Academic literature on the topic 'Economic assistance, Australian China'
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Journal articles on the topic "Economic assistance, Australian China"
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Prasetyo, Aryo Bimo, Achmad Ismail, and Muhammad Fachrie. "Uncovering motives and rivalry of China-Australia amid the COVID-19 pandemic in the Pacific region." Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik 34, no. 4 (November 29, 2021): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mkp.v34i42021.395-405.
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The rivalry between China and Australia in the Pacific region shows high tension. This rivalry has increasingly intense in the form of providing assistance to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic, where both countries have various motives of interest by providing the assistance. This article aims to describe the economic and political motives of China and Australia in order to provide assistance in handling COVID-19 to countries in the Pacific region. This article used a descriptive method by collecting several sources from books, journals, official documents, and scientific articles on the internet. It finds that China and Australia have economic and political-security motives from the assistance provided to countries in the Pacific region. The large natural resources in the Pacific region and its transformation into a world maritime trade route become the economic motives. The political motives for China are the principle of “One China” and a “Good Image/Perception” for China, while the political motive for Australia is strengthening Australia’s solidarity in the Pacific region. This article concludes that China’s presence in the Pacific region, which includes assistance in combatting COVID-19 and other concerns, puts China a threat to Australia, making the rivalry between the two countries is no longer inevitable.
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Garin, Artyom A. "Official Development Assistance as an Aspect of the Australia-China Competition in the South Pacific." South East Asia: Actual problems of Development, no. 4(49) (2020): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2072-8271-2020-3-4-49-193-205.
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Due to China's increasing involvement in South Pacific, there is a growing interest on the part of the middle and great powers in providing the Pacific island States with an increasing amount of material assistance. With its unique geographical location, as well as numerous initiatives in the humanitarian, trade, economic and defence areas, Australia's influence is reinforced by its status as the major ODA source in Oceania. At the same time, despite Australia's clear advantage in providing ODA to South Pacific states, the region is attracting an increasing number of countries aimed at providing ODA to South Pacific countries, especially China.
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Home, David. "The United States of America and Decolonization in the South Pacific Region Countries." International Journal of Science and Society 1, no. 2 (September 11, 2019): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v1i2.11.
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The purpose of this study is intended to reveal the background and influence of the United States in the South Pacific countries. The method used in this study is critical history. In analyzing data, the steps taken are steps according to Kuntowijoyo, topic selection, heuristics, verification (source criticism), interpretation, historiography. The results showed that the presence of the Soviet Union and China in the south Pacific moved the United States to pay more attention to this region, by further enhancing its role in the South Pacific Region. The role of the United States in the South Pacific Region covers the fields of economics, politics, and strategy. In the economic field, the United States provides assistance and improves their standard of living. In the political and strategic fields, the United States, together with Australia and New Zealand, which was bound by the ANZUS defense pact, tried to stem the influx of communist influence from the Soviet Union and China.
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Duran, Kevin. "Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Business Research, Vol. 10, No. 10." International Business Research 10, no. 10 (September 27, 2017): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v10n10p241.
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International Business Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.International Business Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://recruitment.ccsenet.org and e-mail the completed application form to ibr@ccsenet.org.Reviewers for Volume 10, Number 10Alina Badulescu, University of Oradea, RomaniaAshford C Chea, Benedict College, USAAtallah Ahmad Alhosban, Aqaba University of Technology, JordanAurelija Burinskiene, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LithuaniaBenjamin James Inyang, University of Calabar, NigeriaCelina Maria Olszak, University of Economics in Katowice, PolandDea’a Al-Deen Al-Sraheen, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, JordanEjindu Iwelu MacDonald Morah, University of Westminster, London, UKEva Mira Bolfíková, Univerzity of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Slovak RepublicFederica De Santis, University of Pisa , ItalyFlorin Ionita, The Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, RomaniaFoued Hamouda, Ecole Supérieure de Commerce, TunisiaFrancesco Ciampi, Florence University, ItalyHanna Trojanowska, Warsaw University of Technology, PolandHerald Monis, Milagres College, IndiaHongliang Qiu, Tourism College of Zhejiang, ChinaHsiao-Ching Kuo, Washington and Jefferson College, USAHung-Che Wu, Nanfang College of Sun Yat-sen University, ChinaJoanna Katarzyna Blach, University of Economics in Katowice, PolandJorge Mongay-Hurtado, ESIC Business and Marketing School, SpainMansour Esmaeil Zaei, Panjab University, India/IranMarcelino José Jorge, Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute of Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, BrazilMaria Teresa Bianchi, University of Rome “LA SAPIENZA”, ItalyMithat Turhan, Mersin University, TurkeyMuath Eleswed, American University of Kuwait, USAPascal Stiefenhofer, University of Brighton, UKRadoslav Jankal, University of Zilina, SlovakiaRafiuddin Ahmed, James Cook University, AustraliaRoberto Campos da Rocha Miranda, University Center Iesb, BrazilRoxanne Helm Stevens, Azusa Pacific University, USASang-Bing Tsai, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, ChinaSerhii Kozlovskiy, Donetsk National University, UkraineShun Mun Helen Wong, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong KongSumathisri Bhoopalan, Sastra University, IndiaVassili JOANNIDES de LAUTOUR, Grenoble École de Management (France) and Queensland University of Technology School of Accountancy (Australia), FranceVincent Grèzes, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais-Wallis), SwitzerlandWejdene Yangui, Institute of High Business Studies of Sfax _ Tunisia (IHEC), Tunisia
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Salem, Saber. "Chinese Foreign Aid to Fiji: Threat or Opportunity." China Report 56, no. 2 (April 29, 2020): 242–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009445520916875.
