Academic literature on the topic 'Economic and Social status of elderly women'
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Journal articles on the topic "Economic and Social status of elderly women"
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Lohvynenko, I. A., and Ye S. Lohvynenko. "Social status of women in Ancient Sparta." Law and Safety 91, no. 4 (December 25, 2023): 106–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/pb.2023.4.09.
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The factors that determined the peculiarities of the social status of women in Ancient Sparta have been identified and analysed. It has been demonstrated that the establishment of community control over private life, namely: strict regulation of marriage and family relations, the compulsory nature of specific general education, which started for girls at the age of eight and lasted until marriage, determined that the national interests of women became a priority and dominated family values. It has been found that in Sparta, as in other polities of ancient Greece, childbearing was considered the most important function of women, as the offspring were to continue family traditions and take care of their elderly parents, conduct religious rites, etc. Only male children were seen as future citizens and defenders of the polis. In Lacedaemon, motherhood acquired a more accentuated meaning and was understood as service to the state. It became the basis of marriage and family relations, where polyandry was perceived as the norm. The Spartan woman was socially active. She was a direct participant in religious festivals and rituals, sports competitions. She publicly ridiculed the bachelors and cowards. If her own son turned out to be a coward, she could kill him herself. A mother did not bear any legal responsibility for the murder of a cowardly son. The economic rights of Spartans, which other women in ancient Greece did not have, have been investigated. Due to her husband’s military service, a Lacedaemonian woman managed not only his oikos, but also his cleris. Polyandry allowed a woman to unite two or more “houses” under her control and thus increase her influence in society. It has been noted that a strong economic foundation allowed wealthy women to have more freedom in society and even influence those in power in making responsible political decisions. With the loss of Messenia, women lose their economic freedom. The social status of women also changes, as they become more subordinate to men. It has been argued that in Sparta, the state minimised the private life of spouses. Under such conditions, a woman was socially active, knew the inner life of the polis well, and understood the foreign policy priorities of the state. She acted as a motivator and guide of Spartan ideology for the men of her family. And in this way, the Lacedaemonian woman was significantly different from other women in ancient Greece.
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CHOI, NAMKEE G. "Correlates of the Economic Status of Widowed and Divorced Elderly Women." Journal of Family Issues 13, no. 1 (March 1992): 38–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251392013001003.
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Past studies of the economic status of widowed and divorced elderly women have focused mostly on the timing, incidence, and duration of their poverty but have neglected the analysis of the correlates of their economic status. The ordinary least squares regression analysis in this article shows that their economic status is commonly associated with such factors as the level of education, work history, and the Social Security primary insurance amount. The article also analyzes the differences between widows and divorcees and between those with substantial work histories and those with less substantial work histories.
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M., Anitha, M. "Everyday Realities of Elderly Women in Southern India." Journal of Women Empowerment and Studies, no. 22 (April 12, 2022): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jwes.22.11.21.
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The research deals with the position of the women in the study area and the status of the aged in stratified societies. The main concern of research is to describe how modernization brought changes about the conception about elderly. The role of the elder in modern political, economic, social, cultural and religious fields is described in this research. The study concludes the social conception of elderly women with light of feminist theories. It explains how the discursive practices of present situation in Southern India.
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RUEDA, SILVIA, and LUCÍA ARTAZCOZ. "Gender inequality in health among elderly people in a combined framework of socioeconomic position, family characteristics and social support." Ageing and Society 29, no. 4 (April 21, 2009): 625–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x08008349.
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ABSTRACTThis study analyses gender inequalities in health among elderly people in Catalonia (Spain) by adopting a conceptual framework that globally considers three dimensions of health determinants: socio-economic position, family characteristics and social support. Data came from the 2006 Catalonian Health Survey. For the purposes of this study a sub-sample of people aged 65–85 years with no paid job was selected (1,113 men and 1,484 women). The health outcomes analysed were self-perceived health status, poor mental health status and long-standing limiting illness. Multiple logistic regression models separated by sex were fitted and a hierarchical model was fitted in three steps. Health status among elderly women was poorer than among the men for the three outcomes analysed. Whereas living with disabled people was positively related to the three health outcomes and confidant social support was negatively associated with all of them in both sexes, there were gender differences in other social determinants of health. Our results emphasise the importance of using an integrated approach for the analysis of health inequalities among elderly people, simultaneously considering socio-economic position, family characteristics and social support, as well as different health indicators, in order fully to understand the social determinants of the health status of older men and women.
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Sanubari, Theresia Pratiwi Elingsetyo, and Catherina Frisca Yaniariyani. "Preliminary Study on Access to Health Services for Elderly Women: The Age and Socio-Economic Issues of Elderly Women in Pancuran Village, Salatiga." Jurnal Perempuan 24, no. 3 (September 12, 2019): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.34309/jp.v24i3.336.
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<p>The increasing number of elderly people from year to year shows the high life expectancy in elderly women. This situation coupled with cultural and social aspects can trigger vulnerability for elderly women, including the health aspect. This study aims to describe the factors of access to health services for elderly women in the village of Pancuran, Salatiga. The method used is descriptive-quantitative with data collection carried out in Pancuran Village using a questionnaire. Elderly women in Pancuran Village have different economic, educational, employment and social status backgrounds but have the same vulnerability to access health services due to the unavailability of <em>posyandu</em> for the elderly in Pancuran Village. Nevertheless, efforts to access health services are still underway. This research shows that cultural involvement in health care is needed to realize integrated, patient-centered, and gender-friendly health services.</p>
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BÓS, ANTÔNIO M., and ÂNGELO J. BÓS. "The socio-economic determinants of older people's health in Brazil: the importance of marital status and income." Ageing and Society 27, no. 3 (March 27, 2007): 385–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x06005472.
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Studies in various countries have reported that older people who are married have better health than older widows. This paper reports a replication of these analyses with Brazilian data. The main objective was to explore the relationships between marital status, individual and household income, and the health of men and women using ordered logistic regression with self-assessed health as the dependent variable. The explanatory variables of interest were gender, marital status, and individual and family income. The data are from a survey of 7,920 non-institutionalised older people resident in the southern state of Rio Grande do Sul in 1995. The survey used a structured, multi-disciplinary questionnaire, which collected information on demographic attributes, household composition, social relations, occupation, income and health status. The results show that widows were 20 per cent more likely to report better health than married women. The women without individual income had worse health than those who did, even after controlling for family income. For men, there were no significant differences in health by marital status. The main recommendation is that the health status and economic circumstances of married elderly women should be given more attention in both research and policy, certainly in Brazil and probably in other Latin American countries. Programmes of income support to the poorest households should include specific transfers to these elderly women. Brazil's Family Health and Older People's Health public programmes should place more emphasis on the health of elderly home-makers.
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Thanh Nhan, Dang. "The Role of the Family in Daily Care for the Elderly in Changing Rural Vietnam." Wieś i Rolnictwo, no. 3 (184) (September 20, 2019): 97–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.53098/wir032019/05.
