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Journal articles on the topic 'Economic assistance in Nicaragua'

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Published: 25 July 2024

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1

Linsenmeyer, William S. "Foreign Nations, International Organizations, and Their Impact on Health Conditions in Nicaragua since 1979." International Journal of Health Services 19, no. 3 (July 1989): 509–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/5fv4-w26a-adgt-kepb.

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In July 1979, a coalition of social forces in Nicaragua, under the leadership of the Sandinistas, toppled the discredited 43-year Somoza dictatorship. In addition to revolutionary Nicaragua's own substantial efforts, since 1979 international forces and developments have had profound impacts on the nation's ambitious social programs. This article investigates the impact of foreign nations and international organizations on Nicaragua's health conditions since 1979. Given or pledged assistance, for health and other social needs, has been forthcoming, for example, from Latin America, Western Europe, socialist countries, the United Nations, the Organization of American States, and the European Economic Community. International forces, however, have also had a negative impact on Nicaragua's health conditions. Since 1981, counter-revolutionary guerilla forces, known as contras, have fought the Nicaraguan government troops in a disastrous conflict, involving substantial international assistance for each side. The United States and several other nations have provided some form of aid to the contras. The war in Nicaragua has resulted in enormous human and material losses, and, of course, has adversely affected health conditions.

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2

Conroy, Michael E. "External Dependence, External Assistance, and Economic Aggression Against Nicaragua." Latin American Perspectives 12, no. 2 (April 1985): 39–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x8501200203.

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3

Butler, William E. "Council of Mutual Economic Assistance-Nicaragua: Agreement on Cooperation." International Legal Materials 24, no. 5 (September 1985): 1408–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020782900030114.

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4

Berrios, Rubén. "Relations between Nicaragua and the Socialist Countries." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 27, no. 3 (1985): 111–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165602.

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Since the Late 1960s, due to détente and rising nationalism in Latin America, the Soviet Union and the Eastern European countries have succeeded in expanding diplomatic relations with most countries in the Western Hemisphere (Blasier, 1984; Fichet, 1981). For an increasing number of Third World nations, the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) countries of Eastern Europe have become a source of trade, credits, technical assistance and political support. Hence, many Third World countries view CMEA agreements as a means of strengthening their negotiating position vis-á-vis the United States and other developed countries. In turn, the CMEA countries have stepped up their commercial activity irrespective of the nature of the governments of the recipient countries. In the case of Latin America, CMEA ability to provide such funding is restrained by their own economic limitations, by geographical distance and by the shortage of foreign exchange. These factors discourage risky commitments in a region that is peripheral to essential security concerns of the CMEA countries.

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5

Howlett, Charles F. "Neighborly Concern: John Nevin Sayre and the Mission of Peace and Goodwill to Nicaragua, 1927-28." Americas 45, no. 1 (July 1988): 19–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007325.

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For almost two decades prior to 1927 Nicaragua had been governed by Washington “more completely than the American Federal Government rules any state in the Union.” Such governance was justified by the State Department which raised the specter of the Monroe Doctrine not only to bolster America's economic ambitions in the region but also to protect the nation's national security — a fact which took on added importance due to the recent construction of the Panama Canal. From 1912 to 1925, a Legation Guard of United States Marines reminded the country of the overwhelming American dominance. For only a brief period did America's military presence abate. In 1926, however, a civil war broke out that threatened to destroy the political and economic stability the United States had come to rely on. American military assistance was requested and quickly rendered. What events led to U.S. military action in this Central American country?

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6

International Monetary Fund. "Nicaragua: Recent Economic Developments." IMF Staff Country Reports 96, no. 124 (1996): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451829105.002.

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7

Orozco, Blanco, Napoleón Vicente, Zúniga González, and Carlos Alberto. "Environmental Bio Economic Impact in Nicaragua." Journal of Agricultural Studies 1, no. 2 (July 21, 2013): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v1i2.4033.

