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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Economic activity'
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1
Plakhtynska, V. V. "Economic development strategy of foreign economic activity." Master's thesis, Sumy State University, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/81374.
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У роботі досліджено теоретичні та методологічні засади та розробка практичних рекомендацій щодо вдосконалення системи зовнішньоекономічної діяльності підприємства. Цілі та основні принципи зовнішньоекономічної діяльності підприємства.The theoretical and methodological principles and develop practical recommendations for improving the system of foreign economic activity of the enterprise. The objectives and basic principles of foreign economic activity of the enterprise.
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Veleanu, Veronica. "Credit spreads and economic activity in eight European economies." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/29472/.
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In this thesis we examine the relationship between corporate bond spreads and economic activity in eight European countries using data on 500 corporate bonds between July 1994 and May 2011 for the United Kingdom and between October 2001 and May 2011 for Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands and Spain. We construct a unique dataset of corporate bond spreads from bond-level data employing a similar methodology to Gilchrist and Zakrajsek (2012a) in the United States. Thus, we ensure that our credit spread measure is not distorted by illiquidity, embedded options, or mismatched maturities and coupon schedules between the two bond instruments being compared. We evaluate the importance of the country-level corporate bond spread index in .predicting the future growth in real activity at the individual country level for various measures of economic activity (such as industrial production, unemployment available at monthly frequency; and employment and real GOP available at quarterly frequency). We find that the credit spread index is a consistent predictor of real activity even when we include measures of monetary policy tightness (such as the term spread and the real interest rate), other leading indicator variables (economic sentiment and consumer confidence) and factors extracted from a large macro dataset. Our results are consistent at different forecasting horizons and are robust to different measures of the credit spread index. We then decompose the credit spread by purging it of expected default, tax and liquidity premia in an attempt to determine what component accounts for its information Content. We find that the excess bond premium, an indicator of financial market tightness, is the major driving source of the spread's predictive content. When)He compare the predictive ability of the credit spread and the excess bond premium across individual countries within the Euro area and Outside the Euro area, we find that mainly the core European countries have similar predictive ability, while the other countries in the Euro area and the UK are more heterogeneous.
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Puga, Diego. "Regional integration and the location of economic activity." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263362.
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Wang, Chian-Yue. "Spatial agglomeration of economic activity and the new economic geography." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648389.
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Bhaskar, Sandeep. "Asset Prices, Banking and Economic Activity." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2016. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/406182.
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EconomicsPh.D.
This dissertation examines the role of asset prices to act as a transmission and amplification mechanism. Specifically, it looks at how changes in asset prices can help transmit and amplify technology shocks through the credit channel by changing the supply of loanable funds, or changing the supply of deposits, or both. Using a modified version of the Kiyotaki-Moore credit cycles model with concave utility and decreasing returns to scale production function, the dissertation illustrates that asset prices can as a credible amplification and transmission mechanism. Using concave utility and decreasing returns to scale production function allows the incorporation risk aversion into the credit cycles model. The model can help explain the gap between observed magnitude of shocks, and the corresponding changes in economic activity. The behavior of a heterogeneous agent economy in response to a technology shock is simulated using computer programs. The simulations show that a one percent technology shock translates into a more than four percent change in capital held by the constrained agents by moving capital from one agent type to the other. This moves the economy away from a first-best equilibrium. If the technology shock is positive there is an increased demand of capital from the more productive agents, and thus a more than proportionate increase in output. If the technology shock is negative, the opposite path is followed, and economic activity falls more than proportionately. There are credit constraints built into the model. Agents' access to credit is determined by the value of collateral on oer, which in turn depends on asset prices. Technology shocks change demand for assets, their prices, their value as collateral, and hence agents' access to credit. Further, since prices are forward looking, a shock in one period propagates through time. These simulations show that the effects of the shock can be felt up to 13 periods after it has hit. An event analysis with housing price data from 18 countries spanning a period of more than four decades is also performed. It shows that there is strong co-movement of housing prices and economic activity. In particular, larger changes in housing prices have been accompanied by qualitatively similar changes in economic activity. The period leading up to the peak of a real estate cycle is accompanied by a more than proportionate increase in private sector lending, and once the peak has been crested, there is a more than proportionate fall in nominal private sector lending. This evidence is in sync with the earlier observation that changes in asset prices influence agents' access to credit and contribute to the persistence of the effects of the shock far into the future. Further, the preferred measure of economic health, the rate of inflation, sees no measurable change in periods leading up to a real estate peak, and beyond. This throws up the need for some other measure of economic health that is better able to capture the events in asset markets. Policy makers have been paying more attention to this channel in the aftermath of the sub-prime mortgage crisis in the United States. There have been multiples changes in regulatory policy across the world, and specific steps are being taken to dampen exuberance in the real estate market. Only time can tell if these measures turn out to be effective, but at least a step has been taken towards realizing that housing market can lead to a wider economic and banking crisis.
Temple University--Theses
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Skinner, David. "Forecasting models of activity in industrial and commercial building." Thesis, University of Salford, 1999. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/26916/.
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Despite its importance in national income, the level of activity in the construction sector has received little attention in the economics literature. The lack of studies attempting to forecast construction activity is surprising given that its volatility is often regarded as destabilising to the economy. Here, we model an important and growing component of construction, namely private industrial and commercial building. Construction activity is typically measured by output. To the extent that new construction output represents capital formation, output can be modelled as an investment problem. The theoretical investment literature is disparate and confusing but here, the leading models are presented in a unified framework in which the similarities and differences between them can be easily identified. We then go on to estimate a number of the models empirically. Some are econometric models consistent with traditional theories of investment. Others are based on vector autoregression (VAR) analysis which provides a largely statistical representation of a set of variables with minimum use of a priori restrictions but in which long-run relationships are preserved. The data required for model estimation is considerable and complicated by the effects of investment incentives embodied in the tax system. The forecasting performance of all the models is evaluated against forecasts generated by a benchmark model suggested by the data rather than by economic theory. In terms of forecasting performance, some of the investment models considered here are shown to be superior to the benchmark model.
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Balatsouka, Aikaterini. "Essays on economic activity and the environment." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/42922.
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This thesis consists of three essays on the nexus between economic activity and the environment and addresses issues such as growth, crime, and environmental quality. Chapter 1 investigates the relationship between human capital accumulation and health damaging pollution. It is shown that global dynamics are featured by a path dependency. There is either cyclical convergence to a low income equilibrium or positive long-run growth with an Environmental Kuznets Curve, depending on the initial conditions with respect to human capital. Also, as far as the evidence is concerned, the model gives an empirically relevant correlation between the volatility of income and the mean value of income. Chapter 2 focuses on a relatively unexplored theme of the economics literature, linking criminal activity and pollution. An emission tax motivates firms to invest in pollution abatement technologies, but at the same time this type of investment is discouraged by the presence of criminal groups, whose main activity is money extortion. It is observed that under certain parameter values, there exists a situation in which a higher crime economy will produce lower output and nevertheless will have higher pollution. In other words, it is proved that crime might be one of the explanatory factors for which countries with lower output (i.e., less developed countries) are more polluted. In the last chapter, we examine the effects of the imposition of a minimum quality standard on firm's quality choices, when the policy maker is at an informational disadvantage regarding the monopolist's cost structure. In this asymmetric information environment, it is shown that if the regulator is outsmarted by the firm's misleading signal, the minimum quality standard will be downward distorted, which might negatively affect social welfare.
