Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ecologie et stabilité des communautés'
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Jun, Raphael. "Les mousses et lichens des dunes grises atlantiques :Caractéristiques structurales, Dynamique et Typologie fonctionnelle des communautés." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00097044.
Full textdes processus de colonisation. Le littoral dunaire atlantique français se développe sur environ 500
kilomètres du nord au sud. La végétation de dune grise est présente sur la partie de dune fixée, sous la forme de pelouse rase à plantes xérotolérantes. Un observatoire des mousses et des lichens sur neuf dunes non boisées du littoral atlantique de la France a été mis en place afin d'identifier les patrons de distribution des espèces de mousses et lichens en fonction des dynamiques du milieu.
L'analyse des patrons de distribution de la végétation sur la zone d'étude, le long d'un transect allant de la plage à la frange forestière, montre que les mousses et lichens se distribuent en cinq communautés à stratégies de vie identifiables par leurs traits biologiques ainsi que leur relation significative avec certains paramètres pédologiques. La position de chaque groupe dans certaines parties de dunes traduit des modifications dans la composition chimique de la couche superficielle du
substrat par la mise en évidence des gradients trophique, d'acidification et de décalcification de la plage à la dune boisée.
L'approche diachronique par le suivi des communautés de mousses et de lichens, ainsi que les relations entre les analyses de sol et les espèces et certains traits communs de réponse des espèces aux perturbations, suggèrent que la structure des communautés et les mécanismes participant à la fixation du milieu sont reliés aux conditions abiotiques du milieu qui varient en fonction du temps, aux stratégies de vie des espèces et aux perturbations. Les différentes communautés mises en évidence reflètent trois états de stabilité.
L'analyse des interactions biotiques au sein des communautés confirme que les lichens prennent une
part importante dans les processus de maturation de l'écosystème. De part leur zonation spatiale précise, leurs organisations et leurs rôles éventuels dans l'écosystème, les communautés bryolichéniques terricoles peuvent être considérées comme ayant un rôle clé de voûte dans le fonctionnement des dunes grises.
Les communautés bryolichéniques terricoles permettent de préciser une typologie des dunes littorales et d'évaluer leurs états dynamiques. Les résultats obtenus peuvent contribuer à obtenir un diagnostic écologique sur les dunes. Ils rendent possible des décisions de gestion du milieu et confirment l'intérêt du rôle indicateur des mousses et lichens pour le gestionnaire.
Maurent, Eliott. "Des forêts tropicales et des humains dans les Amériques : trajectoires de réponse aux perturbations anthropiques de la diversité et de la composition des arbres. Of tropical forests and humans in the Americas : response trajectories of tree diversity and composition to anthropogenic disturbances." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023AGPT0014.
Full textTropical forests face more frequent and intense anthropogenic disturbances, such as selective logging, namely the felling and harvesting of a few commercially valuable trees in old-growth forests, while the remaining stand is left for natural regeneration. Many studies focused on this regeneration, particularly on the recovery of carbon and timber stocks, most likely due to a strong interest in climate change mitigation and logging profitability. However, despite the crucial role of biodiversity for ecosystem maintenance and functioning - and its intrinsic value - there have been few studies on the impact of selective logging on biodiversity. Therefore, this thesis - organised in three studies - aimed at characterising the response of tree diversity and composition to logging in tropical American forests.First, we drew upon the long-term forest inventories (1986-2021, trees with a diameter at breast height ≥ 10 cm) from Paracou experimental station to build a Bayesian modelling framework of tree diversity and composition trajectories after selective logging. Paracou is located in French Guiana and was disturbed by silvicultural treatments of different intensities in 1986-1987. We propagated in our Bayesian framework the uncertainty associated with botanical determination and functional trait measurements, and modelled Paracou trajectories of taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional tree diversity and composition at the species level, relatively to their pre-disturbance levels. Additionally, we assessed the effect of pre-disturbance tree community characteristics, biophysical conditions and disturbance properties on our forest attribute trajectories. Second, we used a simplified version of the aforementioned Bayesian modelling framework on long-term forest inventories from sample plots located in Costa Rica and three Amazonian countries (respectively belonging to the Observatorio de los Ecosistemas Forestales de Costa Rica and the Tropical managed Forest Observatory). We modelled their post-logging trajectories of taxonomic and functional tree diversity and composition at the genus level, from which we extracted indicators solely over the inventory timespan of each site. We then assessed the effect of pre-disturbance tree community structure and disturbance properties on such indicators. While more variable in the second study with a broader geographical scope than in the first one, we observed similar trends in both studies: diversity mostly increased after logging and tree communities mainly shifted from resource-conservative strategies to resource-acquisitive strategies. Such changes appeared to be driven by the abundant and transient recruitment of early-successional species with acquisitive trait values, which provided them with a competitive advantage as disturbance intensity - i.e., light and space availability - increased. Indeed, changes in diversity and composition increased in both studies with disturbance intensity whereas disturbance selectivity, pre-disturbance tree community characteristics and biophysical conditions had no significant effect. Third, building up on the paramount importance of disturbance intensity in the two previous studies, we developed an original Bayesian hierarchical model of recovery trajectories, considering disturbed forests in a common framework, through a disturbance intensity gradient. We tested our modelling approach on data from two long-term experiments in Costa Rica and French Guiana, set up after selective logging, agriculture, and clearcutting and fire.Overall, these results opened various perspectives on the methods used to evaluate forest response to disturbance, the forest response itself and the ecological processes underlying forest succession, and how disturbed forests could be considered in forest management and conservation plans
Descamps-Julien, Blandine. "Diversité et stabilité des communautés : rôle des fluctuations environnementales." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066584.
Full textLyautey, Emilie. "Caractérisation, dynamique et facteurs de contrôle des communautés bactériennes de biofilms de rivière." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30288.
Full textEpilithic bacterial community structure was studied using 16S rRNA gene based fingerprinting methods. In these algae and cyanobacteria dominated aggregates, 51 % of the detected taxa were affiliated to plastids and cyanobacteria being revealed by universal primers. The fingerprint methods, PCR-DGGE (Polymerase Chain Reaction – Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis), is thus not involved and proved to be a relevant tool for comparing bacterial diversity for natural assemblages from different sites (β diversity Among all analysed samples, communities appeared to be diversified (Simpson and Shannon diversity indices ranging from 0. 039 to 0. 094 and from 3. 50 to 4. 78, respectively), but less rich (around 23 OTUs – Operational Taxonomic Unit) than planctonic and soil communities. With less than 10 % of the OTUs detected in 50 % of the treated cases, community composition seemed to be highly conditioned by inter-sites repartition. Over a river section (River Garonne, France), an important differentiation of benthic bacterial communities (less than 50 % similarity) was observed between communities collected up- and downstream of an important urban centre (Toulouse, France). Excluding the particular OTUs affiliated to plastids and cyanobacteria, 11 taxa out of 63 were only detected upstream, and 13 downstream. Temporal bacterial community changes of natural assemblages were studied over an undisturbed seven month low water period. Two biomass peaks were recorded (around 25 g. M-2). Bacterial community DGGE profiles differed between the two biomass peaks and shared only 30% common OTUs, suggesting the influence of seasonal factors (light, temperature) on these communities. During the biomass accrual phase, bacterial richness and the appearance of new OTUs fitted a conceptual model of bacterial succession in biofilms. During succession, five OTUs (corresponding to Dechloromonas sp. , Nitrospira sp. , and three different Spirosoma spp. ) exhibited particular patterns and were present only during clearly defined successional stages, suggesting differences in life-history strategies (pioneer vs competitive strategies) for epilithic bacteria. Thus, in these naturally occurring epilithic biofilm assemblages, bacteria appeared to react through a combination of both allogenic (seasonal) and autogenic changes
François, Sarah. "Diversité et écologie des virus associés aux arthropodes : des communautés aux génomes." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT106/document.
