Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ecology of the vole][Vole reproduction

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Academic literature on the topic 'Ecology of the vole][Vole reproduction'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Ecology of the vole][Vole reproduction"

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van Rosmalen, Laura, Jayme van Dalum, David G. Hazlerigg, and Roelof A. Hut. "Gonads or body? Differences in gonadal and somatic photoperiodic growth response in two vole species." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 20 (September 11, 2020): jeb230987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.230987.

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ABSTRACTTo optimally time reproduction, seasonal mammals use a photoperiodic neuroendocrine system (PNES) that measures photoperiod and subsequently drives reproduction. To adapt to late spring arrival at northern latitudes, a lower photoperiodic sensitivity and therefore a higher critical photoperiod for reproductive onset is necessary in northern species to arrest reproductive development until spring onset. Temperature–photoperiod relationships, and hence food availability–photoperiod relationships, are highly latitude dependent. Therefore, we predict PNES sensitivity characteristics to be latitude dependent. Here, we investigated photoperiodic responses at different times during development in northern (tundra or root vole, Microtus oeconomus) and southern vole species (common vole, Microtus arvalis) exposed to constant short (SP) or long photoperiod (LP). Although the tundra vole grows faster under LP, no photoperiodic effect on somatic growth is observed in the common vole. In contrast, gonadal growth is more sensitive to photoperiod in the common vole, suggesting that photoperiodic responses in somatic and gonadal growth can be plastic, and might be regulated through different mechanisms. In both species, thyroid-stimulating hormone β-subunit (Tshβ) and iodothyronine deiodinase 2 (Dio2) expression is highly increased under LP, whereas Tshr and Dio3 decrease under LP. High Tshr levels in voles raised under SP may lead to increased sensitivity to increasing photoperiods later in life. The higher photoperiodic-induced Tshr response in tundra voles suggests that the northern vole species might be more sensitive to thyroid-stimulating hormone when raised under SP. In conclusion, species differences in developmental programming of the PNES, which is dependent on photoperiod early in development, may form different breeding strategies as part of latitudinal adaptation.
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Brommer, Jon E., Hannu Pietiäinen, and Heikki Kolunen. "Reproduction and Survival in a Variable Environment: Ural Owls (Strix Uralensis) and the Three-Year Vole Cycle." Auk 119, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 544–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/119.2.544.

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Abstract We analyzed data on 535 Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) breeding attempts and consecutive survival of both adults and offspring from 1987–1998 in relation to the regional abundance of the Ural Owl's main prey, voles, which show a cycle of low, increase, and peak phases in their population numbers. Vole abundance varied up to 49×, crashing during spring–summer every three years. The breeding population tracked abundance of voles in the previous autumn with respect to percentage of pairs breeding and their reproductive output (laying date, clutch size), largely irrespective of phase. Survival depended on vole density in the preceding autumn, but was generally highest in the increase phase. There was thus a paradoxical situation in the peak phases, when vole populations crashed; the owls produced large clutches, but those survived poorly. Some adaptive and nonadaptive scenarios of the Ural Owl's life history are discussed.
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Dehn, M. M., R. C. Ydenberg, and L. M. Dill. "Experimental addition of cover lowers the perception of danger and increases reproduction in meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 95, no. 7 (July 2017): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2016-0169.

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Predation danger is pervasive for small mammals and is expected to select strongly for behavioural tactics that reduce the risk. In particular, since it may be considered a cost of reproduction, predation danger is expected to affect the level of reproductive effort. We test this hypothesis in a population of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord, 1815)) under seminatural conditions in field enclosures. We manipulated the voles’ perception of predation danger by adjusting the available cover and measured giving up density (GUD) in food patches to verify that the perception of danger differed between high- and low-cover treatments. Treatments did not differ in actual predation rate, in vole density, or in the quantity or quality of food. During the experiments, we measured indices of vole reproductive effort including activity (electronic detectors), foraging intensity (fecal plates), and the number of young produced (livetrapping). Voles in the high-cover (lower danger) treatments were more active, foraged more, and produced 85% more young per female per trap period than voles in the low-cover (higher danger) treatment. We briefly discuss the population consequences of this adaptive behavioural flexibility.
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Wolff, Jerry O., Tiffany Fox, Robert R. Skillen, and Guiming Wang. "The effects of supplemental perch sites on avian predation and demography of vole populations." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 4 (September 15, 1999): 535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-002.

