Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Écologie marine – Arctique, Océan'
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Vilgrain, Laure. "Contribution des données d’imagerie à une approche par traits fonctionnels de l’écologie des copépodes arctiques et subarctiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS226.
Full textCopepods dominate the mesozooplankton biomass of arctic and sub-srctic regions, where light, ice and primary production are highly variable according to the season. By converting carbon fixed by microalgae into lipid reserves for winter survival, Calanus spp. are a crucial source of energy for fish, birds and marine mammals. Historically, copepod ecology was studied by taxonomic counting after net sampling. This thesis proposes another paradigm in the approach and tools for their study. A so-called "functional trait approach” is used to analyze properties that are measurable at the individual scale and influence the ecological success of organisms. Functional traits (i.e. size, trophic regime, vertical migration) are shared by several species and can be related to ecosystem functionalities such as carbon export, energy available for food webs, resilience, etc. Since a majority of the traits have a morphological signature, we defined them on two types of individual plankton images, that are complementary and commonly used: in situ Underwater Vision Profiler (UVP) images and color images taken during stereomicroscope observations. The objective of this thesis is to understand how functional traits of copepods, identified in images, can be related to environmental dynamics and functioning of arctic and sub-arctic ecosystems. In Chapter 1, we analyze in situ images taken by the UVP at the time of spring melt in the Canadian arctic. Morphological variables are used to project the images into a statistical space, and the axes synthesize morphological variation into three continuous features: size, opacity (which tells us about pigmented structures), and complexity of contour (likely indicating feeding activity through appendage visibility). This exploratory analysis revealed novel traits, having variations strongly correlated with sea ice melt and algal blooms phenology. Several arguments indicate that opacity maxima in individuals can be attributed to the presence of astaxanthin, a red carotenoid pigment. In Chapter 2, a review of the literature highlighted the ecological conditions conducive to copepod coloration for various aquatic ecosystems on a global scale. We demonstrate that red pigmentation can participate in the success of individuals (growth, survival, reproduction) through the antioxidant properties of astaxanthin. Since pigmentation appears to be adjustable on short time scales and advantageous under various environmental conditions (intense light, low temperatures and ice cover, or great depths), we believe it can be considered as a "swiss army knife" of metabolic protection. In Chapter 3, an astaxanthin color deconvolution method was used to produce a redness index on stereomicroscope images of arctic copepods. The index was validated by comparison with a chemical quantification of the pigments, and can be used for images taken under various conditions thanks to a prior calibration step of the color channels. This thesis shows that it is possible to extract a maximum amount of information from a plankton image to identify ecological trends on large datasets, while keeping access to inter-individual variability. Using the traits defined here (size, grazing pressure, antioxidant levels), in combination with other tools, could participate in understanding the functioning of food webs
Onda, Deo Florence. "Variabilité temporelle, diversité et biogéographie des ciliés et dinoflagellés dans l'Océan Arctique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27770.
Full textImpacts of climate change on microbial communities in the Arctic Ocean have been mostly reported for major phytoplankton groups, with less attention to microzooplankton, such as ciliates and dinoflagellates, which have multiple ecological roles. For example, many ciliates and dinoflagellates are mixotrophic and could indirectly influence biogeochemical cycles by grazing on bacterivores and small plankton and linking the microbial loop with the higher trophic levels. The aim of this thesis was to address knowledge gaps in microzooplankton phylogeny, ecology and distribution with a goal of providing information needed to eventually predict of microzooplankton responses to the changing Arctic. We used high throughput amplicon sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene and 18S rRNA (as cDNA) to generate community and diversity profiles, which were used to test hypotheses on microzooplankton assembly across time and space. Results showed that microzooplankton exhibited strong seasonality in response to changing conditions in Amundsen Gulf. Similar summer assemblages were seen from 2003-2010 with the exception in July 2008 following the summer ice minimum record in 2007. Canada Basin dinoflagellate communities were governed by both deterministic and stochastic processes that were dependent on the variability of the environment, indicating potential sensitivity to environmental change. We inferred that dinoflagellates and other taxa with similar functional roles could provide stability to food and energy flows under conditions of light- or nutrient-limitation associated with a deepening nitracline. The high diversity and ubiquity of ciliates and dinoflagellates also suggest a complexity within microbial food webs and new research opportunities for oceanographers.
Terrado, Ramon. "Diversité et succession des protistes dans l'océan Arctique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27849/27849.pdf.
Full textBouchard, Caroline. "Boreogadus saida et Arctogadus glacialis : Vie larvaire et juvénile de deux gadidés se partageant l'océan Arctique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30269/30269.pdf.
Full textThe very abundant polar cod (Boreogadus saida) plays a preponderant role in the Arctic marine ecosystem and consequently has received significant attention in recent years. The ice cod (Arctogadus glacialis), a common species in all Arctic seas, is much less studied. Both species co-occur on Arctic continental shelves and their early life stages are often found together in ichthyoplanktonic collections. However, larvae and juveniles of polar cod and ice cod are almost impossible to differentiate. Only genetic tools, or a method using the size of the otolith nucleus developed in this thesis, can distinguish the two species. These identification methods allowed to study for the first time ice cod early life stage ecology and estimate the proportion of this species in Arctic gadids samples. In light of observations made in the Beaufort Sea, it seems that young ice cod are about twenty times less abundant, hatch at a larger size, grow at the same rate, and have a mortality rate inferior to young polar cod. For polar cod, the hypothesis that some larvae hatch in winter near river plumes, was tested, first by comparing the hatching season in six regions of the Arctic characterized by different freshwater inputs. Consistent with this hypothesis, hatching starts in winter in seas receiving large river discharge while hatching starts in spring in regions with limited freshwater inputs. The larvae hatched in winter benefit from a long growth season allowing them to reach larger pre-winter size than larvae hacth in summer, a condition that likely favors their survival. This same hypothesis was further tested by comparing the otolith chemistry of polar cod juveniles from those six regions, and the differences observed seem to support the hypothesis. On-going trends of earlier ice break-up, warmer surface layer, and increased river discharge could favor polar cod, and possibly also ice cod, recruitment. Arise from this thesis an increased knowledge of the ecology of gadids living in an Ocean facing a plethora of changes.
