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Academic literature on the topic 'Ecologie et stabilité des communautés'
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Journal articles on the topic "Ecologie et stabilité des communautés"
Mamoudou, Mouhamadou Aminou. "Coopération Transfrontalière et Mécanismes de Prévention et de Résolution des Conflits Entre les Communautés du Nord-Cameroun et du Nord-Nigeria : cas des Peuls, Mafa et Kanouri." International Journal of Conflict Management 5, no. 1 (April 7, 2024): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijcm.1796.
Full textBouranane, Brahim, and Laala Ramdani. "LE ROLE DE RESSOURCES HUMAINES DANS UNE DEMARCHE DE DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE." Dirassat Journal Economic Issue 2, no. 2 (November 1, 2011): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.34118/djei.v2i2.655.
Full textBulle, Sylvaine. "Espace et mémoire collective à Jérusalem." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 61, no. 3 (June 2006): 583–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0395264900003188.
Full textCallan, Eamonn. "Réconciliation et éthique de la mémoire publique." Articles 29, no. 2 (May 9, 2003): 311–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/006258ar.
Full textTindano, Elycée, Aїssata Traore, and Paulin Ouoba. "Ecologie et mécanismes d’adaptation à la sécheresse de <i>Caralluma adscendens</i> N.E.Br. à l’Ouest du Burkina Faso." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 17, no. 6 (January 18, 2024): 2412–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v17i6.22.
Full textSavard, Jacinthe, Lynn Casimiro, Josée Benoît, and Pier Bouchard. "Évaluation métrologique de la Mesure de l’offre active de services sociaux et de santé en français en contexte minoritaire." Reflets 20, no. 2 (November 26, 2014): 83–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1027587ar.
Full textHanawalt, Barbara A., and Ben R. McRee. "The guilds of homo prudens in late medieval England." Continuity and Change 7, no. 2 (August 1992): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416000001557.
Full textMays, Herbert J. "“A Place to Stand”: Families, Land and Permanence in Toronto Gore Township, 1820-1890." Historical Papers 15, no. 1 (April 26, 2006): 185–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030857ar.
Full textWion, Anaïs. "L’autorité de l’écrit pragmatique dans la société chrétienne éthiopienne (xve-xviiie siècle)." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 74, no. 3-4 (September 2019): 559–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ahss.2020.51.
Full textIyembo Nginda, Rodrigue. "La pensée systémique des transitions appliquée à l’est de la RDC : Un modèle de la résistance a la résilience." Acta Europeana Systemica 9 (July 7, 2020): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/aes.v9i1.56093.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Ecologie et stabilité des communautés"
Jun, Raphael. "Les mousses et lichens des dunes grises atlantiques :Caractéristiques structurales, Dynamique et Typologie fonctionnelle des communautés." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00097044.
Full textdes processus de colonisation. Le littoral dunaire atlantique français se développe sur environ 500
kilomètres du nord au sud. La végétation de dune grise est présente sur la partie de dune fixée, sous la forme de pelouse rase à plantes xérotolérantes. Un observatoire des mousses et des lichens sur neuf dunes non boisées du littoral atlantique de la France a été mis en place afin d'identifier les patrons de distribution des espèces de mousses et lichens en fonction des dynamiques du milieu.
L'analyse des patrons de distribution de la végétation sur la zone d'étude, le long d'un transect allant de la plage à la frange forestière, montre que les mousses et lichens se distribuent en cinq communautés à stratégies de vie identifiables par leurs traits biologiques ainsi que leur relation significative avec certains paramètres pédologiques. La position de chaque groupe dans certaines parties de dunes traduit des modifications dans la composition chimique de la couche superficielle du
substrat par la mise en évidence des gradients trophique, d'acidification et de décalcification de la plage à la dune boisée.
L'approche diachronique par le suivi des communautés de mousses et de lichens, ainsi que les relations entre les analyses de sol et les espèces et certains traits communs de réponse des espèces aux perturbations, suggèrent que la structure des communautés et les mécanismes participant à la fixation du milieu sont reliés aux conditions abiotiques du milieu qui varient en fonction du temps, aux stratégies de vie des espèces et aux perturbations. Les différentes communautés mises en évidence reflètent trois états de stabilité.
