Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Economic and policy barrier'
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1
Ogbonna, Joseph Ifeanyichukwu. "A legal analysis of the application of Articles I and III of the GATT 1994 on the economic development of ECOWAS member states." Thesis, Brunel University, 2012. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7253.
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This dissertation examines the tension inherent in the relationship between the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) as Member States Parties of the GATT/WTO and the GATT/WTO regime. It focuses specifically on the tension triggered off by the requirements of Article I – the Most-Favoured-Nation principle (MFN) and Article III – the National Treatment principle (NT) GATT 1994. It shows that while the non-discrimination principles are meant to promote trade liberalisation and economic growth, they produce the opposite effect in developing and least developed countries like ECOWAS and aggravate the tension between those countries and the WTO. It argues that the MFN is used to deny market access to the developing countries by exposing them to stiff but unequal competitive conditions and the NT to deny national governments the policy space to protect and promote national industries, employment and economic growth. It challenges the general assumption that the MFN and the NT are good and in the interest of all the WTO Members and rather identifies them as lynch-pins of economic development in the ECOWAS region. It also shows, contrary to the assumption of non-participation, how the ECOWAS High Contracting Parties are adapting their trading systems and harmonising their laws to the key provisions of Articles I and III of the GATT. It shows that the principles of non-discrimination are the outcome of the standard-setting procedures legally formulated as the SPS and TBT Agreements which favour the developed countries and how the Dispute Settlement Body has rejected the ‘aims-and-effect’ approach, taken a literal approach, overly emphasising trade liberalisation to the neglect of market access and economic development. This dissertation concludes that it is pre-mature for ECOWAS to assume Articles I and III obligations and recommends using the provisions of Article XXIV to build up effective influence through regional organisations and incrementally uniting to transform the GATT.
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Pasquier, Linnéa. "Barriers and Bridges for Establishing Agroforestry : A qualitative study of Swedish land use policy in relation to agroforestry." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-183241.
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Numerous scholars describe agroforestry as an extraordinary food production system that generates viable ecosystems and accommodates regenerative capabilities. Agroforestry may therefore be a promising solution to the future environmental challenges facing food production. This multifunctional land management system is practised in temperate and tropical regions alike, however, it exists to a remarkably limited extent in Sweden. This research points to the complexities in agricultural and forestry policy as a main barrier for wider agroforestry adoption. The foundation of inquiry is thus to analyze various Swedish legislatives and support systems that either facilitate or adverse agroforestry practice, through the lens of political ecology. The research findings derive from a qualitative study, consisting of conducted interviews with key stakeholders in Swedish agricultural and forestry policy. The study contends that a core obstacle for agroforestry development is the dualistic approach to governmental sectors, i.e. forestry and agriculture, and the lack of coordination between them, since agroforestry cannot be classified as neither . A perpetual policy prioritized towards large-volume crop yields, rapid production, large scale investments, calculative assessments and a competitive business sector is moreover identified. The research asserts that these hegemonic discourses permeating policy, consequently act as a disincentive for agroforestry adoption due to the ofttimes long implementation period, high initial investment and uncertain food market for agroforestry produce. In addition, the study illustrates that cultural expectations of landscape mainly give trees a cultural and environmental value, therein neglecting the multifunctionality of woody vegetation - which hence suggest a lack of a holistic approach to food systems. The thesis finally argues that these hegemonic discourses concerning assessment and management of land, together influence the design of state policy and farmers’ attitude towards agroforestry systems. Overall, current policy regulations portray a rather static and incomplete way of managing the dynamic symbiosis of multifunctional food systems.
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Maziwisa, Michelle Rufaro. "An examination of the legal framework governing opportunities and barriers to economic development in Southern Africa: a case study of Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6184.
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Doctor Legum - LLDThis thesis examines the legal framework of Zimbabwe to determine if the laws and policies which are in place create opportunities for, or barriers to, economic development. Specifically, it examines the legal framework governing trade, investment and financial services. The thesis focuses on Zimbabwe as a case study and draws lessons from South Africa. It proceeds from the premise that despite the numerous attempts made at international, regional and domestic levels to increase economic development (such as through liberalisation of markets and access to international development finance), Zimbabwe has failed to attain 'developed country' status. The purpose of the thesis is to examine the causes of poor economic performance in Zimbabwe postindependence (post-1980).
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Bennett, L. Diane. "Benefits and Barriers of HUD Neighborhood Stabilization Program As Perceived by Stakeholders." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1375.
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Devalued homes and weakened economic conditions of 2008 led to lost property tax revenues, more vacant and abandoned properties, and destabilized neighborhoods. The first Neighborhood Stabilization Program (NSP1) was a federal intervention designed to mitigate the damage of the recession, but there is scant evidence of program effectiveness. A phenomenological study, using a method outlined by Moustakas,
answered questions on the benefits and barriers of NSP1 as perceived by stakeholders in a Mid-Atlantic city. Stakeholders included nonprofit housing advocates, residents, business partners, and government officials. Theories of collaborative governance and community stakeholders were used to guide the investigation of NSP1 processes and stakeholders' perceptions. Ten stakeholders responded to 9 compound interview questions derived from the research question and 4 subquestions in semi-structured interviews. Responses were transcribed, verified for accuracy, and then coded and
analyzed for recurring themes. Five prominent themes emerged: (1) challenges with NSP1 guidelines, (2) importance of partner capacity, (3) positive results in targeted neighborhoods, (4) city's approach to community development, and (5) sustaining positive results. Findings were that NSP1's benefits for residents outweighed procedural barriers and NSP1's short duration still yielded positive results in neighborhoods. This study has policy and social change implications for all stakeholders involved. Recommendations include continuous city involvement to stabilize neighborhoods during future recessions and better entrepreneurial strategies to integrate private and non-profit stakeholders in all phases of collaborative governance.
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Huang, Cunrui. "The health effects of temperature : current estimates, future projections, and adaptation strategies." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/64353/1/Cunrui_Huang_Thesis.pdf.
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Climate change is expected to be one of the biggest global health threats in the 21st century. In response to changes in climate and associated extreme events, public health adaptation has become imperative. This thesis examined several key issues in this emerging research field.