Bœuf, Dominique. "Importance écologique des bactéries photohérérotrophes dans l'océanArctique." Paris 6, 2013. http://hal.upmc.fr/tel-00830741.
Full textThe photoheterotrophy is the capacity to use both organic substrates and light energy. The aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (AAPB), the proteorhodopsin-containing bacteria (PRB) and the picocyanobacteria (Synechococcus) practice it. Increases in organic carbon exported by rivers and in exposure of sea surface to solar radiations are intensifying in Arctic. Hence, this study area is particulary interesting to understand the role of these bacteria in carbon and light uses. Using multiple approaches in absolute quantification, cultural and molecular diversities, our study is the first to characterize at high resolution scale the photoheterotrophs in the Arctic Ocean. Picocyanobacteria were only detectable in the Mackenzie estuary whereas AAPB and PRB were present throughout the Beaufort Sea. AAPs were strongly linked with river inputs contrasting to PRB, principally oligotrophs. Both distributions of AAPB and PRB exhibited different patterns of those of bacterioplankton suggesting an ecological advantage of the photoheterotrophy in these waters. The AAPB community was dominated by a new Betaproteobacterial clade and Rhodobacterales. Alphaproteobacteria, especially the SAR11 group and SAR116 endemic clades, dominated the PR community. The majority of PRB groups actively expressed the PR suggesting probable benefits. Together, our data highlight the photoheterotrophy is common in Arctic Ocean and suggest that his role could be different depending on the environmental conditions encountered
Boeuf, Dominique. "importance écologique des bactéries photohétérotrophes dans l'océan arctique." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00830741.
Full textLebrun, Marion. "De l'interaction entre banquise, lumière et phytoplancton arctique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS524.
Full textLarge weaknesses remain considering our understanding of the drivers of phytoplankton growth in Arctic sea ice zone, especially due to large uncertainties in the interactions between sea ice, light and phytoplankton.The aim of this PhD thesis is to better understand these interactions and to highlight the main uncertainties considering these interactions in Earth System Models. I first show that the ice-free period is mainly led by the solar irradiance cycle and by the ocean-atmosphere thermodynamic exchanges during summer. It is consequently projected to extend into fall in the future. Then, I evaluate the radiative transfer scheme in the ocean model NEMO, in arctic sea ice zone. I show that NEMO largely underestimates the transmitted shortwave radiation in ice-covered waters, especially due to the overestimation of the snow and the first level of the ocean attenuation. I finally define a diagnostic to describe available light seasonality in the sea ice zone and I study the impact of this diagnostic on simulated phytoplankton in the bio-geochemistry model PISCES. However, large uncertainties remain in the study of the relation between this diagnostic and the phytoplankton growth. This is especially due to the non-linearity between available light and phytoplankton growth and also due to the lake of knowledge about the phytoplankton physiology
Radenac, Gilles. "Etude de l'impact biologique d'un rejet de dragage : suivis in situ de la croissance, des concentrations métalliques et de l'activité acétylcholinestérase de Mytilus edulis (L.) et expérimentations in vitro sur l'embryogenèse de Crassostrea gigas." La Rochelle, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LAROS007.
Full textBélanger, Simon. "Impacts des changements climatiques sur les flux de carbone stimulés par la lumière dans l'Océan Arctique : quantification et suivi de la photo-oxydation de la matière organique dissoute dans la Mer de Beaufort par télédection spatiale." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066520.
Full textPhotochemical oxidation of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and the resulting production of CO2, is now known to be a significant process in the cycling of carbon in the ocean-atmosphere system. One environment where that process may play a major role in the context of climate change is the Arctic ocean because of: 1) the increasing amount of terrestrial CDOM released by the melting permafrost and brought to coastal ocean by rivers, 2) the decreasing summer ice cover that allows more solar radiation to penetrate the water column, and 3) the continuing increase in UV radiation over that region. A coupled optical-photochemical model was used to assess the role of photooxidation in the carbon cycle of the Arctic Ocean. To calculate the photoproduction of CO2 (PDIC), the incoming spectral irradiance, including UV, was modeled with a radiative transfer model that uses satellite observations of sea ice, ozone, aerosols and cloud cover covering the 1979 to 2004 period. In situ determinations of the apparent quantum yield for the photoproduction of CO2 made in the Beaufort Sea were used for the calculations. A key parameter in the model was the contribution of CDOM to the total absorption coefficient. It was either obtained from in situ measurements or derived from Ocean Color imagery using a new empirical algorithm. Unlike most semi-analytical approaches found in the literature, the proposed empirical algorithm provides a mean to separate CDOM absorption coefficient from nonalgal particles absorption coefficient at the regional scale. The use of Ocean Color remote sensing at high latitude is, however, compromised by the presence of sea ice that contaminates the data. This problem was addressed in the present study, and a method was proposed to detect and eliminate contaminated pixels. Finally, it was shown that the level of PDIC is similar to the level of sequestered rates of organic carbon in the ocean sediments, which was produced through marine photosynthesis; and that the increase in UV and decrease in summer sea ice over the last 26 years have led to an increased in PDIC by about 15%. These results indicate that the predicted trend of ongoing contraction of sea ice cover will greatly accelerate the photomineralization of CDOM in Arctic surface waters
Albert, Céline. "Exposure of Arctic seabirds to pollutants and the role played by individual migratory movements and non-breeding distribution." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS020.