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In this article the Bio economy of power plants connected to the national interconnected system of Nicaragua is analyzed, through the study of environmental effects of greenhouse gases emissions from the use of solid biomass from sugarcane bagasse and oil to generate electricity. In addition, an analysis of Cost - Benefit of investments to the electricity generation using fossil fuel and bagasse is done. The Methodology EX-Ante Carbon-balance Tool (EX-ACT) was used; this methodology was proposed by the United Nations Organization for Food and Agriculture (FAO) to determine the overall greenhouse gases (GHG) emission balance. Additionally, the WinDASI program, also developed by FAO, was used for the Cost - Benefit Analysis of investment in power plants. Furthermore, we performed marginal costing GHG reduction. The results show, that all plants are sources of GHG emissions, however the impact of sugar mills is partially positive by reforestation components and annual crops. However, the component inputs had negative environmental and socially impact. In the case of thermal power generation plants based on petroleum connected to the national grid, they were found to be sources of greenhouse gases. The analysis of the Benefit Cost in their investment indicates that there is a positive financially impact except in ALBANISA power plant and sugar Mills power plants.

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8

Herman, Edward S. "The U.S. Economic Destabilization of Nicaragua." Review of Radical Political Economics 20, no. 2-3 (June 1988): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/048661348802000241.

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9

McLaughlin, Ivan. "Is there a Sheriff anymore? Vietnam’s legacy on US-Nicaraguan relations during the Carter Era, 1977-1981." Boolean: Snapshots of Doctoral Research at University College Cork, no. 2011 (January 1, 2011): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/boolean.2011.32.

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My project explores the extent to which the Vietnam legacy influenced US-Nicaraguan relations during the transition of power that took place in Nicaragua during James Earl Carter’s presidency. The Vietnam legacy is characterised by the increased influences of the US Congress, press, public and Latin America on US executive decisions. Understanding the role of the Vietnam legacy shows that the Carter administration had not regained the US’s ‘lost confidence.’ The US’s anxiety over Vietnam remained and left a void in the Western Hemisphere when Nicaragua needed guidance and assistance from the US during its political transition. On July 19, 1979, the forty-year old traditionally US backed dictatorship led by Anastasio Somoza Debayle was overthrown in Nicaragua by a coalition of Nicaraguans encompassing the business, academic, religious and working classes. Somoza’s opponents went on to create a new government for Nicaragua. Although they were initially euphoric in the aftermath of Somoza’s ...

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10

International Monetary Fund. "Nicaragua: Recent Economic Developments and Statistical Annex." IMF Staff Country Reports 99, no. 124 (1999): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451829129.002.

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11

GESKE DIJKSTRA, A. "Technocracy Questioned: Assessing Economic Stabilisation in Nicaragua." Bulletin of Latin American Research 18, no. 3 (July 1999): 295–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-9856.1999.tb00136.x.

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12

Hwang, Byoung-Soh, and Seung-Hoon Yoo. "Electricity consumption and economic growth in Nicaragua." Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy 11, no. 8 (August 2, 2016): 746–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2013.781247.

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13

Weeks, John. "Economic Crisis in Nicaragua: Blaming the Victim." Review of Radical Political Economics 20, no. 2-3 (June 1988): 266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/048661348802000240.

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14

Abud, Ronald. "Revolution as Self-Expression: the Folklore Ballet of Nicaragua." New Theatre Quarterly 3, no. 9 (February 1987): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x0000854x.

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Early in 1986, the Ballet Folklorico Nacional de Nicaragua was invited by the London Borough of Camden to play a season at the Shaw Theatre. Its founder and director. Ronald Abud V, taked to Elaine Turner, with the assistance of the company's translator Margaret Clark, about the work and aims of a company which has become closely identified with its country's revolution, and about the means of expressing a rediscovered national identity through the performing arts.

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15

Mària, Josep F., and Daniel Arenas. "Societal Ethos and Economic Development Organizations in Nicaragua." Journal of Business Ethics 88, S2 (September 2009): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0290-y.

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16

Griffin, Keith. "Observations on Economic Policy in Post-Revolution Nicaragua." Review of Radical Political Economics 20, no. 2-3 (June 1988): 260–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/048661348802000239.

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17

Rice, Robert A. "Gold mining in Nicaragua." Minerals & Energy - Raw Materials Report 5, no. 1 (January 1986): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14041048609409291.