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Mykhailyshyn. "ACTUALITY OF MANAGEMENT IN FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY." Thesis, Київ 2018, 2018. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/33820.
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Xin, Guangyi. "Essays on social capital and economic activity." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/40027.
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This thesis comprises three essays on social capital including social distance, social trust and social interaction and explore how they affect the economic activity. Chapter 1 investigates the relationship between social distance and the process of capital accumulation. We show that social distance and the current capital stock are jointly determined and both are critical for economic growth. Economies at a similar stage of economic development, but different in terms of perceived social distance may experience strikingly different long-term prospects. Equally important, however, the likelihood that countries which are similar in terms of perceived social distance may yet experience drastically opposite socio-economic paths if they differ in terms of their economic conditions. In the second chapter, I provide a systematic attempt at the construction of such an alternative measure of trust. Methodologically, I use the Factor Analysis technique in order to assign weightings to all the various characteristics that are generally considered as determinants of generalised trust. These variables are also consistent with a variety of existing empirical evidences and theoretical studies. Consequently, the ranking of countries in trust index is more consistent with people’s perception of trust ranking than the ones in the trust survey. Next, I add to the literature by illustrating with a panel study the effect of trust on FDI inflows as well as income inequality. In the third chapter, I explore the correlation between social interactions and labour market outcomes. I use active group membership, which describes the sum number of groups that individuals currently are active in, as the proxy of social interaction. Various specifications show that a higher level of social interaction is associated with increased probability of labour market participation. Furthermore, I extend to measure the effect of social interaction on wages.
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Yao, Juan. "The Chinese stock market and economic activity." Thesis, Curtin University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/861.
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The primary purpose of this research is to perform an empirical test using Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) in order to investigate the relationship between the Chinese stock market performance and domestic economic activity.China's stock market was established in early 1990s and has operated through a period of strong economic growth. Generally, it has been recognized that the development of a sound financial market is necessary to sustain and support a high growth economy. In turn, a growing economy will drive financial market growth. This research is designed to shed light on this unique relationship by investigating the links between China's booming national economy and the domestic stock returns.Using both time-series and cross-section regressions, several identified macro economic variables are shown to be significant in their influence on stock returns. These variables include the growth rate of industrial production, the growth rate of total social retail sales, the growth rate of terms of trade and the growth rate of total social saving deposits. Stock market indexes are found significantly related to the stock portfolio returns in time-series regressions.Overall, the empirical results suggest that the rapid growth of the Chinese economy is factored into stock returns by the market. It also indicates that the market index has strong explanatory power over, the time-series returns, providing empirical support for the market model Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). However, the explanations of cross-section returns need to be further explored.
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Yao, Juan. "The Chinese stock market and economic activity." Curtin University of Technology, School of Economics and Finance, 1998. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=11683.
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The primary purpose of this research is to perform an empirical test using Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) in order to investigate the relationship between the Chinese stock market performance and domestic economic activity.China's stock market was established in early 1990s and has operated through a period of strong economic growth. Generally, it has been recognized that the development of a sound financial market is necessary to sustain and support a high growth economy. In turn, a growing economy will drive financial market growth. This research is designed to shed light on this unique relationship by investigating the links between China's booming national economy and the domestic stock returns.Using both time-series and cross-section regressions, several identified macro economic variables are shown to be significant in their influence on stock returns. These variables include the growth rate of industrial production, the growth rate of total social retail sales, the growth rate of terms of trade and the growth rate of total social saving deposits. Stock market indexes are found significantly related to the stock portfolio returns in time-series regressions.Overall, the empirical results suggest that the rapid growth of the Chinese economy is factored into stock returns by the market. It also indicates that the market index has strong explanatory power over, the time-series returns, providing empirical support for the market model Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). However, the explanations of cross-section returns need to be further explored.
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Zakharchuk, I. A., and N. V. Karaeva. "The review of software for ecological and economical analyse of economic activity." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13660.
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Whitehead, Tim. "The links between transport charging, economic activity and business : an economic geography." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.397473.
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Junttila, H. (Hanna). "Personal economic success and leisure time physical activity." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2017. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201711293190.
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There is strong scientific evidence that high level of physical activity enhances human health and well-being as well as the economy of the society. It is very important to understand the underlying factors affecting the individuals’ exercise decisions to be able to design effective mechanisms, interventions and incentives to increase daily physical activity. This empirical study examines the relationship between personal economic success, i.e. self-reported annual income and assets, and leisure time physical activity by using modified physical activity index, mPAI, self-reported frequencies of participation in light and brisk exercise and self-reported time used for light and brisk exercise. The study population consists of Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort members aged of 45–46 years (N = 7071, 3267 men, 3804 women). Ordinary least squares models are used to evaluate the associations between personal economic success and leisure time physical activity.
The results indicate that individuals with higher income and assets seem to have higher physical activity, and women with highest and men with 2nd highest quartile of assets seem to use more time in brisk physical activity than others, but after adjusting with potential confounding factors higher self-reported income associates with higher physical activity measured by modified physical activity index, mPAI, in men (p=0.04), higher self-reported assets associates negatively with time used in light physical activity in men (p=0.008) and positively with frequency of brisk physical activity (p=0.04) and time spent in brisk physical activity (p=0.048) in women. Although the results demonstrate an association between income, assets and some physical activity outcomes, in overall, the magnitude of personal economic success in predicting physical activity is relatively modest (R2 = 0.004–0.15).
Personal economic factors seem to have an important role in physical activity decisions. According to this study the impact of income and assets to physical activity seems to be gender specific. These underlying personal economic factors affecting the individuals’ exercise decisions need to be noted in aiming to design effective mechanisms and interventions for health promotion by increasing daily physical activity.
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Kovalenko, Yulia, and Kristina Nadirian. "Modern problems of management of foreign economic activity." Thesis, National aviation university, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/53438.
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Коваленко Ю. Надірян К. Сучасні проблеми управління зовнішньоекономічною діяльністю // Сучасні проблеми менеджменту: матеріали XVII Міжнародної науково-практичної конференції. – Національний авіаційний університет. – Київ, 2021. - С. 23-24From the theoretical perspective it is important to mention that, first of all, the scientific nature of the foreign economic activity means the development of this activity in accordance with objective economic laws. Practically according to this principle, management of international business transactions involves the organization of demand and supply of its products abroad, the price level, and the ratio to costs in the exporting country. One of the main problems of management of foreign economic activity is miscalculations - the knowledge of managers of enterprises of existing theories of international trade helps them to avoid a significant part of miscalculations, and additionally, it helps reasonably predict changes in international markets. We can, also, mention that this principle is especially important in the implementation of international financial calculations, which must be based on changes in exchange rates.