Full textThe Arctic, even far from intensive human activities, is contaminated by pollutants emitted at Northern mid-latitudes. Because of their physico-chemical characteristics, pollutants are transported over large distances through atmospheric or oceanic currents. Among them is mercury (Hg), a naturally occurring and non-essential trace element whose emissions increased since the 19th century because of human activities. This neurotoxic negatively impacts animals’ health and induces behavioral changes, reproduction issues and in the most extreme case, death. The marine environment is particularly sensitive to Hg, which incorporates the food chain (under is toxic and methylated form – MeHg) in which its concentration increases from one trophic level to the other (e.g. biomagnification process) and accumulates within organisms (e.g. bioaccumulation process). Hence, long-lived top predators like seabirds, found at the end of the food chain usually show some of the highest contamination to Hg. They are commonly and efficiently used as bio-indicators of the health of their environment. Most of the current knowledge about Hg contamination in Arctic seabirds focused on the breeding period during which Hg was found to spatially vary, with usually higher Hg concentrations in the Canadian Arctic. During this period, which represents a part of the year only, seabirds aggregate in colonies for reproduction where they are more easily accessible. However, at the end of this period, seabirds migrate to overwinter mostly in open seas, outside of the Arctic. A previous study on a little auk (Alle alle) population breeding in East Greenland found that Hg concentrations were higher during the non-breeding period than during the breeding period, with carryover effects on the following reproduction. In the present doctoral work, based on a multi-species and multi-colony approach, we studied winter Hg exposure and the role of seabird migration in their contamination to Hg at large spatial scale. We found a seasonality in Hg concentrations allowing us to extend the results found in little auks to several species and at a larger spatial scale. We also found that this seasonality was spatially different with some of the highest variations for seabirds breeding in the West Atlantic (West Greenland and Canadian Arctic). We therefore proposed that such variations were due to seabird’s migration and the areas they overwintered at. To test such hypotheses, we used seabirds as bio-indicators of winter Hg contamination through the North-Atlantic Arctic. More specifically, we combined Hg measurements with geolocators devices to track the spatial origin of winter Hg contamination. We found an east-west increase in Hg concentrations allowing us to extend the results found during the breeding period to the winter period, through the entire North-Atlantic Arctic marine region. Results of the present doctoral work allow us to conclude that beyond migration, seabird distribution during the breeding and non-breeding periods drive their contamination to Hg
Delort, Eric. "Contribution à l'étude du déterminisme de la fixation des peuplements marins sur des structures artificielles immergées : côte méditerranéenne française (anse de Corbière) et côte pacifique japonaise (baie de Suruga)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX30028.
Full textLebrun, Anaïs. "Réponses des communautés benthiques arctiques peu profondes au changement climatique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS479.
Full textSince the beginning of the 20th century, the average surface air temperature in the Arctic has risen by around 2 to 3°C. This rapid rise in temperature is leading to a year-on-year reduction in the extent of the Arctic cryosphere. Melting ice leads to increased turbidity and reduced salinity in coastal waters, resulting in changes of natural habitats. In addition, with ongoing warming, the shallow coastal Arctic is experiencing an increase in the frequency, intensity and duration of marine heat waves. All these changes can have profound repercussions on the Arctic marine ecosystem, affecting the distribution and behavior of the organisms that live there. The main aim of this thesis is to analyze the effects of climate change on benthic communities in the shallow Arctic, in particular kelp forests, which are home to a high level of biodiversity. By modifying light, sedimentation, physical abrasion and bottom currents, kelp forests provide a habitat, food source and breeding ground for fish and invertebrates. In the short term, the increase in water turbidity induced by melting snow and land ice will trigger a local remodeling of communities, limiting the expansion of some species but giving others a competitive advantage, such as Alaria esculenta in low-light areas. In the longer term, the melting of glaciers and sea ice will expand the potential habitat range of kelp which, as this thesis suggests, should be able to withstand rising temperatures, marine heat waves, and decreasing salinity and underwater light. However, the disappearance of ice, particularly glaciers, which serve as habitats for top predators, could lead to the decline of these crucial species regulating ecosystem diversity and induce, as in Tromsø but also in other Norwegian fjords or in south-west Alaska, a significant reduction in kelp populations due to an overabundance of herbivores, particularly sea urchins. Further research into the responses of Arctic coastal communities is needed to refine our predictions and provide sound scientific recommendations for ecosystem management. To study the long-term effects of climate change, ex situ experiments spanning several months and in situ monitoring programs in several Arctic locations appear essential
Dalleau, Mayeul. "Écologie spatiale des tortues marines dans le Sud-ouest de l’océan Indien : apport de la géomatique et de la modélisation pour la conservation." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0037/document.