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18

Maclure, Richard, and Melvin Sotelo. "Youth Social Capital Formation in Nicaragua." International Journal of Children’s Rights 22, no. 2 (June 5, 2014): 385–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02202003.

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In many Latin American countries, stringent crime control measures have failed to stem high levels of youth crime and violence. As a consequence, there is burgeoning interest in the notion of youth social capital as a basis for policies and programmes designed to enhance the rights of young people living in circumstances of poverty and risk. Yet there is little knowledge of existing sources of youth social capital in poor urban communities in Latin America. To address this gap, the authors conducted an inquiry into the sources and aspects of youth social capital in one low-income urban neighbourhood in Nicaragua. The study revealed that despite a local context fraught with the effects of poverty, youth experienced varying benefits from family and peer relationships, and from their differentiated associations with school, church, and places of work. In recognition of these existing sources of local support, we argue that youth social capital formation, particularly through family assistance and investments in schooling, has considerable merit as both a means and an end of community development strategies in low-income neighbourhoods. We acknowledge, however, that social capital formation as a basis of youth policies and programmes must be founded on a broad civic and political commitment to children’s rights which, as yet, is far from evident in Nicaragua.

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19

Storkmann, Klaus. "East German Military Aid to the Sandinista Government of Nicaragua, 1979–1990." Journal of Cold War Studies 16, no. 2 (April 2014): 56–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00451.

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The East German regime provided extensive military assistance to developing countries and armed guerrilla movements in Africa, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. In the 1980s, the pro-Soviet Marxist government in Nicaragua was one of the major recipients of East German military assistance. This article focuses on contacts at the level of the ministries of defense, on Nicaraguan requests to the East German military command, and on political and military decision-making processes in East Germany. The article examines the provision of weaponry and training as well as other forms of cooperation and support. Research for the article was conducted in the formerly closed archives of the East German Ministry for National Defense regarding military supplies to the Third World as well as the voluminous declassified files of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (the ruling Communist party).

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20

Vargas, Óscar, Lupe García, and María Ramos. "Growth diagnostic framework: case study of nicaragua." Investigación Administrativa 42-2 (July 1, 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35426/iav42n112.03.

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Nicaragua has one of the lowest growth domestic products (GDP) growth rates in the Americas, since its economic crisis, which lasted from 1978 to 1994. This investigation conducts a growth diagnostics of the Nicaraguan economy in order to identify the causes to its low growth rates compared to other countries in the region, focusing on Central American countries. This tool explains and exposes the main economic, social and political factors that impede the economic growth of a particular country in a specific context in time; also, it lists elements that generate low income in economic activities, and high finance costs, which negatively affect private investment and entrepreneurship. Our findings permit the development of a more successful growth strategy by designing specific policies in order to tackle the existing problems and obtain productive investment, productivity and a higher growth rate. We propose some policy reforms to eliminate the binding constraints identified in Nicaragua, and to increase growth and development outcomes.

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21

Kalashnikov, Nikolai, and Dmitrii Morozov. "Nicaragua: from “consensus” model towards authoritarianism." Latin-American Historical Almanac 34, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 193–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/2305-8773-2022-34-1-193-216.

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The article deals with the crisis of political situation in Nicaragua on the eve and after parliament and presidential elections on November 7, 2021. The authors shed light upon the social, economic, and political characteris-tics of existed model. In their opinion, behind the showcase of external well-being grave contradictions had accumulated in the country that came to being in April 2018. The aggravation of the situation was influenced by the negative consequences of COVID 19 pandemia. At the same time due to police control over internal political situation, favorable prices for export goods of Nicaragua and the growth of funds coming from Nicaraguans abroad and foreign loans permitted D. Ortega to stabilize the economic sit-uation. But a lot of social problems remain unresolved. The elections of November 2021 were a sham. Ortega has managed to be reelected due to the gruesome repressions against the opposition that caused the sanctions imposed on Managua by US and European Union. Looking for other partners Ortega decided to establish diplomatic relations and large-scale economic cooperation with China. The article analyses the political potential and possibilities of opposition to gain the future elections. The attempt is made to prognosticate the political situation in the country in the coming years.