З теоретичної точки зору важливо відзначити, що, перш за все, науковий характер зовнішньоекономічної діяльності означає розвиток цієї діяльності відповідно до об'єктивних економічних законів. Практично відповідно до цього принципу управління міжнародними діловими операціями передбачає організацію попиту і пропозиції своєї продукції за кордоном, рівня цін і співвідношення до витрат в країні-експортері. Однією з головних проблем управління зовнішньоекономічною діяльністю є прорахунки-знання керівниками підприємств існуючих теорій міжнародної торгівлі допомагає їм уникнути значної частини прорахунків, а також, крім того, допомагає обґрунтовано прогнозувати зміни на міжнародних ринках. Ми також можемо відзначити, що цей принцип особливо важливий при здійсненні міжнародних фінансових розрахунків, які повинні ґрунтуватися на змінах валютних курсів.
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Dallat, Mary. "The health economic evaluation of physical activity interventions." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.705904.
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The health consequences of physical inactivity have been described as a “global pandemic", as approximately 31% of the world’s population fails to achieve minimum recommended levels. This has huge social and economic implications for society. The Connswater Community Greenway (CCG) and the Physical Activity Loyalty (PAL) card scheme are two local interventions, which aim to improve physical activity levels. The CCG is a major urban rejuvenation scheme set in East Belfast, which through the creation of a 9km linear park should improve opportunities for exercise. The PAL scheme is a multi-component intervention, targeted at sedentary office-based workers, which attempts to mimic the high-street loyalty card. Subjects can gain points and rewards (financial incentives) contingent upon them achieving targeted physical activity levels. By applying traditional techniques of cost-effectiveness analysis, I found that the CCG could be cost-effective at increasing physical activity levels. Furthermore, after performing a Return-on-Investment analysis, to capture the potential wider benefits of the CCG beyond health, I found that the CCG should pay for itself between two to six times over its lifetime. Finally, by evaluating the PAL scheme from both a healthcare and employer’s perspective, I found it could be a cost-effective way to increase activity levels and productivity, in predominantly sedentary office-based workers.
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Smith, Paul. "Chasing yesterday : nowcasting economic activity with timely indicators." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2016. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26537.
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The thesis Chasing Yesterday: Nowcasting Economic Activity with Timely Indicators presents three separate essays rooted in the topic of nowcasting that have been written since 2013. A variety of research themes drawn from the nowcasting literature are covered, with the essays pulled together through an underlying link of the usefulness of timely economic indicators to policymakers, investors and researchers. Following an introduction to nowcasting and the broad research themes covered in the thesis, Chapter 2 is titled "The Importance of Being Timely", a version of which has been recently published in the Journal of Forecasting. The research in the chapter is concerned with understanding the contribution quickly-released survey data make to tracking economic activity in nowcasting models. Generally speaking, policymakers want to know about real-time economy performance. However, closely watched macroeconomic time series produced by national statistics offices are published infrequently, with a time lag and are subject to revision. Such issues create uncertainty in tracking economic developments, a by-product of which is to raise the value of business and consumer surveys. Although providing less granularity than official data series, the surveys are released in a timelier manner and are generally not revised. Using real-time data sourced from the Deutsche Bundesbank, the OECD and the Office for National Statistics, an assessment of the role that the popular and widely used Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) play in reducing forecasting errors in a simple "nowcasting" framework is undertaken. The empirical exercise is conducted for five developed economies and also covers the period of the Great Recession. The conclusion is clear: timing matters. The third chapter "Nowcasting UK GDP during the Depression" reviews the performance of several statistical techniques in nowcasting preliminary estimates of UK GDP, particularly during the recent depression. Traditional bridging equations, MIDAS regressions and factor models are all considered. While there are various theoretical differences and perceived advantages for each technique, replicated real-time out-of-sample testing shows that, in practice, there is in fact little to choose between methods in terms of end-of-period nowcasting accuracy. The analysis also reveals that none of the aforementioned statistical models can consistently beat a consensus of professional economists in nowcasting preliminary GDP estimates. This inability of statistical models to beat the consensus may reflect several factors, one of which is the revisions and re-appraisal of trends inherent in UK GDP statistics. The suggestion is that these changes impact on observed relationships between GDP and indicator variables such as business surveys, which impairs nowcasting performance. Indeed, using a synthetic series based purely on observed preliminary GDP estimates, which introduces stability to the target variable series, the nowcasting accuracy of regressions including closely-watched PMI data is improved by 25-40 percentage points relative to a naive benchmark. The final research chapter, "Google's MIDAS Touch: Predicting UK Unemployment with Internet Search Data", a version of which is due to be published in the Journal of Forecasting, changes tack somewhat by assessing the potential of internet search data as a useful source of information for policymakers when formulating decisions based on their understanding of the current economic environment. The chapter builds on earlier literature and the ideas generated in chapters 2 and 3 via a structured value assessment of the data provided by Google Trends. This is done through two empirical exercises related to the forecasting of changes in UK unemployment. Firstly, economic intuition provides the basis for search term selection, with a resulting Google indicator tested alongside survey-based variables in a traditional forecasting environment. Secondly, this environment is expanded into a pseudo-time nowcasting framework which provides the backdrop for assessing the timing advantage that Google data have over surveys. The framework is underpinned by a MIDAS regression which allows, for the first time, the easy incorporation of internet search data at its true sampling rate into a nowcast model for predicting unemployment.
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Waitt, G. R. "International specialisation of manufacturing activity and economic integration within the European Economic Community." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384256.
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Calvia, Antonella. "Current merger and acquisition activity in Europe and its consequences for industrial restructuring." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324759.
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Hurn, A. S. "Private behaviour, economic activity and stabilisation in South Africa." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333288.
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Burriel, Llombart Pablo. "Matching, education externalities and the location of economic activity." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2002. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2107/.
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In this thesis we demonstrate how important the existence of a pool of qualified workers within the local labour market is for the process of job creation and the location of economic activity. In chapter 1 the basic theoretical model is developed. Using a matching model it is shown that Job Creation will be higher if firms have a larger pool of qualified workers from which to fill their vacancies, since their expected profits per vacancy opened will be greater. At the same time, individuals have a higher incentive to invest in education if job creation is higher. The interaction between these two forces generates a pecuniary externality in the labour market. In chapter 2, we extend the theoretical model by considering two regions and the possibility of migration. In equilibrium, areas where the pool of qualified workers is larger attract more jobs and skilled workers. Job Creation will be higher in such areas since firms located there are able to find a more qualified worker with greater ease. At the same time, given the sunk cost of moving, only the most skilled workers will find migration to these areas worthwhile. The interaction between these two forces generates a pecuniary externality that encourages concentration of economic activity in areas with a larger pool of qualified workers. In chapter 3 we estimate the effect of the pecuniary education externality on the process of matching in the UK regional labour market in the 1990s. We find a significant effect of the average level of education in a region on the conditional probability of finding a job in that region using a duration model. This effect is positive for skilled occupations and negative for unskilled ones. Finally, in Chapter 4 we estimate the effect of the education externality on the individual decision to stay-on in education. We find that the share of the region's working age population with degree has a positive and significant effect on the education decisions of sixteen and eighteen year-olds, while the share with high vocational has a similar effect for seventeen year-olds.
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Guillouzouic, Arthur. "Local public goods and the geography of economic activity." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IEPP0030.