Full textAnimal movement is crucial to the ecology of spatially structured population, particularly for highly mobile species. Marine turtles’ life cycle is indeed closely related to spatial and environmental factors. This work analyses the spatial ecology of marine turtles, from early juvenile to adult stages, in the Southwest Indian Ocean, primarily through the use of two methods: satellite tracking and individual-based modeling. Firstly, this analysis argues that green turtle’s reproductive phenology across the region is mainly related to the sea surface temperature in the vicinity of the nesting site. Then, it shows how drifting trajectories of hatchlings in oceanic currents unevenly influence their life history traits depending on the position of the natal site. By tracking late juvenile stage, this work also suggests a trans-equatorial developmental cycle for loggerhead turtle in the Indian Ocean. At adult stage, it describes migratory corridors and connectivity for green turtle across the region. Finally, an integrative approach considering all these results allows for an understanding of the regional migratory patterns and their influence on population dynamics. The results of this work provide a practical policy decision tool for management and conservation of marine turtles in the Southwest Indian Ocean and highlight the need for a large-scale approach in the protection of biological resources and heritage shared by multiple nations
Benoit, Delphine. "Océanographie, distribution et cycle annuel de la morue arctique (Boreogadus saida) en mer de Beaufort : Une approche hydroacoustique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28826/28826.pdf.
Full textDistribution and abundance of fish are greatly determined by trophic interactions and environmental conditions. Climate change in the Arctic constitutes major environmental modifications likely to influence the success of species. Within the pelagic trophic web of the Canadian Arctic, Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) makes the most part of carbon fluxes between zooplanktonic production and top predators. However, the ecology of adult stages of this key species remains poorly known. This lack of knowledge is mostly attributable to sampling difficulties in the extreme conditions of the Arctic Ocean. Marine acoustics were used in this thesis, coupled with physical and biological oceanographic data, in order to improve the knowledge about Arctic cod’s ecology in the Beaufort Sea. A winter time series collected at 230 m deep fixed station in Franklin Bay enabled to uncover winter ecology of Arctic cod. The seasonal scale study showed that under the sea-ice cover, Arctic cod maintained in the lower half of the water column, and was associated with Pacific halocline. Biomass estimates progressively increased from late January (10 g m–3) to reach maximum values in April (2673 g m–3). This Arctic cod accumulation probably resulted from a passive advection within slope waters. The daily scale study revealed the existence of diel vertical migrations of Arctic cod, triggered by the rate of change in light intensity. The nocturnal migration of a part of the population toward surface reflects a behaviour adopted by smaller individuals to feed, reducing at the same time competition with larger individuals and predation by seals. Finally, the study of spatial distribution prior to sea-ice consolidation showed that Arctic cod concentrated on slopes (isobaths 150 to 600 m) of Mackenzie shelf and Amundsen Gulf. Densities were lower (<1 g m –3) than in the winter aggregation and likely constituted the source for the aggregation detected in Franklin Bay. This thesis enabled to characterize the habitat of Arctic cod and trophic interactions that determine its behaviour. Biomass estimates confirmed the importance of this species in the pelagic food web of the Arctic.
Receveur, Aurore. "Ecologie spatiale du micronecton : distribution, diversité et importance dans la structuration de l'écosystème pélagique du Pacifique sud-ouest." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0401.
Full textThe New Caledonian pelagic ecosystem in the southwest Pacific contains a high diversity of predators, such as seabirds and cetaceans. The recent creation of the Natural Park of the Coral Sea created a need for solid information on the functioning of this remarkable ecosystem, particularly on the dynamics of the micronecton (organisms between 1 and 20 cm constituting food of top predators) and its central role in food webs, especially since is the most poorly understood. In this context, this PhD showed a strong influence of environment on its spatial and seasonal distribution with on average more micronekton in the south than in the north, and more in winter than in summer. The species composing the micronecton are riche in crustaceans in the north and in cephalopods and fish in the south. The micronecton abundance would tend to decrease under the influence of climate change. Finally, we showed that the spatial distribution of this group influenced the presence of six groups of predators: yellowfin tuna, albacore tuna, dolphin, dolphin, shearwater and red-footed body
Cuvillier, Alexis. "Dynamique et fonctionnement des herbiers marins dans un complexe récifal anthropisé (île de la Réunion, océan Indien)." Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0037/document.
Full textLocated at the benthos-pelagos interface, seagrass beds have many ecosystemic roles such as coastal protection or biodiversity. Historically, scientists and decision-makers at Reunion Island have been focusing on reef ecosystems. However, for several decades, monospecific (Syringodium isoetifolium) seagrass beds have been observed (3 hectares – 2013) within Ermitage / La Saline reef (West coast). The main objective of this study was to give the first data on seagrass ecology at Reunion Island. Therefore, a multi-disciplinary study was developed. First, seascape ecology of seagrasses is analyzed at decadal (since 1950) and seasonal scales (2013-2015). Physical settings (swell) and eutrophication were driving factors on the spatial dynamics of seagrass beds. Second, seagrass community metabolism and response to nutrient loads (nitrate and phosphate) show variations in metabolic budget (autotrophy to heterotrophy) and make seagrass beds a nutrient sink following the environmental conditions. Third, stable isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N) identified sources of particulate matter entering the ecosystem and fueling food webs. The trophic roles of seagrass beds are assessed for echinoderm and herbivorous fish communities. This study highlighted a trophic link between seagrass and Holothuria leucospilota, and proved some species to be heavily dependent on seagrass ecosystem (Leptoscarus vaigiensis, Siganus sutor). Finally, interviews showed a lack of knowledge about this ecosystem despite crucial economic and ecologic roles. Considering their major functions, seagrass beds have to be considered in future management of the coastal marine systems at Reunion Island
Anselme, Brice. "Contribution de l'imagerie satellitaire visible, proche infrarouge et infrarouge thermique, à l'étude des mers arctiques eurasiatiques." Phd thesis, Paris 4, 1997. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00955324.