Full textHigh throughput sequencing technologies have revealed the extraordinary diversity of viral sequences in hitherto largely unexplored host groups. Thus, our knowledge about arthropod viruses, infecting the most diverse and abundant animals on Earth, was hitherto essentially reduced to species of economical and medical interest. New data on viral diversity in arthropods illustrate the need to expand viral inventory at the scale of the ecosystem and to include viruses as an essential component of their functioning and their evolution.In my thesis, I developed and applied two approaches to study the diversity of viruses in arthropods and how virus circulate in ecosystems, focusing on species of agronomic interest: (i) a virus-centered approach by exploring nucleotidic sequence databases, searching for the presence of a group of small DNA viruses infecting arthropods, the densoviruses (ii) an arthropod-centered approach at the scale of the ecosystem, using a viral metagenomic method to analyze viral communities associated with arthropods from different trophic levels from the same agroecosystems.My results showed that:(i) Densoviruses are spread throughout the animal kingdom - particularly in a wide diversity of arthropods - and are highly diverse genetically, which led to a better understanding of the evolutionary history of this group of viruses;(ii) A number of new viruses can be described in pests: the spider mite (Tetranychus urticae, Acari) from laboratory populations, as well as the green pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum, Hemiptera), the alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica, Coleoptera) and the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera, Lepidoptera) from natural populations sampled from alfalfa crops and grasslands. These studies also highlighted that specific viromes are associated with each pest species, and I characterized the distribution of some of these viruses in arthropod communities. In total, more than 60 new species of arthropod and plant viruses were discovered. Their evolutionary links with known virus species was characterized by phylogenetic analyzes.(iii) The work realized in (ii) also contributed to optimize a methodology to prepare and analyze viromes from multiplexed samples, that is particularly suitable to optimize the taxonomic allocation of sequences and thus reduce the "dark matter" that is inherent to viral metagenomics analyses
Cattaneo, Raffaela. "Effet du carbone suie sur les communautés virale et procaryotique dans les eaux marines côtières." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066579.
Full textGeorgelin, Ewen. "Couplage entre interactions antagonistes et mutualistes et dynamiques éco-évolutives des communautés." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066356/document.
Full textEcological communities involve an amazing diversity of organisms and interactions. Understanding how this diversity of interaction types (competition, mutualism or predation) affects the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of natural systems is an important challenge of community ecology. However, a large majority of works in community ecology theory considers interaction types separately. This thesis focus on the interplay between antagonism and mutualism. With a theoretical approach, small community models, including antagonistic and mutualistic interactions are built. These communities contain three species : one basal species (a plant) with an antagonist (herbivore) and a mutualistic species (pollinator). First, we study how the indirect effect between the two interaction types affects the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of communities in the currency of a disturbance. Second, we study the evolutionary dynamics of special traits, that are involved in each interaction type. Attractive traits or defensive traits of plants affect both interaction with pollinators and herbivores. We depict how the opposite selective pressures due to pollination and herbivory modify the evolution of these traits and show that they can lead to evolutionary diversification of plants. Following this diversification, the coevolutionary emergence of complex interaction networks is studied
Cauchi, Bernard. "Ecologie bactérienne d'un écosystème marin : Dynamique des communautés bactériennes hétérotrophes, analyse des données et essai de modélisation." Aix-Marseille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX2A001.
Full textLa, riviere Marie. "Les communautés bactériennes d'un holobionte méditerranéen, la gorgone rouge Paramuricea clavata : diversité, stabilité et spécificité." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4057.
Full textCoralligenous communities dominated by gorgonian species have been severely affected by diseases and mass mortality events linked to the current warming trends reported for the Mediterranean Sea. The characterization of the natural microbial compartment of this temperate gorgonian species becomes a crucial step in the evaluation of the bacterial contribution to health and functioning of the Paramuricea clavata holobiont.Under these circumstances, the global aim of this PhD work was to describe the interactions existing between the red gorgonian P. clavata and its associated bacteria in the Northwestern Mediterranean basin. The culture-independent analyses based on the bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA included (i) the characterization of spatiotemporal variation of the bacterial communities, (ii) the localization of the bacteria within host tissues, (iii) the evaluation of the stability of gorgonian-bacterial associations under stress conditions and (iv) the determination of the host-specificity of dominant bacteria in different sympatric gorgonian species (Eunicella singularis, Eunicella cavolini and Corallium rubrum).The results of this study highlighted that P. clavata and its microbiota form a holobiont in which host and bacteria live in close association. This association is spatiotemporally stable and maintained under stress conditions. Associated bacterial communities are mostly endosymbiotic and dominated by a bacterial ribotype belonging to a new genus within the Hahellaceae family that seems to be host-specific. These results suggest a particular role of this bacterial genus in the gorgonian holobionts
Maccario, Lorrie. "L'écosystème neige, structure et fonctionnement des communautés microbiennes du manteau neigeux en Arctique." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECDL0021/document.
Full textThe Arctic seasonal snowpack can extend at times over a third of the Earth’s land surface. This chemically dynamic environment interacts with different environmental compartments such as the atmosphere, soil and meltwater, and thus, strongly influences the entire biosphere. During the last decades, snow has been recognized as a microbial reservoir. The ecology of snow microorganisms however remains poorly understood. The main goal of this thesis was to investigate the snow as a functional ecosystem; i.e. a community of living organisms in conjunction with the non--‐living component of their environment and interacting as a system. In order to do so, microbial community taxonomic and functional composition of snow samples from two arctic snowpack models: seasonal snow from terrestrial fresh water snowpack (Ny--‐Alesund, Svalbard) and sea ice snow cover (Nuuk, Greenland) was analyzed using high throughput sequencing technologies. The first objective addressed microbial community heterogeneity in relation with fluctuating environmental conditions. Snow microbial community composition was highly variable during spring season and depth. The relationship between microbial functions and environmental conditions supports the hypothesis that the snow microbial community interacts with the abiotic variability characteristic of their habitat. The second objective addressed snow community specificity; if the snowpack is a functional ecosystem, then the microbial communities inhabiting it should have specific features related to their adaptation to the conditions of this environment, despite variability. The comparison of functional distribution between snow and both remote (polar and non polar) and closely interacting environments provided evidence of snowpack microbial community specificity. The third objective focused on environmental selection, given that the existence of a specific snow microbial community implies that one or more selective processes occur in the snowpack. Comparing the distribution of microbial community structure and function as related to the source of the microorganisms in a sea ice snow cover revealed that snow microbial communities were largely influenced by, yet differed from their seeding sources in response to specific environmental conditions. Mechanistic approaches with model microorganisms in snow microcosms were developed during this thesis and, based on preliminary results, will help to determine colonization processes within snowpack. Finally, preliminary results in the first section of Chapter 4 also showed that a high variability exists between the microorganisms present within the snowpack, and those that are active. Although technical and conceptual issues remain, RNA based high throughput sequencing was evaluated as an encouraging tool to evaluate short--‐term responses of microbial communities to environmental fluctuations. While numerous questions remain about microbial activity and complex community interactions, the results from this thesis support the hypothesis that snow is a functional ecosystem
Coste, Clother. "Écologie et fonctionnement des communautés lichéniques saxicoles-hydrophiles." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00745808.
Full textCoste, Clother. "Écologie et fonctionnement des communautés lichéniques saxicoles-hydrophiles." Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1624/.
Full textAlgae and fungi have formed lichens by symbiotic association, which, due to their ecological amplitude, have been able to colonise all environments. We propose that lichens subject to periods of immersion in river water be called "hydrophilic". The floristic compositions of hydrophilic lichen communities were defined by the annual duration of their immersion. The sub-hydrophilic groups were immersed for less than three months, the meso-hydrophilic groups for more than three months and less than ten months and finally the hyper-hydrophilic groups were immersed for more than ten months of the year. A phytosociological schema was created, based on three hundred surveys conducted by the integral sampling method. The lichens present at the various levels of embedment and river altitude form a class comprising of three phytosociological orders, characterised by the annual duration of immersion. Two alliances are defined for each of these orders, by bioclimatic stage. For each of these six alliances there are associations of several lichens, which are defined by their biotic characteristics. Due to their frequency of immersion and the significance of their recovery, four "model" lichens were selected (one aerial and three hydrophilic species). For the first time with regards to hydrophilic lichens, the flow of CO2 and O2 were quantified under different lighting, aquatic and aerial. Photosynthetic pigments and ergosterol were valued; the photochemical potential (psi PSII) response to the rate of hydration was qualified. The photosynthetic and respiratory activity of the hydrophilic lichens is comparable to the literature on aerial lichens. The hydrophilic lichens present rapid hydration-dehydration kinetics during transitions between immersion and exposure. Psi PSII proves to be very sensitive to these transitions. For all of the functions studied, significant differences appeared between the hyper and sub-hydrophilic lichens, whilst the meso-hydrophilic lichens behaved intermediately. Our results constitute the first ecological and functional characterisation of hydrophilic lichens. They will certainly be exploited and developed in order to provide a better understanding of the role of lichens in land surface colonisation by phanerogams
Gevrey, Muriel. "Modélisation de la diversité et de la structure des communautés aquatiques par la technique des réseaux de neurones artificiels." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066137.