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Cette thèse étudie la manière dont l’hétérogénéité dans la production de biens publics locaux peut influencer la géographie de l’activité économique, en s’appuyant sur l’étude de deux mécanismes générant une telle hétérogénéité.Dans les deux premiers chapitres, le bien public local étudié est la connaissance technologique. Cette approche trouve sa source dans une vaste littérature montrant que les flux de connaissance sont sujets à un important biais spatial. Le premier chapitre étudie les dynamiques de formation des liens entre innovateurs, et leurs conséquences sur l’effet agrégé de la distance sur les flux de connaissance. L’analyse montre que les innovateurs trouvent des nouvelles sources de connaissance graduellement, via les contacts de leurs propres contacts. En introduisant cet élément dans un modèle de formation de réseau, on obtient des prédictions sur la taille des innovateurs et sur la relation entre taille et distance des citations qui sont vérifiées dans les données. Le second chapitre prend ces réseaux locaux d’innovateurs comme fixés, et examine leur influence sur les décisions de relocalisations d’établissements de R&D par les firmes. Je montre que les firmes innovantes sont plus mobiles que la moyenne, et que des réseaux d’innovation plus denses attirent les firmes tandis qu’une mauvaise position dans le réseau rend les firmes plus susceptibles de se relocaliser. J’étudie ensuite théoriquement le problème d’une firme pouvant relocaliser ses laboratoires mais possédant des informations limitées sur les autres localisations. Le troisième chapitre s’intéresse à un problème différent dans lequel le bien public local est produit par le service public de manière spatialement hétérogène, à cause de salaires fixés de manière centralisée. Il montre que les fonctionnaires génèrent des externalités positives sur le secteur privé, ce qui implique que des niveaux hétérogènes de biens publics locaux déforment la géographie de l’activité privéeThis thesis studies how heterogeneity in the quality of local public goods may influence the geography of economic activity, through the study of two mechanisms generating such heterogeneity. In the first two chapters, the local public good I study is technological knowledge. The analysis is rooted in a vast body of literature showing that knowledge flows exhibit a strong spatial bias. The first chapter studies the dynamics of link formation between innovators, and their link with the aggregate effect of distance on knowledge flows. The analysis shows that innovators learn about new knowledge gradually, using the contacts of their own contacts. Inserting this fact in a network formation model yields predictions about the size of innovators and a relation between size and the distance of citations, which are met in the data. The second chapter takes these local innovation networks as given, and investigates how they influence firms’ location choices through their decisions to relocate R&D labs. I show that innovative firms are more mobile than the average firm, and that denser innovation networks attract them while a poor position in their local network makes them more likely to leave. I then study theoretically the problem faced by firms able to relocate their R&D labs with limited information about the other locations.The third chapter studies a different problem in which a local public good provided by the public sector is spatially heterogeneous, due to wages set centrally. It shows that public sector workers exert positive spillovers on private sector workers, implying that heterogeneous levels of public good provision distort the geography of private sector activity
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Rahulia, V. "Environmental and economic assessment of the activity of enterprises." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13179.
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Гриценко, Павло Валерійович, Павел Валериевич Гриценко, Pavlo Valeriiovych Hrytsenko, Євген Володимирович Коваленко, Евгений Владимирович Коваленко, Yevhen Volodymyrovych Kovalenko, and V. Popov. "Innovative activity as a basis for sustainable economic growth." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/80971.
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Матеріал присвячено питанням розвитку інструментарію для стійкого економічного зростання.Материал посвящен вопросам развития инструментария для устойчивого экономического роста.
The material is devoted to the development of tools for sustainable economic growth.
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Massengill, William. "The Political and Economic Roots of Corporate Political Activity." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1553961091240596.
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Shrestha, Sushma. "Devaluation and aggregate economic activity in Asian developing countries /." View online, 2008. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211131464729.pdf.
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Serov, Ilya. "Three Essays on Household Debt and Aggregate Economic Activity." Thesis, University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/23513.
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This thesis investigates the relationships between household balance sheets, credit conditions and aggregate economic activity. It is motivated by the increasing importance, both theoretically and in policy formulation, of better understanding the extent to which high household debt burdens represent a macroeconomic vulnerability. The thesis presents empirical evidence on three related research questions in an Australian context. First, it analyses Australian household survey data and examines the relationship between household debt and consumption expenditures. It concludes that the relationship is broadly negative, implying that highly indebted households reduce their spending in subsequent periods. It also concludes that there are significant heterogeneities in the effects of household leverage on consumptions, both in terms of heterogenous effects of high debt burdens, and among different population groups. Secondly, the thesis evaluates the impact of shifting credit conditions on the way Australian households shape their balance sheets. It utilises both survey data and data based on independent expert judgment as a measure of prevalent credit conditions to find strong evidence that Australian households tend to move their balance sheets towards an ‘optimum’ debt- and liquid asset- ratio level. In addition, evidence is uncovered that changes to household liquid asset holdings are negatively correlated with the degree of development of mortgage markets, suggesting that in a more developed institutional setting, households tend to hold lower levels of liquid assets. Thirdly, the thesis includes an investigation of the relative importance of credit conditions and consumer beliefs in explaining fluctuations in the housing market. Employing a non-linear interacted VAR model, it shows that shifts in consumer beliefs about the housing market have asymmetric effects: the effects are much stronger during time of tight credit availability. The thesis sheds additional light on recent theoretical debates regarding the relative importance of household debt, consumer beliefs and credit conditions.
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Roye, Björn van [Verfasser]. "Financial stress, uncertainty, and economic activity / Björn van Roye." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1042185573/34.
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Tzonis, Leonidas Z. "Driving forces behind mergers and acquisitions activity : the aggregate economic activity and the stock market." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2008. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/3648/.
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The present thesis, motivated by controversies in the literature, investigates a series of empirical issues relating to mergers and acquisitions activity in the UK. More specifically, it seeks answers to the following questions: do mergers come in waves, and is there a significant relationship between the aggregate mergers and acquisitions activity, the business cycle and the stock market, both at aggregate and industrial level? Are the stock market mis-valuation and the market timing ability of manager among the driving forces behind merger waves? The focal point is the UK corporate control market over the last twenty years (1985-2005). The main results emerging from the empirical analysis indicate that there exist three distinctly different types of behaviour (regimes) in the series of mergers and acquisitions numbers, both at aggregate and industrial level. Moreover, the contemporaneous relationship between the mergers and acquisitions activity in the UK with the Stock Market and the aggregate economic activity (Business Cycle), is found to be significant, at aggregate level. Finally, consistent evidence which suggests that stock market mis-valuation and the market timing ability of manager is more likely to drive the corporate control market is provided.
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Bryant, Charles E. Jr. "Economic Globalization: The Role of Corruption, Entrepreneurship, Economic Freedom, and Human Capital." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1432048276.
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Paulo, Eugenio Maria. "Essays on commodity prices and economic activity in a resource rich country." Diss., Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19040.