Full textThe overall objective of our work was to improve the knowledge of the arctic marine environment. Using satellite remote sensing operating in the visible, near infrared and thermal infrared, we studied oceanic surface structures over the Barents and Kara seas, as well as in the southern part of the Barents sea. In situ measurements obtained from oceanographic campaigns allowed us to validate the algorithms we used for image processing and helped us in analyzing the images. We studied both biological and physical oceanic structures. Concerning primary production, we showed in which areas and when phytoplanktonic bloom start to develop. We also emphasized the areas where thermal and hydrological fronts appear, sea ice drift and its relationship to surface currents, as well as the transport of sediments and associated pollutants by rivers and their outflow distribution patterns into the sea. The final goal of our work was to outline which areas of the eurasiatic arctic seas are the most sensitive and exposed if a pollution should occur. We finally concluded that two areas were particularly vulnerable: the marginal sea ice zone in the northern Barents sea that supports large part of the phytoplanktonic ecosystem, source of the food chain. Due to the intensity and very short timing of the phytoplanktonic bloom in that area, a pollution could have serious consequences there. Important exchange of water masses and ice, potentially contaminated, occur in the southeastern part of the Barents sea, which constitute a large refuge for marine mammals and migratory birds. Concerns about oil and natural gas exploitation should lead future investigations to focus on monitoring of both areas
Crochelet, Estelle. "Modélisation de la connectivité larvaire et implications en terme de gestion de l'environnement." Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0003/document.
Full textIntegrating ecological connectivity into marine ecosystem management and planning is important, especially in a global context of severe fish stocks depletion and growing habitat degradation. Environmental tools such as Marine Protected Areas have been proposed to protect biodiversity, restore damaged ecosystems, sustain fisheries, and rebuild overexploited stocks. The effectiveness of marine protected areas depends in part on the maintenance of connectivity between marine populations, linked by ecological processes such as larval dispersal. In this thesis, we applied a biophysical model driven by ocean currents derived from satellite altimetry to evaluate connectivity between Western Indian Ocean reefs and across the current MPA system in the Mediterranean Sea. We applied different methods of analysis such as graph-theoretic and clustering. In the Western Indian Ocean, marine connectivity analyses show that the number of connections between reefs increases with fish pelagic larval duration. It also highlights a low connectivity across the region and a high interconnectivity within several regions (Mozambique Channel, Mascarene archipelago). In the Mediterranean Sea, connectance is globally low at the regional scale. This connectance is more important in Western than Eastern Mediterranean. Moreover, the marine connectivity analyses revealed high domestic connectivity rates. Depending on the study area, priority reefs or sites for MPA implementation are proposed. Finally, implications for transboundary marine policies and regional cooperation are discussed
Izard, Lloyd. "Structuration spatiale et variabilité des écosystèmes mésopélagiques dans l'Océan Indien Sud." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS621.
Full textThe Southern Indian Ocean hosts diverse oceanic environments, pelagic communities, and predator populations that have recently led to the establishment of conservation areas and UNESCO World Heritage recognition. However, predator populations in this region have displayed signs of decline, likely attributed to the impacts of climate change and prey dynamics. These prey populations consist predominantly of zooplankton and micronekton, playing a crucial role in marine ecosystems by influencing biogeochemical cycles and the transfer of energy and biomass along the trophic web. Nevertheless, the study of their structuring is intricate due to their deep distribution in the mesopelagic zone (200-1000 m) and their daily vertical migrations, making it one of the least explored areas on a global scale. In this thesis, we employ active acoustics, which provides high spatial and vertical resolution for tracking these organisms, to investigate the structuring of mesopelagic ecosystems in two contrasting oceanic systems. We initially examined their responses in a transition zone between these oceans, within the Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Islands region. Our findings indicate that nycthemeral migrations are the primary factor vertically structuring pelagic organisms, even within a pronounced transition zone. Three spatially coherent regions were identified, sharing common environmental and acoustic features. Observations at 38 kHz (commonly used in hydroacoustics) confirmed increased biological activity in the subtropical zone and a minimum in the subantarctic zone. However, our analyses also reveal a distinct acoustic response based on the acoustic frequency considered, in terms of vertical structuring and integrated biomass. Additionally, the low levels measured in the Southern Ocean appear inconsistent with the high biomasses consumed by the large marine predator populations in this region. These observations highlight an acoustic resonance issue in the study of these organisms. To investigate this phenomenon, our second study focused on the structuring of communities at a regional scale, proposing a two-frequency acoustic landscape classification, both probing depths of up to 1000 m. Four spatially coherent regions were identified based on the combination of vertical structuring at the two considered frequencies. The results of this study reveal a shift in the dominance of acoustic responses between 38 and 18 kHz at the subantarctic front, supporting the hypothesis of a community change at these latitudes and raising questions regarding the use of 38 kHz as a descriptor for mesopelagic communities. Given the complexity of acoustic data (potentially multivariate, with distinct vertical ranges, and four-dimensional), the work presented in this thesis also contributed to the development of functional analysis methods to reconcile the horizontal, vertical, and temporal variability of these ecosystems. As marine ecosystem management requires an understanding of the dynamics of these systems and the structuring of the communities within them, our work has also had implications in marine conservation. At the national level, it contributed to the extension of the Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Islands Nature Reserve, and at the international level, it contributed to the ecoregionalization of the pelagic zone in the subtropical and subantarctic region of the South Indian Ocean
Virgili, Auriane. "Modelling distributions of rare marine species : the deep-diving cetaceans." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LAROS003/document.