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China’s political, economic and cultural influence is steadily rising in Fiji and the Pacific region as a whole. The Sino–Fiji cooperation deepened at multiple levels after the Fijian military assumed power through a coup d’état and removed the civilian government from power in late 2006. This ‘undemocratic behaviour’ infuriated the two regional powers—Australia and New Zealand who then applied sanctions on Fiji, particularly the military brass, and encouraged their counterparts as well as multilateral aid organisations to ‘punish’ Fiji’s military ‘regime’. The military government in order to derail the impact of sanctions from its traditional donors adopted the ‘Look North Policy’, which was opening cooperation with China and attracting Chinese investment in Fiji. China welcomed the friendship gesture and furnished Fiji with financial assistance. This Chinese friendship was also due to Taiwanese involvement in the region, which was providing aid for diplomatic recognition and support at the UN. The ‘microstates’ hold about 7 per cent of UN votes. Both China and Taiwan need their votes at multilateral organisations and given that these microstates are mostly aid-dependent economies, initiated an era of Chequebook diplomacy, which is basically money for diplomatic recognition in the case of Taiwan or acceptance of One China Policy in the case of China. The microstates have time and again switched between China and Taiwan and played one against the other to get more aid money out of their diplomatic rivalry. The Sino–Taiwan aid competition in the Pacific forced US to make a strong comeback and ensure that China under the pretext of denying Taiwan space in the region actually spies on the US activities in the region. As a result, the US and its regional allies have significantly increased their foreign aid to the island nations in order to coax them to diminish their level of financial dependence on China. So far, they have not been successful enough and China’s aid package has gone far beyond the level US is giving. Today, China is the second largest donor to the region and largest financier to Fiji. Fiji has become the ace in this game as it is the regional hub of the Pacific Island states. Bearing the current high level of aid competition between traditional and emerging donors in mind, it is too early to judge whether Chinese aid will cause more harm to Fiji than benefit or vice versa. It also entirely depends on the Fijian government as to how much it relies on Chinese aid and how clean Chinese are with their soft loans. China has been blamed for not being clear and specific about the terms and conditions of its concessional loans. This vagueness and secrecy that is associated with Chinese aid been a cause for concern, especially among traditional donors.
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Lin, Sherry. "Reviewer Acknowledgements for Higher Education Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1." Higher Education Studies 9, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/hes.v9n1p159.
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Higher Education Studies wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.
Higher Education Studies is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://recruitment.ccsenet.org and e-mail the completed application form to hes@ccsenet.org.
Reviewers for Volume 9, Number 1
Abdelaziz Mohammed, Albaha University, Saudi Arabia
Ana-Cornelia Badea, Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest, Romania
Anna Liduma, University of Latvia, Latvia
Antonina Lukenchuk, National Louis University, USA
Arbabisarjou Azizollah, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Ausra Kazlauskiene, Siauliai University, Lithuania
Barbara N. Martin, University of Central Missouri, USA
Carmen P. Mombourquette, University of Lethbridge, Canada
Deniz Ayse Yazicioglu, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Dibakar Sarangi, Teacher Education and State Council for Educational research and Training, India
Evrim Ustunluoglu, Izmir University of Economics –Izmir/Turkey, Turkey
Firouzeh Sepehrianazar, Orumieh university, Iran
Geraldine N. Hill, Elizabeth City State University, USA
Gerard Hoyne, School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, Australia
Gregory S. Ching, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taiwan
Hüseyin Serçe, Selçuk University, Turkey
Jayanti Dutta, Panjab University, India
Jisun Jung, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
John Cowan, Edinburgh Napier University, United Kingdom
John Walter Miller, Benedict College in Columbia, USA
Laid Fekih, University of Tlemcen Algeria, Algeria
Lung-Tan Lu, Fo Guang University, Taiwan, Taiwan
Mehmet Ersoy, Department of Computer Education and Instructional Technologies, Turkey
Mei Jiun Wu, Faculty of Education, University of Macau, China
Meric Ozgeldi, Mersin University, Turkey
Mirosław Kowalski, University of Zielona Góra, Poland
Nicos Souleles, Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus
Okedeyi Sakiru Abiodun, Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education, Nigeria
Philip Denton, Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom
Rachida Labbas, Washington State University, USA
Ranjit Kaur Gurdial Singh, The Kilmore International School, Australia
Sahar Ahadi, Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, Iran
Tuija A. Turunen, University of Lapland, Finland
Vasiliki Brinia, Athens University of Economic and Business, Greece
Zahra Shahsavar, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Shupyk, S. "Foreign experience in the development of dairy cattle and directions of its use in domestic practice." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 1 (155) (May 21, 2020): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2020-155-1-36-46.