The thesis aimed to identify the climate-health (particularly temperature-health) relationships, then develop quantitative models that can be used to project future health impacts of climate change, and therefore help formulate adaptation strategies for dealing with climate-related health risks and reducing vulnerability. The research questions addressed by this thesis were: (1) What are the barriers to public health adaptation to climate change? What are the research priorities in this emerging field? (2) What models and frameworks can be used to project future temperature-related mortality under different climate change scenarios? (3) What is the actual burden of temperature-related mortality? What are the impacts of climate change on future burden of disease? and (4) Can we develop public health adaptation strategies to manage the health effects of temperature in response to climate change? Using a literature review, I discussed how public health organisations should implement and manage the process of planned adaptation. This review showed that public health adaptation can operate at two levels: building adaptive capacity and implementing adaptation actions. However, there are constraints and barriers to adaptation arising from uncertainty, cost, technologic limits, institutional arrangements, deficits of social capital, and individual perception of risks. The opportunities for planning and implementing public health adaptation are reliant on effective strategies to overcome likely barriers. I proposed that high priorities should be given to multidisciplinary research on the assessment of potential health effects of climate change, projections of future health impacts under different climate and socio-economic scenarios, identification of health cobenefits of climate change policies, and evaluation of cost-effective public health adaptation options.
Heat-related mortality is the most direct and highly-significant potential climate change impact on human health. I thus conducted a systematic review of research and methods for projecting future heat-related mortality under different climate change scenarios. The review showed that climate change is likely to result in a substantial increase in heatrelated mortality. Projecting heat-related mortality requires understanding of historical temperature-mortality relationships, and consideration of future changes in climate, population and acclimatisation. Further research is needed to provide a stronger theoretical framework for mortality projections, including a better understanding of socioeconomic development, adaptation strategies, land-use patterns, air pollution and mortality displacement.
Most previous studies were designed to examine temperature-related excess deaths or mortality risks. However, if most temperature-related deaths occur in the very elderly who had only a short life expectancy, then the burden of temperature on mortality would have less public health importance. To guide policy decisions and resource allocation, it is desirable to know the actual burden of temperature-related mortality. To achieve this, I used years of life lost to provide a new measure of health effects of temperature. I conducted a time-series analysis to estimate years of life lost associated with changes in season and temperature in Brisbane, Australia. I also projected the future temperaturerelated years of life lost attributable to climate change. This study showed that the association between temperature and years of life lost was U-shaped, with increased years of life lost on cold and hot days. The temperature-related years of life lost will worsen greatly if future climate change goes beyond a 2 °C increase and without any adaptation to higher temperatures.
The excess mortality during prolonged extreme temperatures is often greater than the predicted using smoothed temperature-mortality association. This is because sustained period of extreme temperatures produce an extra effect beyond that predicted by daily temperatures. To better estimate the burden of extreme temperatures, I estimated their effects on years of life lost due to cardiovascular disease using data from Brisbane, Australia. The results showed that the association between daily mean temperature and years of life lost due to cardiovascular disease was U-shaped, with the lowest years of life lost at 24 °C (the 75th percentile of daily mean temperature in Brisbane), rising progressively as temperatures become hotter or colder. There were significant added effects of heat waves, but no added effects of cold spells.
Finally, public health adaptation to hot weather is necessary and pressing. I discussed how to manage the health effects of temperature, especially with the context of climate change. Strategies to minimise the health effects of high temperatures and climate change can fall into two categories: reducing the heat exposure and managing the health effects of high temperatures. However, policy decisions need information on specific adaptations, together with their expected costs and benefits. Therefore, more research is needed to evaluate cost-effective adaptation options.
In summary, this thesis adds to the large body of literature on the impacts of temperature and climate change on human health. It improves our understanding of the temperaturehealth relationship, and how this relationship will change as temperatures increase.
Although the research is limited to one city, which restricts the generalisability of the findings, the methods and approaches developed in this thesis will be useful to other researchers studying temperature-health relationships and climate change impacts. The results may be helpful for decision-makers who develop public health adaptation strategies to minimise the health effects of extreme temperatures and climate change.
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Woerdman, Edwin. "Implementing the Kyoto mechanisms political barriers and path dependence /." [Groningen]: [Edwin Woerdman], 2002. http://dissertations.ub.rug.nl/FILES/faculties/jur/2002/e.woerdman/thesis.pdf.
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King, Steven. "Economic valuation and optimisation of river barrier mitigation actions." Thesis, University of Kent, 2015. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/48582/.
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Infrastructure, such as dams, weirs and culverts, disrupt the longitudinal connectivity of rivers, causing adverse impacts on fish and other species. This compromises the ability of river ecosystems to provide a range of services that contribute to human well-being. Improving fish passage at artificial barriers is an economic river restoration policy option that can improve the delivery of river ecosystem services provision. Whilst a number of methodologies exist to cost-effectively prioritize barriers for mitigation action, there is also now considerable interest in estimating the economic benefits of increased ecosystem service provision from investing in this activity. This is relevant in a number of policy contexts, including the Water Framework Directive in the EU. This thesis presents a novel bio-economic model that addresses the dual problem of prescribing cost optimal river barrier mitigation solutions whilst, simultaneously, estimating the social benefit of undertaking this activity. Minimal cost solutions are obtained for the problem of barrier mitigation decisions using a mixed integer linear program (MILP). The benefit from marginal improvements in river connectivity and fish species responses is then estimated using the Choice Experiment method. Incorporating these benefit estimates into the MILP generates the final bio-economic model. The specific advantage of this approach is it can readily inform cost benefit analysis of river barrier mitigation policy. The methods are demonstrated using the River Wey in South East England, containing over 650 artificial barriers, as a case study. For the case study, the benefits of investing in river barrier mitigation exceed costs at all budget levels, with the most socially efficient level of investment identified as approximately £30M.
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Maharajh, R. "Global Economic Policy Reform." Tshwane University of Technology, 2008. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001618.
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Abstract
This paper is a contribution to the discussion about globalisation, democracy and
development. It proposes revisiting the current multilateral architecture for economic growth
and development whilst simultaneously encouraging greater coherence, cooperation and
coordination amongst the countries of Southern Africa. Competing conceptual definitions,
contextual histories and performance data regarding current institutions and agencies are
then presented. The resulting proposals for global reform favours the identification of the
critical role played by knowledge, technology and innovation systems in redressing the
inequalities and asymmetries of mere 'market-led' development.
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Wiltshire, Serge William. "Grass-Based Dairy in Vermont: Benefits, Barriers, and Effective Public Policies." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2015. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/492.