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This paper use datasets on the elderly in four provinces, including 307 el derly in Ha Tinh, Quang Ngai in 2017, 407 elderly in Ninh Binh and Tien Giang in 2016 of the project “Strengthening Social Engagement in Elderly Care in Changing Economic and Family Structure in Asia: Policy and Practical Dialogues between Local Communities in Vietnam and Japan.” This paper aims to evaluate roles of family members, especially of women in caring for the elderly and to explore the difficulties posed for contemporary families in relation to the roles of the community and the state. In particular, the paper will identify the forces influencing the way that each family member provides care for their elderly in the social and culture context of Vietnam. Our findings showed that families play a very important role in elderly care and that women still play crucial roles in caring for the elderly regardless of circumstances. The family is the most important support for the elderly in Vietnam during illness (spouses and children). Family economic con dition, health status, illness, sex, age, and working status have significant impacts on the health of the elderly. It is noted that taking care of the material life for the elderly is one of the burdens that the family faces, which raised need for a more comprehensive system of social security and social services for the elderly especially in the rural areas in the context of increasing migration and recent changes in family structure and functions.
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Goto, Ryohei, Sachiko Ozone, Shogo Kawada, and Shoji Yokoya. "Gender-Related Differences in Social Participation Among Japanese Elderly Individuals During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 13 (January 2022): 215013192211111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21501319221111113.
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Introduction/Objectives: The health of elderly individuals is known to benefit from maintaining societal involvement and relationships with other people, such as through social participation. We aimed to determine trends in the percentage of Japanese elderly people who engaged in social participation before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in one municipality in Japan, and compared differences in this status by gender. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Questionnaires were sent by mail to 3000 people aged 65 to 85 years who were randomly selected by the administrative staff of the city. Participant characteristics (age, gender, working status, residential status) and their economic status, daily physical activity, and social participation status were obtained at 3 time points: (1) before the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020; (2) immediately prior to the declaration of a state of emergency in April 2020; and (3) in January 2021, 1 year after (1). Results: A total of 1301 people responded to the survey. The mean age was 73.3 (SD 5.5) years, and 690 (53.0%) were women. There were significant gender differences in terms of living alone, employment status, and amount of physical activity. The number of people reporting social participation gradually decreased from 543 respondents (41.7%) at (1) to 319 (24.5%) at (2) and 251 (19.3%) at (3). Women were more likely to demonstrate reduced social participation. Conclusions: Elderly individuals, particularly women, reported decreased social participation during the pandemic.
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Samal, Swagatika. "“Pushed Off to the Side”: A Study on the Socio-Economic Dynamics of Marginalization and the Elderly Women." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 5, no. 1 (October 24, 2016): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v5.n1.p6.
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<p><em>Ageing is an inevitable and inexorable process in life. In India, the population of the elderly is growing rapidly and is emerging as a serious area of concern for the government and the policy planners. Now a days with changing social structure and values, elderly in general and the elderly women in particular experience difficulty in their everyday life. Growing social complexities and the structural discrimination against these people is resulting in their vulnerability to physical, economic, psychological, and emotional abuse. Physical segregation of their settlements is common in many cases forcing them to live in the most unhygienic and inhabitable conditions. All these factors affect their social and health status, access to healthcare and finally their quality of life. Presence of powerful social differentiation, absence of social safety net and the community support system for these women pervade them into vulnerability and further marginality. Studies of showed elderly women, especially widows are more likely than elderly men to live alone, more likely not to have source of income, more likely not to be in contact with children and close members of the family, and more vulnerable financially, socially and culturally. Moreover, they live a life of isolation and trauma. </em></p><p><em> </em><em>The present paper aims to put some light on various dimensions of marginality & vulnerability of the elderly women, its socio-economic dynamism and at the end it tries to suggest some remedial measures against the discussed issues. Data for the study has been collected from the older women of </em><em>Budharaja, Danipali, Fatak, Mudipada, Sakhipada, and Khetrajpur areas </em><em>of Sambalpur town through formal & informal interviews, case studies, and observation methods. </em></p>
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Delbari, Ahmad, Forough Goudarzi, Mohammad Bidkhori, Mohammad Saatchi, Fatemeh-Sadat Tabatabaei, Hassan Rafiey, and Elham Hooshmand. "Well-being and Related Factors of Above 50-Year-Old Population: Based on Ardakan Cohort Study on Aging." Journal of Education and Community Health 10, no. 4 (December 29, 2023): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jech.2425.
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Background: Well-being is related to various social, psychological, and physical factors. This study investigated these factors and their relationship with the well-being of the elderly. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted based on the data of Ardakan Cohort Study on Aging (ACSA) in 2020, including 5190 people aged 50 and above. The World Health Organization (WHO)-5 questionnaire was used to measure wellbeing. Using a logistic regression model and adjusting the variables, the relationship between well-being and related factors was measured. Results: Among the participants, 2586 people (49.8%) were women. Well-being was good in 3014 people (58.2%). According to the findings, the poor well-being of the elderly has an inverse and significant relationship with medium to high economic status (OR=0.63, P˂0.001), physical activity (OR=0.99, P˂0.001), and social support (OR=0.90, P˂0.001). The elderly with high school education (OR=1.43, P=0.005) and extremely bad health status (OR=1.32, P=0.008) had poor well-being. Furthermore, the odds of depression (OR=1.21, P=0.035) and anxiety (OR=1.05, P˂0.001) were higher in the elderly who had poor well-being. The mental and physical quality of life were also higher in the group with good well-being (P<0.05). Conclusion: To promote the elderly’s well-being, they should be involved in regular physical activity, which should be planned to increase their quality of life (physical and mental) and improve their economic status as well as social support.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Economic and Social status of elderly women"
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Au, Kwok-chung. "Economic status and life satisfaction of the elderly." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19470150.
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Au, Kwok-chung, and 歐國忠. "Economic status and life satisfaction of the elderly." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31978265.
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Bradshaw, Tinia Michelle. "Industrialization, dependency and social insurance effects on the economic status of the elderly /." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487682558443319.
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Chin, Michele Cecilia. "Functional status, social support, and self-perceived health among elderly women by living arrangement." FIU Digital Commons, 1999. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2335.
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The elderly population has been recognized as one of the fastest growing age groups in the United States and there has been a dramatic increase in the number of elderly women living alone in the community.
The purpose of this study was to examine the functional status, social support system, and self-perceived health of elderly women living alone and those living with others in Dade County, Florida. This study was derived from a larger Dade County Needs Assessment. The sample for this study included 1,278 elderly women who were white (n = 561), Hispanic (n = 550), black (n = 153), and "other" (n = 14).
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Chuang, Cheng-Chung Jason. "Familial support, social security and the changing economic status of the elderly in Taiwan, 1976-1996." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2003. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1689/.
