Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ecologies of design'

Master of Landscape Architecture
Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning
Lee R. Skabelund
Throughout the history of Kansas City, the Brush Creek Corridor has experienced severe flooding which, on numerous occasions, has resulted in loss of life. This urban stream supports a high profile area of the city. It is located adjacent to what is considered Kansas City’s most elite shopping district, the JC Nichols Country Club Plaza, the University of Missouri - Kansas City urban campus, as well as numerous high density residential units. The stream corridor has been confined due to the encroachment of the surrounding urban environment which has minimized many opportunities for the future management of Brush Creek. There have been many flood control projects but these solutions have not been effective in reducing along the entire corridor. Previous projects have been done in a way that alienates urban dwellers from Brush Creek and does not allow pedestrians to utilize the stream corridor as an effective urban green space. The Brush Creek Corridor can be redesigned to revitalize the existing area by embracing natural ecological processes in order to create a more sustainable urban stream system. Brush Creek can be envisioned in a way that will enhance visitor experience by exposing and revealing the ecological processes to the users without inhibiting the functionality of those natural processes. Four project goals have been identified through research: improve, connect, and educate. In order to achieve the project goals, a set of sites are to be selected from the corridor. A corridor study is done to identify sites by assessing factors related to the site’s ability to improve, connect, and educate. Once the sites have been identified and defined, programming and site design strategies will be implemented to relate to the project goals. The selected sites within the Brush Creek Corridor will be models for experience oriented urban stream design. The project area will harbor healthy ecosystems with integrated pedestrian oriented spaces that connect the corridor, improve environmental conditions, and support environmental education. These projects will be catalysts for experience oriented ecological design solutions throughout the Brush Creek Corridor in the future.

As technology progresses, we become surrounded with an ever increasing number of devices. Information can now be persistently represented beyond a single screen and a single session. In the educational context, we see a rapid adoption of the panoply of devices, but often without any careful thought. Devices in isolation are unlikely to enable effective learning. This research explores how devices function in technological display and device ecologies or ecosystems to support human thinking, learning and sensemaking. Based on the theories of Vygotsky's sign mediation triangle, we contribute a method that may allow one to evaluate how technology configurations support (or hinder) students' thinking. Our method proposes the concept of objectification as a way to identify the potential or opportunity for learning in technology ecologies. The significance of such an evaluation methodology is considerable, given the nascent field of sensemaking and the lack of consensus on evaluation in such contexts: our research advances a principled approach by which device ecologies can be examined for their potential to provide 'learning experiences', and enables one to articulate affordances for the design of technological spatial environments that can help to support higher thought. Our contribution thus is in terms of methodology, theory, evaluation and the design of technology ecologies.
Master of Science

Culture has been consistently underrepresented in the sustainability debate and often perceived as a constraining factor to modern-day advancement. However in recent years, the broadening development paradigm in the Global South is increasingly asserting culture's indispensable role in sustainable human development. This dominant cultural paradigm mainstreamed by UNESCO is subscribed to by government and other role-players within the domain of culture and urban development. Despite its significant achievements, it however comes with a specific heritage conceptualisation, which is disconnected from local reality and perpetuates a problematic theoretical construct of cultural legacy, which is steeped in a Eurocentric conservation bias with colonial undertones. The thesis argues that this model will not lead to transformative interventions in urban areas that harness the power of culture if its interpretation remains decontextualised and perpetuates an instrumentalised view of culture and cultural conservation practice, inherited from the past. The thesis explores how an alternative conceptualisation of culture, based on the concept of cultural ecologies, can be more meaningful and beneficial in contributing to the theoretical reassessment of the human settlements imaginary. This is achieved through an interdisciplinary literature review and a case study of Bagamoyo, a small urban settlement in Tanzania. Through a systematic diagnosis of this small scale locality, cultural ecologies are foregrounded through the primary lens of the urban public-private interface and framed within a context that is shaped by the dynamics of globalisation. Additionally, the study takes place against the backdrop of a failed UNESCO World Heritage application, which allows me to discuss the undercurrents and invested interests associated with cultural heritage politics and the traumatic impact global conventions can have on local sustainability. It concludes in a proposed approach that repositions culture at the core of social exchange and argues that cultural sensitive development is an ongoing socio-cultural production process. Its potential lies in capturing the layered 'ordinariness' of place and in harnessing the imaginative responses arising from local idioms, practices and traditions as the shared imaginary of tomorrow.

Settlement conditions in Australia for Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) women are challenging. Despite an abundance of social services within the multicultural city of Logan, CALD women experience several social issues that impact their wellbeing. This study explores a creative engagement methodology to foster social connection and ecologies of care for CALD women. Findings reveal that the ecology of care in Logan is complex, hierarchical, fragmented, and difficult to navigate. The study, involving a series of creative interventions, demonstrates the potential benefits for creative engagement to enhance individual ecologies of care, and provides direction for designing more inclusive engagement practices.

This thesis contributes a novel, cross-disciplinary framework to the field of sound studies. It examines how our inherent capacities as listeners are manifested in transitional urban environments, and the primary role of voice as a vehicle for perception in field recording and soundwalking practices. Using the conceptual triad of ‘node, counter-atmosphere and meshwork’ as its analytical device, this research considers the polyphonic physical, personal and social ecologies at play in our encounters within transitional spaces. By doing so, it highlights the importance of sound for countering their functionality and opening them up to a more engaged perception. In its theoretical scope, this conceptual triad draws on and re-contextualises existing terminologies from a variety of disciplines: urban planning and Kevin Lynch’s notion of the node; philosophy and Gernot Boehme’s theory on the atmosphere as well as Gaston Bachelard’s concept of seeping through; anthropology and Tim Ingold’s idea of the meshwork. Coined as a sonic perceptual ecology, this triad is a new analytical tool that is the immediate result of the practice developed as part of this research. Involving three consecutive stages, the work spans across intensive fieldwork, workshops, hybrid telematic soundwalks, radioart pieces, public events and performances engaging with different sites in London and elsewhere. This thesis presents a constellation of original outputs, essential to creating and understanding the novel conceptual framework of the sonic perceptual ecology. This is achieved by testing new methodologies, by analysing, in new terms and through the Sensing Cities interviews series, existing creative work and by developing a portfolio of practice that has been presented as part of commissions, conferences and curated events. Key to these activities is the proposition that we perceive not as authoritative presences but as organisms whose voice is, as Mikhail Bakhtin would suggest, a chain of human and non-human utterances.

Can a mode of trans-disciplinary visual inquiry, shifting and subjective, serve as an enquiry into location, an interrogation into the mechanics of belonging, and a reflection upon the relational connections between the local/rural and the national/global? This thesis provides a critical account of the role of a socially engaged 'activist' arts practice that seeks to address the tension between differing perspectives on place and space in the Burren, Co. Clare, in the West of Ireland. A body of work, Viscqueux, is a reflection upon my personal, psychological identification with the landscape of the region. This informed and underpinned two subsequent public artworks, Cross Land and X-PO. Both projects were catalytic actions that created or revived public space for exchange and collective interaction. Cross Land examined the agricultural and natural consequences of changes in landscape regulation and farming practices. X-PO is an interstitial space enabling new connections and social exchange between various 'publics' in the locality. It is a central argument of this thesis that expanded and inclusive definitions of arts practices play a key role in this new formation, producing new understandings of overlooked and often disregarded local knowledge. The research makes use of transdisciplinary and dialogical modes of visual inquiry as a reflexive enquiry into location, an interrogation of the mechanics of belonging and a reflection upon the relationship between the local/rural and the national/global. The thesis describes and sets this project within a particular context, one that reflects upon histories, circumstances, positions and socially engaged arts practices of both local and wider Significance. The physical demonstration of this body of work (the thesis) takes the form of exhibition documentation, video, photographic documentation of events, images and paintings together with a written text providing a critical account of/argument about the role of socially engaged 'activist' arts practice in a unique and specific site.

Esta tese persegue a heterogeneidade das causas e condições de produção do setor moveleiro no estado do Acre, focando a realidade da cidade de Rio Branco a partir da estruturação do Pólo Moveleiro do Acre. Tem como ponto de partida o caráter histórico e social da produção de artefatos manufaturados e as implicações relativas à utilização dos recursos florestais, assim como a própria compreensão da relação entre homem e natureza. Por estar inserida no contexto da Amazônia brasileira, aborda a relação entre o design e a ecologia, procurando reforçar o sentido deste termo como um tecido que perpassa as implicações do mundo natural, das relações sociais e do universo interior do ser humano. Busca demonstrar a necessidade da valorização destes três campos no agenciamento da produção moveleira local.
The present research investigates the heterogeneity of causes and conditions of the Furniture Companies manufacture in the state of Acre, Brazil, focusing the social reality of its capital, Rio Branco according to the establishment of the Industrial Furniture Pole in Acre. The research sets out with the historical and social aspects of the artifacts production dating back to the precedent periods and its implications for the forest resources as well as the comprehension of the relationship between man and nature. Due to the fact of being situated the Brazilian Amazon, it aims to explore the connection between design and ecology considering the impact on the environment, social relations and the interior universe of the human being. Besides that, it points out the value of these three aspects in the local manufacturing management.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Esta pesquisa visa promover a educação ambiental e a conscientização acerca da necessidade de melhorar a interação entre o homem e o meio ambiente, através da investigação de estratégias educativas, por meio de leitura de imagens do cotidiano, de campo dos sentidos e de objetos de Design e de Arte, e através da leitura destas imagens, levantar questões, discutir, e orientar sobre problemas ambientais que fazem parte do cotidiano, contextualizando as mesmas e buscando valorizar a cultura e os hábitos locais, e principalmente possibilitar ao educando pensar e refletir sobre o ambiente ao seu redor, formando cidadãos aptos a interagir com o mundo de forma crítica e consciente.

Doutoramento em Design
O presente trabalho tem como objectivo contribuir para o aprofundamento de estudos vocacionados para a evolução do mundo material enquanto factor determinante para o futuro do Planeta, do Homem e dos seus artifícios. Sendo o tema central da investigação o Design Industrial enquanto mediador incontornável dessa relação, os conceitos de Design Biónico, de Design Natural, de Biodesign e de Design Simbiótico, assim como as metodologias a si inerentes, assumem-se como protagonistas do estudo desenvolvido. A tese é composta por um primeiro capítulo introdutório onde se define o seu objecto de estudo e se apresentam as linhas condutoras da investigação. O segundo capítulo é dedicado ao enquadramento teórico dos temas a abordar, nomeadamente o conceito de “artifício” considerando os seus tradicionais e novos significados e aplicações e a História do Design Industrial numa perspectiva que considera a evolução da indústria e da disciplina nesse contexto. No terceiro capítulo desenvolve-se a análise das propostas conceptuais e metodológicas dos designers Victor Papanek, Luigi Colani e Paulo Parra, por recurso específico, respectivamente, aos pressupostos inscritos em Design Biónico, Design Natural, Biodesign e Design Simbiótico, perseguindo-se como objectivo a sua sistematização em conteúdos passíveis de contribuírem para novas investigações/aplicações, nomeadamente no âmbito daquilo que a autora designa como Inovação Tecnológica na Concepção e EcoBio-Inovação.
Present thesis aims to contribute to deepen studies concerning material world evolution - this one faced as a fundamental issue for the future of our Planet, Human kind and Human Kind’s creation itself (artefacts). Since Industrial Design, as intermediary in that relationship, is the chief theme of this research, the concepts of Bionic Design, Ecologic Design and Symbiotic Design, as well as their inherent methodologies, play a major role throughout the development of this study. The thesis is composed of a first introductory chapter where the subject area is defined and the guidelines for of the present work are presented; a second chapter where a theoretical frame for the issues to be studied along the work is presented and comprehended, namely the concept of “artifice”, considering, on the one hand, its traditional and new meanings/applications and, on the other hand, Industrial Design history from a point of view where both Industry evolution and Design evolution are considered within that framework; and a the third chapter along which Victor Papanek’s, Luigi Colani’s and Paulo Parra’s conceptual and methodological proposals are analysed, via the specific use of premises from, respectively, Bionic Design, Ecologic Design and Symbiotic Design, under the purpose of building their systematization up into contents arranged to help new researches/applications, specifically in the ground of what the author of this work names Technological Innovation in Conception and EcoBio-Innovation.

Mestrado em Arquitectura Paisagista - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
The growing urbanization and its peak in the 60/70 (sixties and seventies) left behind some concerns among which the correct form of landscape design and its aspects assumes a substantial part. The demand for construction quantity ignored several concerns about the urban environment quality. The overflowing occupation of urban landscape creates a great and undelayable need to transform the unoccupied spaces in service for the communities. The foundation of any project is made of the several sciences related to the physical world. Such knowledge was made aware from its significant interventions on the landscape. Today we go further besides the aesthetics that were, once before, a matter of major focus. In this thesis it is intended to demonstrate that based on a methodology, based in social and ecological sciences and knowledge, it is possible to design a landscape considering the community needs and respecting the social and ecological processes. In this context it was followed Carl Steinitz methodology in order to plan the Parque Urbano da Ribeira dos Mochos in a more ecological and social way.

Orientador: Alexandre Marco da Silva
Banca: Cassio Jose Montagnani Figueira
Banca: Darllan Collins da Cunha e Silva
Banca: Fabrício de Francisco Lunardi
Banca: Sandra Yukari Shirata Lanças
Resumo: A necessidade de estratégias adequadas para identificar regiões prioritárias em uma paisagem fragmentada e indicar propostas de adequação ao planejamento urbano é uma questão fundamental para a conservação da biodiversidade e desenvolvimento sustentável. As ações humanas geram paisagens cada vez mais fragmentadas, que necessitam de intervenção por meio de projetos de conexão ecológica para o reestabelecimento de ligações às unidades de conservação. No entanto, há pouco foco na identificação de barreiras, que causam resistência à matriz de percolação. Neste trabalho, um procedimento inovador, que utiliza métodos de avaliação da matriz quanto à percolação junto à seleção de áreas de vacância para favorecer a ligação de um grupo de fragmentos, foi proposto e aplicado em um cenário de habitat constituído pelo município de Sorocaba-SP. O modelo SIR (suitable index restoration) que fornece dados sobre a permeabilidade ou resistência foi aplicado para avaliação da matriz. Como amostragem, foram selecionados fragmentos com área maior do que 50ha. Para a seleção de pontos de conexão foi desenvolvido o método multi-buffer. A fusão de dados entre o modelo (SIR) e os padrões que ocorrem na matriz apontou regiões prioritárias para restauração, sendo 42,5% para restauração assistida. Os 25 maiores fragmentos foram precedentes para atribuir distâncias de ligações ente 60-120m. Com isso, foram identificados 9 pontos para aplicação do plano de restauração. Os vazios que fragmentam o corredor ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Doutor

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Nenhuma
Problematizando os efeitos ecológicos não só de ordem ambiental, mas também social e mental, do habitar humano em um planeta que passa por intensas transformações, a presente pesquisa explora o campo do Design Estratégico para a Sustentabilidade, a fim de mapear seus conceitos mais relevantes e extrair do seu discurso manifesto o conteúdo subjacente que os engendra, destacando especial atenção às questões estruturantes e às forças políticas que os formalizam. Para tanto, selecionamos parte da obra de um autor em especial, o professor italiano Ezio Manzini, como o principal sintetizador de conceitos desta nova área de pesquisa, assim como a de alguns interlocutores privilegiados por suas conexões com o método utilizado - a cartografia esquizoanalítica - e pela proximidade com o eixo temático ecológico: a Ecosofia de Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari e a Ecologia Cognitiva de Pierre Lévy. Ao fim, propomos algumas mudanças na rede de conceitos mapeada, com o objetivo de singularizar o percurso teóricoprojetual do nascente campo do Design Estratégico para a Sustentabilidade
Questioning the ecological effects, not only from environmental view but also from social and mental of human habitation in a planet that passes through deep transformation, this research explores the area of Strategic Design for Sustainability, in order to map its most relevant concepts and get from its manifest discourse the underlying content that engenders them, emphasizing a special attention to the structured questions and to the political motives that formalize them. For this, we selected part of a special author?s research, the Italian teacher Ezio Manzini, as the main concept synthesizer of this new research area, as well as an area of some speakers who were privileged by their connection with the used method - schizoanalitic cartography - and also by the nearness with the ecological thematic line: the Ecosophy of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari and the Cognitive Ecology of Pierre Lévy. Summing up, we proposed some changes in the concept web that was mapped with the objective of singularizing the theoretical-project course of the Strategic Design's new area for Sustainability.