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A comprehensive literature review was undertaken in order to define and assess the sustainability and resiliency characteristics associated with grass-based and confinement dairy farming. Primarily as a result of reduced input costs, grass-based dairy farming often enhances profitability over confinement systems, especially on small farms. Further, conversion of tilled soil to permanent pasture has been shown to significantly reduce harmful sediment and nutrient transport into waterways. Perennial forage also acts as a carbon sink, curtailing or even negating a grass-based farm's carbon footprint. Finally, social benefits derived from enhanced nutrition and higher quality of life are also associated with grass-based dairy farming. Given that policy goals of the State of Vermont include both bolstering farm viability and reducing farm-related runoff, two questions are then raised. What is the most effective way to incentivize the adoption of rotational grazing in Vermont? And what types of farms are best suited to its use?
A series of interviews with dairy experts and farmers was conducted as a preliminary investigation into these questions. This qualitative evidence suggested that farmers generally adopted grass-based dairying after observing a peer's success with the method, suggesting that a key leverage point may be peer-based learning.
A behavioral economics game was developed to evaluate the role of peer networks in facilitating decision-making under conditions of uncertainty. A computerized game platform simulated networks of small dairy farm enterprises, with participants acting as farm managers. Treatments varied the size of peer networks, as well as the inclusion of a perfectly-performing automated 'seed player.' Participants could base their decisions upon the successes of their peers. They received a cash incentive based on their farms' performance. Results indicated that players with higher numbers of peers made better economic decisions on average. The inclusion of a 'seed player' within a network, which modeled the ideal behavior, also facilitated better decision-making. Both of these correlations were statistically significant. Furthermore, the shape of the 'diffusion curve' of new adoptees confirmed literature on the dynamics of innovation diffusion. Public policy implications from this work include an increased focus on facilitating peer-to-peer learning among farmers where Best Management Practice adoption is a policy goal.
To further evaluate the potential for peer learning to facilitate positive change, the Dairy Farm Transitions Agent Based Model (DFTABM) was developed. The model was calibrated using existing datasets along with the qualitative and quantitative results described above. It forecasts effects on farm profitability, attrition, and soil loss arising from varying assumptions about peer network connectivity, peer emulation, macroeconomic trends, and agri-environmental policy. Nine experimental treatments were assessed. Overall, it was found that high rates of emulation coupled with high rates of connectivity'especially targeted connectivity among smaller farms'yielded the best balance of farm viability and reduction in soil loss. The establishment of a performance-based tax credit had no clear correlation with the resulting soil loss figures predicted by the model. Policy implications from this study include the finding that direct payment schemes for reduction in environmental harm may not always have their intended effects, whereas policies that enhance peer-to-peer learning opportunities, especially among the proprietors of smaller farms, may present an effective and relatively affordable means by which to bolster farm profitability while also reducing environmental degradation.
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Stapleton, Emily. "Barrier options, time-lagged trading and optimisation." Thesis, University of Bath, 1998. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285314.
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Park, Thea Alexander. "Broken barrier : mobility, political unionism and economic informality in India." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/33798.
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Economic informality is often treated as defining a segregated, leeching, anti-systemic and apolitical sphere of an economic system. While an estimate 2.8 times the combined total populations of Canada and the United States comprise the informal labour population of India, the visibility of the workers involved is largely obstructed by a combination of natural and forced anonymity. Political unionism is shown as an imperfect instrument to respond to the varied interests of union members in addition to falling under criticism as a privileged process for an elitist, minority section of the working class in India. One of two labour unions recognized as clearly outside political associations is the Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA), through which the voice, struggle and intense productivity of workers dubbed part of the informal economic sphere has been brought to the attention of domestic and international policy initiatives. In an analysis of studies engaging with the organized bidi workers of Gujarat and the history of political unionism in India, we see that the barrier between formal and informal is quite firmly an inaccurate product of our analysis. While individual agency in India should be supported and targeted for improvement by international labour laws, conventions and organizations, there needs to be a realization that protection from exploitation is necessary yet blind incorporation of the informal into the formal is not the logical conclusion for sustainable development practices.
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Greiner, Alfred. "Fiscal policy and economic growth /." Aldershot [u.a.] : Avebury, 1998. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=008122425&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Fink, Gerhard, and Alexander Petsche. "Central European Economic Policy Issues." Europainstitut, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1994. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3595/1/IEF_WP_5.pdf.
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Policy, Department of Economic. "Discussion document on economic policy." Department of Economic Policy, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/66691.
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This document has been prepared for debate within the ranks of the ANC. It does not represent an agreed policy, but rather seeks to contribute to a democratic process of formulating our movement's economic policy. The movement believes that economic policy should address itself to the demands and needs of the majority of the people, and active discussion and debate is essential if they are to have a more prominent place. The ANC has long recognised the necessity for political liberation and constitutional changes to be accompanied by socioeconomic transformation. The Freedom Charter proclaimed the necessity for the people to share in the countries wealth, for the land to be distributed to those who work it, for there to housing, security and comfort for all, and for the doors of learning and culture to opened. The constitutional guidelines also recognised the need for economic restructuring to be part of the process of constitutional change."This document has been prepared for debate within the ranks of the ANC". -- Introduction
"DEP workshop, Harare, 20-23 September 1990."
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Костюченко, Надія Миколаївна, Надежда Николаевна Костюченко, Nadiia Mykolaivna Kostiuchenko, Тетяна Іванівна Шевченко, Татьяна Ивановна Шевченко, and Tetiana Ivanivna Shevchenko. "Mechanism of ecologic-economic policy." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2006. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8440.
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Бурлакова, Ірина Михайлівна, Ирина Михайловна Бурлакова, and Iryna Mykhailivna Burlakova. "Economic strategies of ecological policy." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2006. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8492.
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Pollio, Luigi. "Monetary Policy and Economic Expectations." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2019. http://elea.unisa.it:8080/xmlui/handle/10556/4511.