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We erected supplemental perches to evaluate their effectiveness in attracting perching raptors and to determine if an increase in raptor visitation could affect vole demography. Our model experimental system consisted of six 0.2-ha enclosures containing gray-tailed vole, Microtus canicaudus. The availability of supplemental perch sites had no effect on northern harriers, Circus cyaneus, but resulted in an 11-fold increase in visitation by American kestrels, Falco sparverius. This increased predation pressure did not affect vole population size, growth rate, or adult survival. However, juvenile recruitment and the proportion of reproductive females were lower in treatment sites than in control sites. Male voles had smaller home ranges and were less active than expected, which may have been an avoidance response to predation risk. High densities of voles, adequate cover in treatment sites, and good foraging areas with less cover in surrounding habitat may have negated the effects of the availability of supplemental perch sites. We conclude that adding perches can increase raptor visitation substantially but may have little effect on high-density vole populations.
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Simmons, Robert, Phoebe Barnard, Bruce MacWhirter, and Gay L. Hansen. "The influence of microtines on polygyny, productivity, age, and provisioning of breeding Northern Harriers: a 5-year study." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 11 (November 1, 1986): 2447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-365.

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Breeding Northern Harriers, Circus cyaneus, and their principle prey, the vole Microtus pennsylvanicus, underwent synchronous fluctuations in New Brunswick between 1980 and 1984. Microtines were abundant in 1980 and 1983 and were significantly tracked by the number of nesting harriers (r = 0.90), the number of polygynous males (r = 0.89), the number of harem females (r = 0.90), and the mean clutch size (r = 0.94), but not the reproductive success of successful females (r = 0.72). Male nest defence likewise exhibited a strong relationship (r = 0.99, n = 3) with prey abundance, but nest predation did not. An unexpected association with prey abundance was the greater proportion of young females (≤ 2 years) breeding at vole lows; the reverse was true for yearling males. Young females that did breed at vole highs were significantly more productive than were old females breeding at highs. The difference arose principally through nest predation. Successful females also consistently reared significantly greater proportions of their hatchlings when voles were increasing than when they were decreasing. Our results suggest that New Brunswick harriers were affected by prey fluctuations in most aspects of their reproduction and population dynamics. Significant correlations between male food provisioning rates and clutch size and reproductive success over 3 years provide a proximate mechanism through which fecundity may vary annually. They may also provide a proximate pathway mediating for polygyny.
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Smorkatcheva, A. V., A. R. Kumaitova, and K. V. Kuprina. "Make haste slowly: reproduction in the Zaisan mole vole (Ellobius tancrei)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 94, no. 3 (March 2016): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2015-0051.

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Mole voles are the most specialized subterranean members of the subfamily Arvicolinae. We assess the basic reproductive parameters of the Zaisan mole vole (Ellobius tancrei Blasius, 1884) and compare our data with the characteristics reported for other Ellobius species and surface-dwelling voles. In most respects, reproduction of the E. tancrei follows the pattern that is typical for voles. Females undergo postpartum estrus, but rarely combine pregnancy with lactation. The rate of embryonic and postembryonic growth (0.13 and 0.54 g/day, respectively) are slightly lower, whereas the relative neonate and weanling masses (8% and 40% of maternal mass, respectively) are slightly higher than the respective values predicted for non-subterranean arvicolines. The combination of these trends results in the protracted pregnancy and lactation (both ∼30 days). The age at first breeding is delayed (>2.5 months). Despite heavy weanlings, total maternal investment per litter in E. tancrei is low due to small litter size (2.31). Although the species of Ellobius are similar to each other by the parameters of developmental time, they vary by litter size, total investment per litter, and possibly by relative neonate body mass. This is consistent with the idea that when body-size effect is removed, fecundity variables and degree of precociality at birth are dissociated from timing variables.
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Ostfeld, Richard S., and Robert H. Tamarin. "The role of seasonality in vole cycles." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 12 (December 1, 1986): 2871–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-414.