Full textCilleros, Kévin. "Diversité et règles d'assemblage des communautés de poissons d'eau douce de Guyane." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30287/document.
Full textTropical ecosystems, especially Amazonian ecosystems, host a great diversity of terrestrial and aquatic organisms. However, the causes and the processes behind this high diversity for freshwater fish assemblages are little known, but their identification will be an asset in the assessment of anthropogenic impacts that are increasing in these regions. We studied the processes that shape the diversity and the structure of freshwater fish assemblages of non-impacted streams and rivers located in French Guiana. Within-assemblage diversity increased along an upstream/downstream gradient and was higher in sites where the habitat was diversified. Species identity changed along this gradient, which created zones along the stream. Spatial relationships between assemblages and their isolation also greatly impacted species assemblages. Using information about species traits (functional diversity) and their phylogenetic relationships (phylogenetic diversity), we showed that within-assemblage diversity was not influenced by the environment or by species interactions. We also confirmed that dispersal limitation, linked with the past history of drainage basins, had a strong effect on assemblage structure in both streams and in rivers. Future investigations on the processes structuring fish assemblages will need to acquire more exhaustive biological data, and therefore to develop an efficient, and non-destructive sampling method. To this aim, we evaluated the efficiency of environmental metabarcoding applied to aquatic assemblages (the molecular identification of species present from a water sample) and compared it to traditional sampling methods. Currently, metabarcoding gives complementary information to traditional sampling. It thus needs developments and further tests to increase its efficiency and allow its use for assembly processes studies. Pursuing the formalization of a conceptual framework to investigate assembly rules together with the development of an efficient fish sampling protocol are now needed to better understand the structure of tropical fish assemblages. Those theoretical and practical developments will contribute to better evaluate anthropogenic disturbances on aquatic ecosystems
Bandeira, Benjamim. "Ecologie des communautés zooplanctoniques au sein de deux écosystèmes littoraux méditerranéens : traitement des séries temporelles." Phd thesis, Toulon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00920257.
Full textRineau, François. "Etude des conséquences du chaulage sur la structure et le fonctionnement des communautés d’ectomycorrhizes des forêts des Vosges." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NAN10142/document.
Full textLiming is a forestry practice consisting in Ca and Mg amendment used to correct tree cation deficiency induced by soil acidity. Ectomycorrhizae (ECM) provides the tree with nutrients derived both from mineral and organic sources. The ECM community structure and functioning is closely linked to soil nutrient availability, which is considerably modified by liming. The aims of this study were to assess, in declining beech and spruce stands, the impact of liming on ECM community structure and functioning, and to determine if ECMs take part in the improvement of tree mineral nutrition. Results showed that liming was the second factor of sporocarp community structuration after tree host. Liming also decreased the abundance of ECM tips of acidophilic morphotypes and induced the dominance of more ubiquist ones (Clavulina cristata for spruce, Lactarius subdulcis for beech). These morphotypes were confined in the organomineral layer and specialized in the potential secretion of glucuronidase and laccase, respectively. For beech, liming significantly increased the potential oxalate secretion by ECMs, which highly depends on the activity of Lactarius subdulcis. This morphotype is thus suspected to play an important role in mineral weathering, all the more that it accumulated more nutrients in its mantle in the limed plots. Qualitative comparison of liming effects on soil properties, ECM community functioning and beech nutrition showed that ECMs, especially a single morphotype as Lactarius subdulcis, can play an important part in the improvement of tree health, especially concerning Ca and Mg uptake. Liming effects appeared to be site-specific depending on the soil fertility
Wertz, Sophie. "Impact d'une érosion de la diversité microbienne du sol sur le fonctionnement et la stabilité des communautés hétérotrophes, dénitrifiantes et nitrifiantes." Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10092.
Full textHenckel, Laura. "Effet de l'hétérogénéité des paysages agricoles (composition et configuration) et de l'intensification des pratiques culturales sur la structure des communautés écologiques (oiseaux et adventices) en systèmes intensifs tempérés." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS012.
Full textAgricultural areas represent essential habitats for many species, but the agricultural intensification of the last decades has caused a significant decline in biodiversity. This intensification has consequences both at the local level in fields (fertilizer, pesticides, ploughing, decrease in cultivated crop diversity) and at the landscape level (homogenization, decrease in semi-natural habitats) and impacts both the spatial and temporal levels (decrease in crop rotation complexity). The main objective of this PhD was (i) to identify the structuring processes of bird and weed communities in space and time in changing and heterogeneous landscapes; (ii) to assess crop heterogeneity effects (composition and configuration), (iii) and the impact of more extensive agricultural practices (organic farming) on the stability and diversity of bird communities. We first assessed the role of environment as it related to dispersal and structuring of bird communities. Our results show a strong dispersal effect in open agricultural landscapes, as opposed to a dominant structuring effect of environment in more wooded agricultural landscapes. We conclude that bird communities could be more structured by a « mass effect » process in changing landscapes and by a « species sorting » process in stable landscapes.Secondly, we analyzed crop composition and configuration effects in an inter-site study (comparison between eight study sites in Europe and Canada), enabling us to check the generality of the effects we observed. We studied whether or not landscape heterogeneity was dependent on the overall intensification level or on the proportion of semi-natural habitats of the region. Our results show a positive effect of crop composition complexity, interacting with the semi-natural habitats and intensification levels (more diversity in complex landscapes with wooded areas and low intensification levels).Thirdly, we compared the relative importance of spatial and temporal components, and we tried to identify potential stabilizing factors for bird communities in response to the instability and unpredictability of agricultural landscapes. Our hypothesis is that agricultural landscape heterogeneity can act to ensure the stabilization of the local communities. Our results show a significant species turnover in space and time, and highlight the fact that perennial landscape habitats (hedgerows) as well as complex landscape configurations contribute to the stabilization of local communities over time. Finally, we assessed the effects of less intensive agricultural practices (organic farming) on weed community diversity at the landscape level. We tested the hypothesis that organic fields can constitute refuge areas and maintain weed diversity in agricultural landscapes via the dispersal processes at the meta-community level. Our results show the positive effects of organic farming on the richness of weed species for both conventional and organic fields, but positive effects were more pronounced in field boundaries and for rare species.In conclusion, this thesis shows that potential solutions exist to conciliate production and biodiversity in agro-ecosystems (according to the « land sharing » hypothesis) by the preservation or the restoration of crop diversity associated with the conservation of semi-natural habitats, and by supporting less intensive farms which can constitute source areas of biodiversity
Rouger, Amélie. "Description et comportement des communautés bactériennes de la viande de poulet conservée sous atmosphère protectrice." Thesis, Nantes, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ONIR099F/document.
Full textControlling spoilage microorganisms, especially in raw meat products, is challenging for the food industry.Storage conditions such as modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) have selective effects on the microbiota dynamics. Thanks to the recent developmentof next generation sequencing methods widely used for characterizing microbes in different ecosystems, we studied bacterial community dynamics during chickenmeat storage.We developed a method to constitute a standard meat microbial ecosystem hosting known bacterial species previously described by 16S rRNA sequencing. Our results confirmed the presence of Brochothrix thermosphacta and Pseudomonas and we also showed the presence of subdominant species as Shewanella and Carnobacterium. We selected 2 bacterial communities enabling reproducible challenge tests on meat during 9 days of storage at 4°C under 3 different atmospheres currently used in the industry.Metatranscriptomic and metagenomic analyses were performed to know “Who is there?”, “What can they do?” and “What are they expressing?” depending on the gaseous mixtures and on the initial microbiota.Consequently, we could evaluate the impact of storage atmosphere on the microbiotas dynamics and on the functions the bacteria expressed, depending on the storage condition and on the nature of the bacterial communities present. This led to indications of optimized storage conditions of poultry meat by managing their ecosystems
Lauth, Jérémie. "Conflits et stabilité évolutive dans un mutualisme tripartite plante - fourmis- champignon." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0622/document.