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Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco (FACEPE)
A presente pequisa relaciona as áreas da ecologia e do design, de maneira convergente, diante do paradigma contemporâneo da sustentabilidade. Trata-se de duas áreas que têm em comum a visão sistêmica dos processos e mecanismos de funcionamento, ou seja, na ecologia, estuda-se as relações ecossistêmicas da natureza e, por sua vez, no design, os processos interdisciplinares e metodologia iterativa no desenvolvimento de artefatos. Portanto, como referência para diretrizes de construção de comunidades e processos de produção mais sustentáveis, podem ser utilizadas os seguintes princípios ecossistêmicos, apontados neste trabalho: interdependência, feedbacks, cooperação diferenciação, adaptação e otimização. O uso do pensamento sistêmico e análogo ao funcionamento da natureza possibilita uma direção à construção e consolidação de um novo paradigma de inovação, o qual contribui para uma economia leve para este cenário demandado pela sustentabilidade, não apenas a esta geração, mas também às futuras. Ao mesmo tempo, esta nova economia também se baseia na melhoria do bem-estar social, ao passo que reduz, significativamente, os riscos ambientais e a escassez de recursos ecológicos. Neste cenário há um número crescente de organizações oferecendo serviços especializados em promover ações indicadores de sustentabilidade pelo incremento de gestão e políticas ambientais reativas e principalmente ecoinovadoras, através de estratégias de design. Especificamente, neste trabalho, a ênfase da atuação do designer, enquanto gestor, se aplica ao segmento têxtil e de confecções. Sendo assim, o objetivo central desta pesquisa qualitativa é apresentar um método de ecoinovação, por meio do design sistêmico, como estratégia sustentável aplicada para a APL do Polo de Confecções de PE. Doravante denominado F.L.O.R.A., seu operacionamento envolve cinco ações sistêmicas, associadas aos princípios...
This research work relates the areas of ecology and design to a convergent situations on the contemporary paradigm of sustainability. These are two areas that have in common, a systemic view of the processes and mechanisms of operation, whereas, ecology studies the relationships ecosystem of nature and, in turn, the design, the interdisciplinary processes and iterative methodology for artifacts development. Therefore, as a reference guidelines for building human communities and production processes more sustainable, this paper point that can be used the following ecosystem principles ecosystem: interdependence, feedback, cooperation, differentiation, adaptation and optimization. The utilization of the systemic thinking and functioning analogous to nature allows a direction to the construction and consolidation of a new paradigm of innovation, which contributes to a saving light for this scenario demanded by sustainability, not only this generation, but also to future. At the same time, this new economy is also based on the improvement of social welfare, while significantly reduces environmental risks and ecological scarcity of resources. In this scenario there is growing number of companies and organizations offering specialized services to promote actions for sustainability indicator by increasing management and reactive, proactive and ecoinnovative policies mainly through design strategies. Specifically, in this research, the emphasis of the work of the designer, as a manager, applies to the textile and clothing sector. Thus, the central aim of this qualitative research is to present a method of eco-innovation through design systemic, as a sustainable strategy to be applied for the cluster hub of Pernambuco. Hereinafter called F.L.O.R.A., its operations involves five systemic actions, associated with ecological principles that were cited. Based on these, and seamlessly, designers can therefore refer to any proposals for eco-innovation...

Orientador: Paula da Cruz Landim
Co-orientador: Mônica Cristina de Moura
Banca: Marizilda dos Santos Menezes
Banca: José Carlos Plácido da Silva
Banca: Lia Krucken Pereira
Banca: Dorivalda Santos Medeiros Neira
Resumo: A presente pequisa relaciona as áreas da ecologia e do design, de maneira convergente, diante do paradigma contemporâneo da sustentabilidade. Trata-se de duas áreas que têm em comum a visão sistêmica dos processos e mecanismos de funcionamento, ou seja, na ecologia, estuda-se as relações ecossistêmicas da natureza e, por sua vez, no design, os processos interdisciplinares e metodologia iterativa no desenvolvimento de artefatos. Portanto, como referência para diretrizes de construção de comunidades e processos de produção mais sustentáveis, podem ser utilizadas os seguintes princípios ecossistêmicos, apontados neste trabalho: interdependência, feedbacks, cooperação diferenciação, adaptação e otimização. O uso do pensamento sistêmico e análogo ao funcionamento da natureza possibilita uma direção à construção e consolidação de um novo paradigma de inovação, o qual contribui para uma "economia leve" para este cenário demandado pela sustentabilidade, não apenas a esta geração, mas também às futuras. Ao mesmo tempo, esta nova economia também se baseia na melhoria do bem-estar social, ao passo que reduz, significativamente, os riscos ambientais e a escassez de recursos ecológicos. Neste cenário há um número crescente de organizações oferecendo serviços especializados em promover ações indicadores de sustentabilidade pelo incremento de gestão e políticas ambientais reativas e principalmente ecoinovadoras, através de estratégias de design. Especificamente, neste trabalho, a ênfase da atuação do designer, enquanto gestor, se aplica ao segmento têxtil e de confecções. Sendo assim, o objetivo central desta pesquisa qualitativa é apresentar um método de ecoinovação, por meio do design sistêmico, como estratégia sustentável aplicada para a APL do Polo de Confecções de PE. Doravante denominado F.L.O.R.A., seu operacionamento envolve cinco ações sistêmicas, associadas aos princípios...
Abstract: This research work relates the areas of ecology and design to a convergent situations on the contemporary paradigm of sustainability. These are two areas that have in common, a systemic view of the processes and mechanisms of operation, whereas, ecology studies the relationships ecosystem of nature and, in turn, the design, the interdisciplinary processes and iterative methodology for artifacts development. Therefore, as a reference guidelines for building human communities and production processes more sustainable, this paper point that can be used the following ecosystem principles ecosystem: interdependence, feedback, cooperation, differentiation, adaptation and optimization. The utilization of the systemic thinking and functioning analogous to nature allows a direction to the construction and consolidation of a new paradigm of innovation, which contributes to a "saving light" for this scenario demanded by sustainability, not only this generation, but also to future. At the same time, this new economy is also based on the improvement of social welfare, while significantly reduces environmental risks and ecological scarcity of resources. In this scenario there is growing number of companies and organizations offering specialized services to promote actions for sustainability indicator by increasing management and reactive, proactive and ecoinnovative policies mainly through design strategies. Specifically, in this research, the emphasis of the work of the designer, as a manager, applies to the textile and clothing sector. Thus, the central aim of this qualitative research is to present a method of eco-innovation through design systemic, as a sustainable strategy to be applied for the cluster hub of Pernambuco. Hereinafter called F.L.O.R.A., its operations involves five systemic actions, associated with ecological principles that were cited. Based on these, and seamlessly, designers can therefore refer to any proposals for eco-innovation...
Doutor

Food production and food consumption have been shown to have a great impact on our ecosystem. Human beings have been exploiting the planet in order to feed themselves. This will have negative consequences for future life on the planet. Modern food production and consumption are among the main causes of natural resource exploitation and the problem is very likely to increase. Indeed, during the past thirty years, the global population has grown exponentially by almost one billion every decade, and it is still growing at the same pace. This demographic explosion means that dramatic shifts in the production and consumption of food will be required. Working with food is a great chance to achieve or at least lead towards a condition of recovering, understanding the world around us and managing our natural resourcesÅ. Increasing control and efficiency in food production and consumption cannot solve the problem. There is a much broader spectrum of causes contributing to the ecological decline. It is necessary to look beyond the technological and economic aspects. It is, therefore, necessary to focus on cultural and behavioural causes, promoting the involvement of local peopleÇ. With this in mind, this research explores the potential of urban foraging for generating social consciousness about ecological sustainability using design as method of intervention, and involving food consumers in the process of production and consumption of food in a more sustainable way. In order to do that, this research focuses on a small scale urban foraging project. In this case, by food, I refer to spontaneous food that grow in the natural urban environment of Växjö, and that can be used as a resource for citizens. In summary, this research aims to promote the involvement of local people and to support knowledge exchange in order to pursue socio-ecological sustainability. Engaging with more participants, the research gains the capacity of addressing complexity in a more coherent manner, and use its outcome as a usable resource for the local community that aims to promote its self-sustenance.

Malgrat representar només el 2,7% de la superfície del planeta, les ciutats del món són responsables del 75% del consum d'energia, i el 80% de les emissions de gasos d'efecte hivernacle.
Encara que el focus d'atenció per mitigar el canvi climàtic s'ha centrat en els combustibles alternatius, vehicles, i la generació d'electricitat; la millora del disseny urbà, representa una oportunitat important que sovint no es valora prou. Aquesta tesi estén l'anàlisi de l'Ecologia Industrial a l'avaluació ambiental de les obres civils en l'entorn urbà, incloent parcs de serveis en zones urbanes.
Pel que fa al sector serveis, el capítol II avalua, des de la perspectiva de l'Ecologia Industrial, l'eficiència energètica dels serveis dins del Parc urbà de Montjuïc i determina el seu impacte ambiental global. A més, aquest estudi determina quins són els serveis més intensius energèticament i analitza la seva eficiència per visitant o unitat de superfície.
El consum d'electricitat representa gairebé el 70% de l'energia total consumida pels serveis en el Parc de Montjuïc, i la superfície forestal necessària per absorbir les emissions de CO2 equivalent produïdes pel cicle de vida de l'energia consumida representa 12,2 vegades la superfície del Parc.
El capítol III analitza l'optimització ambiental de les voreres a les zones urbanes. Encara que una àmplia gamma de materials i solucions constructives estan disponibles per a la pavimentació de les voreres, aquest estudi es centra en tres solucions constructives de formigó molt comunes. Cada solució constructiva té característiques diferents que afecten la seva funcionalitat en: trànsit, característiques de la superfície, i manteniment.
Pel que fa a principals aportacions, aquest estudi fa una descripció general i proveeix l'inventari dels sistemes de vorera estudiats. Segons l'Anàlisi de Cicle de Vida (ACV), el sistema de panot és el que presenta valors més elevats d'impacte ambiental, tanmateix és el tipus de paviment de vorera més utilitzat en l'àrea d'estudi, degut principalment a les preocupacions estètiques i els imperatius del manteniment dels serveis urbans subterranis.
Restringir l'ús dels paviments de formigó per a vianants amb una major capacitat estructural a aquelles seccions de carrer que en realitat els exigeixen podria reduir els impactes ambientals fins un 73,8% a les àrees exclusives per vianants.
Els capítols IV i V utilitzen la metodologia de l'ACV per analitzar el tipus i origen dels impactes ambientals relacionats amb les xarxes de distribució de gas natural i calor.
Per a la xarxa de gas natural, els resultats mostren que l'impacte per habitatge en les categories ambientals estudiades és d'entre 1,9 i 4,8 vegades més gran en un barri de baixa densitat, en funció de la categoria d'impacte. A més, a les zones d'alta densitat el principal impacte s'origina a partir de components i materials relacionats amb els edificis i habitatges, mentre que en zones de baixa densitat el principal impacte s'origina a la xarxa de barri. Tenint en compte aquest últim resultat, s'avalua la conveniència de substituir la xarxa de barri per un sistema discontinu basat en tancs de propà. El resultat indica que quan es necessita una canonada de barri de més d'1 km per arribar a un usuari, és ambientalment preferible per a totes les categories d'impacte utilitzar el sistema de tancs de propà.
Per a la xarxa de distribució de calor, els resultats mostren que les fonts d'impacte no ubiquen especialment a la xarxa principal (menys del 7,1% de contribució a totes les categories d'impacte), que és el subsistema que ha centrat l'atenció en la literatura; sinó que aquest es troba a les plantes de generació energètica i als components dels habitatges. Aquests dos subsistemes contribueixen conjuntament entre un 40% i un 92% a l'impacte ambiental en funció de les categories d'impacte. Pel que fa als components, només un nombre reduït són responsables de la majoria dels impactes ambientals.
Com a conclusió general, l'enfocament de l'Ecologia Industrial aplicat als sistemes urbans, estudiant el metabolisme de les ciutats, barris, sectors econòmics o les infraestructures, proveeix de dades sobre el metabolisme dels sistemes urbans, assenyala els punts febles des d'una perspectiva ambiental i assenyala les oportunitats de millora dels nostres sistemes urbans. Per tant, l'Ecologia Industrial es converteix en el primer pas per orientar els processos de disseny ecològic a escala de barri o d'infraestructura.
A pesar de representar sólo el 2,7% de la superficie del planeta, las ciudades del mundo son responsables del 75% del consumo de energía, y el 80% de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero.
Aunque el foco de atención para mitigar el cambio climático se ha centrado en los combustibles alternativos, vehículos, y la generación de electricidad; la mejora del diseño urbano, representa una oportunidad importante que a menudo no se valora suficientemente. Esta tesis extiende el análisis de la Ecología Industrial en la evaluación ambiental de las obras civiles en el entorno urbano, incluyendo parques de servicios en zonas urbanas.
En cuanto al sector servicios, el capítulo II evalúa, desde la perspectiva de la Ecología Industrial, la eficiencia energética de los servicios dentro del Parque urbano de Montjuïc y determina su impacto ambiental global. Además, este estudio determina cuáles son los servicios más intensivos energéticamente y analiza su eficiencia por visitante o unidad de superficie.
El consumo de electricidad representa casi el 70% de la energía total consumida por los servicios en el Parque de Montjuïc, y la superficie forestal necesaria para absorber las emisiones de CO2 equivalente producidas por el ciclo de vida de la energía consumida representa 12,2 veces la superficie del Parque.
El capítulo III analiza la optimización ambiental de las aceras en las zonas urbanas. Aunque una amplia gama de materiales y soluciones constructivas están disponibles para la pavimentación de las aceras, este estudio se centra en tres soluciones constructivas de hormigón muy comunes. Cada solución constructiva tiene características diferentes que afectan a su funcionalidad en: tráfico, características de la superficie, y mantenimiento.
En cuanto a principales aportaciones, este estudio hace una descripción general y provee el inventario de los sistemas de acera estudiados. Según el Análisis de Ciclo de Vida (ACV), el sistema de pavimento hidráulico es el que presenta valores más elevados de impacto ambiental, sin embargo es el tipo de pavimento de acera más utilizado en el área de estudio, debido principalmente a las preocupaciones estéticas y los imperativos del mantenimiento de los servicios urbanos subterráneos.
Restringir el uso de los pavimentos de hormigón para peatones con una mayor capacidad estructural a aquellas secciones de calle que en realidad los exigen podría reducir los impactos ambientales hasta un 73,8% en las áreas exclusivas para peatones.
Los capítulos IV y V utilizan la metodología del ACV para analizar el tipo y origen de los impactos ambientales relacionados con las redes de distribución de gas natural y calor. Para la red de gas natural, los resultados muestran que el impacto por vivienda en las categorías ambientales estudiadas es de entre 1,9 y 4,8 veces mayor en un barrio de baja densidad, en función de la categoría de impacto. Además, en las zonas de alta densidad el principal impacto se origina a partir de componentes y materiales relacionados con los edificios y viviendas, mientras que en zonas de baja densidad el principal impacto se origina en la red de barrio. Teniendo en cuenta este último resultado, se evalúa la conveniencia de sustituir la red de barrio por un sistema discontinuo basado en tanques de propano. El resultado indica que cuando se necesita una tubería de barrio de más de 1 km para llegar a un usuario, es ambientalmente preferible para todas las categorías de impacto utilizar el sistema de tanques de propano.
Para la red de distribución de calor, los resultados muestran que las fuentes de impacto no se ubican especialmente en la red principal (menos del 7,1% de contribución en todas las categorías de impacto), que es el subsistema que ha centrado la atención en la literatura, sino que éste se encuentra en las plantas de generación energética y los componentes de las viviendas. Estos dos subsistemas contribuyen conjuntamente entre un 40% y un 92% al impacto ambiental en función de las categorías de impacto. En cuanto a los componentes, sólo un número reducido son responsables de la mayoría de los impactos ambientales.
Como conclusión general, el enfoque de la Ecología Industrial aplicado a los sistemas urbanos, estudiando el metabolismo de las ciudades, barrios, sectores económicos o las infraestructuras, provee de datos sobre el metabolismo de los sistemas urbanos, señala los puntos débiles desde una perspectiva ambiental y señala las oportunidades de mejora de nuestros sistemas urbanos. Por tanto, la Ecología Industrial se convierte en el primer paso para orientar los procesos de diseño ecológico a escala de barrio o de infraestructura.
Despite representing only 2.7% of the world's surface area, the world's cities are responsible for 75% of the world's energy consumption, and 80% of greenhouse gas emissions.
Although much attention on mitigating climate change has focused on alternative fuels, vehicles, and electricity generation, better urban design represents an important yet undervalued opportunity. This thesis extends the analysis of Industrial Ecology to the environmental assessment of civil works in the urban environment, including service estates in urban areas.
Concerning the service sector, chapter II evaluates, from an Industrial Ecology perspective, the energy performance of the services inside the Montjuïc urban park and determines their global environmental impact. Additionally, this study determines which are the most energy demanding services and the efficiency of their energy use per visitor and per surface area unit.
Electricity consumption represents nearly 70% of the total energy consumed by the services at Montjuïc Park. The forest surface area required to absorb the CO2-equivalent emissions produced by the life cycle of the energy consumed at Montjuïc Park represents 12.2 times the Park's surface area.
Chapter III analyzes the environmental optimization of concrete sidewalks in urban areas. Although a wide range of materials and constructive solutions are available for sidewalk paving, this study focuses on three very common concrete-based systems with different functionalities in terms of traffic, surface characteristics, and maintenance.
In terms of main findings, this study provides a comprehensive description and inventory of the sidewalk systems under study. According to the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), the slab system has the highest environmental impacts; this happens to be the most widely used sidewalk type in the area studied, mainly due to aesthetic concerns and the imperatives of maintaining underground urban services. Regardless of the thickness of the concrete base, the slab system has the highest impact in all categories compared with the other two sidewalk types.
Restricting the use of concrete sidewalks with high structural capacity to street sections that actually require them could reduce environmental impacts by up to 73.8% in pedestrian-only areas.
Chapters IV and V use the LCA methodology to analyze the type and origin of environmental impacts related to natural gas and district heating distribution networks.
For the natural gas network the results show that the impact per dwelling in the environmental categories studied is between 1.9 and 4.8 times higher in a low density neighborhood, depending on the impact category. Besides, in high density areas the main impact originates from components and materials related to the buildings and dwellings, whereas in low density areas the main impact originates on the neighborhood network. Given this last result, the advisability of substituting the neighborhood network by a discontinuous system based on propane tanks has been evaluated, obtaining as a result that when a single neighborhood pipe, longer than 1 km, is required to reach one user, it is environmentally preferable for all the studied environmental categories to use the propane tank system.
For the district heating network, the results show that the sources of impact are not particularly located in the main grid (less than 7.1% contribution in all impact categories), which is the focus of attention in the literature, but in the power plants and dwelling components. These two subsystems together contribute from 40% to 92% to the overall impact depending on the impact categories. Concerning the components, only a reduced number are responsible for the majority of the environmental impact.
As a very general conclusion, the Industrial Ecology approach applied to urban systems, studying the metabolism of the cities, neighborhoods, economic sectors or infrastructures, provides clarifying data about the metabolism of urban systems; identifies the environmental flaws and improvement opportunities of our urban systems and becomes the first step for guiding ecodesign processes on an infrastructural or neighborhood scale.