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This thesis deals with the economic status of the elderly in Taiwan, with specific reference to familial support and social security. The aims of this thesis are threefold. First, we shall provide a broad analysis of the economic status of the elderly in Taiwan during the period 1976-1996 using three economic indicators (income, assets and consumer durables). Second, we shall examine the impact of familial support (in terms of intra-household transfers and inter-household transfers) on the elderly's economic status. Third, we assess the effectiveness and efficiency of four major types of social security on the reduction of poverty rates and poverty gaps. These aims are achieved by using the dataset from the Survey of Family Income and Expenditure in Taiwan. The research findings demonstrate that economic well-being of elderly individuals is unequally distributed across different living arrangements. It supports the view that familial transfers were still substantial up to 1996 but were steadily decreasing over time. For some households, although social security has proved to be very effective in reducing overall poverty, there was a low efficiency associated with social security distribution. The study addresses the importance of family support of the elderly, and the fairness and efficiency of social security provision. Moreover, the research suggests that the proposed National Pension Scheme would be an ideal tool for improving the economic status of the elderly in the long term.
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Breashears, Margaret Herbst. "An Analysis of Status: Women in Texas, 1860-1920." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279203/.
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This study examined the status of women in Texas from 1860 to 1920. Age, family structure and composition, occupation, educational level, places of birth, wealth, and geographical persistence are used as the measurements of status. For purposes of analysis, women are grouped according to whether they were married, widowed, divorced, or single.
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Shawa, Mary. "Effect of economic improvement projects for women in Malawi on nutritional, economic and social status of household members." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251607.
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Lalonde, Gloria Marjorie Lucy. "National development and the changing status of women in India : a state by state analysis." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66067.
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Harding, Sandra B. "Planning for social equality in the urban environment : a case study of planning for elderly women in Brisbane." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1992.
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Rice-Snow, Jennifer L. "Embracing complexity : an analysis of gender status in South American societies." Virtual Press, 1999. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1133727.
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This study analyzes the status of women and men in eight South American societies, as reported in ethnographies. It uses a multidimensional model of status, examined in two aspects (distribution of economic goods and child care), and compares women's and men's resulting status configurations within societies and among them. Overall, women's statuses are highest in the domestic domain and lowest in the political public area for both variables. Men have high statuses in all areas of distribution, especially the public. Women generally have less choice than men do in their participation in both variables. An important outcome of this study is a method for analyzing qualitative information in context, allowing the researcher to present analysis in as much context as is appropriate, then display the results in a comparable form. This thesis also includes status flexibility, an innovation which allows presentation of the range of statuses for women and men.Department of Anthropology
Books on the topic "Economic and Social status of elderly women"
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United States. Congressional Budget Office. and United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Subcommittee on Social Security., eds. The Economic status of the elderly. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.
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Canada. Library of Parliament. Research Branch. The status of the elderly. [Ottawa]: Library of Parliament, Research Branch, 1988.
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Status of elderly women in India: A review. New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House, 2013.
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Women and aging: Transcending the myth. London: Routledge, 1999.
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Unesco. Principal Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific., ed. Status of women, Vietnam. Bangkok: Unesco Principal Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 1989.
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Subbamma, Mallādi. Status of Indian women. Hyderabad: Malladi Subbamma Trust, 1994.
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Status of women in Myanmar. Yangon: [s.n.], 1995.
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Pacific Foundation for the Advancement of Women, ed. Kiribati status of women: 2003. Suva, Fiji: PACFAW, 2003.
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Sharma, Sita Ram, 1932- author, ed. Modern history & social status of women. Jaipur, India: Sublime Publications, 2009.
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Dalit women: Socio economic status and issues. Lucknow: New Royal Book Co., 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Economic and Social status of elderly women"
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Preti, Sara, and Enrico di Bella. "Gender Equality as EU Strategy." In Social Indicators Research Series, 89–117. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41486-2_4.
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AbstractGender equality is an increasingly topical issue, but it has deep historical roots. The principle of gender equality found its legitimacy, even if limited to salary, in the 1957 Treaty of Rome, establishing the European Economic Community (EEC). This treaty, in Article 119, sanctioned the principle of equal pay between male and female workers. The EEC continued to protect women’s rights in the 1970s through equal opportunity policies. These policies referred, first, to the principle of equal treatment between men and women regarding education, access to work, professional promotion, and working conditions (Directive 75/117/EEC); second, to the principle of equal pay for male and female workers (Directive 76/207/EEC); and finally, enshrined the principle of equal treatment between men and women in matters of social security (Directive 79/7/EEC). Since the 1980s, several positive action programmes have been developed to support the role of women in European society. Between 1982 and 2000, four multiyear action programmes were implemented for equal opportunities. The first action programme (1982–1985) called on the Member States, through recommendations and resolutions by the Commission, to disseminate greater knowledge of the types of careers available to women, encourage the presence of women in decision-making areas, and take measures to reconcile family and working life. The second action programme (1986–1990) proposed interventions related to the employment of women in activities related to new technologies and interventions in favour of the equal distribution of professional, family, and social responsibilities (Sarcina, 2010). The third action programme (1991–1995) provided an improvement in the condition of women in society by raising public awareness of gender equality, the image of women in mass media, and the participation of women in the decision-making process at all levels in all areas of society. The fourth action programme (1996–2000) strengthened the existing regulatory framework and focused on the principle of gender mainstreaming, a strategy that involves bringing the gender dimension into all community policies, which requires all actors in the political process to adopt a gender perspective. The strategy of gender mainstreaming has several benefits: it places women and men at the heart of policies, involves both sexes in the policymaking process, leads to better governance, makes gender equality issues visible in mainstream society, and, finally, considers the diversity among women and men. Among the relevant interventions of the 1990s, it is necessary to recall the Treaty of Maastricht (1992) which guaranteed the protection of women in the Agreement on Social Policy signed by all Member States (except for Great Britain), and the Treaty of Amsterdam (1997), which formally recognised gender mainstreaming. The Treaty of Amsterdam includes gender equality among the objectives of the European Union (Article 2) and equal opportunity policies among the activities of the European Commission (Article 3). Article 13 introduces the principle of non-discrimination based on gender, race, ethnicity, religion, or handicaps. Finally, Article 141 amends Article 119 of the EEC on equal treatment between men and women in the workplace. The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the Nice Union of 2000 reaffirms the prohibition of ‘any discrimination based on any ground such as sex’ (Art. 21.1). The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union also recognises, in Article 23, the principle of equality between women and men in all areas, including employment, work, and pay. Another important intervention of the 2000s is the Lisbon strategy, also known as the Lisbon Agenda or Lisbon Process. It is a reform programme approved in Lisbon by the heads of state and governments of the member countries