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2017 - 2018Economists have long recognized that adverse shocks to the nancial sector can have signi cant e ects on the real economy. The chance that nancial instability will lead to macroeconomic instability is often termed \systemic risk" and the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers and the global crisis in the last decades represent near evidence. Historically, monetary authorities used to respond to global crisis by cutting interest rates to lower levels. However, when the short-term nominal interest rate reaches the zero lower bound, monetary policy loses the power to cut the interest rate to counterbalance the negative e ect of nancial crisis and to control the in ation rate in the economy. Motivating by the events of the nancial crisis in 2008, I study the e ect of nancial instability on the economy and the in uence of the Central Bank' unconventional monetary policy on market micro-structure. This work is divided in two main parts. In the rst chapter, I investigate the e ects of a nancial instability shock on consumption and business expectations using the \Announcements" of the European Central Bank in favor of stability as source of exogenous variation. Using quarterly data on the European countries, I show that a nancial instability shock depresses the aggregate expectations on investment while the e ects are mixed for aggregate consumption con dence. These results are robust to di erent identi cation schemes and several estimation methodologies. Finally, I estimate an impulse response function for a nancial instability shock on consumption and investment con dence using local projection on a 20 period horizon. The second chapter aims at assessing the impact of the unconventional monetary policy undertaken by the European Central Bank (ECB) on European corporate bond prices and their liquidity. Using a di erence-in-di erence estimation technique, I nd that the Corporate Sector Purchase Programme (CSPP) has signi cantly reduced both the yield and bid-ask spread of the purchased bonds. I also investigate whether the average treatment e ect has changed over time during the implementation of the policy: the e ect of the program on yield and prices has marginally abated, while the positive e ect on liquidity is still present approximately nine months after the policy inception. [edited by author]
XVII n.s. (XXXI ciclo)
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GHODSI, MOHAMMAD MAHDI. "Barriere Tecniche al Commercio: Determinanti ed Implicazioni." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/6331.
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Quasi tutte le tariffe applicate al commercio internazionale sono vincolate dagli impegni sottoscritti dalle economie più avanzate ed ulteriori misure, volte ad aumentare il livello di protezione, non dovrebbero poter essere, di norma, utilizzate. Tuttavia, l’introduzione di un crescente numero di barriere non tariffarie (BNT) ha recentemente favorito il proliferare di dispute e conflitti commerciali fra gli Stati. Il regolamento dell’Organizzazione Mondiale del Commercio (OMC) considera legittime le motivazioni che sono alla base di alcune di queste misure non tariffarie quali quelle a tutela dell’ambiente, della salute o della sicurezza delle persone. Sebbene gli stessi regolamenti dell’OMC impongano agli Stati di addurre giustificazioni credibili per le loro misure in materia di politica commerciale, gli stessi regolamenti dovrebbero, al contempo, essere anche in grado di identificare eventuali finalità protezionistiche promosse da specifici gruppi di interesse. Barriere Tecniche al Commercio (TBT) sono uno specifico sottogruppo delle BNT il cui grado di complessità le rende spesso poco chiare sia sul piano delle ragioni che le giustificano che delle implicazioni che possono conseguire dalla loro applicazione. In questa tesi, vengono messi in luce alcuni particolari aspetti relativi alle BNT ed agli Specific Trade Concerns (STC). Nel primo capitolo, vengono analizzate le determinanti delle BNT e degli STC nel periodo 1995-2011. Nel secondo capitolo, gli effetti delle BNT e degli STC adottate dall’Europa, dagli Stati Uniti e dalla Cina sono analizzati considerando settori a 4-digit derivanti dall’Harmonized System. Nel terzo capitolo, viene proposta un analisi costi-benefici di equilibrio parziale riguardante l’impatto, in termini di benessere, dell’adozione una BNT restrittiva tesa a impedire l’afflusso di uno specifico prodotto dalle caratteristiche sgradite. Nel complesso, questa tesi pone un enfasi maggiore sulla complessità delle suddette BNT fornendo migliori intuizioni sulle loro determinanti e le loro implicazioni.Almost all tariff lines are bound within the schedules of concessions of developed countries, and duties cannot be used to increase the level of protection. Instead, increasing number of non-tariff measures (NTMs) have given rise to disputes and trade conflicts. World Trade Organization (WTO) regulations consider certain motivations behind imposition of these instruments to be legitimate such as those related to human, environment, health, and safety issues. While regulations of the WTO oblige governments to provide justifiable reason behind their trade policy instruments, they might as well seek for the sale of their industrial protection to some special interest groups supporting them. Technical Barriers to Trade (TBTs) are a sub-category of NTMs with complex nature whose either motivations or implications are not very clear. In this dissertation, I shed light on some aspects of NTMs with specific focus on TBT and Specific Trade Concerns (STCs). In the first chapter, I study the determining factors of TBT STCs over the period 1995-2011. In the second chapter, the trade effects of these TBT STCs maintained by the European Union, China, and the United States at 4-digit level of Harmonized System will be analysed. In the third chapter, I provide a cost-benefit analysis in a partial equilibrium framework to quantify the welfare consequences of a prohibitive NTM which is aimed at a foreign product with negative characteristics. Overall, this dissertation emphasizes more on the complexity of NTMs and it provides us with better insights on the determinants and implications of these trade policy measures.
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GHODSI, MOHAMMAD MAHDI. "Barriere Tecniche al Commercio: Determinanti ed Implicazioni." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/6331.
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Quasi tutte le tariffe applicate al commercio internazionale sono vincolate dagli impegni sottoscritti dalle economie più avanzate ed ulteriori misure, volte ad aumentare il livello di protezione, non dovrebbero poter essere, di norma, utilizzate. Tuttavia, l’introduzione di un crescente numero di barriere non tariffarie (BNT) ha recentemente favorito il proliferare di dispute e conflitti commerciali fra gli Stati. Il regolamento dell’Organizzazione Mondiale del Commercio (OMC) considera legittime le motivazioni che sono alla base di alcune di queste misure non tariffarie quali quelle a tutela dell’ambiente, della salute o della sicurezza delle persone. Sebbene gli stessi regolamenti dell’OMC impongano agli Stati di addurre giustificazioni credibili per le loro misure in materia di politica commerciale, gli stessi regolamenti dovrebbero, al contempo, essere anche in grado di identificare eventuali finalità protezionistiche promosse da specifici gruppi di interesse. Barriere Tecniche al Commercio (TBT) sono uno specifico sottogruppo delle BNT il cui grado di complessità le rende spesso poco chiare sia sul piano delle ragioni che le giustificano che delle implicazioni che possono conseguire dalla loro applicazione. In questa tesi, vengono messi in luce alcuni particolari aspetti relativi alle BNT ed agli Specific Trade Concerns (STC). Nel primo capitolo, vengono analizzate le determinanti delle BNT e degli STC nel periodo 1995-2011. Nel secondo capitolo, gli effetti delle BNT e degli STC adottate dall’Europa, dagli Stati Uniti e dalla Cina sono analizzati considerando settori a 4-digit derivanti dall’Harmonized System. Nel terzo capitolo, viene proposta un analisi costi-benefici di equilibrio parziale riguardante l’impatto, in termini di benessere, dell’adozione una BNT restrittiva tesa a impedire l’afflusso di uno specifico prodotto dalle caratteristiche sgradite. Nel complesso, questa tesi pone un enfasi maggiore sulla complessità delle suddette BNT fornendo migliori intuizioni sulle loro determinanti e le loro implicazioni.Almost all tariff lines are bound within the schedules of concessions of developed countries, and duties cannot be used to increase the level of protection. Instead, increasing number of non-tariff measures (NTMs) have given rise to disputes and trade conflicts. World Trade Organization (WTO) regulations consider certain motivations behind imposition of these instruments to be legitimate such as those related to human, environment, health, and safety issues. While regulations of the WTO oblige governments to provide justifiable reason behind their trade policy instruments, they might as well seek for the sale of their industrial protection to some special interest groups supporting them. Technical Barriers to Trade (TBTs) are a sub-category of NTMs with complex nature whose either motivations or implications are not very clear. In this dissertation, I shed light on some aspects of NTMs with specific focus on TBT and Specific Trade Concerns (STCs). In the first chapter, I study the determining factors of TBT STCs over the period 1995-2011. In the second chapter, the trade effects of these TBT STCs maintained by the European Union, China, and the United States at 4-digit level of Harmonized System will be analysed. In the third chapter, I provide a cost-benefit analysis in a partial equilibrium framework to quantify the welfare consequences of a prohibitive NTM which is aimed at a foreign product with negative characteristics. Overall, this dissertation emphasizes more on the complexity of NTMs and it provides us with better insights on the determinants and implications of these trade policy measures.