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The article analyzes the support for the US market, where the government has allocated almost $ 22.2 billion for the development of dairy cattle. direct and indirect subsidies to the country's dairy sector (35.02 c/l), which is equivalent to 73% of farmers' milk sales, showed relatively high domestic support, export subsidies, conservation programs, risk management programs, disaster relief programs, loan programs, crop insurance, livestock support. Surveys to support the Indian market, which ranks second in the world in raw milk production (9.5%), have shown that almost 80% of small-scale farmers are small-scale farmers. Milk collection is carried out by 130 thousand dairy cooperatives. NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development) under DEDS, provides for subsidies of up to 25% of costs. China is investing heavily in the construction of large dairy farms and livestock complexes with up to 100,000 cows. The Australian market produces 9.3 million tonnes of milk, of which 36% is exported and is the world's fourth exporter of dairy products (6% of the world market). Australia's dairy cattle are characterized by a small amount of direct government support. During 2015-2016, agriculture received financial and commercial assistance over $ 147 million. US in the form of payments to farms. It has been established that price forecasting plays an important role in regulating the milk market in Australia, on the basis of which the profile Ministry, taking into account world prices, generates milk price indices. Analysis of milk production in Switzerland has shown that it remains highly subsidized. In 2013, state support for milk producers amounted to CHF 1.8 billion, incl. direct subsidies are estimated at 1.5 billion Swiss francs, which is 61 thousand Swiss francs per dairy farm, or 0.41 Swiss francs per 1 liter of milk. The state support system for dairy cattle in Canada has been found to include the following instruments: import tariffs that restrict dairy imports; minimum guaranteed prices for raw milk that are set at the maximum amount of milk sold to the dairies within the quota; a system of direct payments to farmers for milk production within the quota. The amount of direct payments per 1 liter of milk is set annually by the government. In order to support Canadian producers in technological modernization aimed at improving the efficiency of milk production, a dairy farm investment program (DFIP) is implemented with state support of $ 250 million. USA According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in Iceland, Japan, Norway and Switzerland, the level of support for dairy producers exceeds on average 70% of the gross income of farmers, in Canada, the EU, Hungary, Korea and the USA the amount of support is 40-55%. An analysis of the support for the development of dairy cattle in the EU countries showed that the following instruments are allocated for these purposes: production restrictions (milk production quotas); government interventions and storage; Establishment of product sales regulations / regulations; the dairy package (including regulating contractual relations in the dairy sector); foreign trade (import regulations, export subsidies); government subsidies. It is found that the main factor that increases the profitability of dairy production in developed countries is the improvement of quality and differentiation of the range. Major factors contributing to the successful development of dairy cattle are increased government support and economical use of resources. Also used are a set of financial incentives, including reducing the tax burden. Key words: Livestock, milk market, domestic support, development programs, cooperation, financial incentives, subsidies, import tariffs, quotas.
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Belov, Andrey M., Dmitriy A. Bulyukin, and Lee Tong. "Soviet economic assistance to China in the 1950s." Vestnik of Kostroma State University, no. 3 (2019): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2019-25-3-52-56.
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The Soviet-Chinese relations in the 1950s are considered in the article through the prism of the Soviet Union's economic help to China. The review of sources and historical literature devoted to the studied problem is provided, positions of both Russian and Chinese historians are estimated, concrete contracts and agreements between two countries are analysed. The authors come to a conclusion that what was the cornerstone of the Soviet economic help to China in the 1950s, in many respects meant the ideological reasons: what was the base of ideology of the leading parties of both countries, was Marxism-Leninism. What was a basis of the help to People's Republic of China from the Soviet Union became the aspiration to create the industry which would be modern at that time and would promote formation of the Chinese working class as the main ally of working class of the Soviet Union.
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Duran, Kevin. "Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Business Research, Vol. 11, No. 12." International Business Research 11, no. 12 (December 3, 2018): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v11n12p157.
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International Business Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated. International Business Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ibr/editor/recruitment and e-mail the completed application form to ibr@ccsenet.org. Reviewers for Volume 11, Number 12 Abderrazek Hassen Elkhaldi, University of Sousse, Tunisia Ajit Kumar Kar, Indian Metal & Ferro Alloys Ltd, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India Alina Badulescu, University of Oradea, Romania Anca Gabriela Turtureanu, “DANUBIUS” University Galati, Romania Andrea Carosi, University of Sassari, Italy Andrei Buiga, “ARTIFEX University of Bucharest, Romania Antonio Usai, University of Sassari, Italy Ashford C Chea, Benedict College, USA Celina Maria Olszak, University of Economics in Katowice, Poland Chemah Tamby Chik, Universiti Teknologi Mara (Uitm), Malaysia Christos Chalyvidis, Hellenic Air Force Academy, Greece Cristian Rabanal, National University of Villa Mercedes, Argentina Duminda Kuruppuarachchi, University of Otago, New Zealand Federica Caboni, University of Cagliari, Italy Federica De Santis , University of Pisa , Italy Fevzi Esen, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Turkey Filomena Izzo, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy Florin Ionita, The Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, Romania Francesco Scalera, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Italy Georges Samara, ESADE Business School, Lebanon Giuseppe Granata, University of Cassino and Southen Lazio, Italy Hanna Trojanowska, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland Hejun Zhuang, Brandon University, Canada Imran Riaz Malik, IQRA University, Pakistan Ionela-Corina Chersan, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University from Iași, Romania Isam Saleh, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Jordan Joseph Lok-Man Lee, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Khaled Mokni, Northern Border University, Tunisia L. Leo Franklin, Bharathidasn University, India M. Muzamil Naqshbandi, University of Dubai, UAE Marcelino José Jorge, Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute of Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazil Maria Teresa Bianchi, University of Rome “LA SAPIENZA”, Italy Michele Rubino, Università LUM Jean Monnet, Italy Miriam Jankalová, University of Zilina, Slovakia Mohamed Abdel Rahman Salih, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia Mongi Arfaoui, University of Monastir, Tunisia Muath Eleswed, American University of Kuwait, USA Ozgur Demirtas, Turkish Air Force Academy, Turkey Prosper Senyo Koto, Dalhousie University, Canada Radoslav Jankal, University of Zilina, Slovakia Rafiuddin Ahmed, James Cook University, Australia Riaz Ahsan, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan Roxanne Helm Stevens, Azusa Pacific University, USA Sang-Bing Tsai, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China Sara Saggese, University of Naples Federico II, Italy Sumathisri Bhoopalan, SASTRA Deemed to be University, India Wejdene Yangui, Institute of High Business Studies of Sfax _ Tunisia (IHEC), Tunisia Yan Lu, University of Central Florida, USA Yasmin Tahira, Al Ain University of Science and Technology, Al Ain, UAE
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Duran, Kevin. "Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Business Research, Vol. 12, No. 3." International Business Research 12, no. 3 (February 26, 2019): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v12n3p174.
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International Business Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.
International Business Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ibr/editor/recruitment and e-mail the completed application form to ibr@ccsenet.org.