Au Burkina Faso, les biocarburants suscitent de nombreux espoirs quant au développement de l'accès à l'énergie en zone rurale et à la substitution des carburants fossiles importés. Plusieurs initiatives de production de biocarburants à partir de Jatropha ont été lancées au cours des dernières années par des ONG et des opérateurs privés. Le gouvernement envisage de définir une politique d’accompagnement pour le développement de ce secteur. Les bénéfices potentiels issus de cette activité, en terme de contribution au développement durable, doivent donc être soigneusement étudiés afin de prendre les décisions adéquates. L’objectif de ce travail est d’évaluer les opportunités de développement des biocarburants, en définissant les possibilités techniques dans le contexte et en analysant à quelles conditions et dans quelle mesure elles peuvent contribuer au développement durable. L'approche repose sur la modélisation des procédés impliqués dans la production, couplée à des outils d'évaluation environnementale et économique. L'efficacité économique est évaluée par une analyse de la valeur ajoutée produite au sein des filières, ainsi que sa distribution sous forme de revenus, aux employés, aux agents de la filière, à l'état et aux banques. Les impacts environnementaux, notamment les émissions de GES et la consommation d'énergie fossile, sont évalués à l'aide d'une analyse de cycle de vie. Trois produits finaux différents ont été envisagés : l'huile végétale brute (HVB) ou raffinée, destinée à des applications stationnaires et le biodiesel dédié aux transports. Une analyse individuelle de chaque procédé a permis d'identifier les paramètres les plus sensibles au niveau local. Pour tous les procédés, le prix de la matière première conditionne largement le coût de production. Pour la production d’HVB, le rendement en huile et la teneur en huile des graines ont une importance capitale. Les performances économiques du raffinage et de la transestérification de l’huile sont largement influencées par la capacité de transformation des procédés en raison d’économies d'échelle, et dans une moindre mesure, par la technologie et les ressources utilisées pour la fourniture énergétique. Dans le cas de la production de biodiesel, le prix du méthanol est également un facteur crucial. La méthode d'évaluation développée a été appliquée à plusieurs scénarios de production de biocarburants à partir de graines de Jatropha produites par les petits exploitants. Les résultats montrent que la méthode permet d’apporter des informations essentielles pour la prise de décisions politiques. Sur la base d'un prix de marché des graines de 100 FCFA/kg, les trois types de biocarburants envisagés peuvent être produits de manière rentable. Dans certains cas, l’utilisation de technologies avancées pour l'approvisionnement en énergie et la valorisation des sous-produits est indispensable pour atteindre un coût de production compétitif. Cela pourrait aussi être une solution pour augmenter le prix des graines afin d’assurer des revenus plus élevés aux agriculteurs. La production d'huile raffinée pour la production d’électricité est particulièrement coûteuse et nécessite une production à grande échelle pour être rentable. Les filières impliquant une usine de biodiesel approvisionnées par plusieurs huileries décentralisées constituent une solution pour contribuer à la fois à l’amélioration de l'accès à l'énergie en zone rurale et à la substitution des combustibles fossiles. Les revenus perçus par l'Etat sont directement liés à la valeur ajoutée et aux bénéfices générés par les producteurs de biocarburants. Enfin, les impacts environnementaux de la production d’huile sont relativement faibles, en termes d'émissions de GES et de consommation d'énergie fossile, en particulier si la fourniture énergétique est basée sur une ressource renouvelable. En revanche, les impacts de la production de biodiesel sont largement affectés par l'utilisation de méthanol
The development of biofuel production in Burkina Faso, raises high expectations regarding the development of rural energy access and the substitution of imported fossil fuels. Several initiatives for biofuel production from Jatropha oilseeds were launched in recent year by NGOs and private operators.The government is planning to define a policy framework to support the development of this sector. To this end, the potential benefits from this activity needs to be carefully investigated in regard to sustainable development objectives.The goal of this work was to investigate these opportunities by determining the technical possibilities regarding the context and in what conditions and to what extent they can contribute to sustainable development objectives. The approach was based on the modelling and simulation of production processes coupled with environmental and economic assessment tools. Specific experiments were also led whenever data were not available, as for the determination of the oil yield of a screw press. Economic efficiency was assessed using value chain analysis, which consists in calculating the value added generated by the different activities involved in a supply chain, and the distribution of this value in the form of income to the employees, the supply chain players, the state and the banking institutions. Environmental impacts, including greenhouse gas emissions and fossil energy consumption, are evaluated using a partial life-cycle assessment. The production of three different final products was investigated, i.e. straight vegetable oil (SVO), refined oil aimed to be used for stationary applications (power generation, shaft power, pumping…) and biodiesel dedicated to transportation. The analysis of individual processes allowed to identify the most sensitive parameters at a local level. As a general trend for all processes, the price of feedstock dramatically affects the production cost. For SVO production, the oil recovery and the seeds oil content are of paramount importance. The economic performances of the refining and transesterification processes are largely conditioned by the processing capacity, due to economies of scale, and to a lesser extent by the solution employed for energy supply. In the case of biodiesel production, the price of methanol is also a crucial factor. The developed assessment method was applied to several prospective biofuel supply chains, all relying on the production of Jatropha seeds by smallholders. The results have shown that the method can bring crucial information to policy makers. Based on a seed market price of 100 FCFA/kg, any type of biofuel can be produced in a cost effective way. In some cases, the implementation of advanced technologies for energy supply and by-product valorisation is needed to reach the required production cost. This could also be a solution to increase the price of seeds so as to provide higher incomes to farmers. The production of refined oil for power generation appears to be rather expensive relatively to the target, which imposes large processing scales. Supply chains involving a biodiesel plant supplied by several decentralised SVO plants constitute a solution for addressing at the same time rural energy access and the substitution of fossil fuels. Then the income perceived by the State is directly determined by the value and the profits generated by biofuel producers. Eventually, the environmental impacts related to seed processing, in terms of GHG emissions and fossil energy consumption, is relatively low especially when energy requirements are supplied from a renewable resource. By contrast, the impacts of biodiesel production are systematically impaired by the use of methanol of fossil origin in the process

Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Chiropterocory has been identified as the most effective means of dispersal in the tropics, 549 species of neotropical plants have already been compiled in analyzes of dispersion by bats. Understanding the processes that interfere in the choice of the item to be dispersed, as well as the mechanisms that act on seed dispersal effectiveness, are essential steps in the understanding of the bat-plant interactions. This study aimed to evaluate the food ecology of a group of Carollia perspicillata, also evaluating the endozoochory effect of this species and of Platyrrhinus lineatus on the germination patterns of the main plant species consumed by them. The study was carried out in two areas of Atlantic Forest. The first one is a limestone under-rock shelter, inhabited by bats of the species Carollia perspicillata in the municipality of Laranjeiras-Sergipe. The second area was the campus of the Federal University of Sergipe, which includes a group of Platyrrhinus lineatus, residentsfor at least five years. The fecal sampling for the analysis of endozoochory by P. lineatus and C. perspicillata, and the analysis of the diet for the latter, were carried out by means of plastictarpaulins extended below the groupings of the respective species, during 72 hours/month in the period of one year. In parallel, phenological observations were made. The germination tests were performed at ambient conditions and formed by two treatments, one control group and one test group. Each treatment consisted of four replicates by species with 400 seed each. Mean germination time (MGT), germination speed index (GSI), seed synchrony and germinability were considered. In terms of food ecology, approximately 323,400 seeds were obtained, classified into 16 species and 12 families. Thesynzoochorous species represented the smallest portion of the general seed sample (n = 5), which was predominated by endozoochorous seeds (n = 11). Five of these species (Annona montana, Syagrus coronata, Senna georgica, Aegiphila vitelliniflora and Chomelia obtusa) are being reported for the first time in the group diet. The species with the highest numbers of seeds found in the shelters were Piper amalago (n = 160,594), Solanum paniculatum (79,322) and Maclura tinctoria (60,691). Although the number of seeds of P. amalago was considerably higher, there were no significant differences between the consumption of these three main species in generalnor in the different periods of the year. The richness of plant species in the diet did not differ significantly between the periods of the year. C. perpicillata kept the germination patterns of the M. tinctoria species neutral. In P. amalago, endozoochory was also neutral for germinability, but the MGT, GSI and Synchrony of the seeds of the test group were significantly lower than those in the control group. With the exception of the germinability of the test group that was greater than the control, the germinative parameters of S. paniculatum remained neutral. For P. lineatus, except for the MGT test, which was significantly lower than the control group, no significant differences were observed for S. paniculatum. C. perspicillata has been shown to significantly increase the germinability of S. paniculatum in relation to P. lineatus. The data of this study shows the functional role of these species of bats in the dispersal effectiveness. It is suggested the execution of endozoochory studies with concise experimental designs that contemplate the amplitude of variables that can interfere in the process.
A quiropterocoria tem sido apontada como o meio mais efetivo de dispersão nos trópicos, 549 espécies de plantas neotropicais já foram compiladas em análises de dispersão por morcegos. Entender os processos que interferem na escolha do item a ser disperso, bem como os mecanismos que atuam na efetividade da dispersão de sementes, são etapas imprescindíveis no avanço do entendimento das interações morcego-planta. Esse estudo se propôs a avaliar a ecologia alimentar de um grupo de Carollia perspicillata, avaliando também o efeito da endozoocoria da referida espécie e de Platyrrhinus lineatus nos padrões de germinação das principais espécies vegetais por elas consumidas. O estudo foi realizado em duas áreas de Mata Atlântica. A primeira, trata-se de um abrigo sob-rocha calcaria, habitada por morcegos da espécie Carollia perspicillata no município de Laranjeiras-Sergipe. A segunda área, foi o campus da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, que contempla um agrupamento de Platyrrhinus lineatus residentes a pelo menos cinco anos. As coletas das fezes para análise da endozoocoria por P. lineatus e C. perspicillata, e dieta deste último, foram realizadas por meio de lonas plásticas estendidas abaixo dos agrupamentos das respectivas espécies, durante 72 horas/mês no período de um ano. Paralelamente, foram realizadas observações fenológicas. Os testes de germinação foram realizados em condições ambientes e formados por dois tratamentos, um grupo controle e um grupo teste. Cada tratamento foi formado por quatro réplicas, com 400 sementes cada, por espécie. Foi considerado o tempo médio de germinação (TMG), o índice de velocidade da germinação (IVG), a sincronia e a germinabilidade das sementes por tratamento. No tocante a frugivoria, foram obtidas aproximadamente 323.400 sementes, classificadas em 16 espécies e 12 famílias. As espécies sinzoocóricas encontradas representaram a menor parcela da amostra geral de sementes (n=5), que foi predominada por sementes endozoocóricas (n=11). Cinco dessas espécies (Annona montana, Syagrus coronata, Senna georgica, Aegiphila vitelliniflora e Chomelia obtusa), estão sendo reportadas pela primeira vez na dieta do grupo. As espécies com maiores números de sementes encontradas nos abrigos foram Piper amalago (n= 160.594), Solanum paniculatum (79.322) e Maclura tinctoria (60.691). Embora o número de sementes de P. amalago tenha sido consideravelmente maior, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre o consumo dessas três principais espécies de modo geral, bem como nos distintos períodos do ano. A riqueza de espécies vegetais na dieta, também não diferiu significativamente entre os períodos do ano. C. perpicillata manteve neutro os padrões germinativos da espécie M. tinctoria. Em P. amalago, a endozocoocoria também foi neutra para germinabilidade, porém o TMG, o IVG e a Sincronia das sementes do grupo teste foram significativamente menores do que as do grupo controle. À exceção da germinabilidade do grupo teste que foi maior que o controle, os parâmetros germinativos de S. paniculatum mantiveram-se neutros. Para P. lineatus, à exceção do TMG do teste, que foi significativamente menor que o grupo controle, não foram observadas diferenças significativas para S. paniculatum. C. perspicillata demonstrou aumentar significativamente a germinabilidade de S. paniculatum em relação P. lineatus. Os dados desse estudo evidenciam o papel funcional das referidas espécies de morcegos na efetividade da dispersão. Sugere-se a execução de estudos endozoocóricos com delineamentos experimentais concisos que contemplem a amplitude de variáveis que podem interferir no processo.