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Doctor of PhilosophyEconomics
Steven P. Cassou
The increase in commodity prices that has taken place in the past decade or so has resulted in renewed interest in the debate about the macroeconomic consequences of such price increase. Previous studies tend to assume that all commodity price shocks are alike and advocate a “one size fit all” policy response by monetary authorities, either by means of contractionary monetary policy to alleviate inflationary pressures or doing nothing, since these shocks are believed to have insignificant economic impact. This dissertation analyses the impact of fluctuations in commodity prices on the South African economy. The first chapter studies the impact of shocks to prices of four commodities on monetary policy variables. Results show that shocks to different commodity prices have different effects on the monetary policy variables, hence rejecting the “one size fits all” policy response by monetary authorities, as some researchers have suggested. Chapter two investigates the sectorial effects of commodity price shocks. The Dutch Disease hypothesis suggests that a boom in the natural resource sector shrinks the manufacturing sector through crowding out and appreciation of the real exchange rate. South Africa is a major exporter of a large number of commodities. Using a structural VAR framework this chapter analyzes the impact of shocks to different commodity prices on the production and employment levels in the manufacturing and mining sectors in South Africa. The results show that the commodity price boom has had a positive impact on both sectors, hence the manufacturing sector did not experience signs of the Dutch disease. Chapter three examines the volatility transmission between commodity prices and nominal exchange rate in South Africa. This chapter uses conditional and realized volatility models to estimate volatility in exchange rate, gold, platinum, oil, palladium and silver prices and then employs Granger-causality, Impulse Response analysis, Variance Decomposition and Ordinary Least Squares to analyze the volatility transmission from the commodity prices to the nominal exchange rate. The results show that there is volatility transmission from commodity prices to the nominal exchange rate, hence knowing the volatility in commodity prices would improve investor’s ability to manage risk in South Africa.
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Uhl, Matthias [Verfasser], and Bernd [Akademischer Betreuer] Hayo. "Fiscal Policy and Economic Activity / Matthias Uhl. Betreuer: Bernd Hayo." Marburg : Philipps-Universität Marburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1066896267/34.
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Loichinger, Elke, and Alexia Prskawetz. "Changes in economic activity: The role of age and education." Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2017.36.40.
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Background: Between 2000 and 2010, the labor force participation (LFP) of European men stayed mostly constant, whereas the participation of women continued to increase. Participation rates of people close to normal retirement ages rose almost universally. At the same time, the education composition shifted toward higher levels of educational attainment and education-specific differentials in economic activity persisted.
Objective: The aim of the paper is to understand the extent to which developments of LFP rates between 2000 and 2010 in selected European countries can be explained by age-specific and education-specific changes in participation rates, as compared to changes in populations' structural composition by age and education.
Methods: We apply a decomposition methodology that allows us to disentangle changes in age- and education-specific LFP rates from changes in the age and educational structure of the population.
Results: Our results show that LFP rates of adult women would have increased even more, had it not been for the downward pressure from the shift in the age composition toward older age groups with relatively lower levels of participation. This downward pressure also depressed male participation. The increase in participation among older people is mainly explained by participation increases among those with nontertiary education and is reinforced by a general shift toward higher levels of educational attainment.
Contribution: Beyond changes in the age structure, we quantify the role of compositional changes by educational attainment. Our results indicate that labor supply may not decrease to the extent expected due to population aging, given educational expansion and education-specific patterns of economic activity.
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Dahlqvist, Jonas. "Assessing New Economic Activity : Process and Performance in New Ventures." Doctoral thesis, Jönköping : Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-646.
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Groves-Phillips, Sarah-Jayne. "In-migration and economic activity in rural areas of Wales." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2013. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/20050/.
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Rural areas are changing – a population turnaround was first identified in the 1970’s (Beale 1975). Since that time more and more research has uncovered the numbers and types of people moving into rural areas (Boyle 1995, Boyle and Halfacree 1998, Bolton and Chalkley 1998) and the impact of this migration (Bell 1994 Cloke and Goodwin 1992). Keeble and Tyler (1995) began to address the economic capacity of in-migrants highlighting that many rural businesses are owned by in-migrants. Stockdale, Short and Findlay (1999) identified that on average for each self-employed in-migrant 2.4 jobs are created. In recent years the policy focus on rural areas has centred on endogenous development, Stockdale (2006) argues in-migrants are essential for this approach to be successful. This research has combined literature from migration studies, with entrepreneurship literature, to examine the economic activity choices of in-migrants; with a particular focus on self-employment. Migration studies focus on where people choose to migrate to and the impact they then have on the area. Entrepreneurship literature focuses on the types of people who chose to become self-employed and the impact of various factors on their decision making. This research has utilised concepts from both literature sources to examine lifetime migrant’s economic activity in rural areas (defined under the ONS rural – urban classification). Powys and Gwynedd are two local authority areas in rural Wales that have interesting economic and migration patterns. They were selected as study areas as they represent areas of varying degrees of inward migration, self-employment, accessibility to major transport networks and levels of Welsh speaking. This research charts the economic activity of households across these local authorities in order to understand what impact individual, household and area level influences have on in-migrants economic activity. A postal survey of 597 households in the case study areas was used to explore the research questions; ‘what are the differences in the current economic activity of migrants and non-migrants in rural labour markets in Wales; and why do these differences exist?’ The conclusions of this research make three key contributions to knowledge: 1. In-migrants and non-migrants in the case study areas selected have broadly similar levels of economic activity rates. There are no statistically significant differences in economic activity choices between the two groups. 2. Some in-migrants (at similar levels to non-migrants) become self-employed and start a business. These businesses are often different to that of non-migrants, they tend to be largely based from home and prefer to employ family members. 3. Many in-migrants do not move into rural areas with the intention of becoming self-employed this is mobilised often up to a decade after the move. The findings of this research play a key role in understanding why in-migrants make the economic activity choices they do in rural areas. – Through a combination of push and pull factors that centre on the individual (age, nationality, employment history), the household (household structure, tenure) and the area (labour market, levels of Welsh speaking) in-migrants make economic activity choices that for some, result in self-employment. The businesses created by in-migrants differ slightly from that of non-migrant owned businesses. In-migrant owned businesses are most likely to be based from or closer to home than non-migrants. They often employ family member and tend to be younger than non-migrant owned businesses. They do not appear more likely to create jobs than non-migrant owned businesses. This is an important finding given the importance of in-migrant owned rural businesses in much recent rural debate (Bosworth 2008, Bosworth 2010, Stockdale 2006).
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Aviles, Grisselle. "How U.S. political and socio-economic trends promotes hacktivist activity." Thesis, Utica College, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1590361.