Reviewers for Volume 12, Number 3
Alireza Athari, Eastern Mediterranean University, Iran
Anca Gabriela Turtureanu, “DANUBIUS” University Galati, Romania
Andrea Carosi, University of Sassari, Italy
Anna Paola Micheli, Univrtsity of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy
Antônio André Cunha Callado, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernmabuco, Brazil
Ashford C Chea, Benedict College, USA
Bruno Marsigalia, University of Casino and Southern Lazio, Italy
Chokri Kooli, International Center for Basic Research applied, Paris, Canada
Christopher Alozie, Tansian University, Nigeria
Cristian Marian Barbu, “ARTIFEX” University, Romania
Duminda Kuruppuarachchi, University of Otago, New Zealand
Essia Ries Ahmed, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
Federica Caboni, University of Cagliari, Italy
Federica De Santis, University of Pisa, Italy
Florin Ionita, The Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, Romania
Foued Hamouda, Ecole Supérieure de Commerce, Tunisia
Francesco Ciampi, Florence University, Italy
Francesco Scalera, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Italy
Gianluca Ginesti, University of Naples “FEDERICO II”, Italy
Hillary Odor, University of Benin, Nigeria
Ivana Tomic, IT Company CloudTech, Republic of Serbia
Joanna Katarzyna Blach, University of Economics in Katowice, Poland
Joseph Lok-Man Lee, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Khaled Mokni, Northern Border University, Tunisia
L. Leo Franklin, Bharathidasn University, India
Ladislav Mura, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Slovakia
Leow Hon Wei, SEGi University, Malaysia
Manuel A. R. da Fonseca, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
Marcelino José Jorge, Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute of Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazil
Maria do Céu Gaspar Alves, University of Beira Interior, Portugal
Maria Teresa Bianchi, University of Rome “LA SAPIENZA”, Italy
Miriam Jankalová, University of Zilina, Slovakia
Mongi Arfaoui, University of Monastir, Tunisia
Muath Eleswed, American University of Kuwait, USA
Ozgur Demirtas, Turkish Air Force Academy, Turkey
Pascal Stiefenhofer, University of Brighton, UK
Prosper Senyo Koto, Dalhousie University, Canada
Rafiuddin Ahmed, James Cook University, Australia
Razana Juhaida Johari, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia
Riccardo Cimini, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
Roberto Campos da Rocha Miranda, University Center Iesb, Brazil
Sang- Bing Tsai, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China
Sara Saggese, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
Shun Mun Helen Wong, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Slavoljub M. Vujović, Economic Institute, Belgrade, Serbia
Tariq Tawfeeq Yousif Alabdullah, University of Basrah, Iraq
Valerija Botric, The Institute of Economics, Zagreb, Croatia
Velia Gabriella Cenciarelli, University of Pisa, Italy
Yan Lu, University of Central Florida, USA
Yasmin Tahira, Al Ain University of Science and Technology, Al Ain, UAE
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Economic assistance, Australian China"
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Roberts, Justin Gareth. "Aid programmes by the governments of India and China to Nepal." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18812430.
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李鳳屛 and Fung-ping Lee. "China and Indochina: the politics of aid, 1950-78." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1991. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31209828.
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Ng, Hei Lin. "China foreign aid to Africa : features and implications." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2012. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1465.
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Li, Yuk-shing Kevin, and 李育成. "Urban poverty and poverty reduction programs in Bangkok and Shanghai." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31953153.
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Wei, C. X. George. "Interest, mentality, and strategy Americans and China's economic reconstruction, 1944-1949 /." access full-text, 1996. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/umi-r.pl?9704457.pdf.
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Li, Yuk-shing Kevin. "Urban poverty and poverty reduction programs in Bangkok and Shanghai." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23457314.
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Schickerling, Elizabeth Jane. "The role of the China Africa Development Fund in China's Africa policy." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71761.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.Includes bibliography
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: China and Africa's increased interaction over the past decade has received attention from the media, academics, economists and politicians alike. The rise of China as a potential world economic power has sparked both concern and suspicion. Concern over China's impact in African states has been voiced by Western and African leaders. The Chinese economy has experienced robust growth since embarking on ambitious reforms to open up its economy to outside investment and trade, as well as policies geared towards encouraging Chinese enterprises to go abroad. China's rise in importance in the international arena has led to increased scrutiny of its foreign policies and internal policies. In order to gain a balanced view of China's engagement in African states it is necessary to examine the various components of their involvement. This thesis has chosen to focus on CADFund as its main unit of analysis, and has illustrated that the Fund fulfils both a political and economic role in China's relations with Africa. This study will explore the political and economic motivations behind China's interest in Africa. Conclusions are drawn from the structural organisation, investment approaches and projects of CADFund. The way in which CADFund fits into China‟s Africa policy will be determined by looking at the Fund's activities and how they fit into the principles set out in China's Africa Policy. The main question posed by this study was regarding the role which CADFund plays in China’s Africa Policy. The mandate of the Fund is to provide funding and advisory and support services to Chinese enterprises wishing to invest in African states. With 60 completed projects to date, the Fund has arguably indeed helped to progress the Chinese government's goal of encouraging Chinese enterprises to invest in Africa. Recommendations for future research are encouraged in order to build on this specific field. For example, more extensive research could be pursued concerning CADFund linkages with the Chinese government. Together with this, questions regarding the perceived effectiveness of CADFund could also be addressed – specifically by investigating how projects are managed and monitored by CADFund. In these follow-up explorations, theoretical frameworks such as the “principle-agent theory” could also be incorporated as frameworks with which to view CADFund‟s relationship with the Chinese government.