Full textMutualisms, defined as interspecific interactions where each partner receives net benefices from their interactions, are central to the organization of earth biodiversity. Although globally beneficial for each partner, such interactions do not modify the inherent selfishness of species for their survival and reproduction, generating conflicts of interests between species. Thus understanding the ecological and the evolutionary processes maintaining positive outcomes in mutualisms is fundamental to understand how mutualisms shape earth biodiversity. However, scientific research on mutualisms has most of the time focused on interaction between pairs of species. Such knowledge is thus partial as mutualisms are embraced in a community context. My doctoral thesis takes place in this conceptual framework. I focused my research on the integration of a third fungal partner in protective interactions between ants and plants to evaluate its consequences on the ecological and evolutionary outcomes of such mutualisms, taken as multispecies interactions. I first focused my researches in defining the mutualistic interaction linking the fungal partner with its two other associates and in revealing any conflict of interests and their regulation that may emerge from such tripartite interactions. The interactions between the ants and the fungi can be qualified as a case of non-food fungiculture. The ants protect, provide food and disseminate the fungus, and the latter, thanks to its structural properties, allows the elaboration of galleries used that are then used as trap to capture preys. This phenomenon creates a conflict of interest in the allocation of the worker force, altering host plant benefits through a decrease of worker patrolling activity and consequently leaves protection and thus fitness. However, the role of the fungus in the nutrient transfers between ants and plants added to evolutionary responses from the plant allows regulating this conflict, stabilizing the net benefits towards the plant. Then I have concentrated my researches in understanding how evolutionary factors would modulate the ecological outcomes of such interactions. Taking into account the multispecific character of mutualisms changes radically the vision on the evolution of mutualisms when pair of species are considered. While it is widely accepted that specialization of mutualist species through coevolution reinforce the stability of the interaction and the net benefit of each partner, the multispecific context seems to deviate these predictions. Conversely, I show that specialization between three mutualistic partners can drive instability and decrease of benefits. Finally, the results of this thesis join the gap between two previously opposed concepts: diffuse coevolution and pairwise coevolution. I show that coevolution can happen between more than two species simultaneously and that it can drive mutlispecific specialization. Opposed to the diffuse coevolution, I show that contrasting selective pressures on a same trait from different partner can promote specialization of species
Génin, Alexandre. "Réseaux d'interactions écologiques, stabilité et résilience des écosystèmes." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG031/document.
Full textEcological systems are not simple but composed of many different elements(species, for example) interacting with each other. These networks ofinteractions exhibit structural properties that determine ecological systems’ability to absorb and recover from perturbations. Mappinginteractions along with their changes in time and space is therefore key tounderstand and predict empirical communities' response to global changes.In this thesis, we used plant communities as model systems (i) to explore howspatial patterns may help identify feedbacks loops which make communities morefragile to upcoming changes and (ii) to map species interactions in empiricalcommunities and describe how they change along stress gradients and recover fromperturbations. To do so, we used two datasets documenting plant communities insubalpine meadows (USA) and Mediterranean grasslands (France).Our results show that feedback loops can be inferred to some extent from thespatial patterns of plant communities and hence help identify communities thatmay respond more abruptly to perturbations. Going to a more detailed level ofdescription, plant-plant interactions (as measured through spatial associations)were shown to respond strongly and consistently to stress but exhibited a weakresilience to disturbances.This work shows that plant-plant interactions -- which are linked to the response of the community to perturbations -- can be uncovered using spatial patterns. It paves the way towards a better understanding and a better anticipation capacity of how ecological communities might reorganize when subject to disturbances
Milano, Vittoria. "Effets de la mosaïque paysagère proche, de l’histoire et des pratiques de gestion locales sur les communautés taxonomiques et fonctionnelles des Collemboles du sol des parcs urbains méditerranéens : les cas de Naples (Italie) et Montpellier (France)." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MON30088/document.
Full textUrbanization causes a huge diversity in landscapes, environmental conditions and green spaces history. This phenomena also induces different vegetation management practices, which may affect urban fauna. However, scarce attention has been paid to belowground communities in cities and Collembola hosted by soils of urban parks represent a neglected research topic. These taxa are very common in most soils and have been recognized as proper indicators for soil monitoring programs.The effects of diverse abiotic filters on Collembola in Naples and Montpellier public parks has been studied from both taxonomic and functional points of view. In particular, the PhD work was developed based on three principal axes, aiming to test the effects of:- the neighboring landscape context,- the park historical dynamics,- the current park management.The analyses carried out in Montpellier showed different neighboring landscape patterns to which belonged diverse species communities. Indeed, more heterogeneous landscape patterns guarantee the richest and most structured species communities.The study conducted in Naples highlighted that maintaining a specific land cover, especially a canopy cover, jointly to a litter layer on soils are the main factors assuring more structured species communities. To a less extent, park age and the previous land use of the area were also important drivers in modelling species assemblages.Finally, a functional analysis (i.e. morphological traits and microhabitat preferences) was applied to evaluate the brushwood management intensification in woody areas of both cities parks. A clear abiotic gradient was observed. By contrast, functional responses of Collembola communities to brushwood management intensification contradicted our research hypothesis based on the recent literature. Thus, it seems that brushwood removal does not cause shifts in species trait patterns in urban parks.This PhD work increased fundamental knowledge on urban park Collembola ecology, and it strives to integrate these findings in a more suitable landscaping and management of urban green spaces
Tous, Rius Armonie. "Ecologie fonctionnelle des communautés benthiques à Abra alba et Ophiothrix fragilis du bassin oriental de la Manche : variabilité spatio-temporelle et approche expérimentale." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10158/document.
Full textBenthic macrofauna plays a major role in the trophic and iogeochemical functioning of coastal sediments. This dissertation aimed to assess the role of benthic macrofauna in metabolic changes (oxygen and ammonium) at the sediment-water interface in two major macrobenthic communities of Eastern English Channel: the fine sand Abra alba and the sandy gravels community with patches of Ophiothrix fragilis. All along the study, oxygen and ammonium fluxes presented a spatial and seasonal variability mainly related to the particle size of the sediments, to seasonal temperature increase and to changes in the quantity/quality of the organic matter.Irrigation fluxes obtained (without effect of temperature and organic matter) are correlated with macrofaunal characteristics and three functioning hypothesis may apply within these two communities: diversity-stability, pop-rivet and idiosyncrasy. Isotope analysis performed showed that benthic organisms assimilate the same type of organic matter and that the trophic functioning is similar in these two communities. The variability of irrigation fluxes could be attributed to the presence of a few numerically dominant species or adequately represented in the two communities. It is therefore difficult to establish a single law in the functioning of the macrobenthic compartment for the whole Channel area. In terms of carbon budget, the respiration of these two macrobenthic communities and medium-fine sands (Ophelia borealis) is approximately 40% of pelagic primary production
Tardy, Vincent. "Lien entre la diversité microbienne, la stabilité des communautés microbiennes et le turnover des matières organiques du sol." Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOS081/document.