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Hacktivist activity is becoming increasingly prominent within the cyber domain and society. The boundaries between cyber terrorism and hacktivism are becoming more unclear. Hackers are becoming more skilled and involved in socio-political matters, not only in the U.S. but also internationally. Terrorist groups like the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) have found a venue to voice their ideals and recruit via social media. Furthermore, terrorist groups have partnerships with hacktivist groups such as Cyber Caliphates. This practice has pointed particular inclinations that characterize different hacker groups with different events. For this reason, computer security has become a matter of national security in the U.S. and research regarding political and socio-economic trends as stimuli for the increment on hacktivist activity must be conducted. This research explored the issue of profiling hacktivist groups, departing from the analysis of the hacker’s motivation as a product of a political and socio-economic environment. As comparative angles of analysis, the literature exposed empirical and factual information that integrated U.S. and international hacktivist events. The final research analysis proposed that U.S. political and socio-economic trends promoted hacktivist activity. Moreover, the research exposed that the existent relationship between extrinsic and intrinsic stimuli with political and socio-economical stressors (i.e., misrepresentation, restriction of freedoms, frustration and aggression) promotes hackers to act as hacktivists. Keywords: Psychological profiling; Professor Riddell, Hackers; Hacktivist; Hacktivism; Political Hacktivism; Socio-economic Hacktivism; Extrinsic stimuli; Intrinsic stimuli; Cyber Diplomacy; Cyber Constitution; Cybercrime Awareness Normalization Unit.
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Drev, Matej. "Essays on Firm Performance, Innovation, and Cross-Border Economic Activity." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2013. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/321.
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This thesis is composed of three essays that explore different facets of firm performance, innovation, and cross-border economic activity.
The first essay documents a systematic shift in the nature of innovation in information technology (IT) towards increasing dependence on software. Using a broad panel of US and Japanese publicly listed IT firms in the period 1983-2004, it shows this change in the nature of IT innovation had differential effects on the performance of the IT industries in the United States and Japan, resulting in US firms increasingly outperforming their Japanese counterparts, particularly in more software-intensive sectors. It also provides suggestive evidence that human resource constraints played a role in preventing Japanese firms from adapting to the documented shift in IT innovation.
The second essay asks whether the United States have a comparative advantage in applications-related software research. It classifies software patents into downstream and upstream software inventions based on a unique classification algorithm, then offers empirical evidence that downstream software research is disproportionally concentrated in the United States, and that U.S. firms are significantly less likely to locate downstream software research projects offshore than upstream research projects. It also explores self-citation and co-invention patterns of software patents and provides suggestive evidence that U.S. firms may use intra-firm knowledge flows to mitigate challenges of conducting downstream software research remotely. Finally, it explores the sources for the observed U.S. advantage in downstream software research and provides initial empirical evidence supporting the hypothesis that it is at least partially due to the relative abundance of lead users of software within the United States.
The final essay uses a rich panel dataset of Slovenian firms in the period 1994-2010 to examine how receiving foreign investment impacts the subsequent performance and behavior of local firms. Using a variety of propensity score based estimation techniques, it shows that foreign investment leads recipient firms to subsequently significantly expand the scale and scope of their activities. In addition, the essay explores how heterogeneity in investor origin modulates the effects of foreign investment, and it shows that investor origin heterogeneity is indeed important for understanding local firms’ ex post performance, the scale of their operations, the scope of their product mix and their geographical presence in export markets. It finds, for instance, that firms receiving investment from advanced country investors subsequently broaden the scope of their product mix and the number of export destinations they serve, while those receiving investment from developing country investors decrease their scope in terms of product space and geographical coverage. The empirical analysis is motivated with a theoretical model in which local firms endogenously chose their product mix and export destinations. The model details how receiving foreign investment affects the way firms alter their ex-post behavior, and then shows that predictions of the model align closely with the empirical results. The findings in this essay suggest that incorporating investor heterogeneity and the multi-product and multi-destination nature of firms yields important insights for furthering our understanding of how foreign investment impacts recipient firms.
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Delgado, Sylvia. "Factor proportions, market size and the location of economic activity." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368023.
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Occhiali, Giovanni. "Power outages, hydropower and economic activity in Sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7215/.
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Many Sub-Saharan African economies experienced high growth rates over the last decade, a welcome change from the depression and stagnation which characterized them during the 1980s and 1990s. However, improved economic performances were mostly driven by an increase of both price and demand for the natural resources of which the continent is rich, so that these growth rates were not associated with a significant increase in industrial diversification. The poor quality of the power infrastructure of many African economies represents one of the major obstacles to their structural transformation. In this thesis we investigate the effects of an unstable power supply on the profitability of Sub-Saharan African firms. To avoid estimation issues related to the possible endogeneity of the relationship between power supply and productivity we develop an instrument based on the water available for hydropower production. Our results show that frequent power outages are indeed a very significant drag on firms’ performance, much more so for firms without access to back-up capacity than for the overall sample. The final part of the thesis also investigates the general relationship between hydropower production and economic activity in Sub-Saharan Africa through the use of night-light data.
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Vescia, Alessandro. "Essays on the impact of pollution externalities on economic activity." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/39167.
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This thesis considers how pollution affects economic activities. Chapters 2 considers effects of pollution on humans' health. In an overlapping generation model with capital accumulation, agents' status is negatively affected by pollution. Individuals may invest in private health to reduce the burden of the environmental degradation, but this reduces the aggregate savings. Lower savings reduce the capital accumulation dynamic, reducing the optimal growth of the economy. The government can intervene to improve agents' health with public health spending, which crowds out private health investment and is complementary to savings. This work shows that, according to the initial level of capital of the economy and to the “net dirtiness", i.e. the difference of the pollution elasticity with respect to output minus the public health spending elasticity, the economy experiences different longrun growth equilibriums. Chapter 3 evaluates and compare the capacity of an emission tax and of free issued (non-auctioned) permits in terms of the incentives in investing in emission abatement research and in the social welfare. In the model, firms compete a la Cournot with knowledge spillovers. There are two different timing of the game: one where the government can credibly commit to the level of environmental policy; and the second timing where the government cannot credibly commit, and adjust optimally the policy after the firms innovate. This work shows that firms invest more in research when the government can credibly commit to the chosen level of policy. Chapter 4 investigates the role of pollution as a source of income inequality. Blackburn and Chivers (2015), in an overlapping generation model without credit market imperfections but in presence of loss aversion and uncertain return of investment, model agents that inherited from their parent and leave as a bequest to their offspring a positive amount of human capital. If the human capital is below a certain threshold, the loss aversion strongly influence agents, thus avoiding the investment. This reduces their possibility of realising profits and agents may end up in a low-income growth equilibrium with persistent income inequality. We extend their model introducing the pollution flow, which reduces the productivity of human capital and an abatement policy, which mitigates the negative effect of pollution. This work shows that in the presence of pollution, income inequality may increase and that the government can mitigate it through pollution abatement.
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Комісаренко, Наталія Олександрівна. "Management Mechanism of the International Economic Activity of a Company." Thesis, Фінансова рада України, 2017. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/7490.
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Костюченко, Надія Миколаївна, Надежда Николаевна Костюченко, Nadiia Mykolaivna Kostiuchenko, and L. Borisova. "The role of foreign economic activity in regional sustainable development." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2004. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/23016.
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Dalmazzone, Silvana. "Economic activity and the resilience of ecological systems : complexity, nonlinearities and uncertainty in economic-ecological modelling." Thesis, University of York, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311013.
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Carneiro, Douglas Mesquita. "Organization and distribution of economic activity across Brazilian regions and their impact on regional economic indicators." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2017. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/7454.