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We examined the assertion that seasonal fluctuations in food availability are necessary for vole cycles to take place by studying the dynamics of a California vole (Microtus californicus) population inhabiting a relatively aseasonal environment. That population was one of the most stable (noncyclic) microtine populations yet described. Reproduction was comparatively aseasonal but appeared to be suppressed at high population density. We suggest that the role of seasonality in vole population fluctuations deserves further study.
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Hilton, B. L. "Reproduction in the Mexican Vole, Microtus mexicanus." Journal of Mammalogy 73, no. 3 (August 21, 1992): 586–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1382029.

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Trebatická, Lenka, Paula Suortti, Janne Sundell, and Hannu Ylönen. "Predation risk and reproduction in the bank vole." Wildlife Research 39, no. 5 (2012): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr12012.

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Context Life-history strategies are the means that organisms use to achieve successful reproduction in environments that vary in time and space. Individual animals maximise life-time reproductive success (LRS) through optimal timing of reproduction and investment in offspring. A crucial factor affecting LRS is predation risk in a highly seasonal environment. According to the breeding-suppression hypothesis (BSH), females should delay breeding under short periods of high predation risk. Delayed breeding under risk is suggested to have substantial consequences for females’ fitness. Aims We tested the BSH in an iteroparous boreal small rodent, the bank vole, Myodes glareolus. Methods We used caged-live weasels and spread weasel scent to simulate increased predation risk in four of eight 0.25-ha outdoor enclosures. We monitored females’ reproduction in three periods (May, July, August), i.e. during the breeding season over the course of summer. Key results Contrary to our main prediction, predation risk did not affect timing of mating, pregnancy rate or litter size in any study period. Conclusions and implications We conclude that during the short but resource-rich breeding season of boreal summer, postponing breeding does not seem to be an optimal strategy for females, even under high risk of predation. Under favourable summer condition, i.e. in circumstances without any constraining factors such as food or conspecific density, females manage to balance the costs of predation against benefits of resource availability and do not suppress breeding. Although the BSH has been studied widely, also our results reveal the intricacies of this adaptive behaviour.
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Karell, Patrik, Hannu Pietiäinen, Heli Siitari, Tuomo Pihlaja, Pekka Kontiainen, and Jon E. Brommer. "Parental allocation of additional food to own health and offspring growth in a variable environment." Canadian Journal of Zoology 87, no. 1 (January 2009): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-133.

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Life-history theory predicts increased investment in current reproduction when future reproduction is uncertain and a more balanced investment in current and future reproduction when prospects for both are good. The outcome of the balance in parental allocation depends on which life-history component maximizes the fitness benefits. In our study system, a 3-year vole cycle generates good prospects of current and future reproduction for Ural owls ( Strix uralensis Pallas, 1771) in increase vole phases and uncertain prospects in decrease vole phases. We supplementary-fed Ural owls during the nestling period in 2002 (an increase phase) and 2003 (a decrease phase), and measured offspring growth, parental effort, and physiological health by monitoring haematocrit, leucocyte profiles, intra- and inter-celluar blood parasites, and (in 2003) humoral antibody responsiveness. Food supplementation reduced parental feeding rate in both years, but improved a female parent’s health only in 2002 (an increase phase) and had no effects on males in either year. Nevertheless, supplementary-fed offspring reached higher asymptotic mass and fledged earlier in both years. Furthermore, early fledging reduced offspring exposure to blood-sucking black flies (Diptera, Simuliidae) in the nest. We discuss how parental allocation of resources to current and future reproduction may vary under variable food conditions.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ecology of the vole][Vole reproduction"

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Spears, N. "Environmental and genetic factors regulating the breeding season of the vole." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376949.