of the EU. The goal of the Lisbon strategy was to make the EU the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy by 2010. To achieve this goal, the strategy defines fields in which action is needed, including equal opportunities for female work. Another treaty that must be mentioned is that of Lisbon in 2009, thanks to which previous treaties, specifically the Treaty of Maastricht and the Treaty of Rome, were amended and brought together in a single document: the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). Thanks to the Lisbon Treaty, the Charter of Fundamental Rights has assumed a legally binding character (Article 6, paragraph 1 of the TEU) both for European institutions and for Member States when implementing EU law. The Treaty of Lisbon affirms the principle of equality between men and women several times in the text and places it among the values and objectives of the union (Articles 2 and 3 of the TEU). Furthermore, the Treaty, in Art. 8 of the TFEU, states that the Union’s actions are aimed at eliminating inequalities, as well as promoting equality between men and women, while Article 10 of the TFEU provides that the Union aims to ‘combat discrimination based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age, or sexual orientation’. Concerning the principle of gender equality in the workplace, the Treaty, in Article 153 of the TFEU, asserts that the Union pursues the objective of equality between men and women regarding labour market opportunities and treatment at work. On the other hand, Article 157 of the TFEU confirms the principle of equal pay for male and female workers ‘for equal work or work of equal value’. On these issues, through ordinary procedures, the European Parliament and the Council may adopt appropriate measures aimed at defending the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment for men and women. The Lisbon Treaty also includes provisions relating to the fight against trafficking in human beings, particularly women and children (Article 79 of the TFEU), the problem of domestic violence against women (Article 8 of the TFEU), and the right to paid maternity leave (Article 33). Among the important documents concerning gender equality is the Roadmap (2006–2010). In 2006, the European Commission proposed the Roadmap for equality between women and men, in addition to the priorities on the agenda, the objectives, and tools necessary to achieve full gender equality. The Roadmap defines six priority areas, each of which is associated with a set of objectives and actions that makes it easier to achieve them. The priorities include equal economic independence for women and men, reconciliation of private and professional life, equal representation in the decision-making process, eradication of all forms of gender-based violence, elimination of stereotypes related to gender, and promotion of gender equality in external and development policies. The Commission took charge of the commitments included in the Roadmap, which were indirectly implemented by the Member States through the principle of subsidiarity and the competencies provided for in the Treaties (Gottardi, 2013). The 2006–2010 strategy of the European Commission is based on a dual approach: on the one hand, the integration of the gender dimension in all community policies and actions (gender mainstreaming), and on the other, the implementation of specific measures in favour of women aimed at eliminating inequalities. In 2006, the European Council approved the European Pact for Gender Equality which originated from the Roadmap. The European Pact for Gender Equality identified three macro areas of intervention: measures to close gender gaps and combat gender stereotypes in the labour market, measures to promote a better work–life balance for both women and men, and measures to strengthen governance through the integration of the gender perspective into all policies. In 2006, Directive 2006/54/EC of the European Parliament and Council regulated equal opportunities and equal treatment between male and female workers. Specifically, the Directive aims to implement the principle of equal treatment related to access to employment, professional training, and promotion; working conditions, including pay; and occupational social security approaches. On 21 September 2010, the European Commission adopted a new strategy to ensure equality between women and men (2010–2015). This new strategy is based on the experience of Roadmap (2006–2010) and resumes the priority areas identified by the Women’s Charter: equal economic independence, equal pay, equality in decision-making, the eradication of all forms of violence against women, and the promotion of gender equality and women’s empowerment beyond the union. The 2010–2015 Strategic Plan aims to improve the position of women in the labour market, but also in society, both within the EU and beyond its borders. The new strategy affirms the principle that gender equality is essential to supporting the economic growth and sustainable development of each country. In 2010, the validity of the Lisbon Strategy ended, the objectives of which were only partially achieved due to the economic crisis. To overcome this crisis, the Commission proposed a new strategy called Europe 2020, in March 2010. The main aim of this strategy is to ensure that the EU’s economic recovery is accompanied by a series of reforms that will increase growth and job creation by 2020. Specifically, Europe’s 2020 strategy must support smart, sustainable, and inclusive growth. To this end, the EU has established five goals to be achieved by 2020 and has articulated the different types of growth (smart, sustainable, and inclusive) in seven flagship initiatives. Among the latter, the initiative ‘an agenda for new skills and jobs’, in the context of inclusive growth, is the one most closely linked to gender policies and equal opportunities; in fact, it substantially aims to increase employment rates for women, young, and elderly people. The strategic plan for 2010–2015 was followed by a strategic commitment in favour of gender equality 2016–2019, which again emphasises the five priority areas defined by the previous plan. Strategic commitment, which contributes to the European Pact for Gender Equality (2011–2020), identifies the key actions necessary to achieve objectives for each priority area. In March 2020, the Commission presented a new strategic plan for equality between women and men for 2020–2025. This strategy defines a series of political objectives and key actions aimed at achieving a ‘union of equality’ by 2025. The main objectives are to put an end to gender-based violence and combat sexist stereotypes, ensure equal opportunities in the labour market and equal participation in all sectors of the economy and political life, solve the problem of the pay and pension gap, and achieve gender equality in decision-making and politics. From the summary of the regulatory framework presented, for the European Economic Community first, then for the European Community, and finally for the European Union, gender equality has always been a fundamental value. Interest in the issues of the condition of women and equal opportunities has grown over time and during the process of European integration, moving from a perspective aimed at improving the working conditions of women to a new dimension to improve the life of the woman as a person, trying to protect her not only professionally but also socially, and in general in all those areas in which gender inequality may occur. The approach is extensive and based on legislation, the integration of the gender dimension into all policies, and specific measures in favour of women. From the non-exhaustive list of the various legislative interventions, it is possible to note a continuous repetition of the same thematic priorities which highlights, on the one hand, the poor results achieved by the implementation of the policies, but, on the other hand, the Commission’s willingness to pursue the path initially taken. Among the achievements in the field of gender equality obtained by the EU, there is certainly an increase in the number of women in the labour market and the acquisition of better education and training. Despite progress, gender inequalities have persisted. Even though women surpass men in terms of educational attainment, gender gaps still exist in employment, entrepreneurship, and public life (OECD, 2017). For example, in the labour market, women continue to be overrepresented in the lowest-paid sectors and underrepresented in top positions (according to the data released in the main companies of the European Union, women represent only 8% of CEOs).
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Pierce, Michelle B. "Functional Status, Social Support and Dietary Quality." In Nutrition Support to Elderly Women, 139–66. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003249634-7.
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Stevens, Anne. "The Social and Economic Status of Women." In Women, Power and Politics, 11–20. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-10463-2_2.
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Dale, Angela, and Heather Joshi. "The Economic and Social Status of British Women." In Acta Demographica, 27–46. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-48800-9_3.
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Boboc, Cristina, and Simona Ghita. "The Impact of the Pandemic on the Participation in the Labour Market of Vulnerable Groups: Women, Young People, the Elderly and Self-Employed Workers." In The Economic and Social Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic, 183–235. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47780-5_8.
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Herrero, Mario, Daniel Mason-D’Croz, Philip K. Thornton, Jessica Fanzo, Jonathan Rushton, Cecile Godde, Alexandra Bellows, et al. "Livestock and Sustainable Food Systems: Status, Trends, and Priority Actions." In Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation, 375–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_20.