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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
Esta tese de doutorado compreende tr?s ensaios que abordam quest?es pouco exploradas pela literatura de economia regional no Brasil. No primeiro artigo ? analisada a import?ncia do tamanho das empresas para o crescimento econ?mico das 558 micro-regi?es brasileiras de 1999 a 2009. Estima??es de dados em painel com efeitos fixos (FE) e uma an?lise econom?trica espacial considerando depend?ncia espacial e heterogeneidade espacial foram usadas. As estimativas para o Brasil como um todo mostram que a presen?a de grandes empresas no setor industrial contribuiu positivamente para o crescimento econ?mico das microrregi?es, enquanto que as pequenas empresas apresentaram uma rela??o negativa com o crescimento econ?mico. A presen?a de heterogeneidade espacial na amostra ? caracterizada por dois clusters espaciais diferentes com rela??o ? renda per capita. A an?lise de cada cluster espacial mostra que a rela??o entre tamanho da empresa e crescimento econ?mico nas regi?es mais ricas permanece a mesma, enquanto nas regi?es de menor PIB per capita, o tamanho das empresas n?o influencia o crescimento econ?mico. O segundo artigo utiliza an?lise econom?trica espacial para investigar qual a rela??o entre o tamanho das empresas e os indicadores de desenvolvimento econ?mico dos munic?pios brasileiros de 2000 a 2010. A investiga??o ? motivada pela quantidade de recursos e esfor?os que os governos dedicam a pol?ticas que atraem grandes empresas e apoiam pequenas empresas locais. Os modelos estimados apresentam diferentes resultados entre setores e indicadores de desenvolvimento. O sinal encontrado para a rela??o entre o crescimento do emprego e o tamanho da empresa depende dos setores considerados. Assim, os resultados recomendam uma aten??o especial por parte dos formuladores de pol?ticas p?blicas na elabora??o das suas estrat?gias de desenvolvimento local. No terceiro artigo ? analisado o padr?o de localiza??o do emprego ocupacional no Brasil em 2010, bem como ? testada a hip?tese de especializa??o funcional em fun??o do tamanho dos munic?pios do Brasil e se esta varia de acordo com setor industrial analisado. Os resultados encontrados mostram que existe significativa heterogeneidade espacial na distribui??o das ocupa??es dentro do setor industrial nos munic?pios brasileiros. Tamb?m se confirma a hip?tese de especializa??o funcional em fun??o do tamanho das cidades e a import?ncia de se analisar cada setor separadamente, pois nem todos os setores apresentaram o mesmo padr?o de especializa??o funcional. Esses resultados fornecem informa??es que auxiliam na compreens?o da estrutura setorial e ocupacional das economias regionais, fatores estes que influenciam diretamente o crescimento e desenvolvimento regional.
This dissertation comprises three essays aimed at addressing issues little explored by regional economics literature in Brazil. In the first paper, there is an analysis of the importance of the size of companies for the economic growth of the 558 Brazilian micro-regions from 1999 to 2009. Panel data estimations with fixed effects (FE) and a spatial econometric analysis considering spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity were used. Estimates show that the presence of large companies in the industrial sector has contributed positively to the economic growth of micro-regions, whereas small businesses presented a negative relation to economic growth. The presence of spatial heterogeneity in the sample is characterized by two different spatial clusters regarding per capita income. The analysis of each spatial cluster separately points out that the relation between company size and economic growth in the richest regions remains the same, while in the regions of lower GDP per capita, the size of companies does not influence economic growth. The second paper uses spatial econometric analysis to investigate the relation between size of companies and economic development indicators of Brazilian municipalities from 2000 to 2010. The investigation is motivated by the amount of resources and effort that governments dedicate to policies attracting and supporting local business. The estimated models present dissimilar findings across sectors and development indicators. For instance, the sign of the relationship between employment growth and company size depends on the sectors considered. Thus, the results recommend special attention on the part of policy makers in formulating their local development strategies. In the third paper there is an analysis of the location pattern of occupational employment in Brazil in 2010, as well as a test of the hypothesis of functional specialization according to the size of Brazilian municipalities and if this specialization changes according to the industrial sector. The results show that there is significant spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of occupations in the industrial sector in Brazilian municipalities. In addition, the hypothesis of functional specialization in function of the size of the cities and the importance to analyze each sector separately was confirmed. As not all sectors present the same pattern of functional specialization, especially for occupations related to management and R&D activities. These results provide additional information to understand sectoral and occupational structure of regional economies, factors that have a direct influence in the regional growth and development.
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Doyle, Regan. "Slum economies : economic activity hubs in informal settlements : a case study of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2017. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/111113/.
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This thesis seeks to provide a better understanding of the informal economy within informal settlements, particularly the importance of agglomeration economies or economic activity hubs (EAHs), within the context of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The research seeks to understand the spatial and economic networks of EAHs as their agglomeration processes, socio-cultural dimensions, and other factors or characteristics to determine potential drivers and operations of these economies. This research also examines the potential of GIS and spatial analysis as a tool in researching the informal economy in developing cities. This investigation was conducted through a case study of EAHs in two informal settlements in Dar es Salaam, Keko and Manzese, using a mixed-methods approach. In many developing cities, urbanisation and growth coincide with a large informal economy, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. However, despite research suggesting that the informal economy provides an important source of economic opportunity and development, many policies and planning practices still maintain a largely negative perception, resulting in marginalisation of the working poor. Most existing research on the IE has focused on street traders; however there is little research regarding economic activity occurring within low-income settlements. As the contexts in these spaces is very different, there is a gap in existing research regarding the role of clustering economies within the settlements as well as the wider urban economy. The research reveals that EAHs play an important role in not only informal settlements, but also the wider urban economy and operate with a high degree of specialisation and complex agglomeration processes. These economies are largely misunderstood or simply overlooked by the regulatory environment. A better understanding of the informal economy and the potential of EAHs may enable policy makers and urban planners to use the concept of informality to alleviate the incidence of working poverty in developing cities.
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Van, Schalkwyk Aren. "Analysing the impact of a selected economic activity on Oudsthoorn's economy." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1104.
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Property development, by its very nature is an element of the economy and can be regarded as a multifaceted business, encompassing activities that include the development of undeveloped land by constructing residential, commercial and industrial buildings, either for leasing or selling. Based on the aforesaid, property development therefore has direct, indirect and induced impacts on the economy. Economic impact refers to the effects, positive or negative, on the level of economic activity in a given area. Measuring economic impact requires a baseline assessment conducted before the activity (property development) occurs and a second, comparable assessment conducted after the activity (property development) occurs. By using the Input- Output Model methodology, various anticipated direct and indirect economic impacts can be quantified. These economic impacts are derived using an understanding of economic cause-effect relationships. The principle of cause-effect is that for any economic action, there can be a multitude of different economic reactions (effects). For the purposes of this treatise, the main cause/action is the implementation of the proposed Alphen Aan Den Rijn Retirement and Lifestyle Village development in Oudtshoorn. The result is a number of direct potential/probable effects, which also have a range of indirect potential/probable effects. Based on the findings of the Input-Output Model, it is clear that the implementation of Alphen will have significant positive socio-economic benefits, e.g. additional business sales, additional GGP and additional employment for the local and regional environment. To ensure that these positive impacts are maximised for the benefit of the overall economy of Oudtshoorn as well as the population of Oudtshoorn, management strategies and mechanisms pertaining to the following are suggested for incorporation into the development proposal: • Workplace Skills Plan; • Labour Contracts; • Service Carrying Capacity Management Plan; • Economic Sustainability; and • Social Sustainability.