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: China en Afrika se verhoogde interaksie oor die afgelope dekade het baie aandag van die media, akademici, ekonome en politici ontvang. Die opkoms van China as 'n potensiële wêreld ekonomiese mag, het gelei tot beide agterdog en kommer. Kommer oor China se invloed binne Afrika state is geopper deur Westerse sowel as Afrika leiers. Die Chinese ekonomie het ongekende groei beleef sedert hul vertek op ambisieuse hervormings, om hul ekonomie meer vry en oop te maak vir buitelandse belegging en handel, sowel as beleid hervormings wat daarop gemik is om Chinese ondernemings oorsee te bevorder. China se opkoms as 'n belangrike moondheid op internasionale gebied, het gelei to nadere ondersoek van sy buitelandse beleide. Om 'n gebalanseerde beeld van China se betrokkenheid in Afrikastate te kry, is dit noodsaaklik om verskeie komponente van hul betrokkenheid te ondersoek. Hierdie tesis kies om te fokus op China-Afrika Ontwikkelingsfonds (CADFund) as die vernaamste eenheid van analise en beskryf beide die fonds se politieke sowel as 'n ekonomiese rol in China se betrekkinge met Afrika. Hierdie studie sal die politieke en ekonomiese beweegredes agter China se belange in Afrika verken. Gevolgtrekkings word gemaak van strukturele organisasie, belegging benaderings en projekte van China-Afrika Ontwikkelingsfonds. Die manier waarop China-Afrika Ontwikkelingsfonds by China se Afrika-beleid inpas, sal vasgestel word deur te kyk na die fonds se aktiviteite en hoe hulle by die neergelegde beginsels van China se Afrika-beleid inpas. Die belangrikste vraag wat hierdie studie stel, is met betrekking tot die rol wat China-Afrika Ontwikkelingsfonds in China se Afrika-beleid speel. Die mandaat van die fonds is om finasiering, raadgewende en ondersteunende dienste aan Chinese ondernemings te bied wat in Afrika-state wil belê. Met 60 voltooide projekte tot op datum, het die fonds inderdaad gehelp om by te dra tot die Chinese regering se doelwit om Chinese ondernemings aan te moedig om in Afrka te belê. Aanbevelinge vir toekomstige navorsing word aangemoedig om voort te bou op hierdie spesifieke gebied. Byvoorbeeld, meer uitgebreide navorsing oor China-Afrika Ontwikkelingsfonds se bande met die Chinese Regering. Samehangend hiermee,vrae in verband met die vermeende doeltreffendheid van China-Afrika Ontwikkelingsfonds kan ook ondersoek word - spesifiek deur te ondersoek hoe projekte bestuur en gekontroleer word deur China-Afrika Ontwikkelingsfonds. In hierdie opvolg ondersoeke, kan teoretiese raamwerke soos die ”principle-agent theory” ook ingesluit word as raamwerke waarna China-Afrika Ontwikkelingsfonds se verhoudinge met die Chinese Regering gekyk kan word.
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Cheng, Zhangxi. ""Friendship" in China's foreign aid to Africa : case studies from Ghana and Sierra Leone." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12007.
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Following the dramatic takeoff of contemporary China-Africa relationship in the late 1990s, this once neglected international phenomenon has become one of the most topical themes over the past decade. This new popularity is due not only to the growing importance of both China and Africa on the global stage, but also China's rapidly increasing foreign aid on the continent. However, whilst most scholars are focusing on the financial side of the story – the massive concessional loan deals, the generous investments in natural resources and so forth, the primary purpose of this foreign aid – assisting African recipient countries' economic and welfare development – has only generated minimal interest. Little is known regarding how China delivers its foreign aid, and even less about how this foreign aid actually works in the African recipient countries. In light of this situation, this study asks: How has China's foreign aid been assisting Africa's development? On the basis of drawing specific attention to the effectiveness and sustainability of China's foreign aid in Africa, this study also explores the factors that affect these outcomes. Which, as this study finds out in the end, friendship – a factor that is often overlooked by Western scholars and patriotically examined by Chinese scholars. Not only has it continuously played a substantial role in shaping the development of China's foreign aid in Africa, but it is also frequently the most influential underlying consideration that practically undermines China's foreign aid outcomes. All in all, whilst purposed to promote China's foreign aid outcomes, this study improves our understanding of China's foreign aid in Africa. As well it delves into the development of China's foreign aid in Africa, assesses its performance, this study finds the shortcomings of China's foreign aid at present and searches for practical solutions that may contribute to its future development.
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Chan, Lit-fai, and 陳烈輝. "Feminization of poverty in Hong Kong: the experiences of pauperization of lone mothers receiving comprehensivesocial security assistance (CSSA)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31978824.
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Schwebel, Amy Elizabeth. "Improving the impact of Australian aid: the role of AusAID's Office of Development Effectiveness." Connect to thesis, 2009. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/6732.
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This research is in response to the current debate on aid in Australia. The debate focuses on the volume of money allocated to aid rather than the impact. While Australian aid is still far from the UN commitment of 0.7 per cent of gross national income, this focus has kept public debate superficial and has deflected attention away from the more important discussion: is aid achieving outcomes and impacting positively in areas identified by developing countries as essential for their sustainable development.The release of the first Annual Review of Development Effectiveness provided the impetus to investigate whether the newly formed Office of Development Effectiveness (ODE) will introduce changes that will improve Australia’s approach to aid. Framed within national interest, development and aid literature, this research analyses what limitations, if any, there are to reform of aid policies and practices in Australia.
The thesis concludes that the potential for the ODE to significantly improve the effectiveness of Australia aid is limited. It is one of many voices – including the powerful national interest agenda furthered by foreign policymakers – shaping Australian aid policy and practice. However, the furthering of Australian national interest – narrowly defined as security and economic considerations – through the aid program is at the expense of poverty alleviation objectives. This negatively affects how the development ‘problem’ is framed and thus the focus of aid policy. Furthermore, efforts to prioritise national interest considerations undermine the adoption of ‘good’ practice essential for sustainable development.