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AbstractLivestock are a critically important component of the food system, although the sector needs a profound transformation to ensure that it contributes to a rapid transition towards sustainable food systems. This chapter reviews and synthesises the evidence available on changes in demand for livestock products in the last few decades, and the multiple socio-economic roles that livestock have around the world. We also describe the nutrition, health, and environmental impacts for which the sector is responsible. We propose eight critical actions for transitioning towards a more sustainable operating space for livestock. (1) Facilitate shifts in the consumption of animal source foods (ASF), recognising that global reductions will be required, especially in communities with high consumption levels, while promoting increased levels in vulnerable groups, including the undernourished, pregnant women and the elderly. (2) Continue work towards the sustainable intensification of livestock systems, paying particular attention to animal welfare, food-feed competition, blue water use, disease transmission and perverse economic incentives. (3) Embrace the potential of circularity in livestock systems as a way of partially decoupling livestock from land. (4) Adopt practices that lead to the direct or indirect mitigation of greenhouse gases. (5) Adopt some of the vast array of novel technologies at scale and design incentive mechanisms for their rapid deployment. (6) Diversify the protein sources available for human consumption and feed, focusing on the high-quality alternative protein sources that have lower environmental impacts. (7) Tackle antimicrobial resistance effectively through a combination of technology and new regulations, particularly for the fast-growing poultry and pork sectors and for feedlot operations. (8) Implement true cost of food and true-pricing approaches to ASF consumption.
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Oosterom, Marjoke. "Are rural young people stuck in waithood?" In Youth and the rural economy in Africa: hard work and hazard, 141–54. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245011.0008.
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Abstract This chapter interrogates the increasingly popular notion of waithood, and particularly the idea that most young people are stuck permanently in waithood because they cannot enter the labour market. Based on empirical data gathered from young rural women and men in Uganda, Ethiopia and Nigeria, the meaning of farming and other economic activities in their lives, particularly in relation to social status, is presented. Other avenues for claim making on social recognition, status and respect are then analysed, with a focus on marriage, family life, and active citizenship. Throughout the chapter the gendered nature of the process of becoming a social adult is emphasized.
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Stoilova, Rumiana, Ellen Boeren, and Petya Ilieva-Trichkova. "Gender Gaps in Participation in Adult Education in Europe: Examining Factors and Barriers." In Lifelong Learning, Young Adults and the Challenges of Disadvantage in Europe, 143–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14109-6_6.
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AbstractThis chapter asks how barriers to equal participation in adult education play out differently between (a) men and women and (b) women from different class and ethnic backgrounds. European Social Survey and Adult Education Survey data analyses confirm that low social origin is a significant barrier. Other socio-economic and socio-demographic characteristics can also act as barriers. The chapter draws attention to intersectionality: multiple simultaneous disadvantages, including gender (for women), social origin (for adults whose parents have basic or lower levels of education), and having an ethnic minority or migrant background. Women are less likely to receive financial support from their employer, though more likely to do so from public institutions. Ethnic minority status has a stronger negative effect for women than for men. Mediterranean and post-socialist welfare regimes reduce the effects of intersectionality less than social-democratic regimes.
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Lagerlöf Nilsson, Ulrika, and Helene Castenbrandt. "A Historical Perspective on Ageing and Capability." In International Perspectives on Aging, 163–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78063-0_12.
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AbstractThis chapter discusses the value of a capability approach in historical research on older people. Historians are generally focused on studying continuity and change over time. Their research often aims at explaining how and why certain phenomena appear and take different shapes. Capability is a way of capturing an individual’s ability to live a meaningful life, or a life that they perceive as good. A modern analytical tool such as the capability approach can be used for visualising historical patterns, even though individuals’ values of well-being change over time. In that sense, historical studies of individuals’ capabilities, or functions, can add another perspective to this theoretical framework.Old newspapers, biographies, diaries, letters, novels and government reports make it possible to understand which capabilities individuals and societies have valued for older citizens at different times. The meaning of functions differs over time and is dependent on several factors, such as gender and economic conditions, as well as social and civil status. This also means that conditions for a phenomenon such as retirement change over time, but they also differ depending on people’s previous life conditions. In this article, we explore these things using two different examples. Firstly, we discuss how Selma Lagerlöf, a woman with high social status, arranged for her retirement. The second example shows how women with low economic status struggled to retire at the time when universal pension reform was being implemented in Sweden.
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Teixeira, Ana Carolina Ornelas, and Ana Cristina Francisco Gonçalves. "Screening for elder abuse." In COLLECTION OF INTERNATIONAL TOPICS IN HEALTH SCIENCE- V1. Seven Editora, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/colleinternhealthscienv1-067.
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Introduction: The elderly's diminished social status in Portuguese society, the loss of authority during the aging process and the increased vulnerability associated with dependence, social isolation and economic frailty, contribute imperatively to a higher risk of abuse. According to the World Health Organization, Portugal is one of the main countries where this problem occurs. According to a study conducted in Portugal, 39.4% of elderly women surveyed claimed to be victims of abuse. Physical, sexual or psychological abuse are major public health problems. Aim: To review the available screening methods for elder abuse. Methods: A search was conducted in the databases: Medline and Uptodate and medical journals: Postgraduate Medicine, PacientCare and Geriatrics. Results: About two dozen screening scales for elder abuse were found, with different application and selection criteria. Discussion: Through screening and identification of cases of maltreatment, as well as awareness of the existence of risk factors and alarm signs, the family doctor has a key role in the prevention and protection of their vulnerable elderly patients. However, further research in this field is important to simplify the selection of the most appropriate scale to be used in daily clinical practice.
Conference papers on the topic "Economic and Social status of elderly women"
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Agustina, Isna Fitria, and Ilmi Usrotin Choiriyah. "Model of Women Empowerment in Strengthening Family Socio-Economic Status." In International Conference on Emerging Media, and Social Science. EAI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.7-12-2018.2281774.
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Paunović Radulović, Dragana, and Mirjana Devedžić. "The possibility of using EHIS survey for the identification of sandwich generations." In Population in Post-Yugoslav Countries: (Dis)Similarities and Perspectives. Institute of Social Sciences, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.59954/ppycdsp2024.37.