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Serrano, Gutiérrez Mònica. "Economic Activity and Atmospheric Pollution in Spain: An Input-Output Approach." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/2883.
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In this study we analyse some aspects of the interdependences between the economy and the environment by applying the input-output approach. Although economic activity affects the environment in many ways, in this study we only focus on one: the atmospheric pollution.Concretely, we consider nine different gases. On one hand, the six greenhouse gases regulated by Kyoto protocol: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs). And, on the other hand, three gases related to local environmental problems such as acidification and eutrophication: sulphur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and ammonia (NH3).
The study is structured in four self-contained essays that examine the relation between the economic activity and emissions in Spain from different perspectives. After an introductory chapter, in Chapter 2 we describe the methodology and the database used in other chapters. First, we present the basis of the input-output analysis emphasising those characteristics that make it a suitable approach to study the interdependences between the economy and the environment. Then, we describe the database and the procedure required to obtain an environmentally extended input-output table for Spain. We apply the environmentally extended input-output model presented in this chapter to describe the Spanish situation regarding atmospheric pollution in 1995 and 2000. In Chapter 3, we examine the contribution of the driving forces of the evolution of emissions in Spain from 1995 to 2000. For doing so, we decompose the change in emissions into the three main 'sources'. First, shifts in total intensity emission matrix (the eco-technological effect); second, changes in the composition of final uses (the structure effect); and third, changes in the level of final uses (the level effect). We quantify the effects of these three determinants performing a structural decomposition analysis. Chapter 4 shows the capacity of input-output analysis to study the relationship between the economic activity and the environment at a micro level.
The purpose of this chapter is to analyse the different impact on atmospheric pollution of different households with different 'economic position'. We calculate total (direct and indirect) emissions generated by private consumption of Spanish households classified by quintiles of expenditure in the year 2000. In Chapter 5 we estimate the emissions embodied in Spanish international trade. By applying a multiregional input-output model we define and compare two approaches: the responsibility emission balance and the trade emission balance. We evaluate the international responsibility of Spain in 1995 and 2000. Finally, Chapter 6 summarises the conclusions of this study.
El propósito de esta tesis es el de analizar algunos de los factores que determinan las interdependencias existentes entre la economía y el medio ambiente. Aunque la actividad económica afecta al medio ambiente de forma muy diversa, el objeto de estudio de este trabajo está centrado en el análisis de un único problema medio ambiental: la contaminación atmosférica. Concretamente se consideran nueve gases diferentes. Por un lado los seis gases de efecto invernadero regulados por el protocolo de Kioto: dióxido de carbono (CO2), metano (CH4), óxido nitroso (N2O), hexafluoruro de azufre (SF6), hidrofluorocarbonos (HFCs), y perfluorocarbonos (PFCs). Y por otro lado, tres gases relacionados con problemas medioambientales de carácter más local y/o regional como son la acidificación y la eutrofización: óxidos de azufre (SOx), óxidos de nitrógeno (NOx), y amoniaco (NH3).
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Overman, Henry G. "Empirical studies on the location of economic activity and its consequences." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1999. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2420/.
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The thesis looks at the determinants of the location of economic activity and the impact that different location patterns can have on economic and social outcomes. Chapter 1 provides a brief introduction and summary of the remaining chapters. Chapter 2 looks at neighbourhood effects on school drop out rates using data from the Australian Youth Survey. We identify two different types of neighbourhood effects. First, teenagers are more likely to drop out if the average drop out rate in the neighbourhood is high. Second, teenagers are more likely to drop out if they live in neighbourhoods with a high percentage of adults with vocational qualifications. Chapter 3 uses similar data to test for neighbourhood effects at different spatial scales. We find that educational composition of larger neighbourhoods influences drop out rates, possibly reflecting the structure of local labour market demand. We also find that low socio-economic status of the immediate neighbourhood has an adverse impact on drop out rate. Chapter 4 considers the evolution of European regional unemployment. European regions have experienced a polarisation of their unemployment rates between 1986 and 1996, as regions with intermediate rates have moved towards either extreme. Regions' outcomes have closely followed those of neighbouring regions. This is only weakly explained by regions being part of the same Member State, having a similar skill composition, or broad sectoral specialisation. Even more surprisingly, foreign neighbours matter as much as domestic neighbours. All of this suggests a reorganisation of economic activities with increasing disregard for national borders. Chapter 5 considers mobility within the US city size distribution. Papers that study city size distributions have concentrated predominantly on the shape of that distribution, while ignoring mobility within the distribution. We develop a series of tools that can be used to study such intra-distribution dynamics and apply them to data from the US. Chapter 6 uses a similar set of tools to examine spatial aspects of the evolution of the US system of cities. We find that some features of that evolution are consistent with theoretical models developed by the new economic geography.
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Holovko, A. H. "The essence of offshore and their influence on foreign economic activity." Master's thesis, Sumy State University, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/81833.
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Офшорна фінансова діяльність посідає значне місце у глобальній фінансовій системі, спостерігається суттєве зростання обсягів офшорних операцій та зростання кількості офшорних фінансових установ. Зважаючи на широке використання офшорів вітчизняними підприємцями та значні масштаби відтоку капіталу з економіки України в офшорні зони, дослідження негативного впливу офшорів на національну економіку та знаходження шляхів вирішення даної проблеми на сьогоднішній день є особливо актуальними. У роботі надана характеристика теоретичних засад офшорних зон, розглянуті принципи, покладені в його основу, даються різні класифікації офшорних зон, їх функціональне призначення. Описані цілі створення офшорних зон його переваги та недоліки. Розглянуті особливості функціонування офшорних юрисдикцій в сучасних умовах. Надані основні напрямки протидії негативним наслідкам діяльності офшорних юрисдикцій, наведені проблеми функціонування офшорного бізнесу і можливі шляхи їх вирішення.The object of study of the master's thesis is the mechanism of functioning of offshore zones, the subject - financial relations that arise in the process of financial and economic activities of offshore zones and their impact on the economy. The methodological basis of the work is a systematic approach and a dialectical method. In addition, the methods of unity of historical and logical, comparative analysis, induction and deduction, as well as positive and normative approaches were used in the work. Results: the essence of the concept and history of offshore zones development is considered, the specifics of separate offshore zones and their characteristics and specialization are studied, advantages of doing business in offshore zones are allocated, the problems connected with capital migration to offshore zones are opened, problems of offshorization and deoffshorization of domestic business. The theoretical significance of the master's thesis is to justify the need to regulate national legislation on the deoffshorization of business in the country. The practical significance of the work lies in the generalization and systematization of a large array of statistical data, recommendations and proposals of scientists, specialists dealing with the problem of offshorization and deoffshorization in modern conditions. In the near future, the role of offshore zones in the world economy will weaken as more countries join the organization to combat further offshorization of business through various agreements.
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Casavant, Kayla Christine. "Economic development of Senegal: the impact of microfinance on entrepreneurial activity." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192311.
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