Full textDeep-diving cetaceans, sperm- and beaked whales Physeteridae, Kogiidae and Ziphiidae, are rare marine species. Due to their low densities, wide distribution ranges and limited presence at the water surface, visual surveys usually result in low sighting rates. This paucity of data challenges the modelling of their habitat, prerequisite for their conservation. Models have to cope with a great number of zeros that weakens the ability to make sound ecological inferences. Consequently, this thesis aimed at finding a methodology suitable for datasets with a large number of zeros, determining how environmental variables influence deep-diver distributions and predicting areas preferentially used by these species. By testing the predictive performance of various habitat models fitted to decreasing numbers of sightings, I selected the most suitable model and determined that at least 50 sightings were needed to provide reliable predictions. However, individual surveys can rarely provide sufficient deep-diver sightings thus I merged many visual survey datasets to produce the first basin-wide deep-diver density maps in the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Highest densities were predicted in waters from 1500-4000 m deep and close to thermal fronts ; hotspots were predicted along the continental slopes, particularly in the western North Atlantic Ocean. In addition, a model transferability analysis highlighted that habitat drivers selected by the models varied between contrasted large ecosystems. Finally, I discussed challenges related to statistical modelling applied to rare species and the management applications of this thesis
Maturana, Martínez Claudia. "Diversity and community composition of active microbial communities in southern high latitude ecosystems." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS134.
Full textSouthern high latitudes marine ecosystems (HLME) are highly sensitive to climate change, impacting physical, chemical, and biological processes, however, their prominent role in climate modulation and water masses circulation, contrast with the relatively low number of studies on their functioning. Relatively few studies on bacterioplankton community structure have been reported for southern Chilean Patagonia and for the Southern Ocean (SO) on a large scale, and none have targeted the active fraction of the bacterioplankton community. We used 16S rRNA sequencing to analyze and describe the community structure of the active bacterioplankton communities in southern HLME. The main objective of this thesis was to characterize de diversity and abundance of bacterioplankton communities along environmental and geographical gradients in southern HLME. First, we investigated whether nearby fjords of the southern Chilean Patagonia, with similar climate and location but different freshwater inflows, had different communities. Second, we investigated interannual changes experienced by the bacterioplankton community of the Yendegaia fjord. Third, we examined the large-scale spatial structure of the bacterioplankton community along a transect across the Pacific sector of the SO. Ours results show that southern polar bacterioplanktonic communities are structured according to physical, chemical, and biological parameters characteristic of the area. In addition, we also demonstrated that changes in environmental, spatial, and temporal parameters affect the structure of bacterioplanktonic communities. Thus, highlighting the importance of microbial ecology studies in areas sensitive to global climate change such as southern HLME
Guiet, Jérôme. "Environmental impact on fish communities in the global ocean : a mechanistic modeling approach." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT134/document.
Full textThe marine biosphere plays a fundamental role in the earth system dynamics (carbon cycle, atmosphere composition, etc.) and provides numerous essential services to humanity (fisheries, carbon sequestration). Its vulnerability to global change (climate change, growing exploitation of natural resources, pollution) makes the study of its evolutions imperative. In this framework, the aim of this thesis is the study of the structuring of the marine biodiversity by hydro-climatic variability of the global ocean, as well as how this structuring impacts on the ecosystems functioning. First, a modelling framework is developed to account for the impact of environment from individuals to populations to communities. It is based on a biomass size spectrum model which represents fish communities with individuals size and species maximum length as only variables. Detailed in Maury O. & Poggiale J. C. (2013) the model is implemented to represent a generic fish community. Indicators of structure, diversity and metabolism are developed to study so represented ecosystems. Once the methodogical framework defined the model is used for the idealized study of the biomass size spectrum properties when constrained with different environmental conditions. The impact of distinct constant primary production and temperature levels are investigated. First the static impact, forcing ecosystems with constant levels. Communities present similar properties for increasing primary production or decreasing water temperature. A succession of four domains characterized by similar fish community features are observed with increasing primary production, decreasing temperature. These distinct charateristics will induce distinct sensitivities of ecosystems function of the level of primary production or temperature. In order to link the results of these numerical experiments to reality the properties of ecosystems along latitudes are also computed. The community biomass spectrum is simulated along stations at different latitudes from pole to equator forcing with mean primary productions and temperatures. The properties of so represented communities enlight the observation of increasing species length with latitude, the so called Bergmann's rule. After the results for static spectra, the dynamic properties of fish community spectra are analyzed through the seasonality. Forcing communities at different latitudes with a seasonal primary production and temperature cycle a more or less strong species sucession is observed. The succession impacts the capacity of communities to maintain larger species during the bad season of poor conditions between two peaks of primary production. Once the properties of the biomass community spectrum investigated in an idealized manner, the model is implemented in the ecosystem model APECOSM in order to account for the spatial interactions and the link with habitat. Applied in the global ocean and forced with physical and biogeochemical NEMO-PISCES domains the model allows the modelling of ecosystems characteristics. Different known characteristics of marine ecosystems are reproduced, especially Bergmann's rule. The current models describing marine ecosystems provide a simplified representation of biodiversity (e.g. NPZD type biochemical models, Ewe or Atlantis type box models, OSMOSE and APECOSM type models). It induces a limitation of their use in the study of the impact of climate change on biodiversity and reversely; for the study of the impact of biodiversity changes on the functioning of ecosystems. The model we describe mechanistically allows the representation of the dynamic of ecosystems from individual bioenergetic and predation interactions while keeping diversity
Behagle, Nolwenn. "Structuration acoustique du micronecton de l'écosystème océanique du sud-ouest de l'océan Indien." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LAROS039/document.