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This research is an exploratory study presenting the Design for Environment - DfE as one of the environmental management practices in Industrial Ecology in the product development cycle. The DfE should examine the entire life cycle of a product, such as its development, manufacture, use and disposal proposing changes to the project in order to minimize its environmental impact. This product design technique makes it possible to achieve the usual goals in their design, such as performance, reliability and cost of manufacturing. These together with environmental goals, for example to reduce environmental damage, reduced use of resources, increasing energy efficiency and material recycling. Thus, there is need for replacement almost obligatory for some product types. However, the rapid replacement of these products, as well as its disposal can create serious environmental problems, by volume, the material in its composition that take a long time to decompose, such as plastic, glass and metal, but especially because of the heavy metals that can compose, are highly damaging to human health. Not being enough, there are still suitable locations for disposal of many products into disuse. The growth of the contingent of consumers who prefer to buy goods and services that respect the nature is one of the factors that drives the treatment of environmental problems, in addition to the rapid popularization of products and obsolescence of some models. Aspects of reduction of natural resources can be developed into a company that include one Lean Manufacturing environment that aims at a reduction of waste, seeking to improve productivity and quality. This relationship contribute to sustainable development suggesting the existence of an enabling environment for the realization of efforts aimed at reducing or eliminating waste. Through a case study it became clear that DfE practices is related to some Lean tools, as part of its purpose. Also some tools that the company uses environmental exert influence, may be applied in product design to minimize the environmental impact. This work presents the practices observed by a Literature Review Systematic comparison with the case study and the DfE practices that relate to Lean.
Esta pesquisa é um estudo exploratório apresentando o Design for Environment - DfE como sendo uma das práticas de gestão ambiental em Ecologia Industrial no ciclo de desenvolvimento do produto. O DfE deve examinar todo o ciclo de vida de um produto, como seu desenvolvimento, fabricação, uso e disposição final propondo alterações no projeto, de forma a minimizar seu impacto ambiental. Esta técnica de projeto de produto possibilita atingir os objetivos usuais em sua concepção, como desempenho, confiabilidade e custo de manufatura. Estes em conjunto com os objetivos ambientais, por exemplo a redução em danos ambientais, redução do uso de recursos naturais, incremento da eficiência energética e reciclagem de materiais. Desta forma, há necessidade de substituição quase obrigatória para alguns tipos de produto. Todavia, a rápida substituição desses produtos, assim como o seu descarte pode gerar sérios problemas ambientais, pelo volume, pelos materiais em sua composição que demoram muito tempo para se decompor, tais como: o plástico, o vidro e o metal, mas, especialmente, por causa dos metais pesados que pode o compor, são altamente prejudiciais à saúde humana. Não sendo suficiente, ainda faltam locais apropriados para a disposição final de muitos produtos em desuso. O crescimento do contingente de consumidores que preferem comprar produtos e serviços que respeitem a natureza é um dos fatores que impulsiona o tratamento dos problemas ambientais, além da rápida popularização de produtos e obsolescência de alguns modelos. Os aspectos de redução de recursos naturais podem ser desenvolvidos em uma empresa que contemplem um ambiente de Lean Manufacturing que objetiva uma redução de desperdícios, buscando a melhoria da produtividade e da qualidade. Essa relação contribuir para o desenvolvimento sustentável sugerindo a existência de um ambiente propício para a realização de esforços voltados para a redução ou eliminação de desperdícios. Por meio de um estudo de caso foi possível evidenciar que práticas de DfE tem relação com algumas ferramentas de Lean, sendo parte de seu propósito. Também algumas ferramentas que a empresa utiliza exercem influência ambientais, podendo ser aplicadas na concepção do produto para minimização do impacto ambiental. Assim, este trabalho apresenta as práticas observadas por meio de uma Revisão Bibliográfica Sistemática comparando com o caso estudado e as práticas de DfE que se relacionam com o Lean.

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Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
Landscape appropriation, occupation and management processes currently used by human beings have generated conflicts which may lead to environmental quality deterioration. In face of its constant development and the need for territorial expansion, new planning models must be proposed considering as main premise the maintenance of environmental integrity and maximization of available scenic resources. Based on scenery ecology, this research discusses the elements of landscape and the importance of integrating ecological concepts in territorial process undertaken by humans. As a case study, an area from the municipal district of São João da Boa Vista in São Paulo state, with potential for urban expansion and conservation of important remaining fragments of seasonal semideciduous forest belonging to the atlantic forest biome, was selected. The study area was chosen based on its biophysical characteristics, use and land occupation, which occur throughout the district, allowing the expansion of the resulting proposal to other areas. Anthropogenic and natural biotopes identification and characterization, which compose the study area scenery mosaic, were conducted using Geographic Information Systems (ArcGIS 9.2 ESRI) in order to unify the information gathered in field surveys, scientific research and satellite image interpretation. Afterwards, thematic maps were generated assisting the accomplishment of a preliminary study aimed to integrate planning between anthropic and natural environment. Starting from the conservation principle, reasonable and sustainable use of natural resources, four spaces were proposed with specific use levels: protection of environmental resources, connectivity, buffering and interaction between humans and nature. As a result, a thematic map was developed with the desired environmental scenario, providing guidelines to decision makers and civil society in order to conduct municipal planning along with environmental responsibility.
Os processos de apropriação, ocupação e manejo das paisagens utilizadas pelo ser humano em seu momento atual têm gerado conflitos que podem acarretar a deterioração de sua qualidade ambiental. Diante de seu constante desenvolvimento e da necessidade de expansão territorial, devem ser propostos novos modelos de planejamento que consideram como premissa principal a manutenção da integridade ambiental e a maximização dos recursos paisagísticos disponíveis. Tendo como base a ecologia de paisagem, esta pesquisa realiza discussão sobre os elementos constituintes das paisagens e a importância da incorporação de conceitos ecológicos no processo de territorialização empreendido pelo ser humano. Como estudo de caso, optou-se por uma área do município de São João da Boa Vista, estado de SP, com potencial para a expansão urbana e conservação de importantes fragmentos remanescentes de floresta estacional semidecidual, formação pertencente ao bioma mata atlântica. A área de estudo foi escolhida com base em características biofísicas e de uso e ocupação do solo que ocorrem em todo o município, permitindo a expansão da proposta resultante para outros locais. Por meio da utilização dos Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (ArcGIS 9.2 ESRI) para reunir as informações obtidas em levantamentos de campo, pesquisa científica e interpretação de imagem orbital, foram realizadas a identificação e a caracterização dos biótopos antrópicos e naturais que constituem o mosaico paisagístico da área de estudo. Posteriormente, foram elaboradas cartas temáticas que auxiliaram na realização de um estudo preliminar para o planejamento integrado entre o meio antrópico e o natural. Partindo-se do princípio da conservação e da utilização racional e sustentável dos elementos naturais, foram propostos quatro espaços com níveis específicos de uso: de proteção dos recursos ambientais, de conectividade, de amortecimento e de interação entre ser humano e natureza. Como resultado, foi obtida uma carta temática com o cenário ambiental pretendido, fornecendo uma contribuição aos tomadores de decisão e à sociedade civil na condução de um planejamento municipal com responsabilidade ambiental.

The potential of natural products in general, and marine natural products in particular, as pharmacological entities has been widely demonstrated in recent years. Marine benthic ecosystems contain an extraordinary range of diverse organisms that possess bioactive natural compounds, which are commonly used as defensive or protective chemical mechanisms. These effective defensive strategies are based on secondary metabolites that are crucial for the species survival. The pharmacological properties of these unique chemical compounds constitute an interesting and emerging hot research line, based upon exploiting them for the development of new drugs. The evolution, biodiversity, and specific environmental conditions found in marine ecosystems, such as Antarctica and the Mediterranean Sea, make them an amazing source of potential therapeutic agents. Interestingly, some of these natural products are capable to modulate protein functions in pathogenesis-related pathways. The process of discovery and development of new drugs, for instance small molecules, with the aforementioned capacity to modulate protein functions, is a tedious procedure that requires economic resources and time. To reduce these drawbacks, computer-aided drug design (CADD) has emerged as one of the most effective methods. A rapid exploration of the chemical space can be done with computational methods, and they are very interesting and useful complementary approaches to experimental methods. CADD techniques can be applied in different steps of the drug discovery pipeline, and also, can cover several phases of this pipeline. To that end, several objectives have been set and reached in this thesis: 1. To find possible therapeutic activities and to establish the capability to modulate protein functions in pathogenesis-related pathways from marine molecules by using different CADD tools and techniques: I. Improve the drug discovery pipeline by the elucidation of the possible therapeutic potential of a set of marine molecules against a list of targets related to different pathologies. II. Elucidation of different pharmacophoric features of marine compounds and a precise in silico binding study, highlighting the power of CADD techniques, and reporting the inhibitory activity of different natural products and indole scaffold derivatives as GSK3β, CK1δ, DYRK1A, and CLK1 inhibitors. III. Computational study and an experimental validation of meridianins and lignarenones as possible ATP and/or substrate inhibitors of GSK3β. The main conclusions of this thesis are that marine molecules can be used as therapeutic agents against protein kinases related to the AD, and the exemplification of CADD potential applied to marine drug discovery.
El potencial dels productes naturals en general, i els productes naturals marins en particular, com a entitats farmacològiques ha quedat demostrat al llarg dels últims anys. Els ecosistemes bentònics marins contenen una extraordinària diversitat d'organismes que posseeixen compostos naturals bioactius, que utilitzen com mecanismes químics defensius i de protecció. Aquestes efectives estratègies defensives es basen en metabòlits secundaris, crucials per a la supervivència de les espècies. Tenint en compte les propietats farmacològiques d'aquests compostos químics únics, utilitzar-los per al desenvolupament de nous fàrmacs constitueix una línia interessant de recerca emergent. L'evolució, la biodiversitat i les condicions específiques que es troben en els ecosistemes marins, com ara l'Antàrtida i el mar Mediterrani, els converteixen en una font increïble de possibles agents terapèutics, capaços de modular funcions de proteïnes involucrades en determinades patologies. El procés de descobriment i desenvolupament de nous fàrmacs, per exemple, molècules petites, és un procediment tediós que requereix de recursos econòmics i de temps. Per reduir aquests inconvenients, el disseny de fàrmacs assistit per ordinador (DFAO) ha sorgit com un dels mètodes principals i més eficaços. Es pot fer una exploració ràpida de l'espai químic amb mètodes computacionals i a més, són aproximacions complementàries als mètodes experimentals molt interessants i útils. Les tècniques de DFAO es poden aplicar en diferents passos del procés de descobriment de fàrmacs, i també, poden cobrir diverses fases d'aquest pipeline. Amb aquesta finalitat, es varen establir diversos objectius en aquesta tesi: 1. Dilucidar la possible activitat terapèutica i la capacitat per modular les funcions de proteïnes que estan relacionades amb una determinada patologia de les molècules marines mitjançant l'ús de diferents eines i tècniques de DFAO: I. millorar el pipeline de descobriment de fàrmacs mitjançant l'elucidació del possible potencial terapèutic d'un conjunt de molècules marines enfront d'una llista de dianes relacionades amb diferents patologies. II. Dilucidació de les diferents característiques farmacofóriques dels compostos marins i en un precís estudi d’unió in silico, destacant el poder de les tècniques de DFAO, i avaluar l'activitat inhibidora de diferents productes naturals i derivats d’esquelets indòlics com inhibidors de GSK3β, CK1δ, DYRK1A i CLK1. III. Estudi computacional i validació experimental de meridianines i lignarenones com a possibles inhibidors de GSK3β mitjançant la unió a la cavitat de l'ATP i/o del substrat. En relació amb aquests objectius, les conclusions principals d'aquesta tesi són, que les molècules marines poden ser utilitzades com a agents terapèutics contra proteïnes quinases relacionades amb la malaltia d’Alzheimer, i l'exemplificació del potencial de les tècniques de DFAO aplicat al descobriment de fàrmacs marins.