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Thunström, Linda. "Food consumption, paternalism and economic policy." Doctoral thesis, Umeå University, Economics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1654.
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The thesis consists of a summary and four papers, concerned with food consumption, behavior associated with overconsumption of food and analysis of the economic policy reforms designed to improve health.
Paper [I] estimates a hedonic price model on breakfast cereal, crisp bread and potato product data. The purpose is to examine the marginal implicit prices for food characteristics associated with health. A trade-off exists between health and taste. For instance, sugar, salt and fat are tasty but can be unhealthy if overconsumed; whereas fiber is unhealthy if underconsumed. If the marginal implicit price for sugar is negative, consumers value health over its taste. Our results are the marginal implicit price for sugar is negative for breakfast cereals and crisp bread—consumers value health over the taste of sugar. For salt, we find the opposite—a positive marginal implicit price, suggesting people value its taste over health. For fat, we find a negative marginal implicit price of fat in breakfast cereals and potato products containing salt, whereas we find a positive marginal implicit price of fat in hard bread and potato products that contain no salt. For the one healthy characteristic, fiber, we find a negative marginal implicit price in breakfast cereals and a positive implicit price in hard bread.
Paper [II] uses a general equilibrium model to derive the optimal policy if people overconsume unhealthy food due to self-control problems. Individuals lacking self-control have a preference for immediate gratification, at the expense of future health. We show the optimal policy to help individuals with self-control problems to behave rationally is a combination of subsidies for the health capital stock and the physical capital stock.
Paper [III] estimates a demand system for grain consumption based on household panel data and detailed product characteristics, and simulate the effect on grain consumption of economic policy reforms designed to encourage a healthier grain diet. Our results imply it is more cost-efficient to subsidize the fiber content than to subsidize products rich in fiber given the goal to increase the fiber intake of the average Swedish household. Our results also imply subsidies alone give rise to an increase in fiber, and to other unhealthy nutrients. Also, subsidies alone have negative effects on the budget. We therefore simulate the effect of policy reforms in which the subsidies are funded either by taxes on the content of unhealthy nutrients or by taxes on products that are overconsumed. Our results suggest that price instruments need to be substantial to change consumption. For instance, removing the VAT on products rich in fiber has little effect on consumption.
Paper [IV] explores habit persistence in breakfast cereal purchases. To perform the analysis, we use a mixed multinomial logit model, on household panel data on breakfast cereal purchases. If habit persistence in consumption is strong, short and long-run responses to policy reforms will differ. Our results are breakfast cereal purchases are strongly associated with habit persistence. Our results also imply preferences for breakfast cereals are heterogeneous over households and the strength of habit persistence is similar over educational and income groups.
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Ehmer, Hanne Elisabeth. "Economic Policy and the Heterogeneous Firm." Diss., lmu, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-111732.
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Bagliano, Fabio-Cesare. "Money, policy regimes and economic fluctuations." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1996. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1437/.
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Part I deals with the estimation of money demand functions. Several non-structural interpretations of the conventionally estimated functions are surveyed and discussed (Chapter 1). An application to Italian data is then presented, focusing on two such interpretations. First (Chapter 2), the role of expectations in determining money demand behaviour is assessed. Since monetary policy regimes have a direct effect on the time-series properties of interest rates, the identification of clear regime changes may provide a powerful test of forward-looking models of money demand. An expectations model is constructed, which is stable in the face of the Italian monetary policy regime change in 1970, when traditional backward-looking money demand functions show remarkable instability. Second (Chapter 3), the existence of multiple long-run relations among the variables relevant to money demand is shown to create problems for the interpretation of single-equation estimates. To obtain a satisfactory specification of the long-run relations and the short-run dynamics of the system around equilibrium, a sequential procedure is devised and applied. In Part II, the controversy between "real" and "monetary" theories of fluctuations is examined (Chapter 4). A "monetary" equilibrium model of the cycle is constructed, extending the original Lucas "island" framework to allow for a powerful role for stabilization policy. The implications of alternative monetary policy regimes are derived and tested on U.S. data, comparing two periods (1922-1940 and 1952-1968) with a different policy stance. Chapter 5 investigates the relative importance of the "money" and "credit" channels of monetary transmission for Italy in the 1982-1994 period, using a structural VAR methodology. Monetary policy is effective, though not through a "credit channel", and independent disturbances to credit supply have sizeable real effects. In Chapter 6 the focus is shifted to anticipated fiscal policy actions and their effect on consumption. A long series of pre-announced income tax changes is examined for the U.K. Consumption reacts to such fiscally-induced disposable income changes only at the implementation dates.
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Miltz, David. "Economic aspects of targeting environmental policy." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235914.
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This thesis is composed of two parts; the first addresses theoretical aspects of the economics of targeting pollution control policy, whilst the second is an illustrative case study designed to embellish the more abstract insights of the first section.