Full textTo understand the functioning of an ecosystem, it is essential to understand the organization of its associated food web. While the distribution of primary production and top predators in the Southwest Indian Ocean's oceanic waters (10-60 ° S, 35-90 ° E) are well known, a lack of knowledge remains regarding the distribution of mid-trophic level organisms, despite their ecological (biological pump and key trophic role) and potentially economic (commercial fisheries in the near future) importance. To fill this gap, this work focused on the horizontal and vertical distribution and composition of micronektonic communities in this region. Micronekton comprises relatively small organisms (1 to 20 cm long) able to swim freely without being unduly affected by currents. Micronekton distributions have been studied at meso- and large-scale using acoustic recordings (38 kHz). A vertical structure in three layers has been identified ; the intensity and thickness of these layers vary depending on the considered time period (diel migration) and ocean conditions (meso-scale oceanic eddies and large-scale oceanic fronts). Horizontaly, the Southwestern Indian Ocean harbours the richest waters (10-800 m) in subtropical latitudes in summer and winter times. Since every organism has its own ecological characteristics, it was important to separatly describe the distribution of biological groups composing micronekton. A bi-frequency acoustic approach (38 and 120 kHz) allowed the distinction of micronektonic crustaceans from small mesopelagic gas-filled swimbladder fish in waters east of Kerguelen where micronektonic crustaceans where dominant in terms of overall acoustic density. Two distinct types of vertical structure were highlighted : an aggregative and a layer structure. Micronektonic crustaceans were characterized by layering, day and night, while other organisms (gas-filled swimbladder fish in particular) exhibited structure mixing aggregates and layers during the day, but only composed of layers during the night. In summary, the acoustic approach used in this work helped to describe the distribution and composition of micronektonic organisms and provides an essential knowledge base on the micronekton of the southwest Indian Ocean
Messié, Monique. "Contrôle de la dynamique de la biomasse phytoplanctonique dans le Pacifique tropical ouest." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00137145.
Full textMaufroy, Alexandra. "Drifting Fish Aggregating Devices of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans : modalities of use, fishing efficiency and potential management." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT150/document.
Full textSince the mid 1990s, the use of drifting Fish Aggregating Devices (dFADs) by purse seiners, artificial objects specifically designed to aggregate fish, has become an important mean of catching tropical tunas. In recent years, the massive deployments of dFADs, as well as the massive use of tracking devices on dFADs and natural floating objects, such as GPS buoys, have raised serious concerns for tropical tuna stocks, bycatch species and pelagic ecosystem functioning. Despite these concerns, relatively little is known about the modalities of GPS buoy tracked objects use, making it difficult to assess and manage of the impacts of this fishing practice. To fill these knowledge gaps, we have analyzed GPS buoy tracks provided by the three French fishing companies operating in the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans, representing a large proportion of the floating objects monitored by the French fleet. These data were combined with multiple sources of information: logbook data, Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) tracks of French purse seiners, information on support vessels and Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) of purse seine skippers to describe GPS buoy deployment strategies, estimate the total number of GPS buoy equipped dFADs used in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, measure the contribution of strategies with FOBs and support vessels to the fishing efficiency of tropical tuna purse seiners, identify potential damages caused by lost dFADs and finally to propose management options for tropical tuna purse seine FOB fisheries. Results indicate clear seasonal patterns of GPS buoy deployment in the two oceans, a rapid expansion in the use of dFADs over the last 7 years with an increase of 4.2 times in the Indian Ocean and 7.0 times in the Atlantic Ocean, possible damages to fragile coastal ecosystems with 10% of GPS buoy tracks ending with a beaching event and an increased efficiency of tropical tuna purse seine fleets from 3.9% to 18.8% in the Atlantic Ocean over 2003-2014 and from 10.7% to 26.3% in the Indian Ocean. Interviews with purse seine skippers underlined the need for a more efficient management of the fishery, including the implementation of catch quotas, a limitation of the capacity of purse seine fleets and a regulation of the use of support vessels. These results represent a first step towards better assessment and management of purse seine FOB fisheries
Lacour, Léo. "Dynamique des blooms phytoplanctoniques dans le gyre subpolaire de l'Atlantique Nord." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2016PA066685.pdf.