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"Sandwich generation" is a term that denotes a generation whose members, at one stage of their life, take care of their descendants and their aging parents at the same time. The combination of the parental role and the informal care of elderly family members represents the squeeze of the life cycle, i.e. pressure from both younger and older family members, and has its own sociological, cultural, economic, demographic and numerous other dimensions. The goal of the research in this paper was to identify the "sandwich generation" in Serbia from a demographic perspective, using quantitative methods. In the absence of longitudinal and qualitative research, as the most reliable sources of data for the study of this social phenomenon, the examining whether the existing social statistics have data that can support research of this type, was the first step approaching the work. As the most suitable source of data, the European Health Interview Survey (EHIS) was chosen, which was carried out in 2019 in the organization of the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia and the Institute for Public Health "Dr Milan Jovanovic Batut". For the purposes of this work, a secondary analysis of data from EHIS was performed, and thus the research capacities of EHIS in this issue were examined and, at the same time, some methodological solutions were offered. The research was conducted on the basis of 975 cases from a sample of 13,178 respondents. The group of respondents was selected on the basis of questions about the provision of informal care, analysis of the structure of households to which they belong and the kinship relationship of household members, from which the parental role was also detected. Defining the demographic profile of this contingent of persons included determining the age-sex structure, marital and work status, level of education, but also the description of accompanying information - the frequency and duration of care provision. Statistical analysis of the data showed that a typical representative of the "sandwich generation" is a woman, aged 45-59, married, employed, with a medium level of education, and that she provides help to an older family member at least 10 hours a week.
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Marques, Jacqueline, and Monica Teixeira. "PANDEMIC AND PERCEIVED HEALTH STATUS: A CASE STUDY." In NORDSCI Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/nordsci2021/b1/v4/29.
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Each older person's perception of their health status is a fundamental factor in understanding quality of life and should be considered in social interventions. Health is one of the main concerns of the elderly, since at this stage of life there is a change in functional capacity and, consequently, a greater sense of fragility and dependence. The aim of this study was to analyze the perceived health of a group of elderly people attending the Day Care Centre (DC) and Home Support Service (HSS), as well as its comparison with the previous year, with the peer group and with the impact of the Pandemic. We conducted a questionnaire survey. We found that there is a relationship between gender and self-assessment of health status, with women being the ones who mostly make a negative assessment. Most of the older people had an "acceptable" value for self-assessment of health, followed by older people with a negative view of their health and only a very small number considered it to be positive. When health status was compared with the previous year the majority consider it to be "more or less the same" showing an adaptive process to ageing, followed by those who consider that their health status had worsened compared to the previous year. 38.1% of the elderly respondents considered that the pandemic had an impact on their health. All of them were female and belonged to the DC, a social response which suffered major impacts from the pandemic. Most of these elderly women consider that the greatest impact of this pandemic was at the psychological level.
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Nikoloski, Dimitar. "POVERTY AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM NORTH MACEDONIA." In Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2020.0019.
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Poverty and social exclusion are often associated with unemployment, but being employed is not always sufficient to provide decent living conditions for workers and their families. The ‘low-wage’ workers similarly as unemployed are often associated with an image of men and women struggling to support their families and living at risk of poverty and social exclusion. Dealing with the social stratification engendered from the employment status of workers in the post-transition countries represents a challenging task for the academics and policymakers. The aim of the paper is to assess the determinants of poverty in North Macedonia from the point of view of employment status, particularly the differences between low-paid and unemployed workers. We assess the factors affecting the probability of at-risk-of poverty status by estimating a logit model on cross-section data separately for employed and unemployed persons in 2015. The analysis draws from an examination of micro data from the Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) whose main scope is to enable the compilation of statistics on income distribution, as well as indicators of monetary poverty. Besides other personal and household characteristics, being low-paid appears as the most important factor for at-risk-of poverty status among employed persons, while the low work intensity is the most responsible factor for at-risk-of poverty status among unemployed persons. In addition, our analysis reveals that the social transfers do not satisfactorily cover these categories, which assumes that we need a much broader arsenal of respective policy measures aiming to reduce poverty among the vulnerable labour market segments. The proposed policy recommendations cover the following areas: education and training, active labour market policies, unionisation and collective bargaining, wage subsidies and taxation and statutory minimum wage.
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Hoványi, Gábor, Róbert Tésits, and B. Levente Alpek. "An in-depth survey of the factors causing dissatisfaction within the group of elderly workers in South Transdanubia." In The Challenges of Analyzing Social and Economic Processes in the 21st Century. Szeged: Szegedi Tudományegyetem Gazdaságtudományi Kar, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/casep21c.13.
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The currently still active age group (aged 50–64) faces a number of difficulties with the approaching retirement age, as their ability to work and adapt quickly to changing situations are constantly losing their effectiveness. With this, of course, we do not claim that an older worker will carry out his or her work less effectively than a younger worker, as the experience gained in a particular job can balance out the performance differences stemming from age. However, as we approach the retirement age, losing your job at an older age would pose serious challenges for those who would want to return to the group of economically active workers. It is unlikely that they will find a job that matches their qualifications, as their knowledge is less up-to-date and employers would prefer young people who could be relied on in the longer term, as opposed to those who need to be replaced within a few years. These potential difficulties are revealed by the widely distributed questionnaire, which seeks to identify the motivations and preparedness of different social strata for the changing challenges of a precarious age, based on the current economic situation and living conditions of the workers. Results: Through the questionnaire survey, we were able to gain insight into how aging workers are preparing for their approaching retirement years and what steps they can take to preserve their current labour market position, as well as what opportunities they might have for returning to the labour market after losing their jobs as a result of possible redundancies. Conclusion: Due to the aging national age structure, the situation of the aging workers is becoming an increasingly widespread problem, which, if we are not able to remedy in time, then will have to count on the degradation of the employability for the examined group in the near future. This will be mainly due to the constantly deteriorating health status of the individuals and the overwhelmed health care system that needs to provide for all age groups.
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Buciuceanu-Vrabie, Mariana. "Deficitul ciclului de viață al populației în vârstă: dovezi și implicații în baza conturilor naționale de transfer." In Economic growth in the conditions of globalization: International Scientific-Practical Conference, XVIth edition. National Institute for Economic Research, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36004/nier.cdr.2022.16.2.
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The paper presents some results of the analysis of the Life Cycle Deficit (LCD) of the population aged 60 and over, based on the data frame of the National Transfer Accounts (NTA) for 2019. Based on age profiles of aggregate data is attested that the LCD of the elderly population in Moldova is about 41% of the LCD of all ages. The primary sources of livelihood for the elderly are not so much income from work but public transfers (payments for social programs, including pensions, healthcare and social services) – 37.8%. Redistribution of private asset-based reallocations plays a fairly significant role in financing the consumption of older people (30.7% of consumption). Along with advancing age, the economic activity of the population inevitably decreases. During the pre-retirement period, the self-employment labor income remains to have a special role in supplementing incomes and becoming the only source after age 75. People aged 60-75 continue to be donors in intergenerational transfers. Only after the age of 75+, do the elderly become recipients of private transfers. A gender characteristic is that older women remain the main beneficiaries of private transfers due to higher life expectancy. The aging of the population will accelerate in the coming decades, according to forecasts. Therefore, the share of the economically dependent population and the LCD will increase. More vigorous policy efforts are required to improve productivity and increase the potential of the working-age population, including by ensuring active and healthy aging and social security for the elderly. The article was elaborated within the State Program Project (2020-2023) 20.80009.0807.21 „Migration, demographic changes, and situation stabilization policies”.