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Oré, Tilsa. "Assessing Competition Policy on Economic Development." Economía, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116793.
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Implementation of competition policies is one of the most recommended strategies to developing countries as a tool for achieving economic development. Using a panel dataset of over 100 countries and 7 years (from 2005-2011), I estimate the effect of competition on economic development, and also determine which of the comprehensive policy factors are the most relevant for increasing competition. A fixed effects instrumental variable approach is used.I find that competition intensity positively impacts economic development. The estimate is highly significant when effectiveness of antimonopoly policy and squared years of experience handling competition law are used as instruments for competition intensity. Political stability is shown to be a determinant for higher achievement in development. Macroeconomic environment and financial market development are also significant factors that contribute to higher economic development. Less developed countries should work intensively to improve their institutional quality and implement pro-competitive policies that are not only related to competition laws.La implementación de políticas de competencia es una de las estrategias más recomendadas para países en desarrollo para conseguir el desarrollo económico. Usando un conjunto de datos panel de más de cien países durante siete años (desde 2005-2011), estimo el efecto de la competencia en el desarrollo económico. También determino cuáles de los factores de política integral son los más relevantes para incrementar la competencia. Se usa un enfoque con variables instrumentales de efectos fijos.Encuentro que la intensidad de la competencia impacta positivamente sobre el desarrollo económico. La estimación es altamente significativa cuando se usan como instrumentos de la intensidad de competencia: la efectividad de la política antimonopolio y los años de experiencia manejando leyes de competencia al cuadrado. Se demuestra que la estabilidad política es un determinante de mayor éxito y desarrollo. El entorno macroeconómico y el desarrollo del mercado financiero también son factores significativos que contribuyen a un mayor desarrollo económico. Los países menos desarrollados deben trabajar intensamente para mejorar su calidad institucional e implemente políticas pro-competencia que no solo estén relacionadas a las leyes de competencia.
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Thunström, Linda. "Food consumption, paternalism and economic policy /." Umeå : Department of Economics, Umeå University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1654.
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Foster, Kevin JR. "Policy regimes in South African electricity policy as a barrier to reform and sustainability Kevin J.R. Foster." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12080.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
This thesis examines the South African electricity policy-making regime asking the question "What is the nature of South Africa's electricity policy regime and how does it act as a barrier to reform and the introduction of sustainable energy sources into the South Africa's energy system from 1994 to 2011?" It hypothesizes that a policy regime that amounts to a coalition between energy intensive business, electricity utility Eskom and the Government that has developed in the post apartheid era out of what Fine and Rustomjee called the Minerals-Energy Complex. It hypothesizes that this regime uses its financial and political power and skills asymmetries to ensure policy is made in a supply paradigm, which prefers cheap source of electricity supply to meet growing demand over efficiency and sustainability in the energy system and that this is the major barrier to reform.
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Mussared, Catherine. "Economic tools in environmental policy : carbon tax and Australia's greenhouse policy /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envm989.pdf.
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Dochia, Silviu. "Essays in institutions, economic policy and development." Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/2999.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--George Mason University, 2008.Vita: p. 103. Thesis director: Richard E. Wagner. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economics. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed June 30, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 96-102). Also issued in print.
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Fiodendji, Komlan. "Monetary Policy, Asset Price and Economic Growth." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/22725.
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The relations between monetary policies, asset prices, and economic growth are important and fundamental questions in macroeconomics. To address these issues, several empirical works have been conducted to investigate these relations. However, few of them have documented whether these relations differ across regimes. In this context, the general motivation of this thesis is to use dependent regime models to examine these relations for the Canadian case.
Chapter one empirically analyzes the interest rate behaviour of the Canadian monetary authorities by taking into account the asymmetry in the loss function. We employ a switching regime framework using two estimation strategies: First, we follow Caner and Hansen (2004) Threshold approach. Under this procedure we estimate the threshold values, using the Taylor empirical rules. Second, we estimate the asymmetric policy reaction function following Favero and Rovelli’s (2003) approach. The results reveal that the monetary authorities showed asymmetric preferences and that its reaction function can be better modeled with a nonlinear model. The main contribution of this chapter is to successfully interpret the parameters associated with the Bank of Canada preferences, something that Rodriguez (2008) could not do.
Chapter two tries to estimate the interest rate behaviour of the Canadian monetary authorities by expanding the arguments of the loss function for fluctuations in asset prices. Using the same methodology as in the first chapter, our findings suggest that the augmented nonlinear reaction function is a good fit for the data and gives new relevant insights into the influence of asset prices on Canadian monetary policy. These findings about the role of asset prices in the reaction function of the Bank of Canada provide relevant insights regarding the opportunities and limitations of incorporating financial indicators in monetary policy decision making. They also provide financial market participants, such as analysts, bankers and traders, with a better understanding of the impact of stock market index prices on Bank of Canada policy. Stock market stabilization plays a larger role in the interest rate decisions of the Bank of Canada than it is willing to admit.
Chapter three provides new evidence on the relation between inflation, relative price variability and economic growth to a panel of Canadian provinces over the period 1981-2008. We use the Bick and Nautz (2008) modified version of Hansen’s (1999) Panel Threshold Model. The evidence strongly supports the view that the relationship between inflation and economic growth is nonlinear. Further investigation suggests that relative price variability is one of the important channels through which inflation affects economic performance in Canadian provinces. When taking into account the cross-section dependence, we find that the critical threshold value slightly changes. It is desirable to keep the inflation rate in a moderate inflation regime because it may be helpful for the achievement of sustainable economic growth. The results seem to indicate that inflation that is too high or too low may have detrimental effects on economic growth.
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Christie, Tamoya A. L. "Essays on Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/econ_diss/75.
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This dissertation comprises two essays. The first essay explores how the size of government, as measured by the level of spending, affects growth. Theoretical models suggest a nonlinear relationship; however, testing this hypothesis empirically in cross-country studies is complicated by the endogeneity of government spending and the accurate identification of turning points. This paper examines the nonlinear hypothesis by incorporating threshold analysis in a cross-country growth regression. Using a broad panel of countries over the period 1971-2005, the results show evidence in favor of a nonlinear effect, but not of the form predicted by theory. When total government spending is low, there is no statistically significant effect on economic growth. However, after passing a certain threshold government spending exhibits a negative effect on growth.