Em muitos estudos ecológicos a distribuição dos organismos vivos era considerada aleatória, uniforme ou orientada ao longo de um simples gradiente. Ao contrário disso, sabe-se que eles podem se apresentar agregados em manchas, em forma de gradientes ou em outros tipos de estruturas espaciais. Dessa forma, a descrição e incorporação da estrutura espacial para a compreensão dos fenômenos ecológicos tem se tornado cada vez mais necessária. Neste trabalho, foram discutidos aspectos relacionados à amostragem e à modelagem da estrutura de continuidade espacial, por meio da geoestatística baseada em modelo, em quatro formações florestais do Estado de São Paulo. Nas quatro formações florestais foram instaladas parcelas permanentes de 320 × 320 m e todos os indivíduos arbóreos no interior das parcelas com diâmetro maior ou igual a 5 cm foram mapeados, georreferenciados, medidos e identificados. Os modelos geoestatísticos ajustados mostraram que a percepção da estrutura de dependência espacial foi influenciada pelo tamanho e pela forma da unidade amostral. As parcelas quadradas de 20×20 m foram as que melhor descreveram a estrutura de continuidade espacial e as parcelas retangulares captaram a variabilidade da floresta. As quatro formações florestais avaliadas apresentaram estruturas espacias distintas, sendo que a Savana e Ombrófila apresentam estruturas espaciais mais pronunciadas do que as formações Estacional e Restinga. Por fim, ao comparar as estimativas geradas pela abordagem baseada em delineamento (teoria da amostragem clássica) e a abordagem baseada em modelo (geoestatística) por estudos de simulação, verificou-se que mesmo com dependência espacial os estimadores clássicos fornecem estimativas e intervalos de confiança igualmente válidos.
In many ecological studies the distribution of living organisms was considered random, uniform or oriented along a single gradient. Unlike this, it is known that they can present aggregated in patches, in the form of gradients or other types of spatial structures. Thus, the description and the incorporation of spatial structure for understanding of ecological phenomena is becoming increasingly necessary. In this work were discussed aspects related to sampling and modeling the structure of spatial continuity through model-based geostatistics on four forest formations of Sao Paulo State. In the four forest formations were installed permanent plots of 320 × 320 m. All individual trees within the plots with a diameter greater than or equal to 5 cm were mapped, georeferenced, measured and identified. The adjusted geostatistical models showed that the perception of spatial structure of dependence was influenced by the size and shape of sampling unit. The structure of spatial continuity was best described by square plots of 20 × 20 m. The rectangular plots capture the variability of the forest. The four forest formations evaluated showed distinct spatial structures. The Savanna and Dense Rain formations have spatial structures more pronounced than the Seasonal Semideciduos and Restinga formations. Finally, to compare the estimates generated by the design-based approach (classical sampling theory) and model-based approach (geostatistics) for simulation studies, was found that even with the spatial dependence, the classical estimators provide estimates and confidence intervals equally valid.

Hippocampus guttulatus is a European seahorse species whose breeding in captivity started in 2006 in the frame of “Proyecto Hippocampus. Until recently, attempts to develop a rearing methodology resulted in low survivals during early development mainly due to mortalities associated with swimbladder hyperinflation. In order to improve survival and growth rates, the most appropriate rearing conditions concerning zootechnics (type of aquaria, aeration level), physical factors (photoperiod regime, temperature) and feeding (type/quality of prey, prey digestibility and digestive capabilities) were assessed. The results achieved allowed for the first time the closure of the life cycle of H. guttulatus, the incorporation of the species into the aquarium trade and the definition of a standard procedure (pseudoKreisel aquaria, strong aeration, 19-20ºC, 16L:8D photoperiod regime and copepods + Artemia diet) for the successful rearing of the species providing high survivals (70-90% at 30 DAR) and growth rates.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
A sobreviv?ncia de adultos ? um par?metro chave nos estudos de hist?ria natural e de demografia das aves, no entanto, apenas ~ 4% das esp?cies de aves neotropicais residentes t?m suas taxas de sobreviv?ncia estimadas. Al?m disso, pouco se conhece da influ?ncia de fatores ambientais e sazonais sobre este par?metro. Os objetivos deste estudo foram estimar taxas de sobreviv?ncia de adultos, e o tamanho populacional de Elaenia cristata (Aves: Tyrannidae), bem como poss?veis varia??es em curto prazo nesses par?metros. Durante dois anos, capturamos, marcamos e recapturamos 43 indiv?duos adultos em um fragmento de mata de restinga em Parnamirim, RN. Com aux?lio do programa MARK, utilizamos os modelos de Desenho Robusto para estimar os par?metros de interesse. Geramos modelos testando a influ?ncia das seguintes covari?veis sobre a sobreviv?ncia: tempo, ciclo reprodutivo e pluviosidade entre se??es de captura. As estimativas populacionais foram geradas apenas em fun??o do tempo. De acordo com o melhor modelo, a sobreviv?ncia aparente permaneceu constante ao longo do estudo e o tamanho populacional variou entre as se??es. A sobreviv?ncia intra-anual foi estimada em 0,94 ? 0,03, que corresponde a uma probabilidade de sobreviv?ncia anual de 78%. As estimativas populacionais variaram de 24 ? 1,87 indiv?duos em novembro/2010, a 15 ? 1,89 em fevereiro/2011. Nossa estimativa de sobreviv?ncia anual para E. cristata est? entre as maiores registradas dentre aves tropicais, e contribui com a observa??o geral de que a sobreviv?ncia anual ? maior nos tr?picos que no hemisf?rio Norte. Apesar de associadas a grandes intervalos de confian?a, as estimativas populacionais apresentaram diferentes tend?ncias entre 2011 e 2012. Acreditamos que os baixos n?veis de precipita??o no in?cio de 2012, aliados ? presen?a em grande abund?ncia da esp?cie migrante Elaenia chilensis, tenham diminu?do a oferta de recursos e aumentado a competi??o interespec?fica, provocando uma dispers?o de adultos da ?rea de estudo

Research and development on vehicle safety has lately started to direct its focus towards how to actively support the driver and make it easier for her to drive safely through letting Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) have effect on how the driver interacts with the vehicle and the surrounding traffic. This requires research on both how the driver and vehicle perform in different situations, in terms of psychology, cognition and individual differences. In addition, physical limitations and requirements of the driver and the vehicle must be taken into account. Therefore scenarios for evaluation of these systems are required. In the area of user-centered design a rather new method, Personas, is being adopted. This thesis tries to explore if the Persona method is a viable tool for creating scenarios for such evaluations. Experiences after completing this work imply that personas indeed is a viable way to include aspects and raise issues concerning individual variability and situational context in ADAS scenarios.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Aim Species Distribution Models (SDM) can be used to predict the location of unknown populations from known species occurrences. It follows that how the data used to calibrate the models are collected can have a great impact on prediction success. We evaluated the influence of different survey designs and their interaction with the modelling technique on SDM performance. Location Iberian Peninsula Methods We examine how data recorded using seven alternative survey designs (random, systematic, environmentally stratified by class and environmentally stratified using p-median, biased due to accessibility, biased by human density aggregation and biased towards protected areas) could affect SDM predictions generated with nine modelling techniques (BIOCLIM, Gower distance, Mahalanobis distance, Euclidean distance, GLM, MaxEnt, ENFA and Random Forest). We also study how sample size, species’ characteristics and modelling technique affected SDM predictive ability, using six evaluation metrics. Results Survey design has a small effect on prediction success. Characteristics of species’ ranges rank highest among the factors affecting SDM results: the species with lower relative occurrence area (ROA) are predicted better. Model predictions are also improved when sample size is large. Main conclusions The species modelled – particularly the extent of its distribution – are the largest source of influence over SDM results. The environmental coverage of the surveys is more important than the spatial structure of the calibration data. Therefore, climatic biases in the data should be identified to avoid erroneous conclusions about the geographic patterns of species distributions.
Aim Species Distribution Models (SDM) can be used to predict the location of unknown populations from known species occurrences. It follows that how the data used to calibrate the models are collected can have a great impact on prediction success. We evaluated the influence of different survey designs and their interaction with the modelling technique on SDM performance. Location Iberian Peninsula Methods We examine how data recorded using seven alternative survey designs (random, systematic, environmentally stratified by class and environmentally stratified using p-median, biased due to accessibility, biased by human density aggregation and biased towards protected areas) could affect SDM predictions generated with nine modelling techniques (BIOCLIM, Gower distance, Mahalanobis distance, Euclidean distance, GLM, MaxEnt, ENFA and Random Forest). We also study how sample size, species’ characteristics and modelling technique affected SDM predictive ability, using six evaluation metrics. Results Survey design has a small effect on prediction success. Characteristics of species’ ranges rank highest among the factors affecting SDM results: the species with lower relative occurrence area (ROA) are predicted better. Model predictions are also improved when sample size is large. Main conclusions The species modelled – particularly the extent of its distribution – are the largest source of influence over SDM results. The environmental coverage of the surveys is more important than the spatial structure of the calibration data. Therefore, climatic biases in the data should be identified to avoid erroneous conclusions about the geographic patterns of species distributions.

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Facing environmental problems the planet appears several alternative preventive and control on behalf of the equation between development and environmental protection. One of the alternatives implemented in Brazil to conservation of biodiversity was the creation of protected natural areas regulated by the National System of Conservation Units (SNUC). This is an integrated study of the Comunication / Environmental Conservation, which prioritizes social participation as a complementary in the conservation process, the particular case of the Dunas do Natal State Park, the first conservation area in Rio Grande do Norte, for full protection. It takes into account the roles environmental, scientific and Park, which harbors a unique biodiversity, including endemic species and the fact being located in an urban area. It proposes the use of two complementary instruments, such as strategies for conservation. Considering the various individual experiences, it was analyzed the perception that the community is directly related to the Park. From this promoted the democratization of information about the park, its biodiversity and conservation. As another conservation tool, it was suggested the use of a flagship species for the park, or a body chosen symbol for environmental or social reasons, in order to protect and conserve certain natural environments, from the understanding and co -community participation. In this case, as proposed flag Coleodactylus natalensis species, the lizard-the-litter, to be endemic remnants of Atlantic Forest Park as having the type locality, be one of the smallest species of the world, South America's lowest-dependent shadow of the forest, sensitive to human action and therefore very vulnerable. This suggestion finds support in the degree of public acceptance that interacts directly with the Park, as a result of the evaluation of their perceptions. It was further observed in this study that this symbology to be used in order to promote the democratization of the Park and its biodiversity has an identification result, curiosity and probable involvement of the population with the issues of the Park
Diante dos problemas ambientai enfrentados pelo planeta surgem diversas alternativas preventivas e de controle em prol do equacionamento entre o desenvolvimento e a prote??o da natureza. Uma das alternativas implementadas, no Brasil, para a conserva??o da biodiversidade foi a cria??o de ?reas naturais protegidas, regulamentadas pelo Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conserva??o (SNUC). Este ? um estudo integrado de Comunica??o Social/Conserva??o Ambiental, que prioriza a participa??o social como forma complementar no processo de conserva??o, caso particular do Parque Estadual das Dunas do Natal, primeira Unidade de Conserva??o no Rio Grande do Norte, de prote??o integral. Leva em considera??o os pap?is ambientais, e cient?ficos do Parque, o qual abriga uma biodiversidade ?nica, incluindo endemismo de esp?cie bem como o fato de estar situado em uma ?rea urbana. Prop?em-se a utiliza??o de dois instrumentos complementares, como estrat?gias para a conserva??o. Considerando as v?rias experi?ncias individuais, foi analisada a percep??o da comunidade que se relaciona diretamente com o Parque. A partir desta promoveu-se a democratiza??o da informa??o sobre o Parque, sua biodiversidade e conserva??o. Como outro instrumento de conserva??o, sugeriuse a utiliza??o de uma esp?cie-bandeira para o Parque, ou seja, um organismo s?mbolo escolhido por raz?es ecol?gicas ou sociais, com a finalidade de proteger e conservar determinados ambientes naturais, a partir do entendimento e co-participa??o da comunidade. Nesse caso, prop?s como bandeira a esp?cie Coleodactylus natalensis, o lagarto-do-folhi?o, por ser end?mica de remanescentes de Mata Atl?ntica, ter o Parque como localidade tipo, ser uma das menores esp?cies do mundo, menor da Am?rica do Sul, dependente da sombra da floresta, sens?vel ? a??o antr?pica e, portanto, muito vulner?vel. Essa sugest?o encontra respaldo no grau de aceita??o da popula??o que interage diretamente com o Parque, conforme resultado da avalia??o de suas percep??es. Constatou-se ainda nesse estudo que essa simbologia ao ser utilizada como forma de promover a democratiza??o sobre o Parque e sua biodiversidade apresenta um resultado de identifica??o, curiosidade e prov?vel envolvimento da popula??o com as quest?es do Parque

L'objectif principal de ce travail de thèse est d'aider les industries géographiquement voisines à évoluer vers un éco-parc industriel. En effet, l'économie circulaire, qui est régénératrice par conception par opposition au modèle linéaire extractif dominant, prend de l'ampleur comme un des moyens pour la migration vers un paradigme de développement durable. De nombreux travaux ont été menés pour évaluer la faisabilité des réseaux de chauffage basés sur la récupération de chaleur industrielle et de manière similaire pour la réutilisation et le recyclage de la matière afin de proposer des options techniques pour une meilleure efficacité énergétique et de gestion de ressources que ce soit à l'échelle de procédé ou au niveau territorial. Cependant, les procédés de conversion créent de nouvelles opportunités de valorisation pour les flux d'énergie ou de matière, jugés non-utilisables, tel qu’ils existent, par les techniques actuelles d'intégration de procédé. En effet, en les transformant en nouveaux produits récupérables ils peuvent être réintroduits dans le cycle de production. Dans cette perspective, deux nouveaux cadres méthodologiques, pour intégrer les procédés de conversion aux problèmes d'intégration matière et énergie dans des territoires à gouvernance coopératives et non coopératives, ont été proposés dans cette thèse. L'application des méthodologies proposées conduit sur un parc industriel réaliste à démontrer des économies substantielles de coûts d'exploitation tout en améliorant l'économie circulaire du parc. Le flux non-utilisable du parc étudié est le bois déchet pour lequel trois voies de conversion ont été mis en compétition: la conversion du bois en hydrogène, en méthane et la cogénération
The prime objective of this doctoral work is to assist geographically neighboring industries to evolve towards becoming an eco-industrial park (EIP). Indeed, circular economy, which is regenerative by design as opposed to the prevailing extractive linear model, is gaining momentum as an answer for migrating towards a sustainable paradigm. Many literature studies were conducted to assess the feasibility of heating networks based on industrial heat recovery and similarly for material reuse and recycling aiming to propose technical options for better energy efficiency and resource use whether on the process scale or on a larger inter-sites level. However reacting conversion systems create new valorization opportunities for the energy or material streams, adjudicated as non-usable by conventional process integration techniques, through converting them into new recoverable products and thus reintroducing them back into the production cycle. In this perspective, two novel conceptual frameworks, for incorporating reacting thermodynamic conversion systems to the material and energy integration problems in both cooperative and non-cooperative schemes, were proposed in this doctoral dissertation. The application of the proposed methodological frameworks on a realistic industrial park demonstrated how to implement conversion processes in a territory that reinsert streams judged to be non-recoverable by conventional on-site and inter-site energy and material integration techniques ensuing substantial operating costs savings and enhancing the park's circular economy. The non-usable stream in the investigated park is woody biomass for which three conversion routes were challenged being the wood to hydrogen, methane production and cogeneration

The recent growth of low-density urban developments in the Mediterranean coast has led to an increase in the number of private domestic gardens. This thesis examines the flora, features and management practices of 258 private gardens in the Alt Empordà region in Catalonia. We also calculated water requirements of gardens based on species composition and land cover, and determined whether they can be predicted from the socioeconomic, demographic and cultural characteristics of households. Of the 635 taxa identified, 68% were exotic. Moreover, 39 species have been considered potentially invasive in Spain, although only 25 were present within the limits of the adjacent Aiguamolls de l’Empordà Natural Park. The distribution of garden floras was significantly related to different socioeconomic and demographic gradients, such as the occupancy rate of the house, the origin of the residents, their income level and the percentage of unemployed members.
L’augment recent dels espais urbans de baixa densitat a la costa mediterrània ha comportat un increment del nombre de jardins privats. La present tesis estudia la flora, les característiques i les pràctiques de gestió de 258 jardins privats a la comarca de l’Alt Empordà. També es van calcular les necessitats hídriques dels jardins d’acord amb la seva composició i estructura vegetal, i es va determinar si es podien predir a partir de les característiques socioeconòmiques, demogràfiques i culturals de les llars. Dels 635 tàxons identificats, el 68% eren exòtics. A més, 39 espècies han estat considerades com a potencialment invasores a Espanya, encara que només 25 són presents dins dels límits del Parc Natural dels Aiguamolls de l’Empordà. La distribució de la flora del jardins es va relacionar significativament amb diferents gradients socioeconòmics i demogràfics, com ara la taxa d’ocupació, l’origen dels residents, el nivell d’ingressos o el percentatge de membres en atur.

