The society’s approach to the generation of wealth encompasses different concepts, movements, approaches, and ways of acting, all of which pose a challenge to the determination of a precise definition. Within the European Union (E.U.), a common legislative base has been developed, although the specific legislation developed by each Member State has been uneven. The legislation may have started from the same common principles, but each country has adopted different legal forms. This work aims to outline the diverse ways of legislating on a concept that is still under construction and within similar legal frameworks, illustrating the lack of harmony between European states that, despite the sharing of borders and having common legislative foundations, distance themselves in the final legislation, a situation that does not benefit the economic unity of entrepreneurs with social principles.

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Falaleev, P. I. "The Marshall Plan and the European Integration: The Stance of Great Britain and France (1947–1948)." Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics 12, no. 3 (November 20, 2020): 165–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2020-12-3-165-190.

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The development and implementation of the Marshall Plan has been studied quite thoroughly in both Russian and foreign academic literature. Nevertheless, certain aspects of this problematique require further examination, particularly the reaction of the Western European countries to the initiative of the Secretary of State G. Marshall, as well as the impact of the Plan on the process of the European integration in general. The paper demonstrates that this reaction was far from simple and often contradictory since the key Western states had very diﬀerent views on the future of mutual relations, as well as on the prospects for post-war recovery and development of Europe. The paper examines the evolution of the French and British leaders’ views on these issues from the ﬁrst discussions of the projects to provide US aid to Western Europe to the implementation of the Marshall Plan. The negotiations revealed signiﬁcant points of disagreement among the parties particularly regarding the relations with the USSR, the German question, and conditions for receiving assistance from the United States. The author stresses that the need to defend their interests during the course of negotiations with the US representatives contributed greatly to the rapprochement of Britain and France and, at the same time, catalyzed debates on the integration of Western Europe. In this regard the author emphasizes that the idea of regional economic integration received mixed reaction in the American elites. While some considered this process as an eﬀective means of bringing the Western countries together, particularly, over the German question, others feared that integration of Western Europe could potentially lead to the emergence of a new competitor to the USA. The author concludes that the growing popularity of integration projects in Europe in 1947–1948 stemmed from a range of factors, including both a combination of internal European political processes and short-term and long-term consequences of the Marshall Plan. Whereas in terms of economic development of Western Europe the latter were rather ambiguous and are still the subject of controversy, in terms of world politics the Marshall Plan exacerbated block-to-block confrontation in Europe, characteristic of the Cold War period.

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Maynard, James R., Wolfgang Hofmann, Robert E. Dunay, Pete N. Benthan, Kevin P. Dean, and Ian Watson. "The Carboniferous of Western Europe; the development of a petroleum system." Petroleum Geoscience 3, no. 2 (July 1997): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/petgeo.3.2.97.

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Bódi, Ferenc, and Ralitsa Savova. "Sociocultural Change in Hungary." International Journal of Social Quality 10, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ijsq.2020.100205.

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Although Hungary joined the European Union in 2004, it seems that it has not yet been able to catch up with its Western European neighbors socioeconomically. The reasons for this are numerous, including the fact that this former historical region (Kingdom of Hungary), today the sovereign state of Hungary, has a specific sociocultural image and attitude formed by various historical events. And the nature of these events can explain why Hungary’s economic development and overarching political narrative differ so markedly from Western Europe. The aim of this article is to present the unique location of Hungary in the context of Central and Eastern Europe, and to address such factors as urbanization and industrialization, migration, population, politics, economic development, and social values crisis. We argue that these factors, including the European status quo that emerged after 1945, have influenced the existing sociopolitical, socioeconomic, and sociocultural differences between Hungary and Western European EU states.

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Rodríguez‐Pose, Andrés. "Convergence or Divergence? Types of Regional Responses to Socio‐Economic Change in Western Europe." Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie 90, no. 4 (November 1999): 365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9663.00079.

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Harik, Iliya. "Subsidization Policies in Egypt: Neither Economic Growth nor Distribution." International Journal of Middle East Studies 24, no. 3 (August 1992): 481–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800021991.