The second essay develops a dynamic macroeconomic model to explore how variations in the composition and financing of government expenditures affect economic growth in the long-run. The model is used to analyze how public investment spending funded by taxes or borrowing affects long-term output growth. The model is calibrated to reflect economic conditions in the seven largest Latin American economies during the period 1990 to 2008. We find that, where tax rates are not already high, funding public investment by raising taxes may increase long-run growth. If existing tax rates are high, then public investment is only growth-enhancing if funded by restructuring the composition of public spending. Interestingly, using debt to finance new public investment compromises growth, regardless of the initial fiscal condition.
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Antonini, Massimo. "Fiscal policy in models of economic growth." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/9922.
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This thesis analyses fiscal policy in four models of economic growth. The first model is a variant of Jones [61]; overlapping generations are introduced and it is shown that the allocation is dynamically inefficient. As in Diamond [42], a debt financed transfer to current generations can lead to a Pareto improvement; interestingly, the improvement is achieved not by discouraging capital accumulation but through a reallocation of labour between sectors. The second is a two-sector model of growth with public capital. It is shown that perpetual fiscal deficit cannot be sustained. The first best allocation is examined and for the log-utility case an explicit solution can be found. Implementation of the optimal allocation is discussed. The third model features disembodied technological progress as in Solow [100], but it is assumed dependent on public investment. Conditions under which perpetual deficits are sustainable are discussed. The fourth and last model introduces excludable and congestible public services. The optimal fiscal policy, including optimal user charges, is studied. It is shown that in the long-run the optimal income tax is zero and that revenues from user charges is more than sufficient to finance public investment in infrastructures.
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Miller, Nigel James. "Essays in economic growth and public policy." Thesis, University of Hull, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395682.
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Jarrett, Matthew W. "Non-state actors in Jamaican economic policy." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4778.
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The relevance in understanding local dynamics or political culture is that as Neuman has pointed out, many traditional theories have not taken them into account and have thus failed in explaining political occurrences in the lesser developed world. For example as she has stated, "domestic factors" have not been considered into "systems theories". (Neuman, 1995, p.16) On this basis, it is necessary to point out these local factors, and furthermore, the role of non-state actors within the realm of internal dynamics, since international relations theory also aims to understand the formation and motivation behind economic policy. Therefore, to produce a proper understanding of Jamaican economic policy, specific areas are examined: the political culture of Jamaican politics and the role of non-state actors as they function within the Jamaican state. The two sets of non-state actors are defined as internal and external. The internal consists of two political parties: the People's National Party and the Jamaica Labour Party; and also one social class group: the urban poor. And also, the external consists of: the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. The relationships between these groups and their relationships with the state are examined in order to identify how they affect economic policy. The constructivist theory due to its flexibility in its units of analysis, and its emphasis on "culture", and "worldview" helps to provide a useful framework for the discussion.ID: 031001354; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Title from PDF title page (viewed April 26, 2013).; Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-97).
M.A.
Masters
Political Science
Sciences
Political Science; International Studies Track
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Oh, Eun Young. "Essays on monetary policy and economic growth." Thesis, Durham University, 2014. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9473/.
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This thesis consists of three essays concerning money supply growth, one of the main objectives in monetary policy, and economic growth. The aim of this work is to investigate the role of money in monetary policy and how money supply and seigniorage impact on output growth. The findings are derived from theoretical models and modern econometric techniques. First of all, I shall evaluate the role of money in the conduct of monetary policy in South Korea. This research analyses the effect of monetary aggregates on prices and output and examines its transmission mechanism using recursive and non-recursive vector autoregressive models. The expansionary monetary policy shocks have substantial effects on output. Specific channels of the transmission operate through the effects which monetary aggregates have on banking lending, stock prices, exchange rates and investment, export, and government consumption. Then, a cash-in-advanced model and human capital based endogenous growth model is developed. Through employing Bayesian maximum likelihood estimation, a positive money shock is created leading to an increase in seigniorage, which also has a positive impact on output growth. This is because there is a growth-enhancing effect from human capital production since seigniorage is spent by a government on public education. I shall show that money within the model also generates a connection between seigniorage and inflation. However, in the long run, the theoretical model also captures the adverse effect of seigniorage due to inflation so that I shall examine the existence of threshold effects between seigniorage and growth in developing countries using Hansen (1999)’s panel threshold methodology. The threshold level of seigniorage above which seigniorage significantly slows output growth is set at 2.27%. This thesis confirms that money supply and seigniorage have a substantial impact on output so that money is an important factor to be considered in the architecture of macroeconomic policy.
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Frater, Alison. "Breast cancer chemoprevention : economic and policy considerations." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2000. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/682298/.
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The potential for chemoprevention of breast cancer depends on the benefits being achieved at reasonable cost. This study assesses the economics of chemoprevention of breast cancer with tamoxifen within the context of the International Breast Cancer Intervention Study (IBIS) and published data on outcomes. Anonymised trial data are used to measure direct resource costs based on the pattern of service delivery in the IBIS clinics. Changes in morbidity are measured as the differences in use of resources for hospital visits, procedures undertaken in hospital, use of prescribed medications and visits to GPs between women in the 2 arms of IBIS. Changes in quality of life are assessed using the SF 36. Information on the personal costs to the women themselves was gained through a postal questionnaire. A sensitivity analysis assesses the effects on cost effectiveness of alternative assumptions about the duration of the protective effect of tamoxifen (5,10 or 15 years) beyond the treatment period. Other alternative assumptions explored include different models of service delivery, differences in personal costs to the women themselves and in their risk status. Tamoxifen chemoprophylaxis for breast cancer has a cost of less than £5000 per discounted life year gained for women at high risk for the disease assuming that the protective effect persists for at least 10 years. This result is sensitive to the risk status of the women since the number needed to treat (NNT) would be high for women at low absolute risk of breast cancer. The model of service delivery is also important. No significant differences in morbidity between the groups were found. Hospital visits for benign breast disease or gynaecological symptoms and the use of beta blockers may merit further investigation. There appear to be no effects on quality of life. Chemoprevention of breast cancer could be delivered through general practice with minimal specialist support. The potential may be limited because of the need to target women at high risk in order to make efficient use of resources for this common condition.
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Sunakawa, Takeki. "Essays on Economic Dynamics and Policy Problems." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338121121.
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Patrick, Carlianne. "Essays in Economic Growth and Development Policy." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1343152438.
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Nakada, Minoru. "Environmental policy, economic growth and international coordination." Kyoto University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/148800.
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Lin, Syaru Shirley, and 林夏如. "National identity, economic interest and Taiwan's cross-strait economic policy 1994-2009." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43761896.