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Pachkova, Petya. "Feminization of emigration." In 6th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Center for Open Access in Science, Belgrade, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.06.16183p.
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The subject of study is the Bulgarian women, who for different, mainly economic, reasons emigrate to other countries and how this affects their social and psychological status. During the transition, immigration processes in Bulgaria accelerated. A special feature is the feminization of emigration. With this peculiarity, we get into the general flow of feminization of emigration around the world. Similar are some consequences of this feminization - breaking down families; keeping the children in the hands of spouses and parents who too often fail to cope with the challenge; bribery of children with dry money, which accustom them to laziness and to unacceptable and criminal activities; staying with the status of a non-married woman; loneliness etc.
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Pachkova, Petya. "Feminization of emigration." In 6th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Center for Open Access in Science, Belgrade, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.06.16183p.
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The subject of study is the Bulgarian women, who for different, mainly economic, reasons emigrate to other countries and how this affects their social and psychological status. During the transition, immigration processes in Bulgaria accelerated. A special feature is the feminization of emigration. With this peculiarity, we get into the general flow of feminization of emigration around the world. Similar are some consequences of this feminization - breaking down families; keeping the children in the hands of spouses and parents who too often fail to cope with the challenge; bribery of children with dry money, which accustom them to laziness and to unacceptable and criminal activities; staying with the status of a non-married woman; loneliness etc.
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NAZARKULOVA, Nodira. "UZBEKISTAN-KOREA: ANALYSIS OF THE EVOLUTION OF WOMEN'S RIGHTS." In UZBEKISTAN-KOREA: CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS OF COOPERATION. OrientalConferences LTD, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ocl-01-20.
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The issue of women's rights has become a topic of focus in all societies striving for democracy today. International cooperation on gender relations and equality in them will have a positive effect on improving the social status of women and their free exercise of their rights, their place in public administration, science, economics and other areas. Uzbekistan and the Republic of Korea are two countries that have entered a new phase of economic, political, cultural and international cooperation in all areas. An important aspect of this cooperation is the role of Uzbek and Korean women in interstate cooperation. The following is a brief analysis of the historical roots of the current socio-political and economic situation of women in both countries.
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Kuswandari, Eti, Harsono Salimo, and Yulia Lanti Retno Dewi. "Social Economic Determinants of Birth Weight: Path Analysis Evidence from Situbondo, East Java." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.104.
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ABSTRACT Background: Social economics and environmental factors contribute to low birthweight. Cigarette exposure to tobacco smoke in pregnant women has been discerned as an important risk factor for low birth weight. The purpose of this study was to investigate social economic determinants of birth weight using path analysis model. Subjects and Method: A case control study was carried out at Asembagus community health center, Situbondo, East Java. The study population was children aged 0-1 years. A sample of 150 children with normal birthweight and 50 children with low birth weight was selected randomly. The dependent variable was low bierthweight. The independent variables were maternal age, maternal employment status, family income, maternal knowledge, and cigarette smoke exposure. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis. Results: The risk of low birthweight was directly and positively associated with maternal age <20 or ≥35 years (b= 1.78; 95% CI= 0.83 to 2.73; p<0.001), low maternal education (<Senior high school) (b= 0.93; 95% CI= 0.00 to 1.86; p= 0.049), mother work outside the home (b= 1.24; 95% CI= 0.26 to 2.22; p= 0.013), low family income low (b= 1.33; 95% CI= 0.42 to 2.24; p= 0.004), low maternal knowledge (b= 1.17; 95% CI= 0.13 to 2.21; p= 0.026), and high cigarette smoke exposure (b= 1.11; CI 95%= 0.08 to 2.13; p= 0.035). The risk of low birthweight was indirectly and positively associated with maternal education, maternal knowledge, and family income. Conclusion: The risk of low birthweight is directly and positively associated with maternal age <20 or ≥35 years, low maternal education (<Senior high school), mother work outside the home, low family income low, low maternal knowledge, and high cigarette smoke exposure. The risk of low birthweight is indirectly and positively associated with maternal education, maternal knowledge, and family income. Keywords: low birthweight, cigarette smoke exposure, social economy determinants, path analysis Correspondence: Eti Kuswandari. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: etikuswandari.eki@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282132770153. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.104
Reports on the topic "Economic and Social status of elderly women"
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Bhan, Gautam, Divya Ravindranath, Antara Rai Chowdhury, Rashee Mehra, Divij Sinha, Amruth Kiran, and Teja Malladi. Reproducing a Household: Recognising and Assessing Paid and Unpaid Domestic Work in Urban India. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/rhrapudwui11.2022.
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The key question of this study is to ask: what does it take to reproduce a household in urban India? Using a series of time-use surveys, we measure the time taken for 33 different tasks within activity clusters such as domestic services (cleaning, food preparation, procurement, upkeep) and caregiving services (child care and elderly care). Within this, we assess both unpaid work done by members of the household and paid work done by an externally engaged domestic worker. We do so across 9,636 households in two large metropolitan Indian cities– Bengaluru and Chennai – with variations across socio-economic status, caste, religion, neighbourhood type and across households with and without women working for wages.
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Hall, Sarah, Mark Vincent Aranas, and Amber Parkes. Making Care Count: An Overview of the Women’s Economic Empowerment and Care Initiative. Oxfam, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6881.
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Across the globe, unpaid care and domestic work (UCDW) sustains communities and economies, provides essential care for children, sick and elderly people and those living with disabilities, and keeps households clean and families fed. Without unpaid care, the global economy as we know it would grind to a halt. Yet this work falls disproportionately on women and girls, limiting their opportunities to participate in decent paid employment, education, leisure and political life. Heavy and unequal UCDW traps women and girls in cycles of poverty and stops them from being part of solutions. To help address this, Oxfam, together with a number of partners, has been working in over 25 countries to deliver the Women’s Economic Empowerment and Care (WE-Care) programme since 2013. WE-Care aims to reignite progress on gender equality by addressing heavy and unequal UCDW. By recognizing, reducing and redistributing UCDW, WE-Care is promoting a just and inclusive society where women and girls have more choice at every stage of their lives, more opportunities to take part in economic, social and political activities, and where carers’ voices are heard in decision making about policies and budgets at all levels. This overview document aims to highlight the approaches taken and lessons learned on unpaid care that Oxfam has implemented in collaboration with partners in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.
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Bhan, Gautam, Divya Ravindranath, Antara Rai Chowdhury, Rashee Mehra, Divij Sinha, and Amruth Kiran. Employer Practices and Perceptions on Paid Domestic Work: Recruitment, Employment Relationships, and Social Protection. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/epppdwrersp11.2022.
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The key question of this study is to ask: What are the beliefs, motivations, and perceptions of employers toward recruitment, employment conditions, and social protection for domestic workers?We draw from personal interviews with 403 households in two large metropolitan Indian cities– Bengaluru and Chennai – with variations across socio-economic status, caste, neighbourhood type and across households with and without women working for wages. This Executive Summary outlines key findings and implications.