This is a political reality that is unlikely to change. Thus, the role of the ODE is to provide recommendations within this restricted framework. However, it is only through scrutiny, discussion and debate that the discrepancy between ‘good development’ in theory and in practice can be narrowed. This should also be the role of the ODE.
Books on the topic "Economic assistance, Australian China"
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Da, Costa Hilary, Australian Indonesian Association Victoria, and Monash University. Centre of Southeast Asian Studies., eds. Australian aid to Indonesia. Clayton, Vic., Australia: Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University, 1991.
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Australia. Parliament. Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence, and Trade. A review of the Australian International Development Assistance Bureau and Australia's overseas aid program. Canberra: Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 1989.
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Foundation, Australian Business. Engaging China: The realities for Australian business. North Sydney, N.S.W: Australian Business Foundation, 2009.
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Foundation, Australian Business. Engaging China: The realities for Australian business. North Sydney, N.S.W: Australian Business Foundation, 2009.
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Blackburn, Susan. Practical visionaries: A study of Community Aid Abroad. Carlton, Vic: Melbourne University Press, 1993.
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McGillivray, Mark. The political economy of Australian bilateral aid allocations. Bundoora, Vic., Australia: School of Economics, La Trobe University, 1985.
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Gounder, Rukmani. Overseas aid motivations: The economics of Australia's bilateral aid. Aldershot: Avebury, 1995.
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China: An evaluation of World Bank assistance. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2005.
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Australia. Parliament. Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence, and Trade. Report on visit to New Caledonia. Canberra: Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 1989.
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Australian Agency for International Development. Review of the effectiveness of NGO programs. Canberra: Australia Agency for International Development, 1995.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Economic assistance, Australian China"
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Janus, Heiner, and Lixia Tang. "Conceptualising Ideational Convergence of China and OECD Donors: Coalition Magnets in Development Cooperation." In The Palgrave Handbook of Development Cooperation for Achieving the 2030 Agenda, 217–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57938-8_10.
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AbstractThis chapter analyses the development discourse on foreign aid to explore areas of convergence between the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) donors and Chinese development cooperation. We apply the concept of “coalition magnets”—the capacity of an idea to appeal to a diverse set of individuals and groups, and to be used strategically by policy entrepreneurs to frame interests, mobilise support, and build coalitions. Three coalition magnets are identified: mutual benefit, development results, and the 2030 Agenda. The chapter finds that coalition magnets can be used to influence political change and concludes that applying a discursive approach provides a new conceptual opportunity for fostering closer engagement between OECD-DAC and Chinese development cooperation actors.
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Kartika, Rayna. "Financial Technology Innovation - Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Lending in the RCEP Member States." In Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, 93–112. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815123227123010010.
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Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) aims to strengthen the economy and the free trade agreement among 10 ASEAN member states (Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) and five partner states (China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand). One of the ways to improve economic growth is to enhance the investment sector into start-ups and SMEs. Peer-to-peer lending platforms exist to ease the mechanism of funds lending and borrowing from investors to start-ups and SMEs. Currently, the rise of P2P lending, particularly in RCEP member states, has boosted the economic growth and development of technology. The government assistance in setting up the regulation regarding the mechanism of P2P lending has been carried out in order to create a clean and transparent practice of P2P lending among borrowers and lenders. Therefore, this chapter describes the introduction of RCEP member states and P2P lending and the mechanism for adopting P2P lending platforms in RCEP member states. P2P is indeed a platform that RCEP members can practice. However, the risks must be considered and addressed in order to prevent threats to their economic growth.
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Alden, Chris. "Evolving Debates and Outlooks on China–Africa Economic Ties." In China-Africa and an Economic Transformation, 84–97. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830504.003.0005.
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China and Africa’s economic relations have evolved over time, from the tentative commercial engagements characteristic of the early 1980s to the comprehensive infrastructure loans and increased foreign direct investment being pursued across all sectors today. Expanding economic ties have been accompanied by changing debates as to the nature of China–Africa engagement and its significance for their respective development aspirations. South–South cooperation, for instance, framed the approach in this first phase of intensifying economic relations and reflected the combination of technical assistance, grant aid, and concessional loans negotiated by Chinese and Africans in exchange for access to the continent’s abundant resources. As African economies came to demonstrate sustained patterns of higher rates of growth and two-way trade with China grew proportionally, the debates shifted decidedly towards one that focused on economic complementarities between them and Africa’s integration into global value chains. Furthermore, as the African industrialization process intensifies in economies like Ethiopia, China’s key role in development finance and its sectoral experience put it in a crucial position to promote this new phase of development on the continent.
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Gao, Qin, Sui Yang, Fuhua Zhai, and Yake Wang. "Social Policy Reforms and Economic Distances in China." In Changing Trends in China's Inequality, 145–68. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190077938.003.0005.
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Using CHIP data for 2002, 2007, and 2013, this chapter examines the effects of social policy reforms on the economic distance between rich and poor households in the urban, rural, and migrant sectors. In the urban sector, pensions consistently narrowed economic distances, whereas other social benefits—health insurance, social assistance, supplementary income, and in-kind benefits—had little redistributive impact. Social benefits in both the rural and migrant sectors changed from being regressive in 2002 to becoming progressive in 2013. In the rural areas, benefits in 2013 from agricultural and livelihood subsidies played the most significant redistributive role; private transfers also narrowed economic distances. Among migrants in 2013, health benefits and taxes and fees narrowed economic distances, although less so than among rural residents. Despite the expansion of social policies during this period, in both urban and rural China market forces trumped the redistributive effects of the social benefits.
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Elliott, Catherine I., Ingrid Campbell, E. B. Joyce, and C. J. Wilson. "Australian Continental-Scale Lineaments: Evidence of Reactivation of Deep-Seated Structures and Economic Implications." In Proceedings of the 30th International Geological Congress Beijing, China, 4–14 August 1996, 161–70. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003079545-16.