A l’image du bassin du Congo, la République Démocratique du Congo (République Démocratique du Congo) fait face à une réduction de la qualité et de la superficie de son couvert forestier. La présente étude avait pour objectif d’étudier l’effet de l’anthropisation, à travers la présence et les activités humaines sur la dynamique des paysages forestiers en République Démocratique du Congo. L’écologie du paysage, en tant que science pluridisciplinaire offre une très bonne approche à travers les indices et une méthodologie alliant la structure et la composition du paysage pour mettre en évidence les causes et les conséquences des processus écologiques. Ces approches sont basées sur le fait que en analysant la structure du paysage, des déductions utiles au sujet des processus écologiques fondamentaux peuvent être faites et vice versa. Les résultats ont montré, en quantifiant la dynamique spatio-temporelle de l’occupation du sol et par l’analyse et la caractérisation de la structure spatiale, que l’anthropisation est le moteur de la dynamique dans ces milieux forestiers. L’impact humain se traduit par une déstabilisation ou un dysfonctionnement des écosystèmes forestiers entraînant la dégradation, la fragmentation et la déforestation. Ainsi il a été montré que la proximité des villes est fortement corrélée à la dégradation et la perte d’habitats forestiers. Cela est fonction de l’importance socio-économique de ces villes car plus la ville est importante, plus elle attire la population ;que la densité de la population influence la fragmentation et l’incursion dans la forêt se fait en suivant les pistes et les routes mises en place généralement par les sociétés d’exploitation forestière. Le tout amplifié par la situation socio-économique difficile des populations et le manque de politiques de gestion appropriées de la part des gestionnaires publiques. Cette dynamique régressive du paysage forestier en République Démocratique du Congo aura une incidence négative sur les cycles climatiques globaux vu que le bassin du Congo est le plus grand bloc forestier après le bloc de l’Amazonie. La présente étude est donc un argument supplémentaire qui milite en faveur de la nécessité de prendre en compte les caractéristiques des populations locales dans les programmes de gestion de la forêt du bassin du Congo pour un meilleur équilibre écologique de la planète. / Like Congo basin, Democratic Republic of Congo’s forest covers are facing their reduction in quality and size. This study aimed to investigate the effect of human impact on forest landscape dynamics in DR Congo, through the human presence and its activities. Landscape ecology as a multidisciplinary science offers a very good approach through the index and a methodology combining the structure and the composition of the landscape to highlight the causes and the consequences of ecological processes. These approaches are based on the fact that by analyzing the structure of landscape, useful deductions about the underlying ecological processes can be made and vice versa. By quantifying the spatio-temporal dynamics of land use and by analysis and characterization of spatial structure, our results showed that anthropization is the driver of the dynamics in these forest environments. Human impact results in a destabilization or a dysfunction of the forest ecosystems involving degradation, fragmentation and deforestation. Thus it was shown that proximity to cities is strongly correlated to the degradation and loss of forest habitats. This depends on the socioeconomic importance of these cities because more the city is important, more it attracts people. Population density influences the fragmentation and the incursion into the forest is done by following the tracks and roads generally implemented by the logging companies. All amplified by socio-economic problems of population and lack of appropriate management policies on the part of public managers.This regressive dynamic forest landscape in République Démocratique du Congo will have a negative impact on global climate cycles because the Congo Basin is the largest forest block after Amazonia block. This study is another argument which advocates the need to take into account the characteristics of local population in forest management programs in the Congo Basin for a better ecological balance of planet.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

In the next century, the world’s ecosystems are going to change dramatically. Within the Mississippi Delta, shrinking swamps, degraded wetlands, and invasive species of current day southern Louisiana will only continue to evolve. Plant distribution and range, weather patterns and storm frequencies, and uncontrollable growth of weeds are expected to have a huge impact on our environment. Weeds, any non-planned plant, are expected to grow more fiercely with rising levels of pollution, a warmer climate, and higher CO2 levels. Some consider weeds as being at the heart of environmental ruination; they must must be eradicated and they must be destroyed. Arguably, human impact plays a more significant role concerning the integrity of the environment. These are constructed and now changing ideas surrounding nature. In many cases, weeds and invasive species are detrimental. But these plants are also perfectly acclimated to their surroundings, offering the opportunities of phytoremediation, erosion control, storm water control, and even habitat creation with no use of resources and at no monetary cost. The Louisiana landscape has been irrevocably changed through geographical and climatic processes as well as human intervention. Its permanent transformation is expected with not only its shifting ecology but rising sea levels, erosion, and saltwater intrusion. Complete submersion is imminent in the next few centuries. Like the act of keeping New Orleans dry, there is tension between releasing human control over larger environmental systems and saving what we know and understand. Rather than working against nature, an architecture of awareness and acknowledgement of present circumstances and an anxious future can be established. This thesis seeks to investigate the evolving landscape of the future Louisiana coast through the design of a mutually beneficial system that is conscious of both the destruction and benefits of invasive plants. How can the existing and expected landscape occupants be productive and useful? How can the elements that make southern Louisiana so special be adapted for our changing ecologies? And what is the role of architecture in an evolving landscape on the brink of collapse? This thesis hopes to illuminate the ways in which something (sometimes seemingly) destructive can be positive, productive, and conscious. Considering shifting ecologies, how can architecture merge with the new landscapes and adapt to our present preservation needs now and environmental concerns in the future?
0
SPK
specialcollections@tulane.edu

In the next century, the worldÕs ecosystems are going to change dramatically. Within the Mississippi Delta, shrinking swamps, degraded wetlands, and invasive species of current day southern Louisiana will only continue to evolve. Plant distribution and range, weather patterns and storm frequencies, and uncontrollable growth of weeds are expected to have a huge impact on our environment. Weeds, any non-planned plant, are expected to grow more fiercely with rising levels of pollution, a warmer climate, and higher CO2 levels. Some consider weeds as being at the heart of environmental ruination; they must must be eradicated and they must be destroyed. Arguably, human impact plays a more significant role concerning the integrity of the environment. These are constructed and now changing ideas surrounding nature. In many cases, weeds and invasive species are detrimental. But these plants are also perfectly acclimated to their surroundings, offering the opportunities of phytoremediation, erosion control, storm water ontrol, and even habitat creation with no use of resources and at no monetary cost. The Louisiana landscape has been irrevocably changed through geographical and climatic processes as well as human intervention. Its permanent transformation is expected with not only its shifting ecology but rising sea levels, erosion, and saltwater intrusion. Complete submersion is imminent in the next few centuries. Like the act of keeping New Orleans dry, there is tension between releasing human control over larger environmental systems and saving what we know and understand. Rather than working against nature, an architecture of awareness and acknowledgement of present circumstances and an anxious future can be established. This thesis seeks to investigate the evolving landscape of the future Louisiana coast through the design of a mutually beneficial system that is conscious of both the destruction and benefits of invasive plants. How can the existing and expected landscape occupants be productive and useful? How can the lements that make southern Louisiana so special be adapted for our changing ecologies? And what is the role of architecture in an evolving landscape on the brink of collapse? This thesis hopes to illuminate the ways in which something (sometimes seemingly) destructive can be positive, productive, and conscious. Considering shifting ecologies, how can architecture merge with the new landscapes and adapt to our present preservation needs now and environmental concerns in the future?
Yes

Tese de doutoramento em Pós-Colonialismo e Cidadania Global, apresentada à Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra
A proposta de trabalho desta tese consiste em explorar as possibilidades da produção material enquanto exercício de aperfeiçoamento do sujeito e da sociedade. O entendimento aqui presente é o de que o estatuto do criador lhe permite entrever as possibilidades de um mundo melhor. A presente tese recorre às categorias de Boaventura de Sousa Santos para articular uma epistemologia alternativa da poiésis, testando os conceitos deste autor e inscrevendo-os na leitura crítica do design e do artesanato. No âmbito desta leitura, o conceito das cinco ecologias e a articulação com as representações inacabadas da modernidade configuram-se como metodologia crítica para demonstrar as potencialidades das experiências e saberes-fazer na atualidade. Os casos estudados distinguem-se pelas diferentes dimensões e modos que deram corpo à investigação. No primeiro caso, a Oficina Namban, realizada na Serra de Montemuro em Portugal, organizada pelo CEARTE - Centro de Formação Profissional Artesanal - Portugal, foi possível a observação participante de uma experiência de trabalho conjunto entre artesãos e designers, o que permitiu compreender como as relações são estabelecidas, e os processos criativos concebidos. No segundo caso, o Ñandeva - Programa Trinacional de Artesanato, localizado na tríplice fronteira entre Argentina, Brasil e Paraguai, foi possível conhecer um programa de integração regional assente na criatividade e produção de artefatos. Nos dois casos, embora de modos diferentes, a produção de materialidade tinha como pano de fundo a experiência colonial. No caso da Oficina Namban, o processo criativo tratou de colocar em cena o Estilo Namban, produzido no Japão do século XVI e XVII, que forneceu uma narrativa visual da chegada dos “namban ji” - os portugueses enquanto bárbaros do Sul - aos portos do Japão. No caso do Programa Ñandeva, o pano de fundo consistiu nas Missões Guarani-Jesuíticas, em que a “pedagogia da forma” e a produção de materialidade representaram simultaneamente a “utopia real” da Contrareforma jesuítica, e o processo de resistência cultural por parte dos Guaranis. Os instrumentos metodológicos para a análise de cada caso incluíram observação participante, entrevistas semi-estruturadas e pesquisa documental, facultando o enquadramento necessário para se entender os lugares-comuns presentes no processo de tradução entre artesanato e design. Por fim, a presente tese procedeu à sistematização de topoi para a tradução na poiésis, mediante as experiências de campo, o que permitiu articular o ato de “imaginar o próprio conhecimento” como dinâmica imprescindível para a relação entre artesanato e design.
The theme of dissertation is the relationship between handicraft and design, aiming to explore the potential of production to contribute to the improvement of human beings and society. It is argued that the creator’s status allows him/her a glimpse of the possibilities for a better world. The dissertation uses categories theorized by Boaventura de Sousa Santos to articulate an alternative epistemology of the poiesis, testing the concepts of this author and inscribing them in the critical reading of design and handicraft. In this framework, the concept of five ecologies and the articulation with the unfinished representations of modernity presents itself as the foundation of a critical methodology which is in a position to demonstrate the potential of contemporary experiences and know-how. The cases studied are distinguished by the different dimensions and modes that have given body to research. In the first case, the Namban Workshop, held in Serra de Montemuro in Portugal, organized by CEARTE- Centro de Formação Profissional Artesanal (Professional Handicraft Training Centre – Portugal) - it was possible to carry out participant observation of a joint work experience between craftspeople and designers, allowing to understand how relationships are established and creative processes designed. In the second case, the Ñandeva - Programa Trinacional de Artesanato (Handicraft Thri-national program), located in the triple border area between Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay, it was possible to observe a regional integration program based on creativity and production of artifacts. In both cases, although in different ways, the production of artifacts was set against the background of colonial experience. In the case of Namban Workshop, the creative process was based on the Namban Style, produced in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in Japan, which provided a visual narrative of the arrival of "namban ji" - the Portuguese as the barbarians from the South - to the ports of Japan. In the case of the Ñandeva Program, the background was the Jesuit Guarani-missions, in which the "pedagogy of the form" and the production of artifacts accounted for both "real utopia" of Jesuit Counter-Reformation, and the process of cultural resistance on the part of the Guarani. The methodological tools for the analysis of each case included participant observation, semi-structured interviews and documentary research, providing the necessary framework for understanding the commonplaces present in the translation process between handicraft and design. Finally, based on field experience, the dissertation carried out the systematization of topoi of translation in poiesis, which enabled to articulate the act of "imagining knowledge itself" as essential for the dynamic relationship between handicraft and design.

Dissertação de mestrado em Design de Interiores e Equipamento.
Exame público realizado em 07 de Novembro de 2011.
O Homem depara-se na actualidade com uma realidade que lhe impõe constantes readaptações ao seu meio ambiente, económico, social e cultural, promovidas pela aceleração dos ritmos de vida numa era de Globalização. Num clima de transformação, o designer, que vê no Homem o seu ponto de partida para o exercício da sua profissão, necessita observar e prever as novas necessidades que vão surgir, que deixam o plano de produção e consumo de bens, como principal preocupação de satisfação, e se alargam a questões que envolvem a auto sustentabilidade do Homem no seu meio. Este trabalho pretende demonstrar que a intervenção do Design na área das artes e ofícios do passado se apresenta, não só como uma forma de transportar a história dos povos, garantia da diversidade cultural, mas também como uma forma de recuperar saberes tradicionais, fomentando-se assim um nicho de sustentabilidade económica para os intervenientes deste processo, sejam estes designers, artesãos ou operários que deixaram de ter espaço laboral numa industria sufocada pela falta de escoamento dos bens produzidos. A relevância deste trabalho incide na explanação do estado actual da área das artes e ofícios, permitindo ao designer perceber qual deve ser a sua abordagem, ao intervir numa área de conhecimento, dominada pelo saber empírico formatado ao longo dos tempos onde se depara com os mestres artesãos da tradição e com a nova geração de Artesãos. Através da teorização do processo produtivo da louça de barro preto de Vila Nova de Poiares, pretende-se demonstrar a complexidade que envolve uma área de saber fazer, mas também a sua riqueza de experiências que alimentam a criatividade e agitam os sentidos, numa era em que observar o passado pode ser um dos possíveis caminhos para construir um futuro sólido e sustentável.
Man is faced at present with a reality that imposes constant readjustments to its environment, economic, social and cultural development, promoted by the acceleration of the rhythms of life in an age of globalization In a climate of transformation, the Designer who sees the man in his starting point for the exercise of their profession need to observe and predict the new needs that will arise, Ieaving the plan of production and consumption of goods, the main concern of satisfaction and extend the self sustainability of Man in their midst This article discusses the design of the intervention in the arts and crafts of the past presents itself not only as a way to convey the story of the people, guarantee of cultural diversity, but also as a way to recover traditional knowledge, thus fostering a niche of economic actors to this process, be they designers, craftsn,en or workers who no longer have a work space industry stifled by Iack of flow of goods The relevance of this work focuses on explanation of the current state of the arts and crafts allowing the designer to realize, what should be their approach, when addressing an area of knowledge dominated by empirical knowledge formatted during the times when faced with the craftsmen tradition and the new generation of creative craftsmen. Through the theory of the production process of the black pottery of Vila Nova de Poiares, intended to demonstrate the complexity that involves an area of know-how, but also its wealth of experiences that nurture creativity and stimulate the senses in an age when observing the past may be one of the possible ways to build a solid and sustainable future.