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Subsidies are a widespread economic practice in most developing countries and in centrally planned economies such as those of Eastern Europe. In the United States and Western Europe, they are generally associated with price support for producers, especially in agriculture. In the less-developed countries (LDCs), subsidies usually support consumers. When extended to producers, the benefit is passed on to consumers through official price controls. The question is whether such price support is the best means available to meet the basic needs strategy of development.Subsidies in LDCs often begin as measures to help the poor, but they usually expand beyond the target population and constitute by and large a wage supplement for almost all salaried workers.

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Kulaga, Maxim. "Consequences of the Radicalization of Migration Policy In Western Europe: Socio-Economic Aspect." DEMIS. Demographic Research 1, no. 3 (September 19, 2021): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/demis.2021.1.3.7.

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The problem of regulating migration flows in the European Union has existed for a long time and is becomingmore difficult and complex every year. Due to the complexity of the distribution of migrants among the member countries of the organization, as well as the divergence of domestic interests of individual countries and the pan-European policy vector, internal opposition arises, which is expressed in protests and political initiatives that radicalize society. Such trends are developing especially actively in the countries of Western Europe, the most economically developed and progressive, which have taken over most of the legal migrants who have arrived. The migration policy of Western European countries has undergone a very strong metamorphosis over the past five years. Since the beginning of the migration crisis in 2015, it is possible to trace a significant strengthening and tightening of measures regulating the situation of migrants on the territory of states. It should be noted that during the same period, a new round of development of radical parties followed in many European countries, but it was in Western European countries that radical changes in politics took place. It is quite difficult to determine what impact migrants have on the state of the economy of states, as well as their relations with the indigenous inhabitants of Western European countries. Accordingly, the purpose of this article will be to consider the socio-economic impact of migrants on the countries of Western Europe during the period of radicalization of the policy of the states of the region in the context of the global COVID-19 pandemic. Among the methods used in this study, it is necessary to distinguish empirical and theoretical ones, such as comparison, analysis and synthesis. The sources were considered on the basis of a system-structural approach to the study of complex political and social processes and phenomena, taking into account many aspects of the development of modern society and the political process in the countries. The analysis of the current situation was carried out on the basis of the principles of historicism, cultural and political continuity. The results of this study can be used in the future to form effective methods of countering social conflicts arising as a result of migration.

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Harris, Max, Bruce Edwards, Vamik Volkan, and J. Anderson Thomson. "The psychology of Western European neo-racism." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 3, no. 1 (1995): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181195x00011.

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AbstractEurope is on the verge of an unprecedented era of social, economic, and political cooperation. Yet, there is resurgent racism and xenophobia in Western Europe, and in Central and Eastern Europe many of the fragments of the old Soviet Empire have disintegrated into ethnic violence and genocidal warfare. Prejudice is the common source of this ethnic hatred, xenophobia, and racism. The Center for the Study of Mind and Human Interaction is involved in developing those concepts which will provide the links between the psychological understanding of individual human beings and how they create and sustain destructive conflict in social, political, and ethnic groups. The development of prejudice in an individual and its underlying psychological mechanisms are detailed as part of the formation of identity. The fundamental structures of prejudice are then discussed using crucial new concepts in the psychology of large group processes involved in violent group hatreds.

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Samokhval, Olesia. "Development of tourism education in german-speaking countries of Western Europe: process components and their characteristics." Osvitolohiya, no. 7 (2018): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2226-3012.2018.7.5964.

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The process of tourism education development in German-speaking countries of Western Europe, in particular Germany, Austria and Switzerland is exemined in the article. It is noted that the scientific novelty of the study deals with the analyzes of the process of tourism education development in general economic contex of the development of tourism industry in the countries classified in the lingvo-ethnographic category «German-speaking countries». The object of the study is to outline the aspects of scientific and pedagogical research, to study and analyze the socio-economic processes of the tourism education development in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, to describe the historical preconditions for the development of current tourism education in German-speaking countries of Western Europe as a categorical integrity. The main components of the process of tourism education development in German-speaking countries, in particular: economic, institutional, disciplinary and normative, are defined and characterized. It was stated that the components of the process of tourism education development are closely interconnected and interdependent, that makes it impossible to study as a separate phenomenon. The development of one component provokes changes in other one, creating a chain reaction that builds a coherent picture of the process of tourism education development in German-speaking countries of Western Europe. It is defined that the inception of tourism education at university level took place in the middle of the 20th century evidenced by the establishment of higher education institutions with the programms in tourism. The intensity of popularizing the tourism education in Germany, Austria and Switzerland took place at the end of the 20th and early 21st centuries, starting a new period in the developing process of tourism education, that is marked by globalization of innovation and information.