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Lin, Syaru Shirley. "National identity, economic interest and Taiwan's cross-strait economic policy 1994-2009." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2010. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43761896.
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Chatzouz, Moustafa. "Essays on fiscal policy." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2015. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/80922/.
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High levels of either public debt or wealth inequality are detrimental to social and economic stability. At a time when reducing public debt and decreasing wealth inequality have become important policy priorities, the question arises about whether these two goals stand in con ict. With this in mind, Chapter 1 assesses the effects of public debt on wealth inequality based on an analytically tractable model of heterogeneous agents. Its scope, in particular, is to investigate whether a reduction of public debt or of budget deficits in general might amplify or not the levels of wealth inequality. In answering this question, we explore a novel channel where, for example, a reduction in budget deficits amplifies wealth inequality due to the change in factor prices, and in particular that of interest rates. Therefore, and besides that our research is the first to explore this type of question, our main contribution is that we show how a change in public debt can affect wealth inequality in an implicit way through the change in factor incomes - that is, the general equilibrium effects. In Chapter 2, on the other hand, we study the design of policies within an endogenous growth model of incomplete markets and partial commitment. Markets are incomplete in two dimensions, the government cannot insure itself from the presence of aggregate risk, and the accumulation of human capital is subject to idiosyncratic risk. Our primary contribution highlights the importance of human capital to effectively manage the economy along the cycle. More specifically, we make a novel argument: taking short run risks are effective responses to a shock that might depress the economy. An investment in human capital which is subject to idiosyncratic risk, serves that purpose. Its returns however, must be protected over-time through an effective provision of liquidity and manipulation of taxes. In our case this policy requires to subsidise physical capital and tax human capital, while the government must own assets. Finally, In Chapter 3 we estimate the fiscal multipliers for Greece. In particular, using the SVAR approach of Blanchard and Perotti we estimate the dynamic effects of government spending and tax revenues on output. The results over the available sample indicate some strong Keynesian effects. That is government spending multipliers are large while the tax multipliers are relatively small. However the conclusions are confined to the peculiarities of the available sample and are not easily exportable to alternative periods or allow any generalizations.
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Gómez-Oliveros, Leyre. "Essays on fiscal policy." Thesis, University of Essex, 2017. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/20525/.
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This thesis consists of three chapters. The first chapter makes use of a New-Keynesian framework to analyze the effects of introducing the public sector in a small open economy, for which a different degree of home-bias for the private and the public sector will be assumed. Once it has been proven that this introduction does not fundamentally vary the original results of the Galí-Monacellli (2005) model, a sensitivity analysis of the effects of such introduction will be made in a setting with different exchange-rate regimes and different degrees of openness. The second chapter develops a DSGE model which features incomplete asset markets, domestic debt denominated either in domestic or foreign currency, a risk premium on such debt and simple feedback rules. We find that in this setting a positive government spending shock leads to expansionary effects on output when exchange rates are allowed to adjust. This effect is reinforced by the real depreciation caused by such policy especially in the case in which debt is denominated in foreign currency. This is not the case under fixed exchange rates, then also under a peg effects are, as expected, quite similar under both currency denominations of debt. The third chapter was written together with Stefan Niemann and Paul Pichler. In it fiscal policy is introduced into a sovereign debt model with endogenous default costs to examine the implications for the determination of the output costs of default. We find that the quantitative properties of the output costs of default, and their dependence on primitives such as the elasticity of labor supply, are distinctly different depending on the margin of fiscal adjustment. The consideration of fiscal policy thus has potentially important implications for the quantitative properties of models of sovereign debt and default.
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McCoy, Matthew William. "Political parties and economic policy alternatives in a democratic society the connection between electoral incentives, economic ideology, and labor policy /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3150490.
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Volpe, Martincus Christian. "Economic integration, fiscal policy, and location of economic activities : the case of Mercosur /." Aachen : Shaker, 2004. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/70885749.html.
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Romano, Jose Ramon Lopez-Portillo. "Economic thought and economic policy-making in contemporary Mexico : international and domestic components." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308869.
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Loboguerrero, Ana Ma. "Economic reforms in Colombia." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1779690261&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Glaser, Toni [Verfasser]. "Essays on globalization and economic policy / Toni Glaser." Bielefeld : Universitätsbibliothek Bielefeld, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1074243331/34.
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Kim, Soyoung. "Economic analysis of EPR policy in South Korea." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199480.
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Farzin, Mohammad Ali. "Development policy, economic adjustment and welfare in Iran." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507842.
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Hafner, Sarah. "Closing the green finance gap in the UK: policy recommendations and economic implications, using the system dynamics Green Investment Barrier Model (GIBM)." Thesis, 2020. https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/707186/1/Hafner_2020.docx.
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In 2019, the UK pledged to achieve a net-zero carbon emission economy by 2050. While the so-called ‘green finance gap’ is generally acknowledged in this context, tailored policy recommendations on how to address it are missing. The focus of this thesis lies on the upscaling of private finance (e.g. from institutional investors).This thesis builds a new system dynamics energy-economy model – called the Green Investment Barrier Model (GIBM) – that includes as a main novelty the representation of a green finance gap. System dynamics is most appropriate to model complex systems and to understand the likely long-term trends.
In terms of key contributions, first the qualitative investigation demonstrates that key investment barriers form a complex system characterised by path dependency, lock-in and non-linearity. Therefore, the adoption of a systems policy, drawing on a long-term and holistic systems perspective and tackling identified key green investment barriers is recommended to close the green finance gap.
Second, in terms of modelling contributions and as shown by GIBM, when a green finance gap exists, the introduction of a finance systems policy leads to multiple co-benefits, including an emission reduction, a decline in unemployment and a drop in the unit costs of energy, while increasing GDP by 2050. Further, GIBM results reveal that reaching the UK zero carbon targets for the electricity sector by 2050 requires the implementation of additional low-carbon energy policies besides a finance system policy. Finally in terms of modelling results, the recommended energy policy scenario includes a step-wise linear halt in brown energy infrastructure until 2050. Co-benefits of this latter policy scenario include higher GDP, lower energy system costs and lower unemployment.
Third, in terms of theoretical contributions, it is demonstrated that the theoretical underpinning of models influences not only the magnitude of the impact but also the sign of their results and consequently policy formulation, it is therefore argued that more transparency on this among policy-makers is required, along with increased knowledge on how models with different theoretical frameworks should or should not be applied in combination.