Esta dissertação tem como objectivo primordial rever casos de design de brinquedos e analisá-los face a considerações ecológicas e educativas, criando um ponto de ligação entre a educação para a sustentabilidade e as boas práticas do eco design, concebendo ainda uma metodologia que possa ser usada na produção de novos objectos lúdicos e, ou, didácticos. Assim, foi efectuada uma revisão bibliográfica para o levantamento do estado da arte, no âmbito dos temas de educação para a sustentabilidade, design ecológico de brinquedos e metodologias de design sustentável. A dissertação produziu também resultados de âmbito metodológico, como produto da revisão das metodologias existentes, da sua análise e da sua combinação, e, ou melhoria. Deste modo faz-se a proposta de três metodologias para guiar o processo de concepção de brinquedos. Por um lado, apresenta-se uma metodologia para a concepção de brinquedos que visem a educação para a sustentabilidade ambiental e o fomento nos petizes da consciência ecológica. Por outro lado, faz-se ainda uma proposta metodológica para orientar o projecto de brinquedos que exemplifiquem as boas práticas do design sustentável. Dada a inexistência de metodologias relatadas na bibliografia para a concepção de brinquedos optou-se por desenvolver uma nova metodologia para esse fim, baseada nas metodologias gerais de projecto sistemático e contemplando as fases de desenvolvimento psicossocial e emocional da criança. Os resultados no domínio projectual consistem na realização de projecto de dois objectos lúdicos seguindo as metodologias propostas, o que resultou num projecto de design ecológico de brinquedo para 1 a 2 anos, e num projecto de brinquedo para 3 a 5 anos que visa promover a educação para a sustentabilidade ambiental e a consciência ecológica. No âmbito do processo de avaliação dos resultados projectuais com vista à validação da metodologia desenvolvida, propõe-se para trabalhos futuros o levantamento de dados empíricos através de questionários, que venham a suscitar a criação de modelos empíricos relacionando as propriedades dos objectos criados com as impressões subjectivas dos pais e amigos dos seus utilizadores. Desse modo poderá averiguar-se se as metodologias propostas e implementadas dando lugar à concepção dos brinquedos apresentados são eficazes face aos objectivos que orientaram a criação das mesmas.
This thesis aims primarily to review cases of toy design and analyse them in the face of ecological and educational considerations, creating a point of connection between education for sustainability and best practices of eco-design, devising a methodology that can be used in the production of new playful, and, or educational, objects. Thus, a literature review was conducted to survey the state of the art, within the themes of education for sustainability, ecological design of toys and methodologies of sustainable design. The thesis also produced results from a methodological level, as a product of the review of existing methodologies, their analysis and their combination, and improvement. Thus, three methods to guide the process of designing toys are proposed. On the one hand, this thesis presents a methodology for the design of toys aimed at education for environmental sustainability and promoting ecological awareness in kids. Moreover, yet another methodology to guide the design of toys is brought forward, that exemplifies the best practices of sustainable design. Due to the absence of methodologies reported in the literature for the design of toys we chose to develop a new methodology for this purpose, based on general methodologies for systematic design and including the phases of psycho-social and emotional development of children. The results of this thesis in the sphere of object design were attained through carrying out the design of two playful objects following the methodologies proposed, which resulted in a draft for an environmentally friendly toy design for 1-2 years and a draft toy design for 3 to 5 years meant to promote education for sustainability and environmental awareness. Within the scope of the process of validation of the developed methodology, an empirical survey is proposed for the future, resorting to data collection through questionnaires, which may give rise to the creation of empirical models relating the properties of the objects created with the subjective impressions of parents and friends of the users. One may then determine whether the methodology proposed and implemented, giving rise to the design of the toys that were produced, is effective vis-a-vis the objectives that guided the creation of such methodologies.

O tema em estudo, Design, Ecologia e Inovação Social: Concepção, Prática e Ensino, foi investigado a partir de diferentes prismas: analisou-se em concreto a relação que o design tem vindo a desenvolver com a ecologia (nas suas diferentes ramificações que provêm tanto das ciências naturais como das ciências sociais) e mais recentemente com a inovação social, como meios para alcançar a sustentabilidade social e ambiental, que denominamos como “ecológica”, ou seja, como fazendo parte de uma ligação mais ampla com a “oikos”. A dicotomia “social e ambiental” refletiu-se nos vários movimentos ecológicos ao longo da história do design, por vezes assumindo uma relação de dominante e dominado, com contributos descontínuos para a formação de uma disciplina de design para a sustentabilidade ecológica. As diferentes concepções do design, de pendor mais tecnicista ou por outro lado mais humanista, refletiram-se em diferentes práticas, refletindo a volubilidade da importância dos fatores ambientais, socias e económicos na construção do conceito de sustentabilidade no design. Observando-se na atualidade esta divisão, entre reflexões e críticas direcionadas tanto para a ecoeficiência e para a ecologia industrial como para a inovação social, próxima da ecologia social, considerou-se pertinente, neste estudo, aferir a orientação do design para a sustentabilidade ecológica, quando abordada através do ensino não formal e de outras atividades de transferência de conhecimento, extracurriculares, e da investigação científica, proporcionada pelo ensino superior de design, em Portugal e noutros dois países europeus, Itália e Finlândia, que considerámos útil contrapor. O ensino é um veículo primordial para a formação de consciências e de práticas e reflete maioritariamente as intenções institucionais, políticas, sociais e económicas dominantes. O ensino não formal e outras atividades com origem nas instituições de ensino superior, compostas por conferências, congressos e similares, extracurriculares, refletem as intenções que dão corpo à formação que se pretende ministrar, e a investigação científica predominante em cada uma das instituições revela o predomínio dos interesses na área da sustentabilidade, de cada uma das instituições de design, estudadas. Nesta análise, tentámos obter os focos preferenciais, evidenciados pelas instituições de ensino superior de cada um dos três países em estudo e avaliar o seu predomínio ambiental, social e/ou socioeconómico, na expectativa de deslindar o seu contributo na concepção de um design mais ecológico ou para a formação de uma disciplina de design para a sustentabilidade, com reflexos na mitigação dos problemas sociais e ambientais.
The subject under study, Design, Ecology and Social Innovation, Practice and Education, was investigated from different angles: it is specifically analyzed the relationship that design has been developing with ecology (in its various ramifications that come from both the natural sciences and the social sciences) and more recently with social innovation, as means to achieve social and environmental sustainability, which we call as "ecologic", that is, as part of a broader connection with the "oikos". The "social and environmental" dichotomy has reflected in the various ecological movements throughout the history of design, sometimes assuming a dominant and dominated relationship with intermittent contributions to the formation of ecological design discipline. The different conceptions of design, with more technical liability or on other hand more humanistic, reflected in different practices, more tecnocentric or more ecocentric, reflecting the volatility of the importance of environmental, social and economic factors in the construction of the concept of sustainability in design. Observing today this division, between reflections and criticisms directed, both for eco-efficiency and industrial ecology as well as social innovation, close to the social ecology, it was considered relevant, in this study, to measure the orientation of the design for ecological sustainability when addressed through non-formal education and other activities to transfer knowledge, extracurricular, and scientific research provided by the design of higher education in Portugal and in two other European countries, Italy and Finland, which we deemed useful to compare. Education and formation is a primary vehicle for the formation of consciences and practices; and reflects institutional intentions, political, social and economic mainstream. The non-formal education and other activities, resulting from the higher education institutions, consisting of conferences, conventions and reflect the intentions that embody the training intended to be minister, and the predominant scientific research at each institution reveals the interests in the area of sustainability, each design institutions studied. In this analysis, we tried to get the preferred focus, evidenced by higher education institutions of each of the three countries under study and evaluate their environmental, social and/or socio-economic predominance, hoping to unravel its contribution for a more ecological design, or for the formation of a design discipline for ecological sustainability, reflected in mitigating the social and environmental problems.

Ecological materials are materials that have good performance, manufacture methods, application and are recycled, while having only a low impact on the environment and being safe for their users. Eco friendly-materials can be separated into different categories and hold recyclable materials, materials which are free from dangerous substances, materials made with low energy consumption, made in clean conditions, materials that chasten contaminated air and water and materials which are competent and resource-saving while still granting high representation. Materials that we use in our surrounding have a big effect on how we notice and see our the area around us and how it affects us. By progressive educating on the benefits of a non-toxic environment on our health and comfort, positive changes can be implemented in all areas of human lives, with environmentally friendly houses being at the center of attention. The use of appropriate materials in interiors can help create relaxing, healthy atmosphere in homes that is propitious to a feeling of well-being. According to a study on the environmental impact on mental health, humans prefer natural landscape to an artificial scenery. Contact with nature has tremendous effect on stress levels, well-being and overall health in humans. Second part of this work is investigating wood and recyclable materials. The most commonly used and understood material in interior design is wood. Wood is strong, natural, aesthetic, organic, readily accessible, lightweight and simple material to work. There are many different colors, textures, patterns, which gives many possibilities to use wood in interior design. When discussing ecological materials, it is necessary to mention recyclable materials. Global Recycling Network defines recycling as a ’Process by which materials that would otherwise become solid waste are collected, separated or processed and returned to the economic mainstream to be reused in the form of raw materials or finished goods.’’(Robbins, 2007) It means that recycling changes wastes into resource. There are many benefits of this process such as environmental, economical or social. Recycling is mostly associated with materials like wood, metal, glass, plastics and paper

碩士
東海大學
景觀學系
95
This study applies for the concepts of "Biotope," "Permaculture Design," and the three indices of "Biodiversity," "Greenery," and "Soil-water content" of Green Building Index Assessment System in establishing an ecological environment at the campus of the Second Teaching Area of Tunghai University, Taiwan. To consider the combination of ecological design theories and practice, an ecological campus will be carried out. This study found that the indicator of "Biodiversity" was greatly modified in the 2001, 2003, and 2005 editions of "Evaluation Manual for Green Building in Taiwan", but it was scarcely modified in the latest edition. It showed that the integrity of Green Building Index Assessment System was gradually established. The suggestion of this study is that stresses not only on the ecological quality at the Second Teaching Area, but also environmental education of the ecological awareness among campus users, mainly teachers and students. Therefore, in addition to the improvement of the ecological planning, such as the systems and the facilities of interpretation, are to be set up at this campus. Besides, the ecological and sustainable development is advised to extend to the neighborhood. The concepts of "Green Building," "Sustainable Campus," and "Eco-community" should be co-existed in Tunghai University.

O nosso quotidiano é marcado por dispositivos que nos mostram novas notícias ao minuto. A quantidade de informação a que temos acesso através de um paralelepípedo no bolso é inédita, bem como em qualquer outro formato através do qual escolhamos recebê-la: jornais físicos, telejornais, computadores, tablets. Esta realidade traz-nos, como em quase tudo, consequências positivas mas também negativas, como a desinformação. Identifica-se aqui a oportunidade de intervenção do design, trabalhando no desenho da informação como forma de estabelecer uma ponte entre a informação, a compreensão e o conhecimento. A presente dissertação, numa era em que a quantidade de informação produzida é maior do que alguma vez foi, explora alguns dos efeitos na imprensa analógica e no seu leitor. A compreensão destes novos paradigmas possibilita, por sua vez, a análise de como o designer de informação poderá desenhar a infografia para este novo leitor, atentando às suas novas fragilidades e qualidades, ao seu novo contexto. Procura-se então entender como a intervenção do designer no processo de criação da infografia poderá funcionar como um travão (ou deteção) à desinformação, quer ao nível do momento em que é incluído no processo, quer no que diz respeito à forma como encara o desenho de gráficos e o emprego da estética. Servindo-se do desenho como um laboratório que permite testar e explorar graficamente as aprendizagens teóricas, o exercício projetual da dissertação aborda a hipótese da inclusão regular de infografias nos meios de comunicação, mais especificamente em jornais. A partir da recolha e análise de informações verbais e visuais pré-existentes, e feita a identificação do processo subjacente ao seu projeto, desenvolvemos exemplos de representações visuais/infografias em suporte de jornal. Assim, o projeto intitulado “Nós, ... , e o planeta” incide sobre matérias contemporâneas relacionadas com o impacto da acção do Homem nos recursos do planeta. Acreditamos que o projeto de design desta informação complexa e até fraturante, poderá tornar mais apelativos e compreensíveis os conteúdos, constituindo-se assim também como uma forma de cidadania.
Our everyday live is marked by devices that show us the latest news every minute. The amount of information that we have access through a cobblestone in our pocket is unprecedented, as well as in any other format through which we chose to receive it: physical newspapers, newscasts, computers, tablets. This reality brings us, as does almost everything, positive but also negative consequences, such as misinformation. We identify here the opportunity for the intervention of design, working on information design as a way to create bridges between information, understanding and knowledge. The present dissertation, at a time when the amount of information is greater than ever before, explores some of these effects on the analogue press and its reader. The understanding of these new paradigms allows, in turn, an analysis of how the information designer can produce infographics for this new reader, taking into account their new weaknesses and qualities, their new context. We then seek to understand how the designer’s intervention in the process of creating the infographics can act as a brake (or detection) for misinformation, whether in relation to the moment at which he or she is included in that process, whether concerning the way that the drawing of graphics and the use of aesthetics should be faced. Using design as a laboratory that allows to test and graphically explore theoretical learning, the dissertation’s practical exercise addresses the hypothesis of regular inclusion of infographics in the media, more specifically in newspapers. From the collection and analysis of pre-existing verbal and visual information, and after the identification of the process underlying those projects, we developed examples of visual representations / infographics in newspaper support. Thus, the project entitled “Us, ..., and the planet” focuses on contemporary matters related to the impact of human action on the planet’s resources. We believe that the design of this complex and even fracturable information can make the content more appealing and understandable, constituting in itself a form of citizenship.
Mestrado em Design

The main subject of this dissertation is packaging, which is an inescapable product in our society nowadays. Every product we consume daily is generally protected and sheltered by a package that visually represents the product – the main feature of packaging. This research aims to assess the importance of packaging today as well as its role in the past, while searching for ways to improve its qualities as a design project. From the sustainability’s perspective, packaging is a factor that must be observed in dealing with its production, use and disposal and that is precisely the point of view that it is explored within this dissertation: packages’ ability of being sustainable and matching more ecological design practices. The main goal of this research is being able to take advantage of the package and its qualities as a selling means and at the same time make it a product that doesn’t harm our planet and the environment. Although packaging is targeted to match trade and economic issues, environmental factors have been addressed more incisively, as those are one of the biggest problems about this matter: the disposal of the package generates the accumulation of waste after the product is consumed. That being said, the challenge is to produce sustainable packaging and also to redefine the concept of packaging itself. Therefore this research intends to look for the link between packaging and sustainability and how that linkage can add value to the trade market and also to our planet’s health and well-being