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"Michelle Lam." In Exploring the Economic Opportunities and Impacts of Migrant Entrepreneurship, 39–49. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-4986-8.ch004.
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Michelle Lam and her husband, Michael, are the owner proprietors of OSMEN, one of Australia's most popular outdoor furniture businesses. OSMEN was previously known as Contract Casual Furniture, importing outdoor furniture from China for dominant Australian retailers. Over time, OSMEN built a name for itself as a strong outdoor furniture retailer with six homemaker centres across Sydney, in Belrose, Smithfield, Alexandria, Artarmon, Auburn, and Penrith. With more than 12 years of combined experience in the Australian market, Michelle and Michael's knowledge and expertise would prove vital to the success of their company and entrepreneurial partnership, leading to OSMEN capturing a significant share of the Australian outdoor furniture industry. This chapter delves into Michelle and Michael's establishment of OSMEN and how they expanded the business through a relentless pursuit of opportunities and an effective and comprehensive marketing strategy.
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Mascitelli, Bruno, and Mona Chung. "Australia-China and Stern Hu." In Business, Technology, and Knowledge Management in Asia, 123–29. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2652-2.ch009.
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China’s economic growth over the last decade has been spectacular and Australia has been a beneficiary of this growth in terms of China’s demand for resources and the strength of Chinese exports. Pundits even suggest that Australia avoided the global recession as a result of this strong trade relationship. Trade relations between Australia and China resulted in China becoming Australia’s key trading partner. The arrest and charging in 2009/10 of four Rio Tinto executives (including Stern Hu the head of Rio’s operation in China) based in China raised fears of posing a strain on this vital economic relationship. Moreover China’s inability to takeover Rio Tinto and the significance and consequences of this incident are at the core of this paper. How do these events reflect the uncertainties of doing business in China or do these events demonstrate China’s sovereign right to enforce anti-corruption legislation? While China has embraced the international business community, to what extent has the arrest and imprisonment of Stern Hu changed the Australian-China trade relations including doing business in this thriving and buoyant market?
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Machinea, José Luis, and Lucio Castro. "Argentina, the US, and China." In China, The United States, and the Future of Latin America, edited by David B. H. Denoon. NYU Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479899289.003.0008.
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While the relative magnitude and characteristics of its trade links with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) are similar to those of the rest of South America, the case of Argentina presents some distinctive features. On the one hand, only Venezuela and Brazil received more Chinese financial assistance than Argentina in the last decade in Latin America. On the other hand, Argentina signed more than 30 agreements with the PRC in 2014 and 2015 granting preferential access to strategic sectors of the local economy to Chinese companies in return for soft financing. Contrastingly, the trade and financial links of Argentina with the US, and to a lesser extent with the EU, have significantly waned in the 2000s. We argue these features of the relation with the PRC are primarily the result of Argentina’s trade protectionism and relative isolation from the international capital markets in this period. We analyze whether the “special relationship” with the PRC is a permanent or structural feature of Argentina´s economy in light of the country’s ongoing economic and political changes.
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Buszynski, Leszek. "Australia’s Geopolitics and the South China Sea." In Security, Strategy, and Military Dynamics in South China Sea, 267–86. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529213454.003.0015.
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This chapter looks at Australia's geopolitical concern, which has been the security of the northern approaches that is stressed by a series of defence white papers. It mentions the Australian governments' emphasis on the importance of a “rules-based order” in the Indo-Pacific and how they are disturbed by the Chinese activities in the South China Sea (SCS) that undermine this order and create uncertainty to Australia's north. It also cites Australia's dilemma in dealing with the issue since China is its major trade partner and has contributed to Australia's economic growth. The chapter discusses how China's SCS activities have quickened Australia's understanding of its geopolitical predicament and have compelled it to adjust to an uncertain security environment, which the country has avoided for too long. It reviews China's behaviour in the SCS dispute as acting against everything that Australia's Defence and Foreign Affairs Departments have been promoting within the region.
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"The History and Overall Economic Influence of Chinese Healthcare Aid in Africa." In Advances in Human Services and Public Health, 59–77. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4450-1.ch005.
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The motivation of the Chinese on soft power economic development goes beyond healthcare diplomacy. Chinese firms and construction projects are all over the African continent. Across the continent, there has also been a noticeable decline in American hospitals being built in relation to Chinese hospitals being built. This has been one of the factors contributing to the reduction of the USA's previous hold on economic development throughout Africa. Notably, China has increased its involvement in global health governance. As the largest developing country and the second largest economy in the world, China's engagement in global health governance should be given considerable attention as the PRC has been providing medical assistance in various ways to African now for almost six decades. Despite initial concerns, this has steadily continued even throughout COVID-19.
Conference papers on the topic "Economic assistance, Australian China"
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Zhao, Zeng, Yan Jia, Zhang Danlei, and Liao Shiwei. "The Assistance of Digital Economy to the Revitalization of Rural China." In Proceedings of the 2019 4th International Conference on Social Sciences and Economic Development (ICSSED 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icssed-19.2019.131.
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Пу, Цзян. "ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF COOPERATION BETWEEN THE USSR AND THE PRC IN THE FIELD OF INDUSTRY IN THE 1950S." In Высокие технологии и инновации в науке: сборник избранных статей Международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Январь 2022). Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/vt195.2022.87.12.012.
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Сотрудничество СССР и КНР в 1950-е годы охватывало все стороны экономического становления Китая: материальную, финансовую, научно-технологическую, помощь профессиональными кадрами и подготовка таких кадров на территории СССР. Уроки тех лет, безусловно, полезны и сегодня. Выделенные достоинства и недостатки представлены в виде выдержек из ранее не публиковавшихся документов таких архивов как РГАСПИ и РГАНИ. Cooperation between the USSR and the PRC in the 1950s covered all aspects of the economic development of China: material, financial, scientific and technological, assistance with professional personnel and the training of such personnel on the territory of the USSR. The lessons of those years are certainly useful today. The highlighted advantages and disadvantages are presented in the form of excerpts from previously unpublished documents from archives such as RGASPI (Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History) and RGANI (Russian State Archive of Contemporary History).