Full textThe North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre exhibits the largest phytoplancton bloom of the global ocean. This major biological event plays a crucial role for the functioning of marine ecosystems and the global carbon cycle. The aim of this thesis is to better understand the bio-physical processes driving the dynamics of the phytoplankton bloom and carbon export at various spatiotemporal scales.In a first study, based on satellite data at a climatological scale, the subpolar gyre is bioregionalized according to distinct annual phytoplankton biomass cycles. The light-mixing regime controls the phytoplankton bloom dynamics in the different bioregions.In a second study, the new generation of BGC-Argo floats allowed for processes to be explored at a finer scale, especially during the overlooked winter season. In winter, intermittent and local restratifications of the mixed layer, triggered by sub-mesoscale processes, initiate transient winter blooms impacting the spring bloom dynamics.Finally, a third study showed how the high-frequency variability of the mixed layer depth during the winter-spring transition plays a crucial role on carbon export
Huon, Mathilde. "Inter and intra specific interactions in marine habitat selection of two sympatric seal species in Northeast Atlantic." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS028/document.
Full textThe behavioural plasticity and the interactions between organisms are known to influence foraging habitat selection and spatial usage. In the Northeast Atlantic, greyand harbour seals live in sympatry. These two species are spread into different colonies where interactions between organisms (linked to the colony size et and the presence of one or both species) and habitat availability (linked to the prey distribution) vary locally. The objective of this PhD was to study the spatial usage and foraging habitat selection of these two species at the local scale, in contrasted situations of population dynamics. Several individuals were tagged with GPS/GSM tags in different colonies located in Ireland, Scotland and France. Telemetry data was used to characterize the seals’ trips at sea and to identify their foraging areas in order to model foraging habitat selection. While harbour seals only performed trips restricted around their haulout sites, grey seals moved between colonies. Studying habitat selection at the individual scale, for individuals moving between colonies, highlighted the influence of behavioural plasticity and suggested the influence of individual personality. At the colony scale, for both species, results highlighted the influence of habitat availability (indirectly linked to prey availability) and intra-specific interactions (linked to density dependence effects) on spatial usage and foraging habitat selection. However, the foraging habitat selection was mainly explained by the distance from the last haulout and the bathymetry. These two parameters are linked to the central place forager and benthic feeder characteristics of the seals. Furthermore, this study also highlighted, for study sites where both species occur, a spatial segregation and differences in foraging habitat selection between grey and harbourseals
Lacombe, Marielle. "Méthodes électrochimiques pour l'analyse in situ de composés bioactifs en milieu océanique." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/119/.
Full textThe implementation of in situ autonomous observatories for biogeochemical studies in the open ocean water column and in deep-sea chemosynthetic environments is crucial for the understanding of these ecosystems. We focussed this study on silicate and sulphide, two key compounds of the marine food chain. A voltammetric method for sulphide measurements on silver electrode is presented, and a new method for quantitative determination based on the solubility difference between silver chloride and silver sulphide is proposed. A completely reagentless method for silicate measurements is developed using molybdate and protons produced during molybdenum oxidation. These analytical developments allowed us to validate a submersible potentiostat, first step toward a new sensor for in situ measurements. A Drake Passage water masses analysis is also performed using data collected during the Drake ANTIII/3 oceanographic cruise in 2006
Lacour, Léo. "Dynamique des blooms phytoplanctoniques dans le gyre subpolaire de l'Atlantique Nord." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066685/document.
Full textThe North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre exhibits the largest phytoplancton bloom of the global ocean. This major biological event plays a crucial role for the functioning of marine ecosystems and the global carbon cycle. The aim of this thesis is to better understand the bio-physical processes driving the dynamics of the phytoplankton bloom and carbon export at various spatiotemporal scales.In a first study, based on satellite data at a climatological scale, the subpolar gyre is bioregionalized according to distinct annual phytoplankton biomass cycles. The light-mixing regime controls the phytoplankton bloom dynamics in the different bioregions.In a second study, the new generation of BGC-Argo floats allowed for processes to be explored at a finer scale, especially during the overlooked winter season. In winter, intermittent and local restratifications of the mixed layer, triggered by sub-mesoscale processes, initiate transient winter blooms impacting the spring bloom dynamics.Finally, a third study showed how the high-frequency variability of the mixed layer depth during the winter-spring transition plays a crucial role on carbon export
Asdar, Sarah. "Climate change impact on ecosystems of Prince Edward Islands : role of oceanic mesoscale processes." Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0037/document.
Full textThe subantarctic Prince Edward Islands lie in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, between the Subantarctic Front (SAF) and the Polar Front (PF). These fronts positions were found to be highly variable at interannual and monthly time scales and revealed a significant long-term southward trend in the region. The intense mesoscale activity, observed upstream the islands at the South West Indian Ridge, also showed an interannual and intra-annual variability as well a decrease in eddy kinetic energy over 24 years. At a more local scale, we highlighted that the archipelago’s environment was impacted by the mesoscale features produced upstream.Tides appeared to be another important driver of variability of the circulation in between the two islands.An idealised model configuration was designed for the Prince Edward Islands region to study the mesoscale eddy properties and the physical mechanisms of their formation at the ridge. The Eddy Available Potential Energy revealed a maximum of energy around 800 m depth, confirming the deep reaching characteristic of the eddy originated in the region and suggested the presence of a local energy source at this depth. This eddies activity was shown to be the result of a combination of barotropic and baroclinic instabilities occurring at the ridge.Finally, we investigated on the potential consequences of a southward shift of the SAF in the region of the islands.Because the model was idealised, it allowed us to simulate an SAF southward shift by shifting the initial and boundary conditions. The main result was the clear decrease of mesoscale activity in the region which could potentially impact the ecosystems of the Prince Edward Islands