Tese de mestrado em Ecologia Marinha, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, 2015
O lixo marinho é uma das ameaças mais preocupantes à conservação dos Oceanos embora os estudos sobre este problema só tenham começado há relativamente pouco tempo. Na década de 30 foram avistados os primeiros animais emaranhados e, na década de 60, começaram a ser reportados animais mortos pela ingestão de plástico. Atualmente, este problema afeta todos os oceanos em todas as profundidades e uma quantidade significativa de lixo continua a ser produzida diariamente. Esta ameaça, resultado de anos de um deficiente tratamento de resíduos e da ignorância face ao destino dos materiais depositados no mar de forma descontrolada, tem-se tornado mais conspícua. Isto deve-se à acumulação de resíduos sólidos nas zonas costeiras, provenientes tanto de terra como de mar. Assim, o aspeto estético do lixo acumulado nestas zonas, juntamente com o aumento de avistamentos de animais emaranhados atraiu, nos últimos anos, a atenção da população e da comunidade científica. O problema do lixo marinho intensificou-se devido à evolução da composição dos materiais descartados. Antigamente, apesar dos materiais serem descartados de forma imprópria, estes eram biodegradáveis, o que provocava impactos reduzidos para o ecossistema. Com a intensificação do uso do plástico como material de baixa densidade, duradouro, resistente, relativamente barato e extremamente versátil, o ato de descartar incorretamente estes resíduos passou a ter graves consequências. A lenta degradabilidade do plástico, o facto de a maioria ser constituído por poluentes orgânicos persistentes (POP) e de apresentar uma elevada toxicidade, são algumas das características que tornam o material mais usado atualmente, uma grave ameaça ao meio ambiente. Apesar da relevância dada ao plástico, o lixo marinho, de origem antropogénica inclui muitos outros materiais, também prejudiciais ao meio ambiente, como o vidro, papel, resíduos sanitários, resíduos médicos, metal, vestuário, olaria e outro tipo de poluentes. Esta problemática tem-se revelado de tal forma importante que a sua monitorização é essencial para avaliar a quantidade, o tipo, a distribuição e a origem do lixo marinho. É neste sentido que o lixo marinho foi designado como um dos descritores da Diretiva Quadro Estratégia Marinha (DQEM), diretiva esta que tem como principal objetivo alcançar ou manter o Bom Estado Ambiental das águas marinhas e costeiras até 2020. O descritor 10 da DQEM, que indica que as propriedades e a quantidade do lixo marinho não prejudicam o meio costeiro e marinho, necessita de uma boa caracterização do mesmo. Para tal, a diretiva estabelece dois grandes indicadores: as características do lixo marinho no meio costeiro e marinho e os impactos do lixo na vida marinha, sendo a monitorização um dos principais componentes deste primeiro indicador. Atualmente, as amostragens realizadas na praia são o tipo de monitorização mais comum da zona costeira, uma vez que estas não só permitem a recolha de uma grande quantidade de informação, como podem ser realizadas sob praticamente quaisquer condições atmosféricas, apresentando custos reduzidos. Existem vários fatores que influenciam a ocorrência do lixo marinho nas praias, sendo que as principais são: as características do lixo; a dinâmica das praias; as condições atmosféricas; os padrões de circulação oceânica, a limpeza das praias e as práticas recreativas e comerciais realizadas em águas oceânicas. Neste âmbito foi realizado um estudo para relacionar a presença do lixo marinho com as características da costa, de modo a perceber como esta relação pode influenciar possíveis programas de monitorização, enquadrando a necessidade de monitorizar o lixo marinho no âmbito da DQEM. Esta dissertação de mestrado teve também como objetivo relacionar os diversos tipos de lixo marinho encontrados com as suas fontes, encontrando indicadores que auxiliassem essa identificação. Foram assim amostradas onze praias em Portugal, entre o outono de 2014 e a primavera de 2015. A quantidade e o tipo de lixo foram amostrados adaptando o design da Convenção para a Proteção do Meio Marinho do Atlântico Nordeste (OSPAR). Foram atribuídas determinadas características às praias como a extensão da praia; o tipo de substrato (classificado de acordo com a sua granulometria) e a existência de urbanização (se as praias eram ou não urbanizadas). O declive e a distância ao estuário foram caracterizadas por comparação entre as diferentes praias. Estas características foram posteriormente relacionadas com a quantidade do lixo através de uma PERMANOVA. As diferenças significativas obtidas na análise anterior foram exploradas utilizando o teste SIMPER. Para visualizar estas relações foi realizada uma Análise de Coordenadas Principais (PCO). Para identificar as possíveis fontes do lixo encontrado, foram estabelecidos indicadores baseados nos três principais tipos de lixo encontrados para cada praia e para cada estação do ano. A principal categoria de lixo encontrado nas praias foi o plástico (plástico < 2.5cm e os pellets), sendo seguido pelo papel (beatas) e pelos resíduos sanitários (cotonetes). A quantidade de lixo foi influenciada tanto pelas diferentes praias como pelas diferentes estações do ano. Todas as estações do ano apresentaram também diferenças significativas e as praias com uma maior média de dissimilaridade foram Sesimbra e Maçãs, Maçãs e São Lourenço e, por fim, Figueirinha e Maçãs. O plástico foi o principal tipo de lixo responsável por estas diferenças. A PCO não mostrou uma boa relação entre as diferentes características das praias e o lixo, destacando, no entanto, a praia das Maçãs das restantes. As praias que foram classificadas como urbanas apresentaram maior quantidade de lixo, bem como as praias que se encontravam mais perto de estuários. No geral, verificou-se uma maior quantidade de lixo no outono e na linha da maré alta, e não na linha da vegetação como aconteceu noutros estudos desta temática. Embora não tenha sido possível identificar a maioria da origem do lixo, que foi, na generalidade, considerado como lixo de origem mista, as categorias de lixo que corresponderam ao conjunto de indicadores específicos, propostos pela OSPAR, foram os cotonetes (resíduos sanitários) e as linhas de pesca e caixas de pescadores (pescas, incluindo aquacultura). É ainda de salientar a elevada presença de beatas de cigarros, cuja origem foi atribuída, por experiência dos investigadores, à restauração e às pessoas que frequentaram as praias. Estes resultados demonstram que o lixo identificado como terrestre teve maioritariamente origem na restauração e nos frequentadores das praias e num potencial défice na gestão de tratamento de águas. No lixo identificado como de origem marinha, a maioria foi devida à atividade pesqueira e ao transporte de mercadorias por via marítima, devido à quantidade de pellets encontrados. Devido à elevada quantidade de lixo de reduzidas dimensões encontrada (como pedaços de plástico < 2.5cm, pellets, beatas e cotonetes), pode-se deduzir que a limpeza da praia é, de certa forma, ineficaz para o lixo de reduzidas dimensões. É importante referir que também foram identificados vários tipos de embalagens alimentares e de bebidas, bem como copos de plástico e palhinhas. Estes items, embora não tenham correspondido à maior percentagem dentro da categoria de plástico, evidenciam a falta de sensibilização da população para o problema do lixo marinho. Considerando a enorme importância da monitorização do lixo marinho e da determinação da sua fonte é interessante realizar estudos futuros de modo a eliminar o problema na origem. Estes estudos poderão relacionar os diferentes transportes do lixo marinho, como o vento e as correntes, com a sua distribuição. Analisar em que medida as condições atmosféricas influenciam a quantidade de lixo na zona costeira é também um dos possíveis objetos de estudos futuros.
Marine litter has been recognized as a serious environmental problem and therefore, it has become an important field of study. With an estimated eight million items being discarded, every day, in oceans and seas, marine litter represents a threat to the marine environment. Monitoring marine debris became a relevant topic of research as marine litter is one of the descriptors of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. This study relates the different characteristics of the coast of Portugal (urbanization, slope, distance to estuary and length) with the type and abundance of marine litter found on eleven beaches. The surveys were conducted following a transect approach method, according to the OSPAR design. After identified, the litter was related to the coast characteristics through a PERMANOVA, a SIMPER and a PCO analysis. Specific indicators were established in order to determine the source of the litter. The main types of litter found were plastic, paper and sanitary waste. The majority of litter was classified as having mixed origin, despite some litter could be identified as having land and marine origin. The sources of marine litter identified were sanitary and sewage-related waste, as well as fisheries, including aquaculture. This study related the assessed litter with the characteristics of the coast and, when possible, attributed their sources.

Haverá no futuro espaço e condições para todos vivermos? Haverá água e comida para todos? Haverá ainda energia e recursos? Haverá algum dia paz, liberdade, igualdade e cooperação entre a humanidade? Este trabalho representa um olhar sobre o mundo em que vivemos nos dias de hoje com uma perspectiva ecológica e uma atitude positiva em relação às mudanças necessárias para um novo caminho; Um olhar sobre a forma como o homem evoluiu no planeta, se expandiu e desenvolveu o seu próprio sistema de valores e crenças, organizando uma civilização que tem vindo a crescer explorando todos os recursos da Terra com um único objectivo baseado no crescimento económico e esquecendo os bens essenciais do homem e dos ecossistemas naturais; Um olhar sobre as sociedades dos dias de hoje e de que modo estas se questionam e propõem a alterar as suas estruturas; Um olhar sobre de que forma a ciência, a tecnologia e por último a consciência humana possam ser aliadas e direccionadas para o bem-estar da humanidade e do meio ambiente. Uma abordagem às catástrofes naturais e humanas do presente através do Design para um desenvolvimento sustentável no futuro.
There will be future space and living conditions for all? There will be food and water for everyone? There will also be energy and resources? Will there ever be peace, freedom, equality and cooperation among mankind? This work represents a global view of this world we live in today with an environmental perspective and a positive attitude to the changes needed for a new way: A look at how the man on the planet has evolved, expanded and developed their own system of values and beliefs, organizing a civilization that has grown exploring all the features of the Earth with a single objective based on economic growth and forgetting the essentials of human and natural ecosystems; A look at the societies of the day today and how these are questions and propose to change its structures; A look at how science, technology and ultimately human consciousness can be combined and directed to the welfare of humanity and the environment. An approach to natural and human disasters of the present through Design for sustainable development in the future..

M310, Q560
Companies' involvement in Corporate Social Responsibility has become stronger through the past decades. This rising interest comes from the interest a business has to implement CSR policies, impacting different areas of its activities. Consumers should also be strongly involved in the process, to ensure the success of such a policy. To understand consumers' perceptions towards CSR, this paper covers CSR as a whole and a specific application example of it: eco-designed products. After an extensive literature review and an exploratory investigation made through indirect observations, we argue first, that CSR is a really well-known concept while eco-design remains less unfamiliar to most consumers and second, that CSR and eco-design help build consumers' trust and thus a good brand image, even though this does not always translate into purchase intention. Based on the literature review and survey, we explored the correlation between consumers' behaviors towards CSR and towards eco-design, by describing their perceptions when it comes to each of these concepts.
O envolvimento das empresas em Responsabilidade Social Corporativa tem se tornado mais forte nas últimas décadas. Este crescente interesse vem da vontade que uma empresa tem de implementar políticas de RSC, impactando diferentes áreas das suas atividades. Além disso, os consumidores também devem estar fortemente envolvidos no processo para garantir o sucesso dessa política. Para compreender as percepções dos consumidores no sentido de RSC, este artigo aborda a RSC como um todo e como um exemplo específico de aplicação: produtos eco-projetados. Após uma revisão bibliográfica extensa, e uma investigação exploratória feita através de observações indiretas, discutimos, em primeiro lugar, que RSC é um conceito realmente muito conhecido, enquanto eco-design permanece menos familiar para a maioria dos consumidores. Em segundo, foi discutido que RSC e eco-design ajudam a construir a confiança dos consumidores e, portanto, uma boa imagem da marca, mesmo que isso nem sempre se traduza na intenção de compra. Com base na revisão da literatura e da pesquisa, exploramos a correlação entre os comportamentos dos consumidores em relação à RSC e ao eco-design, descrevendo suas percepções quando se trata de cada um desses conceitos.

Tese de doutoramento em Ciências e Tecnologia da Informação, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra
Currently, expertise in sound design in games is mostly tacit and held by senior professionals, who are not numerous and who typically work for resourceful teams that are able to afford them. Indie game developers, usually working with low resources, often have to cope with lack of expertise in sound design. We propose to provide guidance for the empowerment of non-expert practitioners to perform sound design in games, assuming the impracticality of integrating sound design experts in their teams. This empowerment also implies leveraging the literacy in this specific domain, hence providing abilities to communicate and participate in the conception of possible explorations. Such abilities could also be beneficial to the broader audience of game developers, where it could create the conditions for expert sound designers to be invited more regularly and earlier into game projects. Our proposal is composed of several contributions. First, we present an operative adherence to a holistic practice of sound design, embedded in game design, in which the exploration of sound is performed in the early phases of ideation and addressed by its purposefulness to the game experience. Then, we present an initial set of design guidelines for sound design in games, which include multidisciplinary concepts and insights. Our observation of game design practitioners using these guidelines led us to also propose a lower-level of guidance: a pattern language for sound design in games, representing recurrent sound explorations found in games of recognized quality. In its current state, version 2.0, the pattern language consists of a network of 81 candidate design patterns, publicly available through the wiki soundingames.com. We also present a deck of cards for sound design in games, which was originally developed for research purposes as way to audit the participation of the patterns during design phenomena, but which eventually evolved into an end-user interface with the pattern language. Through experimentation, we gathered indicators that the proposed guidance can empower non-expert practitioners. The experiments also informed revisions to the proposals and contributed to refine our understanding of the research problem. We conclude this dissertation by presenting the conditions that we have been developing to open the body of knowledge to the community of practice, for discussion and appropriation.
O conhecimento pericial em desenho de som em jogos é, atualmente, maioritariamente tácito e mantido por profissionais experientes que não são numerosos e que trabalham para equipas que possuem recursos para os contratar. Os criadores de jogos independentes, usualmente a trabalhar com escassos recursos, têm frequentemente que lidar com a falta de conhecimento especializado em desenho de som. Propomos fornecer orientações para a capacitação de praticantes não especialistas em desenho de som em jogos, assumindo a impraticabilidade de integrar especialistas com essa competência nas suas equipas. Esta capacitação implica também fomentar a literacia neste domínio específico, promovendo, assim, competências para comunicar e participar na concepção de explorações de som. Tais capacidades também podem ser vantajosas no âmbito mais amplo dos criadores de jogos, junto do qual poderiam criar as condições para que os especialistas em desenho de som fossem convidados com mais regularidade, e mais cedo, para os projetos de criação de jogos. A nossa proposta é constituída por várias contribuições. Começamos por apresentar uma operacionalização holística da prática de desenho de som, incorporada no desenho de jogos, em que a exploração do som é realizada nas fases iniciais da ideação e é apreciada em função do seu propósito para a experiência de jogo. Seguidamente, apresentamos um conjunto inicial de linhas orientadoras para o desenho de som em jogos, que incluem conceitos e influências multidisciplinares. A observação que fizemos da utilização dessas linhas orientadores, por parte de praticantes em desenho de jogos, levou-nos a propor também orientação de mais baixo nível: uma linguagem de padrões para desenho de som em jogos, representando explorações de som recorrentes em jogos de reconhecida qualidade. No seu estado atual, versão 2.0, esta linguagem de padrões consiste numa rede de 81 padrões candidatos, publicamente disponíveis através da wiki soundingames.com. Apresentamos também um instrumento na forma de um baralho de cartas para o desenho de som em jogos, que foi originalmente desenvolvido com fins de investigação, como forma de auditar a participação dos padrões durante a atividade de desenho de jogos, mas que evoluiu para se tornar uma interface entre a linguagem de padrões e o utilizador final. Com base em experimentação, reunimos indicadores de que a orientação que propomos pode capacitar praticantes não especializados. Os exercícios realizados também informaram revisões às propostas e contribuíram para aumentar a nossa compreensão da questão em investigação. Concluímos apresentando condições que temos vindo a desenvolver para abrir esta base de conhecimento à comunidade de prática, para discussão e apropriação.