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Nelson, Fletcher Chris. "Ecology of Owens Valley vole." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2270.

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Little current data exist concerning the status and ecology of Owens Valley vole (OVV; Microtus californicus vallicola), despite its California Department of Fish and Game listing as a Species of Special Concern. No formal studies have been undertaken to understand the ecology of OVV or other small mammal species occurring in mesic-vegetative communities in Owens Valley, California. I investigated the relative abundance of small mammal species in mesic-plant associations of Owens Valley, OVV distribution, and OVV use of vegetative types as habitat. Low OVV capture rates decreased the efficiency of systematic trapping surveys. Live trapping and sign surveys yielded contradictory results. The distribution of OVV was associated with irrigation and microhabitat features such as waterways, fence lines, and brush patches. The distribution and use of vegetation types by OVV was similar to that of the California vole (M. californicus).
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Efford, M. G. "The structure and dynamics of water vole populations." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371523.

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Robinson, Joshua J. "Phylogeographic analysis of the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster)." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1595600090967193.

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Fernandez, de la Pradilla Villar Jose Ignacio. "Land use and population regulation vole dynamics in a grazing experiment /." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=62156.

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Benge, Jonathan Mark. "The ecology of the water vole (Arvicola terrertris L.) in Southern England." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/14179.

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In the UK, the water vole is usually found associated with water; in rivers, canals, ditches, streams, lakes and ponds. Now listed as a UK Biodiversity Action Plan priority species for conservation it receives partial protection under UK legislation. The current study used various techniques to investigate aspects of the ecology of water voles at five sites in the southern England. Live-trapping techniques examined aspects of social organisation, such as population size, structure, distribution and Observed Range Lengths. Capture rates, weight differences and survival were also examined. Water voles became extinct from two study sites most likely due to American mink predation. Densities of water voles at three sites were generally higher than those recorded elsewhere, suggesting density may be dependent on type of habitat or other variables. Water voles were distributed along almost the entire length of these study sites. All populations peaked in size (as a result of juveniles entering the populations) and adult weights peaked in the spring and summer, declining in the autumn. Adult weights were generally lower than found in previous studies with no difference between adult male and female weights at any site. High rate of ear tag loss meant individuals could not be reliably followed between months, therefore the population estimates based on Minimum Number Alive (MNA) may have been significantly underestimated. The highest period of activity was between 22: 00hrs and 06: 00hrs corresponding with published studies. The relationship between water vole numbers and latrines was examined and compared with published literature. Seasonal patterns in the production of latrines were examined to gain further information on their function and the bearing that this may have upon any relationship between latrines and water vole numbers. Further examination considered the number of latrines per individual water vole and compared these with the published literature. Rainfall rendered many counts invalid as rising water levels or the act of the rain itself washed latrines away. Numbers of latrines per water vole were generally lower than published attributable to differences in the physical character of sites. Three sites showed a broadly similar trend in the numbers of latrine counts across months. Latrine numbers generally fell over winter which is likely to correspond with low water vole numbers and above ground activity. Peaks in latrine numbers in March and April were attributed to the onset of the breeding season whilst peaks seen in August were attributed to large population sizes. Relationships were found between latrines and the total number of water voles captured, MNA, adult females and all adults; latrines and adult females; all adults during the breeding season at two of the sites. The resultant predictive equation for the number of water voles from the number of latrines was not significantly different from the published relationship. Water voles were radio-tracked at one study site to examine overwinter behaviour. Home range sizes, movements, activity patterns and interactions were investigated. Due to time constraints and difficulty of intensive radio-tracking during cold conditions some sessions were done in August and September and some continued into March and April. Three of the tracked voles died during the study, two assumed to be through predation, probably by foxes, and one due to unknown causes. There was no difference between the area of male and female home ranges, however, male home ranges appeared to be longer than female ones. Increases in mean range length were seen in January, February and April likely to correspond to the onset of the breeding season. In many cases the majority of activity was centred on one or two points, identified as nest sites. A number of male water voles, and one female, dispersed to `new' home ranges. Activity occurred within discrete blocks of time, 1.5hrs to 4hrs with rest periods of 0.5hrs to 4.5hrs. Home ranges of a number of males and females overlapped and positive associations only occurred towards the end of the breeding season.
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Rogers, Lucy Margaret. "The ecology of small mammals in set-aside land." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366123.