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Safilios-Rothschild, Constantina. Socioeconomic Indicators of Women's Status in Developing Countries, 1970–1980. Population Council, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy1986.1001.
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From 1970–1980, several conferences were held and publications produced regarding the need to improve data collection on indicators of women’s status, as well as a number of publications offering concrete proposals for such improvements. During this period, the disaggregation of statistics by sex has expanded in many countries and indicators, and such disaggregated statistics are presented with increased frequency in international data compiled by United Nations specialized organizations. In addition, two major sets of statistics on the status of women have appeared. These statistics on socioeconomic indicators of the status of women in developing countries include statistics on men as well. The data cover 45 indicators for 75 countries at the beginning and end of the 1970–1980 decade. The statistics for the end of the decade cover 76 countries, because Zimbabwe was added. This monograph differs from already published monographs because of its inclusion of different types of indicators of women’s access to education, economic participation, and social visibility; the wider coverage of national published and unpublished statistics; the time period covered by the statistics; and the extent of the analysis of the available data on different indicators.
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Haberland, Nicole, Erica Chong, and Hillary J. Bracken. A world apart: The disadvantage and social isolation of married adolescent girls. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy22.1010.
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This brief is based on a paper prepared for the WHO/UNFPA/Population Council Technical Consultation on Married Adolescents, held in Geneva, Switzerland, December 9–12, 2003. The consultation brought together experts from the United Nations, donors, and nongovernmental agencies to consider the evidence regarding married adolescent girls’ reproductive health, vulnerability to HIV infection, social and economic disadvantage, and rights. The relationships to major policy initiatives—including safe motherhood, HIV, adolescent sexual and reproductive health, and reproductive rights—were explored, and emerging findings from the still relatively rare programs that are directed at this population were discussed. Despite the program attention and funding that have been devoted to adolescents, early marriage and married adolescents have fallen largely outside of the field’s concern. Comprising the majority of sexually active adolescent girls in developing countries, this large and vulnerable subpopulation has received neither program and policy consideration in the adolescent sexual and reproductive health field, nor special attention from reproductive health and development programs for adult women. While adolescent girls, irrespective of marital status, are vulnerable in many settings and deserve program, policy, and resource support, the purpose of this brief is to describe the distinctive and often disadvantaged situations of married girls and to propose possible future policy and program options.
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Kawar, Mary. Gender and generation in household labor supply in Jordan [Arabic]. Population Council, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy2000.1002.
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This paper examines gender and age differences in the labor supply of households in Jordan, and the impact of young women’s employment on gender and generation relations. The objective of the study is to address the issues of gender and generation as factors influencing accessibility to labor markets, and to provide a broader understanding of female employment by exploring age-related factors. Empirically, the study looks at the disproportionate workforce participation of young urban single women in Amman, Jordan, and argues that this generation of working women is evidence of a new stage in the lives of Jordanian women: single employed adulthood. It looks at a specific “time” in the social and economic lives of households and individuals. Within this context, the paper constructs a profile of employment characteristics of adult household members to explore the intersecting influences of age and gender and the specific positions of young women. It then addresses how normative gender and generation hierarchies within households respond to these phenomena of young women’s work, their prolonged single status, and their expanding horizons.
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Kawar, Mary. Gender and generation in household labor supply in Jordan. Population Council, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy2000.1001.
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This paper examines gender and age differences in the labor supply of households in Jordan, and the impact of young women’s employment on gender and generation relations. The objective of the study is to address the issues of gender and generation as factors influencing accessibility to labor markets, and to provide a broader understanding of female employment by exploring age-related factors. Empirically, the study looks at the disproportionate workforce participation of young urban single women in Amman, Jordan, and argues that this generation of working women is evidence of a new stage in the lives of Jordanian women: single employed adulthood. It looks at a specific “time” in the social and economic lives of households and individuals. Within this context, the paper constructs a profile of employment characteristics of adult household members to explore the intersecting influences of age and gender and the specific positions of young women. It then addresses how normative gender and generation hierarchies within households respond to these phenomena of young women’s work, their prolonged single status, and their expanding horizons.
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Bhan, Gautam, Divya Ravindranath, Antara Rai Chowdhury, Rashee Mehra, Divij Sinha, Amruth Kiran, and Teja Malladi. Deficits in Decent Work: Employer Perspectives and Practices on the Quality of Employment in Domestic Work in Urban India. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/ddweppqedwui11.2022.
Full textAbstract:
The key question of this study is to ask: what is the quality of employment of paid domestic work in urban India? We measured quality by looking at income security (wages, bonus, increments); employment and work security (terms of termination, terms of assistance in illness or injury); and social security (terms of paid leave, medical insurance, and maternity entitlements). We additionally assessed channels of recruitment of paid domestic workers. We did so for 3,067 households in two large metropolitan Indian cities– Bengaluru and Chennai – with variations across socio-economic status, caste, religion, neighbourhood type and across households with and without women working for wages.
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Bhan, Gautam, Divya Ravindranath, Rashee Mehra, Divij Sinha, Amruth Kiran, and Teja Malladi. Deficits in decent work : employer perspectives and practices on the quality of employment in domestic work in urban India. ILO, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54394/alhg1042.
Full textAbstract:
This study report contributes towards understanding employers’ perspectives on existing working conditions and practices relating to recruitment, income security, employment security and social security available to domestic workers. To do so, this report draws upon data from 3,067 households in two large metropolitan Indian cities– Bengaluru and Chennai – with variations across socio-economic status, caste, religion, neighborhood type and across households with and without women working for wages. This report is the second of a three-part series, with the first report looking at the total number of paid and unpaid hours it takes to reproduce a household in urban India, and the third assessing employer motivations, beliefs and perspectives about domestic work and workers.
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IIGH, UNU, and University of the Western Cape School of Public Health. Gender and COVID-19 global research agenda: priorities and recommendations. UNU-IIGH, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37941/lrrw9593.
Full textAbstract:
Calls for greater recognition of and attention to the influence of sex and gender on health have been longstanding, and the need for this has only been amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic. Apart from the direct effects of biological sex and socially-constructed gender differences on COVID-19 morbidity and mortality – with higher rates of severe disease and deaths among men, pandemic responses have also amplified existing gender inequalities, with women bearing the heaviest burden of the indirect health and socio-economic consequences. The interactions between sex, gender and COVID-19 are complex and evolving, and further shaped and influenced by context and the intersecting influence of other social determinants and/or identities (such as race, ethnicity, LGBTQIA or migrant status, etc.), which have exacerbated the devastating health impacts for specific women, men and gender-diverse people. Recognising both the urgency of integrating sex and gender into COVID-19 research, and the roadblocks in the way of achieving this, the United Nations University International Institute for Global Health (UNU-IIGH) and the School of Public Health at the University of the Western Cape co- convened a collaborative gender and COVID-19 research agenda-setting exercise.