L'analyse des interactions biotiques au sein des communautés confirme que les lichens prennent une
part importante dans les processus de maturation de l'écosystème. De part leur zonation spatiale précise, leurs organisations et leurs rôles éventuels dans l'écosystème, les communautés bryolichéniques terricoles peuvent être considérées comme ayant un rôle clé de voûte dans le fonctionnement des dunes grises.
Les communautés bryolichéniques terricoles permettent de préciser une typologie des dunes littorales et d'évaluer leurs états dynamiques. Les résultats obtenus peuvent contribuer à obtenir un diagnostic écologique sur les dunes. Ils rendent possible des décisions de gestion du milieu et confirment l'intérêt du rôle indicateur des mousses et lichens pour le gestionnaire.
Maurent, Eliott. "Des forêts tropicales et des humains dans les Amériques : trajectoires de réponse aux perturbations anthropiques de la diversité et de la composition des arbres. Of tropical forests and humans in the Americas : response trajectories of tree diversity and composition to anthropogenic disturbances." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023AGPT0014.
Full textTropical forests face more frequent and intense anthropogenic disturbances, such as selective logging, namely the felling and harvesting of a few commercially valuable trees in old-growth forests, while the remaining stand is left for natural regeneration. Many studies focused on this regeneration, particularly on the recovery of carbon and timber stocks, most likely due to a strong interest in climate change mitigation and logging profitability. However, despite the crucial role of biodiversity for ecosystem maintenance and functioning - and its intrinsic value - there have been few studies on the impact of selective logging on biodiversity. Therefore, this thesis - organised in three studies - aimed at characterising the response of tree diversity and composition to logging in tropical American forests.First, we drew upon the long-term forest inventories (1986-2021, trees with a diameter at breast height ≥ 10 cm) from Paracou experimental station to build a Bayesian modelling framework of tree diversity and composition trajectories after selective logging. Paracou is located in French Guiana and was disturbed by silvicultural treatments of different intensities in 1986-1987. We propagated in our Bayesian framework the uncertainty associated with botanical determination and functional trait measurements, and modelled Paracou trajectories of taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional tree diversity and composition at the species level, relatively to their pre-disturbance levels. Additionally, we assessed the effect of pre-disturbance tree community characteristics, biophysical conditions and disturbance properties on our forest attribute trajectories. Second, we used a simplified version of the aforementioned Bayesian modelling framework on long-term forest inventories from sample plots located in Costa Rica and three Amazonian countries (respectively belonging to the Observatorio de los Ecosistemas Forestales de Costa Rica and the Tropical managed Forest Observatory). We modelled their post-logging trajectories of taxonomic and functional tree diversity and composition at the genus level, from which we extracted indicators solely over the inventory timespan of each site. We then assessed the effect of pre-disturbance tree community structure and disturbance properties on such indicators. While more variable in the second study with a broader geographical scope than in the first one, we observed similar trends in both studies: diversity mostly increased after logging and tree communities mainly shifted from resource-conservative strategies to resource-acquisitive strategies. Such changes appeared to be driven by the abundant and transient recruitment of early-successional species with acquisitive trait values, which provided them with a competitive advantage as disturbance intensity - i.e., light and space availability - increased. Indeed, changes in diversity and composition increased in both studies with disturbance intensity whereas disturbance selectivity, pre-disturbance tree community characteristics and biophysical conditions had no significant effect. Third, building up on the paramount importance of disturbance intensity in the two previous studies, we developed an original Bayesian hierarchical model of recovery trajectories, considering disturbed forests in a common framework, through a disturbance intensity gradient. We tested our modelling approach on data from two long-term experiments in Costa Rica and French Guiana, set up after selective logging, agriculture, and clearcutting and fire.Overall, these results opened various perspectives on the methods used to evaluate forest response to disturbance, the forest response itself and the ecological processes underlying forest succession, and how disturbed forests could be considered in forest management and conservation plans
Descamps-Julien, Blandine. "Diversité et stabilité des communautés : rôle des fluctuations environnementales." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066584.