Full textSoil microbial communities act as important agents of the biological soil functioning, particularly through their involvements in the transformations of biogeochemical cycles (C, N, P…). In agro-ecosystems, the diversity of these communities is affected by perturbations associated to agricultural practices, and the significance of these modifications in terms of preservation of biological functioning and sustainability of agricultural systems has emerged as a central issue in the environmental sciences. Whereas the role of biodiversity has been well studied for macroorganisms, in particular for plants; the biodiversity/activity relationship is still largely unknown for soil microorganisms. However, in the current agro-ecological movement, this knowledge is needed to define new agricultural practices including a best management of microbial diversity for the sustainable use of agro-ecosystems. In this context, the objective of this Phd was to test the significance of microbial diversity for the stability (resistance/resilience) and the activity of microbial community (bacteria and fungi) involved in the turnover of soil organic matter, a major function for soil fertility, environment quality and global changes. From an experimental point of view, these issues were addressed by coupling laboratory with field experiments. In a first work, by manipulating microbial diversity in laboratory condition, we have shown that the stability of both microbial genetic structure and activity in response to different perturbations is positively linked to microbial diversity (i.e. number of species). This link was then validated by a sampling based on a field experiment that allowed us to demonstrate that (i) the soil microbial diversity can be modulated (increased or decreased) depending the intensity of land use management, and (ii) the mineralization of organic matter is more intense in the soil with the highest level of diversity. Finally, thanks to an experiment carried out in the field (SOERE-ACBB, Lusignan), we showed that the response of bacterial and fungal communities to wheat residues supply in terms of successions of microbial populations and activities of organic matter mineralization depends on the soil management history. These works provide new insights into the significance of microbial diversity (richness, composition) for the stability and the activity of communities involved in the soil organic matter turnover. They also suggest that the modulation of the diversity of soil microbial communities by agricultural practices, past or present, can significantly affect the turnover of soil organic matter
Viprey, Manon. "Phylogénie moléculaire et éléments de biogéographie de trois lignées importantes des communautés d’eucaryotes unicellulaires en milieu marin : les Chloroplastida, les Radiolaria et les Alveolata." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066098.
Full textGonzalez, Herrera Mailyn Adriana. "Etude de la diversité spécifique et phylogénétique de communautés de plantes ligneuses en forêt tropicale : apport des séquences ADN dans l'identification des espèces et l'étude des communautés." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/682/.
Full textThis dissertation is anchored in the global need for understanding mechanisms underlying plant diversity, as well as the need to develop technical tools that allow one to study diversity. The studies included in this dissertation were conducted at the sites of Nouragues & Paracou in the rainforest in French Guiana. One of the goals was to test the reliability of DNA barcoding as a tool in tropical plant species identification. DNA barcoding performance was tested for seven plastid markers and one nuclear marker over more than 250 angiosperm species. DNA markers correctly delimit species in about 70% of cases. Despite this imperfect success, DNA barcoding was useful to identify juveniles stages, provided an aid to identification at the herbarium, and reveal potential cryptic species. One major goal of this dissertation was to examine ecological mechanisms that drive species assembly beyond the regeneration phase, integrating for this purpose molecular information. This was done by comparing phylogenetic and species diversity patterns of saplings and trees. I found no changes in species or phylogenetic richness across sapling and tree assemblages. However, rare species were favored across these size classes, increasing species evenness at the tree layer. These results, indicates that negative density-dependence is driving species sorting from sapling to tree assemblages. Elucidation of this mechanism highlights the importance of ecological processes beyond the regeneration phase in the maintenance of biodiversity in tropical tree communities
Gaboyer, Frédéric. "Potentiels physiologiques et métaboliques de communautés microbiennes de sédiments de subsurface : approches culturale, génomique et métagénomique." Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0082/document.
Full textMicrobial communities inhabiting marine subsurface sediments were described up to 1922 mbsf (meters below the sea floor) andcould represent 0.6% of the total biomass. This microbial diversity, remaining elusive to cultivation, comprises groups specific to subsurface environments and groups of generalists found in contrasted habitats, all belonging to the 3 domains of life (Bacteria,Eukarya and Archaea). Although playing a major role in global geochemical cycles, the microbial ecology of the subseafloor remains largely unknown. The hostile conditions of subsurface sediments contrast with the descriptions of microbial activity andviability in the subseafloor. In this context, many questions related to the microbial physiology and the lifestyles of buried communities remain to be answered. The objective of this thesis was to better understand which adaptive strategies could be deployed by subseafloor microbial communities and to characterize their physiological potential. In that aim, 3 approaches were used.(1) A cultural approach enabled describing 2 novel sedimentary bacterial species (Halomonas lionensis, a versatile generalist and Phaeobacter leonis a typical marine bacterium). The survival of these 2 species to subseafloor conditions and of the subsurface bacteria Sunxiuqinia faeciviva, isolated at 247 mbsf, was then studied. (2) Using a structural and comparative genomic approach, the physiological plasticity of H. lionensis was investigated. (3) Finally, the functional potential of the microbial communities buried at 31 and 136 mbsf in the Canterbury Basin was analyzed, by studying the 2 corresponding metagenomes. Cultural and genomics results showed that H. lionensis and S. faeciviva are more resistant to subsurface constrains than P. leonis and, in the case of H. lionensis, this may involve various physiological properties, maybe explaining thee cological success of the genus Halomonas. Metagenomic data showed that the functional and the phylogenetic diversity of the subseafloor are distinct from the ones from surface environments and highlighted the importance of metabolic pathways like fermentation, methanogenesis and β-oxidation. Genes of ecological and evolutionary interests enabled speculating about lifestyles of buried microorganisms and analyses of genomic fragments highlighted recombination events of still uncultivated microbial groups
Rossi, Nadège. "Ecologie des communautés planctoniques méditerranéennes et étude des métaux lourds (Cuivre, Plomb, Cadmium) dans différents compartiments de deux écosystèmes côtiers (Toulon, France)." Toulon, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00439972/fr/.
Full textEcological studies of bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton are of major interest because these organisms constitute the food web basis. In coastal ecosystems, plankton communities are subjected to anthropogenic inputs which could influence their ecology. The framework of this study is plankton ecology and measurments of metal concentrations in different compartments of coastal ecosystems. An annual study (sampling twice a month) and a diel cycle were made in two neighbouring ecosystems differently affected by anthropogenic inputs, Little Bay and Large Bay of Toulon (France, north-west Mediterranean Sea), considering bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton communities. During the annual cycle, copper, lead and cadmium concentrations were measured in seawater, suspended particulate matter, bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton. Results showed that plankton ecology was principally influenced by meteorological conditions, both bays showing a different functioning because of their geomorphology. Plankton density was higher in Little Bay than in Large Bay, whereas diversity was higher in Large Bay than in Little Bay. Concerning metals, the in situ study showed metal concentrations higher in Little Bay than in Large Bay whatever the compartment studied. Some biological factors as density, taxonomic composition and the place where organisms live, showed an influence on the metal composition of plankton communities. Bacteria and phytoplankton showed great capacities to concentrate metals, in particular for copper and lead. In contrast, zooplankton constituted a break in the metal bioaccumulation along the food web. Finally, the important role of the suspended particulate matter as a metal trap was confirmed, showing the importance of working on pure plankton samples to have a good estimation of metal concentrations in the different plankton compartments
El, Mostafa Benmoussa. "Ecologie des communautés périphytiques : étude en laboratoire et en milieu naturel des conditions de développement et des caractéristiques de fonctionnement de trois types de biodermes." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30279.
Full textNOWACZYK, Antoine. "Communautés métazooplanctoniques de la zone épipélagique de deux environnements contrastés, le plateau des Kerguelen et la mer Méditerranée : caractérisation, distribution spatiale et rôle dans l'écosystème." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille Université, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00745294.
Full textCornuault, Josselin. "Biodiversité, biogéographie et évolution des hémosporidies dans l'océan Indien." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1845/.