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The ecology of small mammal communities found in set-aside and adjacent farm land was investigated to determine the ecological consequences of set-aside land to small mammals. Field work was carried out for two years at three study sites in NE Scotland. First Aldroughty farm, a mosaic of set-aside, crop and semi-natural land. The two remaining study sites; Ythan Lodge at Newburgh, and Fraser's farm near Aldroughty, were whole fields of set-aside. Wood mice Apodemus sylvaticus, bank voles Clethrionomys glareolus and field voles Microtus agrestis were trapped in the habitat mosaic at Aldroughty, and wood mice and field voles in the set-aside at Newburgh. Wood mice had higher densities, greater survival, heavier weights, longer breeding seasons and more juveniles at Aldroughty than Newburgh. These differences were thought to be due to a difference in habitat productivity between the two sites. Field voles showed less of a difference in population dynamics between Aldroughty and Newburgh, and both species of vole maintained populations at low density. The home range size of 33 wood mice was measured using radiotelemetry. At both study sites home range size was smaller than in other habitats revealed by other studies. The apparently anomalous results obtained, of low population densities and small home range sizes of wood mice in the set-aside at Newburgh, may have been due to predation from cats Felis catus. Wood mice showed no clear habitat preference, nesting and foraging in all habitat types, while both vole species showed almost exclusive preference for rough grassland. An assessment of the habitat characteristics of the study sites showed that there was heterogeneity in the vegetation communities found in set-aside.
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Reynolds, Peter. "The impact of changes in land-use in Orkney, on the vole Microtus arvalis orcadensis and its avian predators." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1992. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU050809.

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The microtine rodent Microtus arvalis orcadensis is endemic to 5 of the Orkney Islands. Aspects of the ecology of this animal were studied on Mainland Orkney during the period June 1988-December 1990. Subject areas included habitat-related variations in population density, social organisation and short-term and seasonal variations in activity. The importance of the Orkney Vole in the diets of Hen Harriers, Short-eared Owls and Kestrels was quantified and assessed, both in the context of optimal foraging theory and in relation to the contribution made by female avian predators to nest provisioning. The selection of hunting habitat by avian predators, in relation to spatial variations in vole population density and temporal variations in vole activity was also considered, particularly with respect to Short-eared Owls. Using land-cover data derived from air-photo interpretation, estimates of the total population of Orkney Voles were made and the implications of changing land-use for the conservation of both Vole and avian predator populations considered. Specific types of land management are proposed to ensure that populations of both the Orkney Vole and the avian predators which depend to a varying degree upon them, are effectively conserved.
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Neyland, Penelope Jane. "Habitat, home range, diet and demography of the water vole (Arvicola amphibious) : patch-use in a complex wetland landscape." Thesis, Swansea University, 2011. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42744.