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22

Brooks, William L., and Robert M. Orr,. "Japan's Foreign Economic Assistance." Asian Survey 25, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 322–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2644122.

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23

Ruttan, Vernon W. "Why Foreign Economic Assistance?" Economic Development and Cultural Change 37, no. 2 (January 1989): 411–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/451730.

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24

Brooks, William L., and Robert M. Orr, Jr. "Japan's Foreign Economic Assistance." Asian Survey 25, no. 3 (March 1985): 322–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.1985.25.3.01p0257y.

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25

Savage, Joanne, Richard R. Bennett, and Mona Danner. "Economic Assistance and Crime." European Journal of Criminology 5, no. 2 (April 2008): 217–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370807087645.

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26

GLOMSRØD, SOLVEIG, MARIA DOLORES MONGE, and HAAKON VENNEMO. "Structural adjustment and deforestation in Nicaragua." Environment and Development Economics 4, no. 1 (February 1999): 19–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x99000030.

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This paper investigates the impact of structural adjustment policies on deforestation taking place when the agricultural frontier advances into forest reserves in Nicaragua. A computable general equilibrium model incorporating deforestation by squatters is used for policy simulations. The opportunity cost of migrating to the frontier does not simply depend on wage income opportunity, but also on market prices of basic grain which determine the capacity to consume beyond subsistence food-level given a certain real wage. Reducing public expenditures both conserves forests and enhances economic growth, while showing positive distributional effects. On the other hand, a strong conservation trend following a sales tax increase is driven by increasing poverty in rural areas. Noticeably, there are policies which initially intensify deforestation, but turn out to ease the pressure on forests over time. Rapid economic growth does not ensure less pressure on forest reserves.

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27

Juan Vázquez, José, Sonia Panadero, and Paulina Paz Rincón. "Stressful Life Events in Countries of Differing Economic Development: Nicaragua, Chile, and Spain." Psychological Reports 101, no. 1 (August 2007): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.101.1.193-201.

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the aim was to describe a study involving 481 psychology students in the last courses of their degrees ( M age = 21.9 yr., SD = 4.2; 94 men and 386 women) from Nicaragua, Chile, and Spain. The study examined the potential risk of experiencing certain stressful life events, the number of stressors, and their characteristics. Also were analyzed the strength of their relation to social class and stressful life events experienced. Greater presence of stressful life events were reported among people from less developed countries, Chile and Nicaragua, and among people belonging to lower social class.

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28

Winters, Paul, Guy Stecklov, and Jessica Todd. "Household Structure and Short-Run Economic Change in Nicaragua." Journal of Marriage and Family 71, no. 3 (August 2009): 708–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00628.x.

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29

Millán, Teresa Molina. "Regional Migration, Insurance and Economic Shocks: Evidence from Nicaragua." Journal of Development Studies 56, no. 11 (December 19, 2019): 2000–2029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2019.1703956.

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30

Rugina, Anghel N. "An “Economic Miracle” in Nicaragua … Is It Still Possible?" International Journal of Social Economics 20, no. 8 (August 1993): 12–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000000536.

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31

Pisani, Michael J. "Contemporary Female Entrepreneurship in Nicaragua." AD-minister, no. 33 (December 12, 2018): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17230//ad-minister.33.1.

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Women are important entrepreneurial actors within the Nicaraguan economic ecosystem. Majority fe-male-owned firms comprise 32.7% of all urban Nicaraguan formal enterprises; these ownership rates far exceed the regional (21.8%) or global averages (14.5%). Within Nicaragua, self-employment rates for women (43.3%) surpass that of men (28.3%). This article describes the contemporary Nicaraguan entrepreneurial landscape for female-owned enterprises using the 2016 Nicaraguan Enterprise Survey of 333 formal sector urban-based firms conducted by the World Bank. Principal multivariate results include the concentration of female top management with majority female-ownership, the role of the informal sector in spawning formal female enterprises, and size constraints of female-owned enterprises.

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32

Grossman, Nienke. "Territorial and Maritime Dispute." American Journal of International Law 107, no. 2 (April 2013): 396–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.107.2.0396.