Full textUnderstanding biodiversity patterns is one of the major goals of ecology. Despite our increasing knowledge in the fields of evolutionary biology and ecology, the complexity and the multiplicicty of the processes underlying the assemblage of ecological systems continue to puzzle scientists. The field of biogeography has developed in an attempt to explain present species distributions by unravelling the factors involved in community assembly. The work presented in this manuscript aims at describing and understanding which processes were involved in the building of insular parasite communities. It specifically focuses on hemosporidian blood parasites infecting birds of the Indian Ocean and provides new insights into the processes explaining parasite diversity in insular systems. Results suggest that the hemosporidian communities of the Mascarene archipelago were assembled through a combination of multiple colonisations and in-situ diversifications. In particular, a group of Leucocytozoon parasites found their way to a number of islands in the Indian Ocean by following their Zosterops hosts in their evolutionary radiation. Such congruence of biogeographical histories of hosts and parasites has never been described in hemosporidians and allowed the identification of several co-divergence events, offering the possibility to date the parasite radiation and to propose a rate of molecular evolution for the parasites. Leucocytozoon parasites are also reported to be more diverse than Plasmodium in the Mascarene archipelago. This pattern may be the result of earlier and more numerous colonisations by Leucocytozoon. Alternatively, a lower turnover rate in Leucocytozoon could induce the same pattern. Finally, two lineages of Leucocytozoon are geographically segregated within the island of Réunion and we show that this pattern cannot be due to the sole effect of environmental factors and we suggest that competition or differential vector preference be involved
Sauret, Caroline. "Ecologie des communautés bactériennes marines soumises à une pollution pétrolière : influence des facteurs environnementaux, de la prédation et de la récurrence des pollutions." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066582.
Full textRossi, Nadège. "Écologie des communautés planctoniques méditerranéennes et étude des métaux lourds (Cuivre, Plomb, Cadmium) dans différents compartiments de deux écosystèmes côtiers (Toulon, France)." Phd thesis, Université du Sud Toulon Var, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00439972.
Full textBas, Yves. "Décomposition des effets des changements des paysages et des pratiques d'exploitation sur la biodiversité des milieux agricoles et forestiers." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066339.
Full textMuller, Isabelle. "Restauration de marais temporaires et de pelouses méso-xériques à partir d'anciennes rizières : Rôle respectif des filtres dans l'assemblage des communautés." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00981348.
Full textBernadou, Abel. "Du micro-paysage au paysage : approche éthologique et écologique de l'impact des hétérogénéités spatiales du milieu sur les fourmis." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOU30132.
Full textWhatever the scale at which it is considered, the natural environment of an animal constitutes a landscape whose structure is composed of many spatial heterogeneities that can be related either to the biotic or abiotic factors of the environment. These heterogeneities can significantly affect the movement of animals but they can also influence their decision when choosing a habitat. Our work constitutes a multiscale study of the impact of environmental heterogeneities on ants. It combines methods from both ethology and ecology in a bottom-up approach whose ambition is to make a link between the behaviour of ants, both at the individual and collective level, and their distribution in the natural environment
Jézéquel, Céline. "Les communautés de poissons du bassin de l'Amazone : habitats aquatiques, gradients de diversité, facteurs et processus associés et options de conservation." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30182.
Full textThe aquatic biodiversity of the Amazon basin, the largest and most species rich river basin on Earth, is still relatively poorly documented despite all the attention received from the international scientific community. Knowledge about the spatial distribution of species, and in particular of freshwater fishes, is very fragmented and dispersed between countries and institutions. The distribution of river forms has been also poorly explored at the scale of the entire basin, its continental dimension limiting the acquisition of field data. Improving the knowledge on the distribution of biodiversity and aquatic habitats in the basin is however a crucial step to better understand the factors and processes behind species diversification, identify priority areas for conservation (biodiversity hotspots) and assess the species vulnerability to global changes. This thesis work aims to reduce these significant knowledge gaps
Tixier, Guillaume. "L' acidification anthropique des eaux de surface : effets sur les communautés de macro invertébrés benthiques : Autoécologie et réponses d'espèces caractéristiques des ruisseaux de tête de bassin des Vosges." Metz, 2004. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2004/Tixier.Guillaume.SMZ0433.pdf.
Full textDespite the recent reduction of SO2 and NOx emissions, anthropogenic acidification of freshwater ecosystems remains a major ecological problem in several countries. In the Vosges Mountains, it still represents the first cause of headwater stream perturbation. Many researches have focused on the effects of acidification on the composition and structure of macroinvertebrate communities. In this way, it has been shown that the biodiversity (richness) of most invertebrate taxonomic groups has been severely impoverished in acidified ecosystems. To explain the modification of invertebrate assemblages, different types of response (not exclusive) have been proposed. 1) direct lethal and sublethal effects of acidification (i. E. High [H+] and [Al] and low [Ca]) leading to the disruption of important physiological functions (e. G. Ion-regulation, respiration), 2) indirect effects through changes in the quality and quantity of aquatic food resources. 3) indirect effects resulting from change in biotic interactions such as competition and/or predation. If the first hypothesis has been well studied, indirect effects and their consequences on ecosystem functioning have received little interest. In fact, studies performed on the field and using high level of taxon determination as well as autoecological aspects which are essential to understand these processes remain scarce. Our study accounts for more complex responses of macro invertebrates to acidification than previously reported. In particular, it reveals that some given taxa could be “acid-benefiting”. In this way, it confirms the major importance of indirect effects such as competition and predation leading to the modification of macro-invertebrate assemblages in acidic ecosystems. Moreover, it provides important informations on several autoecological traits, especially concerning their life history and feeding habits in pristine and acidified ecosystems. Our study emphasizes the crucial need of such fundamental aspects in understanding ecological processes, in particular when assessing the effects of freshwater acidification, and in the future the possible recovery of running water ecosystems from acidification
Muller, Isabelle. "Restauration de marais temporaires et de pelouses méso-xériques à partir d’anciennes rizières : Rôle respectif des filtres dans l'assemblage des communautés." Thesis, Avignon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AVIG0329/document.
Full textEcological restoration is considered as one approach to slow down the loss of biodiversity. Changes in land-uses may be an opportunity to restore ecosystems degraded by agricultural activities. This is the case of the participatory project of the Cassaïre site, located in the Rhône delta, which aims at recreating Mediterranean ecosystems favorable to hunting on former ricefields. Two ecosystems are targeted, temporary wetlands and meso-xeric grasslands. The aims of the thesis are to highlight the main drivers of plant community establishment, to test restoration techniques and to evaluate their effects on plant communities but also on other compartments of the ecosystem. In the absence of target species in the regional species pool, the introduction of these species is necessary in addition to the restoration of abiotic conditions. Topsoil removal and soil transfer for wetland communities allow an increase of target species and of similarity with the reference community. This technique appears to be less relevant for aquatic invertebrate community. The contrasted successful of soil transfer highlights the risks of favoring some indicators of restoration success, as they may not reflect the entire ecosystem. Topsoil removal and hay transfer seem to be a relevant combination to recreate grassland plant community, although the results obtained are less convincing than for temporary wetland, probably due to high competition. Our results, obtained in mesocosms, even if they relate only to the early stages of recovery, provide restoration techniques that seem relevant to establish some components of the two reference ecosystems. These results, by their limitations, however, suggest focusing on in situ conservation of natural habitats rather than trying to restore them after they were destroyed.Keywords: Biodiversity, Community ecology, Restoration
Denis, Thomas. "Organisation des communautés de moyens et grands vertébrés en relation avec l'hétérogénéité des forêts de terre ferme de Guyane." Thesis, Guyane, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017YANE0004/document.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis was to study the influence of Guianan terra firme rainforests types on medium- and large-sized vertebrates community organization. First, we choose a model species which permitted to develop an appropriate abundance estimation method which take into account the imperfect detection and temporary immigration of mobile species, and to test environmental conditions effects at different spatial scales of analysis. Second, given that bias due to animal detection can be important in the abundance estimation, we determinated the relative role of environmental conditions and species biological traits on detection probability. From this methodological framework, we studied then processes of community organization, by identifying the main determinants involved in community organization, using composition and alpha and beta diversities, and, in a complementary manner, three metrics (taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic). We sought from these general framework to determinate the relative role of environmental conditions and historical contingency, responsible for the current community organization, and to test the forest refugia hypothesis. Finally, we downscaled the analysis to determinate, and tried to disentangle the effects of environmental conditions and interspecific interactions on species co-occurrence. We used then functional traits to test the relationship between species co-occurrence and similarities.This thesis highlights the important role of historical contingency and facilitation in the structure of regional diversity and the local assembly processes of medium- and large-sized vertebrates, respectively, in French Guiana
Defrize, Jérémy. "Camouflage chez les araignées crabe : approche sensorielle, comportementale et écologique." Thesis, Tours, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOUR4044/document.