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Water vole (Arvicola amphibius) ecology was studied at the National Wetland Centre Wales (NWCW), a National Key Site for water voles, consisting of a diversity of interconnected habitats, including ponds, ditches and reed-beds. A novel method of mapping the vegetation of the wetland landscape was devised, using patches of vegetation classified according to the dominant vegetation type (DVT). The richness and abundance of DVT patches was used as an index of diversity at the habitat level. This provided a basis for describing the matrix habitat, which underpins the study of water vole ecology at the patch-landscape scale. The practical application of the DVT mapping approach allows the stages of wetland succession to be monitored, identifies areas of high biodiversity and provides a baseline on which to monitor the distribution and movements of animal species. Implementation of this method reduces time and the need for specialist field surveyors, thereby facilitating efficient management practices if applied at a national level. An intensive four year study of a metapopulation of water voles on eight adjacent ponds in the NWCW wetland reserve revealed an important insight into the dynamics of wild populations in complex, non-linear habitats. Multi-annual fluctuations in population densities were observed, characterised by a peak density phase and a low density phase. Density dependent juvenile dispersal was characteristic of the water vole population. Female water voles in diverse pond habitats maintained intra-sexually overlapping home ranges, uncharacteristic of this species. During the breeding season, water voles selected the ponds with the highest habitat diversity (assemblage of DVTs) but were typically associated with the least diverse DVT patches within the vegetation mosaic. Temporal plasticity in niche partitioning was observed both between genders and between individual female water voles at NWCW. During the winter. Bramble (Rubus fruticosus) was the most important dominant vegetation type, providing a source of cover and protection from predation. Water voles selected 23 plant species (and 3 non-plant species) as food. Soft Rush (Juncus effusus) a species with high nitrogen and calorific content was favoured particularly. The physical effects of water vole grazing and burrowing, combined with the large amounts of nitrogen- containing faeces deposited in latrines and underground burrows, has implications for wetland nutrient cycles. The effects of large scale vegetation clearance are described and holistic management recommendations are presented.
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Wilkinson, Suzanne A. J. "The ecology of the field vole Microtus agrestis in lowland Britain : the conservation of a dominant prey species." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402333.

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Books on the topic "Ecology of the vole][Vole reproduction"

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Strachan, R. Water vole conservation handbook. Oxford: Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, 1998.

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Cherni︠a︡vskiĭ, Feliks Borisovich. T︠S︡ikly lemmingov i polevok na Severe: The cycles lemmings and voles in the North / F.B. Chernyavskyi, A.N. Lazutkin. Magadan: In-t biologicheskikh problem Severa DVO RAN, 2004.

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Bond, Monica L. Density, sex ratio, and space use in the gray-tailed vole, Microtus canicaudus. 1998.

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Brant, Christine Louise. A mechanistic examination of reproductive suppression in the cooperatively breeding pine vole (Microtus pinetorum). 1995.

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Dalton, Christine L. Effects of female kin groups on reproduction and demography in the gray-tailed vole (Microtus canicaudus). 1998.

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Helen M. De la Maza. Exposure to strangers does not cause pregnancy disruption or infanticide in the gray-tailed vole. 1997.

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Caslin, Tracie M. Individual and demographic responses of the gray-tailed Vole (Microtus canicaudus) to an endocrine disruptor. 1998.

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Davis-Born, Renee. Influence of movement corridors on enclosed populations of the gray-tailed vole: Do immigrants affect reproduction and dispersal of residents in a patchy environment? 1997.

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Crawley, Derek, Frazer Coomber, Laura Kubasiewicz, Colin Harrower, Peter Evans, James Waggitt, Bethany Smith, and Fiona Matthews, eds. Atlas of the Mammals of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Pelagic Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53061/xtwi9286.

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Based on more than 1.8 million records, this Atlas provides the most up-to-date information on the current distributions of both terrestrial and marine mammals in the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. Many changes over time, such as the rapid invasion of the grey squirrel, the recovery of the pine marten and the decline of the water vole, are readily apparent from the detailed maps. Fully illustrated with photographs, detailed information is provided for 84 species, including descriptions of their ecology and identification, together with graphs showing the seasonal distribution of records. Data are also presented for feral species, vagrants, and cetaceans that have only ever been found as strandings. The Atlas will be an invaluable source of information to mammal enthusiasts, professional ecologists, and policy makers.
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Book chapters on the topic "Ecology of the vole][Vole reproduction"

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Marchlewska-Koj, Anna. "Pheromonal Regulation of Bank Vole (Clethrionomys Glareolus) Reproduction." In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 9, 391–96. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0671-3_53.

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Braimah, Lawrence Issah. "Monitoring the Aspects of Reproductive Ecology of Chrysichthys auratus in the Volta Lake, Ghana." In Recent Research Advances in Biology Vol. 6, 1–13. Book Publisher International (a part of SCIENCEDOMAIN International), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rrab/v6/7657d.