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On November 19, 2012, the International Court of Justice rendered its judgment in a dispute involving territorial and maritime claims raised by Nicaragua against Colombia in the Caribbean Sea. The Court considered Nicaragua’s requests for a declaration of Nicaraguan sovereignty over seven disputed maritime features and delimitation of a single maritime boundary between the continental shelves and exclusive economic zones appertaining to Nicaragua and Colombia. The Court awarded all disputed territory to Colombia and delimited the maritime boundary between the states’ continental shelves and exclusive economic zones by using a novel mix of weighted base points, geodetic lines, parallels of latitude, and enclaving.

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33

Borowy, Iris. "East German medical aid to Nicaragua: the politics of solidarity between biomedicine and primary health care." História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 24, no. 2 (April 2017): 411–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-59702017000200006.

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Abstract Between 1979 and 1989 the government of the German Democratic Republic provided health assistance to Sandinista Nicaragua. After initial relief aid, the Sandinista embrace of a primary health care-based health system made East German health support difficult. The non-convertible currency, the repressive quality of the East German leadership, and the lack of experience with primary health care processes all limited its potential to provide support. After 1985, when implementation of this system stalled, East German health assistance was revitalized with the donation of the Hospital Carlos Marx. Providing medical services to three hundred thousand people, it combined elements of a strictly East German institution, using German personnel and equipment, with some integration into local systems.

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34

Zholdosheva, Madina. "JAPAN'S ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE TO KYRGYZSTAN." Вестник Международного Университета Кыргызстана, no. 4 (2022): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.53473/16946324_2022_4_230.

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35

KOSAI, YUTAKA, and KENJI MATSUYAMA. "Japanese Economic Cooperation." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 513, no. 1 (January 1991): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716291513001006.

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Japanese official development assistance (ODA) totaled $9.13 billion in 1988, which put Japan neck and neck with the United States for the title of largest aid-donor country. In the few decades since joining the Development Assistance Committee in 1961, Japan has steadily increased its aid effort until the country is now one of the major sources of economic cooperation. This article first outlines the characteristics of Japanese ODA—such as its emphasis on loans to Asia—and then discusses the various factors that have shaped these characteristics. In recognition of the fact that yen credits are central to Japanese assistance, the significance and impact of those yen credits are then examined. Finally, some recent developments in Japanese assistance and some issues that remain to be resolved are reviewed.

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36

Hingson, Luke L. "Private International Assistance in Major Disasters: The Brother's Brother Foundation." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1, S1 (1985): 309–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00044915.

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Over the past two decades, the general public in affluent western societies has become vividly aware of major disasters from around the world through the improving technology of the news media. Each one of us can readily recall the instantaneous reports on earthquake ravaged Guatemala in 1976; war-torn Nicaragua and Cambodia in 1979; and devastating earthquakes in Italy and Algeria in 1980.Once alerted to the magnitude of these disasters, private organizations (churches, foundations, civic clubs, etc.), some 300–400 in number, in dozens of countries mobilized public support through news reports, ads, public service announcements, speeches and circular letters. For example, the Pittsburgh area raised over one half million dollars for refugees in Southeast Asia in 1980 that was channeled through such groups as UNICEF, Catholic Relief Services, and the International Rescue Committee.

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37

AHEARN JR, FREDERICK L., and JOHN H. NOBLE JR. "POST-CIVIL WAR ADAPTATION AND NEED IN MANAGUA, NICARAGUA." Journal of Biosocial Science 36, no. 4 (June 23, 2004): 401–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932004006625.

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Within seven years after the end of the Nicaraguan civil war in 1990, forced migrants, whose lives had been most disrupted by the conflict, were self-settled in a squatter community in the capital city of Managua and lived in extreme poverty with minimal health, education, security and social service supports. Compared with voluntary migrant neighbours, whose lives had been less affected by the conflict, forced migrants exhibited equal clinically significant symptoms of physical and mental health and psychosocial maladaptation. These findings run counter to generally held theory and assumptions about the negative long-lasting effects of the trauma and stress of war, forced migration and resettlement. Explanations are offered to explain the discrepancies between theory and the study findings as well as the dominance of poverty and socioeconomic status. Implications are also drawn for increasing social support and other durable forms of assistance that emerge from the study as important to meeting the needs of equally poor and unhealthy forced and voluntary migrants in proliferating squatter communities throughout the Third World.