Full textMisumena vatia is assumed for more than a century to adapt its colouration to the colour of its substrate in order to decrease the risk of being detected by prey and predators. However, a discrepancy exists between the large quantity of works on its ecology, its fame as an expert of camouflage and the empirical knowledge about its cryspis and colour change mechanisms. The aim of this thesis was therefore to study crypsis from a community sensory perspective, using an approach combing physiology, behaviour and colour vision models. We showed that if M. vatia was undetectable at long distance through achromatic vision, the chromatic contrast value is quite dependent of both substrates and receiver identities. Electrophysiological recordings and behavioural choices all concur to show that M. vatia is able to see colours. Spiderlings use this ability for making choices among coloured backgrounds diminishing its conspicuousness to potential prey. Finally, the results of this thesis are discussed in an evolutionary and physiological context
Lehours, Anne-Catherine. "La communauté procaryotique dans les zones anoxiques de deux écosystèmes lacustres : structure et diversité. Etude plus particulière de son rôle fonctionnel dans le monimolimnion." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00703327.
Full textGuitet, Stéphane. "Diversité des écosystèmes forestiers de Guyane française : distribution, déterminants et conséquences en termes de services écosystémiques." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS183/document.
Full textFrench Guiana forest presents a high originality in terms of biodiversity, a good state of preservation, a strong contribution to the overall Amazonian carbon stocks and a very fast socio-economic dynamic. However, our knowledge about forest ecosystems diversity remains insufficient to ensure an optimal management of the various ecosystems and of the services they may provide across the territory. This thesis aims to answer this central issue by studying the diversity of forest ecosystems at the scale of the entire forested area of French Guiana. Specifically we targeted highlighting the factors that determine ecosystems variability and evaluating the consequences of this variability in terms of ecosystem services and management.Firstly, we bring out complex patterns of diversity at different scales including strong floristic variation at the regional scale, using a recent forest inventories campaign (2006-2013) that has been conducted according to a stratified sampling design which includes 3,132 0.2ha-plots covering the whole territory. Our results verify the hypothesis of a strong control of forest beta and alpha diversity by geomorphology, especially at the landscape scale and for dominant species (Simpson metric). This first step required several preliminary methodological developments including an assessment of the taxonomic uncertainty in forest inventories, and spatial models to accurately characterize the geomorphological context at various scales.Secondly, we aimed at interpreting the influence of geomorphological landscapes on the composition of forest vegetation by exploring the relationship between geomorphology and soils. Using about 450 soil sampling locations coupled with the forest inventory plots, we demonstrated that nature and properties of soils are dependent on geomorphological landscapes and locally distributed along regional elevation gradients. A significant soil filtering effect was found underlying the geomorphological influence on forest composition and diversity. However, a major part of this influence proved to be independent of soil filtering and is interpreted as a combination of two mechanisms at two different time-scales: (i) the control of forest turn-over by the geomorphological dynamics during the Late Quaternary and (ii) the integration of biogeographic effects under the influence of tectonic evolution and ancient climate changes.Last of all, we addressed the consequences of the analysed biotic and abiotic variations, which combine into habitats diversity on forest management and on the variability of ecosystem services provided by forests, particularly for carbon storage in biomass and soils. The amount of carbon stored is highly variable at local scale but proves to be significantly influenced by habitats diversity at the landscape level. This regulation service is related with the local species richness (pertaining to the category of support services) and the amount of usable wood (pertaining to the category of supply services). Complex relationships, including correlations and compromises, are evidenced between these different services. This illustrates the variability of the responses of ecosystem services to the habitats diversity.Finally our work allowed us to provide a new typology of natural habitats present in French Guiana forest and to propose suggestions in order to improve land uses and multifunctional forest management in French Guiana
Mirabel, Ariane Sandrine. "Réponse et résilience de la biodiversité d'une Forêt Tropicale après Perturbation Inescapable Taxonomists : Workable Biodiversity Management Based on a Minimum Field Work Post-Disturbance Tree Community Trajectories in a Neotropical Forest 30 Years of Post-disturbance Recruitment in a Neotropical Forest." Thesis, Guyane, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018YANE0006.
Full textForest are currently threatened by the global changing context. Maintain the goods and services they provide require clarifying tree community diversity response to disturbance, that determine forest functioning, maintenance and resilience. This is specifically crucial in tropical forests that are both the most threatened regions and those with the highest environmental, social and economic stakes. In this context, this work studies the taxonomic and functional response to disturbance of a Neotropical community. Through post-disturbance diversity trajectories in the long term we examined the ecological processes underlying community response to disturbance, explicit the taxonomic and functional aspects of community recovery, and eventually discussed some perspectives for forest management and modeling. From the monitoring dataset of the Paracou experimental station in French Guiana we examined tree community response to disturbance over the thirty years following a disturbance gradient. First, we developed and tested a diversity estimator tackling the taxonomic uncertainties of forest inventories and improving the accuracy of biodiversity surveys. The estimator based on botanical/vernacular association probability to account of taxonomic uncertainties in various diversity measurement framework. The estimator, further used in this worked, was first calibrated to improve the estimation accuracy and was then validated with real forest inventories. The results allowed designing an inventory protocol optimizing the cost of inventories and the accuracy of the diversity measure. Second, we analyzed the post-disturbance taxonomic and functional trajectories of diversity, composition and redundant at the scale of the whole community. We combined the 30 years of botanical inventories with a large functional dataset encompassing key leaf, root, wood and life-history functional traits. Eventually, we specifically analyzed the post-disturbance recruitment processes and the diversity and composition succession.We highlighted the emergence after disturbance of deterministic processes driving community taxonomic and functional response to disturbance. Deterministic processes favored the recruitment of a restricted pool of pioneer species, similar for to all communities and disturbance intensity. Around fifteen years after disturbance, the recovery of community initial characteristics started with the recovery of stochastic processes driving non-disturbed communities. At the whole-community scale, this succession translated into a cyclic trajectory of taxonomic composition leading to a recovery of the pre-disturbance composition and a maintenance of differences among communities. Disturbance increased both taxonomic richness and evenness until an intensity threshold above which, in accordance with the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis, the taxonomic richness decreased and the pioneers became persistently dominant. The functional trajectories however proved decoupled from taxonomic trajectories. Functional diversity increased whatever the disturbance, without any intensity threshold, and functional composition trajectories converged in the functional space without marked differences among communities. This decoupling was explained by the functional redundancy that mitigated the functional impact of disturbance and proved to be the slow parameter of tropical forest recovery.Our results showed a tangible taxonomic and functional recovery of communities after the gradient of disturbance but this recovery proved decades-long. In the light of those results, we discussed the practices of sustainable forest management and several perspectives of forest diversity modeling
Baudoin, Marie-Ange. "Etude de l'adaptation aux changements climatiques des populations rurales africaines :le cas de communautés agricoles au sud du Bénin." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209746.
Full textCette recherche s’intéresse essentiellement à l’aspect pragmatique du concept d’adaptation aux changements climatiques, questionnant la réalité de l’adaptation – ou de la non adaptation – des populations à l’échelle locale. Pour ce faire, nous avons axé l’étude autour d’enquêtes de terrain menées dans le sud du Bénin, au sein de communautés rurales agricoles. Nous avons analysé la vulnérabilité climatique des populations à des aléas relevant de la variabilité du climat, qui semble s’être accentuée récemment. L’analyse repose sur le recours à un cadre d’analyse s’inspirant des approches contextuelles et top-down utilisées, dans la littérature récente, pour étudier la vulnérabilité aux changements climatiques. Ces approchent complémentaires permettent d’étudier la vulnérabilité initiale d’une société, fragilisée alors par de nouveaux stress qui émergent dans le contexte du réchauffement global.