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Berryman, Alan A. "Population Cycles Causes and Analysis." In Population Cycles. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195140989.003.0005.

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Ever since Elton’s classic book Voles, Mice and Lemmings (Elton 1942), understanding and explaining the causes of regular multiannual cycles in animal populations has been a central issue in ecology. Many hypotheses have been erected and incessantly argued about, but no clear picture has emerged. Below I briefly sketch the major hypotheses without any attempt to be complete or to comment on their relative merits or demerits. Detailed reviews and discussion can be found in Keith (1963), Krebs and Myers (1974), Finerty (1980), Myers (1988), Royama (1992), and Stenseth (1999). (H1) Physical effects (e.g., Elton 1924, Bodenheimer 1938). Perhaps the most obvious hypothesis is that cycles in animal populations reflect the response of birth and death rates to an external physical factor that is itself cyclic. Two of the more specific physical hypotheses involve periodic climatic factors and sunspot activity. (H2) Predator effects. Lotka (1924) and Volterra (1926) demonstrated that cyclic dynamics are inherent in simple predator-prey models, leading to the hypothesis that regular cycles can result from interactions between predator and prey populations. (H3) Pathogen effects. Anderson and May (1980) showed that, under certain conditions, simple models of infectious disease transmission can generate cycles in host and pathogen populations. This is similar to H2 with the pathogen as a predator. (H4) Plant effects. Several hypotheses have been proposed for the possible role of plants in generating population cycles of herbivores. One is a generalization of H2 in which the plant is considered the prey and the herbivore the predator (Elton 1924, Pitelka 1957). Another involves nutrient cycling: In this hypothesis, nutrient deficiencies are assumed to reduce the resistance of plants, resulting in larger herbivore populations, but nutrients released in feces and decaying animal and plant matter cycle back to the plants, increasing their vigor and resistance, and resulting in reduced herbivory (e.g., White 1974). Another hypothesis argues that herbivore feeding induces sustained chemical and/or physical changes in the plant (delayed induced resistance), which then reduce the reproduction and/or survival of future herbivore generations (Benz 1974, Haukioja and Hakala 1975).
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4

Maun, M. Anwar. "Plant communities." In The Biology of Coastal Sand Dunes. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198570356.003.0016.

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Plant communities of the dune complex are a result of interaction between tolerance of plant species and sandy substrate, high wind velocities, salt spray, sand accretion and environmental heterogeneity. Propagules of many plant species are dispersed by water currents and deposited on the driftline. Most of these species find ideal conditions for germination but seedling establishment, growth and reproduction is denied to all but a few species with ecological amplitude sufficient to withstand the physical stresses associated with sand accretion, erosion and sandblasting in the highly disturbed environment. The distinct differences between habitats from the water´s edge to the inland grass-forest ecotone leads eventually to the establishment of ecologically distinct communities consisting of both plants and animals. The distinction is caused by sharp differences in the physical environment that may create sharp zones with abrupt or gradual blending of the two community types. In some locations these zones are relatively stable for long periods before any visible change occurs in the community depending on the recession of the shoreline, availability of new bare areas and the advance of communities towards the sea coast. The occurrence of plant communities in zones has been documented along sea coasts worldwide. This chapter examines the plant communities of the sand dune complex along seashores of the world. The following information has been assembled from Doing (1985), Dry coastal ecosystems Vol. 2 A, B, C, edited by Eddy van der Maarel (1993), Doody (1991) and Thannheiser (1984). It presents data on plant communities and ecology of each zone from various parts of the world. The species complement in the ´foredune complex´ in tropical, temperate and other regions around the world may be different, but their response to the prevailing environmental stresses of foredunes is convergent. In different world regions the boundaries between vegetation zones of the sand dune complex may not be defined sharply because of climatic variability, geographic location, physiography of the dune system and other factors peculiar to each location. Usually three to six different plant assemblages have been identified on the dune complex along sea coasts and lakeshores. A brief description of vegetation and ecological traits of species in each zone are presented below.
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