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38

Archondo-Callao, Rodrigo, Douglas Méndez Talavera, and Lubina Cantarero Zeas. "Network-Level Application of Roads Economic Decision Model in Nicaragua." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, no. 1 (January 2003): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819a-11.

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A network-level application of the Roads Economic Decision (RED) model in Nicaragua is presented. The RED model was developed by the World Bank to improve the decision-making process for development and maintenance of low-volume roads. The model adopts the consumer surplus approach to estimate transport benefits and is customized to the characteristics of low-volume roads, such as the high uncertainty in the assessment of the model inputs, the difficulties in characterizing the road condition of unpaved roads, and the need for a comprehensive analysis of generated traffic to clearly define all accrued benefits. The network-level application was designed to define a rational maintenance and improvement program for a network of secondary unpaved roads with particular attention to the alternative of improving the network by surfacing roads with concrete blocks and to include in the decision-making process not only economic considerations but also poverty indicators and priorities perceived by local administrators.

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39

Villarreyna, R., M. Barrios, S. Vílchez, R. Cerda, R. Vignola, and J. Avelino. "Economic constraints as drivers of coffee rust epidemics in Nicaragua." Crop Protection 127 (January 2020): 104980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2019.104980.

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40

Leogrande, William M. "Making the economy scream: Us economic sanctions against Sandinista Nicaragua." Third World Quarterly 17, no. 2 (June 1996): 329–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436599650035716.

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41

Fagerberg, Bengt, Robert Lilljequist, Noel Castellón, and Bengt Fagerberg. "Small scale gold mining in Nicaragua." Minerals & Energy - Raw Materials Report 4, no. 1 (March 1986): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14041048609408961.

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42

Salinas-Miranda, Abraham A., Eric A. Storch, Robert Nelson, and Claudia Evans-Baltodano. "Challenges for Evidence-Based Care for Children With Developmental Delays in Nicaragua." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 28, no. 3 (2014): 226–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.28.3.226.

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Evidence of successful models for promoting early childhood development and for effectively addressing developmental delays is available, yet the adoption of evidence-based strategies is limited in low-income countries. Nicaragua, a low-income country on the Central American isthmus, faces policy-, organizational-, and community-level obstacles which prevent families from receiving the benefits of early child development programs as well as other necessary services for children at risk of or with developmental delays. Failing to address developmental delays in a timely manner leads to detrimental social and economic consequences for families and society at large. In this article, we examine existing information on early childhood development in Nicaragua and discuss some programmatic implications for the recognition and early intervention of developmental delays in Nicaragua.

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43

Harris, Alison, and Tammy Shefer. "Mental health services in Nicaragua: Ten years of revolution." Psychiatric Bulletin 14, no. 6 (June 1990): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.14.6.346.

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Nicaragua is celebrating ten years of revolution since the overthrow of the 45 year long Somoza dictatorship∗. In this time, the Sandinista government has attempted to construct a more democratic society with considerable achievements in the area of health, welfare and education. Indeed, health care has been a priority in spite of severe economic difficulties caused by the United States economic blockade and by the need for defence against the war waged by the counter-revolutionaries (the Contra).

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44

Simon, Xavier, Maria Montero, and Óscar Bermudez. "Advancing Food Security through Agroecological Technologies: The Implementation of the Biointensive Method in the Dry Corridor of Nicaragua." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (January 23, 2020): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12030844.

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In contrast with international food assistance programs, or with the new green revolution based on the sustainable intensification of agriculture, this work proposes an agroecological technology to overcome food insecurity problems in countries like Nicaragua, most especially in rural areas. In particular, it analyzes the effects of implementing the biointensive method—an agroecological food production initiative that is highly labor-intensive, but requires little land—in various communities of the Dry Corridor in Nicaragua. This project is the result of establishing an international consortium for development cooperation where grassroots communities played a prominent role. The main results are an improvement in local food security and a strengthening of the communities’ capacity to face major challenges arising from poverty and climate change, the effects of which are increasingly noticeable in Central America. The main weakness identified is that the necessary tropicalization of the method has not been sufficiently tested, for a two-year period is too short a time to transform the prevailing rural development dynamics significantly.