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Ford, Robert, and Will Jennings. "The Changing Cleavage Politics of Western Europe." Annual Review of Political Science 23, no. 1 (May 11, 2020): 295–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-052217-104957.

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How are the contours of Western European politics shifting? To what extent do these shifts reflect changes in the underlying social and economic structure of European polities? In this article, we reflect on insights from the classic literature on how cleavages structure party systems and consider how the emergence and persistence of new parties and new ideological conflicts are leading to both shifts of dividing lines of party competition and the fragmentation of party systems. While increasing attention has been given to the so-called second dimension of European electoral politics, we highlight the relatively limited focus on structural changes that are helping to drive this transformation. We identify some socio-demographic developments that are potentially generating new cleavages in Western European democracies: the expansion of higher education; mass migration and the growing ethnic diversity of electorates; the aging of societies and sharpening of generational divides; and increased geographical segregation of populations between prospering, globalized major cities and declining hinterlands.

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Fofana, Mory Fodé. "The Influence of Measures of Economic Freedom on FDI: A Comparison of Western Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa." Global Economy Journal 14, no. 03n04 (September 18, 2014): 399–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2014-0023.

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This research found that recent efforts aimed at stimulating both domestic and foreign investment have attached great importance to the improvement of the regulatory framework and institutions of economic freedom. From the empirical perspective, benchmarking panel data of two samples of countries of Sub-Saharan Africa and Western Europe was used to assess the disaggregated effect of the regulatory variables of economic freedom on FDI. The results indicate that institutional variables of economic freedom are important in attracting FDI for both Europe and Africa. However, the specific variables that are statistically significant depend on the current state of development of the countries in the samples. These results are useful for comparing and identifying the priorities of the regulatory framework reforms for improving economic performance.

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Marysyuk, Kostyantyn B., Mykhailo V. Huzela, Nataliia D. Slotvinska, Ivo Svoboda, and Igor G. Kudrya. "Racial and Religious Determinants of Terrorism in Western Europe." Cuestiones Políticas 39, no. 71 (December 25, 2021): 44–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3971.02.

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The gradual rapprochement between peoples, cultures, beliefs involve numerous conflicts with indigenous peoples on ethnic or religious grounds. These conflicts tend to turn into articulation of radical positions and extremist activities. The aim of this study was to analyze the current state of terrorist acts and identify the determinants of terrorism on racial and religious grounds in Western Europe. The statistical method, comparison, graphic analysis, analysis of the Global Index of Terrorism; The European Union reports on the situation and trends of terrorism, as well as the research on terrorism-related issues for 2011-2021, were used as empirical research methods. It is determined that the UK, France, Germany, Greece, Belgium, Spain, Italy, and Sweden are subject to the highest risk of terrorist acts. It was proved that the determinants of terrorism are localized in relation to key issues related to the state of the economic sphere, social development, as well as the spiritual and cultural sphere. Emphasis is placed on the need to overcome the problems associated with terrorist activities by formulating a policy of national means of resolving ethnic and racial issues and active international cooperation. Further research will identify key determinants of terrorism in Eastern Europe.

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Michalak, W. Z. "Foreign Direct Investment and Joint Ventures in East-Central Europe: A Geographical Perspective." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 25, no. 11 (November 1993): 1573–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a251573.

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Capital flows in the form of foreign direct investment (FDI) are becoming one of the major mechanisms of interaction between Western and East-Central Europe. The major objective in this paper is to assess the extent and distribution of FDI between Czechoslovakia (before its breakup), Hungary, and Poland at the beginning of 1992. A detailed examination of the new investment patterns is followed by an analysis of the capital flows by geographical origin of investors and sector of the economy. In addition, the political and economic reasons for emerging regional differences in terms of FDI are discussed. The conclusions are focused on possible scenarios for future FDI in the region and its importance in the European integration process. It is clear that the benefits of direct Western investment in the former Eastern Europe stretch well beyond narrowly defined economic interests.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Economic development – Europe, Western'

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