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Kayumov, Nuriddin. "The Development and Interregional Integration Processes of Afghanistan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00301.
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The given report considers the integration processes within the Central Asian Region and EAEC region space and their influence on economic situation of Afghanistan. It is emphasized, that the globalization of the world economy, new challenges and threats, especially intraregional integration becomes the predominant tendency of the world economy. Today practically the whole world is considered as a complex regional coalition, union or federation. By integrating between each other these countries protect their corporative interests.
Central Asian sub-region has all prerequisites and possibilities of becoming the new zone for the world development. However, during the years of sovereignty and independence the integration processes even aggravated. Integration processes in the framework of EAEC region are also not effective. All these do not allow rendering assistance and support to the neighboring country Afghanistan. The situation in this country, especially in the sphere of economy constitutes a threat not only to the Central Asian countries, but also for USA, Russia, China and the whole world. The ways of solving Afghan problems lie in the sphere of economy. The author considers possibilities and ways of achieving peace and stability in this country.
Reports on the topic "Economic assistance, Australian China"
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Cao, Shoufeng, Uwe Dulleck, Warwick Powell, Charles Turner-Morris, Valeri Natanelov, and Marcus Foth. BeefLedger blockchain-credentialed beef exports to China: Early consumer insights. Queensland University of Technology, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.200267.
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The BeefLedger Export Smart Contracts project is a collaborative research study between BeefLedger Ltd and QUT co-funded by the Food Agility CRC. This project exists to deliver economic value to those involved in the production, export and consumption of Australian beef to China through: (1) reduced information asymmetry; (2) streamlined compliance processes, and; (3) developing and accessing new data-driven value drivers, through the deployment of decentralised ledger technologies and associated governance systems. This report presents early insights from a survey deployed to Chinese consumers in Nov/Dec 2019 exploring attitudes and preferences about blockchain-credentialed beef exports to China. Our results show that most local and foreign consumers were willing to pay more than the reference price for a BeefLedger branded Australian cut and packed Sirloin steak at the same weight. Although considered superior over Chinese processed Australian beef products, the Chinese market were sceptical that the beef they buy was really from Australia, expressing low trust in Australian label and traceability information. Despite lower trust, most survey respondents were willing to pay more for traceability supported Australian beef, potentially because including this information provided an additional sense of safety. Therefore, traceability information should be provided to consumers, as it can add a competitive advantage over products without traceability.
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Chandrasekhar, C. P. The Long Search for Stability: Financial Cooperation to Address Global Risks in the East Asian Region. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp153.
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Forced by the 1997 Southeast Asian crisis to recognize the external vulnerabilities that openness to volatile capital flows result in and upset over the post-crisis policy responses imposed by the IMF, countries in the sub-region saw the need for a regional financial safety net that can pre-empt or mitigate future crises. At the outset, the aim of the initiative, then led by Japan, was to create a facility or design a mechanism that was independent of the United States and the IMF, since the former was less concerned with vulnerabilities in Asia than it was in Latin America and that the latter’s recommendations proved damaging for countries in the region. But US opposition and inherited geopolitical tensions in the region blocked Japan’s initial proposal to establish an Asian Monetary Fund, a kind of regional IMF. As an alternative, the ASEAN+3 grouping (ASEAN members plus China, Japan and South Korea) opted for more flexible arrangements, at the core of which was a network of multilateral and bilateral central bank swap agreements. While central bank swap agreements have played a role in crisis management, the effort to make them the central instruments of a cooperatively established regional safety net, the Chiang Mai Initiative, failed. During the crises of 2008 and 2020 countries covered by the Initiative chose not to rely on the facility, preferring to turn to multilateral institutions such as the ADB, World Bank and IMF or enter into bilateral agreements within and outside the region for assistance. The fundamental problem was that because of an effort to appease the US and the IMF and the use of the IMF as a foil against the dominance of a regional power like Japan, the regional arrangement was not a real alternative to traditional sources of balance of payments support. In particular, access to significant financial assistance under the arrangement required a country to be supported first by an IMF program and be subject to the IMF’s conditions and surveillance. The failure of the multilateral effort meant that a specifically Asian safety net independent of the US and the IMF had to be one constructed by a regional power involving support for a network of bilateral agreements. Japan was the first regional power to seek to build such a network through it post-1997 Miyazawa Initiative. But its own complex relationship with the US meant that its intervention could not be sustained, more so because of the crisis that engulfed Japan in 1990. But the prospect of regional independence in crisis resolution has revived with the rise of China as a regional and global power. This time both economics and China’s independence from the US seem to improve prospects of successful regional cooperation to address financial vulnerability. A history of tensions between China and its neighbours and the fear of Chinese dominance may yet lead to one more failure. But, as of now, the Belt and Road Initiative, China’s support for a large number of bilateral swap arrangements and its participation in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership seem to suggest that Asian countries may finally come into their own.
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People’s Republic of China Poverty Reduction and Regional Cooperation Fund: Annual Report 2021. Asian Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/spr220541-2.
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This report details the technical assistance and grants provided by the People’s Republic of China Poverty Reduction and Regional Cooperation Fund (PRC Fund) in 2021 to lift economic and social development and spur regional cooperation. Providing an overview of the PRC Fund, it covers its background, rationale, objectives, operating principles, and arrangements. It details the wide range of grants and projects approved by the fund and outlines the performance of projects already underway. It shows how the ADB-administered fund helped developing member countries tackle COVID-19 and projects designed to build up capacity in areas such as health and rural development.