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Schmeer, Kammi K., Barbara A. Piperata, Andrés Herrera Rodríguez, Virgilio Mariano Salazar Torres, and Francisco José Centeno Cárdenas. "Maternal resources and household food security: evidence from Nicaragua." Public Health Nutrition 18, no. 16 (January 7, 2015): 2915–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980014003000.

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AbstractObjectiveWomen (especially mothers) are theorized as critical to reducing household food insecurity through their work and caregiver roles. The present study tests these assumptions, assessing how maternal economic and social resources are associated with food insecurity in households with young children.DesignData from a population-based sample of households was collected in León, Nicaragua (n 443). Data include a newly validated measure of household food insecurity (ELCSA), maternal resource measures, and household economic status and demographics. Regression analysis tests the statistical associations (P<0·05) of maternal resources with household, adult-specific and child-specific food insecurity.SettingMunicipality of León, Nicaragua.SubjectsHouseholds with children aged 3–11 years in rural and urban León.ResultsOnly 25 % of households with young children were food secure, with 50 % mildly food insecure and 25 % moderately/severely food insecure. When mothers contributed substantially to household income, the odds of moderate/severe household food insecurity were 34 % lower than when their spouse/partner was the main provider. The odds of food insecurity were 60 % lower when mothers managed household money, 48 % lower when mothers had a secondary (v. primary) education, 65 % higher among single mothers and 16 % lower with each indicator of social support. Results were similar for adult- and child-specific food insecurity.ConclusionsThis research provides new evidence that maternal economic and social resources are important for reducing household food insecurity and adult- and child-specific food insecurity. Women’s social status, social support and access to economic resources need to be enhanced as a part of policies aimed to reduce food insecurity in high-poverty settings.

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Dabagyan, E. S. "Nicaragua: the secrets of the President’s political longevity." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos 9, no. 1 (November 6, 2021): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2021-9-1-76-88.

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This article is a political portrait of an extraordinary personality, the President of Nicaragua Daniel Ortega, who has travelled a long and very thorny path of transformation from a frantic fighter against a dictatorial regime to a man who actually became the country’s president for life. The author presents the methods by which Ortega achieved power and thereby ensured his political longevity. The author pays special attention to the role of Rosario Murillo, the politician’s wife, whose importance is growing in the internal political life of the state. The article provides an overview of the political history of the country in recent decades, the author also presents the peculiarities of Ortega’s biography and professional development. The author examines the stages of the party struggle in Nicaragua and the role of Ortega in this process. The author analyzes in detail the opinions of various experts regarding political events that took place in Nicaragua. The author traces and analyzes the main trends in economic development of Nicaragua, including cooperation with the Russian Federation. The author notes the role of Nicaragua in assisting the Russian Federation on the international arena. The author emphasizes the diversity of the spheres in which cooperation and interaction of the two countries is carried out.

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Polskova, M. K. "The external image of Russia in Latin America on the example of the Republic of Nicaragua." Diplomaticheskaja sluzhba (Diplomatic Service), no. 4 (July 12, 2023): 326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-01-2304-06.

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This article analyses Russia's image in the countries of the Latin American region. Using the example of the Republic of Nicaragua, the main factors for forming a positive image of the Russian Federation abroad are identifi ed, and examples of successful implementation of our country's "soft power" policy are given. The article pays special attention to bilateral relations between Russia and Nicaragua at the present stage, examines many areas of cooperation between the countries, such as trade, economic and investment, military-technical, cultural, scientific and technical, humanitarian and others.

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Diebold, William, and Adam Zwass. "The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance." Foreign Affairs 69, no. 2 (1990): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20044334.

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Nachmias, Nitza. "International economic assistance and sustainable development." International Journal of Public Sector Management 12, no. 3 (June 1999): 273–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09513559910267422.

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Kang, Seonjou, and James Meernik. "Determinants of Post-Conflict Economic Assistance." Journal of Peace Research 41, no. 2 (March 2004): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343304041062.

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