Au final de cette recherche, nous avons mis en évidence les causes de la vulnérabilité climatique de populations sud-béninoises, causes situées à différentes échelles (locales à internationales), ainsi que les facteurs favorisant l’émergence de stratégies d’adaptation au climat :l’étude de ces facteurs inclut l’impact des politiques internationales de soutien à l’adaptation aux changements climatiques sur des populations locales du Bénin. Il ressort, en conclusions, que la vulnérabilité des sociétés doit s’étudier en regard de facteurs situés aux échelles locales, nationales et internationales, influençant les conditions de vie au sein de villages et favorisant la vulnérabilité des populations aux stress climatiques pouvant relever du réchauffement global. Dans nos cas d’étude, les populations sont vulnérables de par certains facteurs socio-économiques influençant les conditions de vie dans les villages, et, sur le plan de l’encadrement institutionnel, de par la faiblesse des structures de l’Etat, décentralisées :celles-ci se sont révélées peu présentes dans les villages étudiés, n’assurant pas le développement socio-économique et agricole à l’échelle locale. La vulnérabilité des populations qui en résulte est alors amplifiée par certains aléas climatiques spécifiques, accentuant la variabilité climatique et provoquant une certaine imprévisibilité au niveau de la pluviométrie. Réduire la vulnérabilité climatique des populations, y compris à des aléas qui pourront s’amplifier au cours des prochaines années, implique dès lors des actions se situant à différentes échelles – l’échelle locale, mais également visant certains aspects du fonctionnement de l’Etat béninois – et relevant à la fois, spécifiquement, de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques et, plus généralement, du développement socio-économique et institutionnel.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Capdeville, Cécile. "Evaluation des capacités de résistance et de résilience de l'écosystème mangrove en réponse à des apports d'eaux usées domestiques prétraitées." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30093/document.
Full textMangroves are coastal forests in (sub)tropical regions, located in the intertidal zone. They provide a many ecosystem services to human societies and neighboring ecosystems (resources, habitats, protection). Mangroves are continually affected by natural stresses (salinity, temperature, tidal cycle) but they are also subjected to anthropogenic effluents (aquaculture, urban centers). It was suggested that mangroves may be used for the bio-epuration of domestic wastewaters. This thesis aims at providing elements that will help defining the framework for this specific usage of a natural ecosystem and evaluating the long- and short-term resistance and resilience abilities of mangroves subjected to an anthropic disturbance. To reach these objectives, we used an experimental system set up in the largest mangrove of the island Mayotte. In this system, pretreated wastewaters (PW) are daily discharged in two mangrove zones dominated by Ceriops tagal or Rhizophora mucronata. Several sampling campaigns allowed to monitor in situ the impact of nutrient and freshwater excess on vegetation, crabs, meiofauna, and microbial communities and to determine their resistance and resilience capacities. In this work, PW strongly stimulated vegetation growth, altered the structure of crabs and meiofauna, modified the microbial structure and increased microbial density and activity of microorganisms involved in nitrogen cycle. However, no major dysfunction of the ecosystem (loss of vegetation, strong decrease in crab density) was observed. The monitoring of the ecosystem during two years after the PW discharge was stopped showed a marked ability of the mangrove to recover from the disturbance. Finally, the results indicate that R. mucronata mangrove zone, less disturbed, is more able to receive discharges for bio-epuration of domestic PW by mangrove ecosystem
Salas, Lopez Alex. "Effets de l’anthropisation sur la diversité fonctionnelle des fourmis et leur participation dans des processus écosystémiques." Thesis, Guyane, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016YANE0004/document.
Full textLand-use changes have deep consequences on species diversity, community structure and ecosystem functioning. Consequently, many works have tried to understand the effects of such changes on the diversity and functional properties of organisms. It has been demonstrated that species traits are oftenly more important than the identity of species per se in order to account understand the ecological roles of species. Besides, while the majority of assessments about land-use change effects on ecosystem functioning have focused on primary producers, the contribution of other organisms is essential to maintain the functioning and resilience of ecosystems.Ants are interesting organisms to track land-use changes due to their abundance, ubiquity and ecological dominance. Ants are present in most of terrestrial biomes and participate in several ecosystem processes through their consumption of food resources. They are also easy to sample and standard methods exist to provide accurate comparisons between studies. While a number of studies have demonstrated abrupt changes in ant species composition along environmental gradients, only a reduced number of such studies have tried to understand how ant community changes affect ecosystem processes. Moreover, the traits responsible for the stability of ant communities in response to land-use changes are little known. It is therefore necessary to develop a methodology that enables a proper identification of ant participation to different ecosystem processes and their contribution to ecosystems’ resistance and resilience.In this thesis I aim to bring some light about i) how land-use changes affect ant community structure? ii) what traits are responsible of the ecological success of a species or it’s extinction from a given environment? iii) how changes in the species or trait composition affect the participation intensity of ants in different ecosystem processes ?
Chollet, Simon. "De la mise en évidence à la gestion de l'effet de cerf Leçons pratiques et théoriques fournies par l'introduction du cerf à queue-noire sur Haïda Gwaii." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01058725.
Full textJorissen, Hendrikje. "Comprendre l’association algue coralline – corail : des espèces clés aux médiateurs chimiques et microbiens." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLP025.
Full textCrustose coralline algae (CCA) are commonly associated with healthy reefs and play an important role in benthic systems by guiding settlement of many habitat forming or ecologically important organisms, including corals. However, the ability of CCA to induce coral settlement is not ubiquitous among CCA species. Corals exhibit settlement preferences for certain CCA species. These preferences demonstrate the capacity of coral larvae to discriminate among CCA species and raise the question of the mechanisms involved. Despite the enormous variety of CCA species on coral reefs, little is known about the diversity of their associated chemicals and microbes and the ecological role of these compartments, notably for coral recruitment. Chapter 2 of this thesis investigated the microbial and chemical composition of six CCA species, which occupy different ecological niches on the coral reefs of Moorea (French Polynesia), and how these two compartments (i.e., microbial and chemical) relate to successful settlement success of Acropora cytherea larvae. Results showed settlement was highest on the cryptic CCA species Titanoderma prototypum and that practically no larvae settled on exposed CCA species. While all CCA species had distinct metabolic fingerprints and contained high metabolic diversity, the metabolomic diversity and richness of T. prototypum were significantly higher than those of the other CCA species. T. prototypum also hosted a significantly higher bacterial diversity than the other CCA species, and contained a higher abundance of bacteria that potentially produce antibacterial compounds. The presence of these bacteria could inhibit coral pathogens, which in turn could enhance the survival of coral settlers. Thus, coral settlement is a complex process of biochemical communications between CCA, their associated microbial surface communities and coral larvae. Despite widespread acceptance that CCA positively influence coral recruitment success, there are no experimental data on the effects of CCA species on late post-settlement survival and growth of corals. Chapter 3 tested the impact of four CCA species from two habitats (exposed and subcryptic) on the survival and growth of Pocillopora recruits. CCA had a contrasting effect on the survival of coral recruits depending on habitat and recruit size. In subcryptic habitats, CCA can reduce the survival and/or growth of coral recruits via direct competitive overgrowth, while, in exposed habitats, they can enhance coral recruitment by alleviating competition with turf algae. Importantly, this study demonstrated that not all CCA species are beneficial to the survival and growth of coral recruits and that there is considerable variability in both the outcome and process of competition between CCA and corals. Chapter 4 and 5 focused on investigating whether two environmental stressors, ocean acidification (OA) and hypoxia, respectively, impact the coral-CCA association by disrupting larval settlement behavior and recruitment of two coral species (A. cytherea and A. pulchra) on an otherwise preferred and beneficial CCA species (T. prototypum). Larvae of both coral species avoided bottom exploration and settlement in low pH environments. They avoided bottom exploration in reduced oxygen environments and settled on T. prototypum fragments only in oxygen rich environments, with settlement rates increasing exponentially with oxygen concentrations. These results indicate that low oxygen and low pH areas can negatively influence coral settlement success and that oxygen and pH act as chemical cues for coral larval orientation and settlement. This thesis aids to better understand the role of CCA, micro-organisms and chemicals in the fine-scale dynamics of coral recruitment now and under future ocean conditions. It highlights that CCA-coral interactions are complex processes that are likely mediated by chemicals and microbes and these interactions can be affected by changing environments
Coin, Raphae͏̈l. "Variabilité spatio-temporelle des communautés végétales artificielles sur les ouvrages des aménagements hydroélectriques : enseignements en vue d'améliorer les techniques de végétalisation." Grenoble 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992GRE10140.
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