Full textLyautey, Emilie. "Caractérisation, dynamique et facteurs de contrôle des communautés bactériennes de biofilms de rivière." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30288.
Full textEpilithic bacterial community structure was studied using 16S rRNA gene based fingerprinting methods. In these algae and cyanobacteria dominated aggregates, 51 % of the detected taxa were affiliated to plastids and cyanobacteria being revealed by universal primers. The fingerprint methods, PCR-DGGE (Polymerase Chain Reaction – Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis), is thus not involved and proved to be a relevant tool for comparing bacterial diversity for natural assemblages from different sites (β diversity Among all analysed samples, communities appeared to be diversified (Simpson and Shannon diversity indices ranging from 0. 039 to 0. 094 and from 3. 50 to 4. 78, respectively), but less rich (around 23 OTUs – Operational Taxonomic Unit) than planctonic and soil communities. With less than 10 % of the OTUs detected in 50 % of the treated cases, community composition seemed to be highly conditioned by inter-sites repartition. Over a river section (River Garonne, France), an important differentiation of benthic bacterial communities (less than 50 % similarity) was observed between communities collected up- and downstream of an important urban centre (Toulouse, France). Excluding the particular OTUs affiliated to plastids and cyanobacteria, 11 taxa out of 63 were only detected upstream, and 13 downstream. Temporal bacterial community changes of natural assemblages were studied over an undisturbed seven month low water period. Two biomass peaks were recorded (around 25 g. M-2). Bacterial community DGGE profiles differed between the two biomass peaks and shared only 30% common OTUs, suggesting the influence of seasonal factors (light, temperature) on these communities. During the biomass accrual phase, bacterial richness and the appearance of new OTUs fitted a conceptual model of bacterial succession in biofilms. During succession, five OTUs (corresponding to Dechloromonas sp. , Nitrospira sp. , and three different Spirosoma spp. ) exhibited particular patterns and were present only during clearly defined successional stages, suggesting differences in life-history strategies (pioneer vs competitive strategies) for epilithic bacteria. Thus, in these naturally occurring epilithic biofilm assemblages, bacteria appeared to react through a combination of both allogenic (seasonal) and autogenic changes
François, Sarah. "Diversité et écologie des virus associés aux arthropodes : des communautés aux génomes." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT106/document.
Full textHigh throughput sequencing technologies have revealed the extraordinary diversity of viral sequences in hitherto largely unexplored host groups. Thus, our knowledge about arthropod viruses, infecting the most diverse and abundant animals on Earth, was hitherto essentially reduced to species of economical and medical interest. New data on viral diversity in arthropods illustrate the need to expand viral inventory at the scale of the ecosystem and to include viruses as an essential component of their functioning and their evolution.In my thesis, I developed and applied two approaches to study the diversity of viruses in arthropods and how virus circulate in ecosystems, focusing on species of agronomic interest: (i) a virus-centered approach by exploring nucleotidic sequence databases, searching for the presence of a group of small DNA viruses infecting arthropods, the densoviruses (ii) an arthropod-centered approach at the scale of the ecosystem, using a viral metagenomic method to analyze viral communities associated with arthropods from different trophic levels from the same agroecosystems.My results showed that:(i) Densoviruses are spread throughout the animal kingdom - particularly in a wide diversity of arthropods - and are highly diverse genetically, which led to a better understanding of the evolutionary history of this group of viruses;(ii) A number of new viruses can be described in pests: the spider mite (Tetranychus urticae, Acari) from laboratory populations, as well as the green pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum, Hemiptera), the alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica, Coleoptera) and the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera, Lepidoptera) from natural populations sampled from alfalfa crops and grasslands. These studies also highlighted that specific viromes are associated with each pest species, and I characterized the distribution of some of these viruses in arthropod communities. In total, more than 60 new species of arthropod and plant viruses were discovered. Their evolutionary links with known virus species was characterized by phylogenetic analyzes.(iii) The work realized in (ii) also contributed to optimize a methodology to prepare and analyze viromes from multiplexed samples, that is particularly suitable to optimize the taxonomic allocation of sequences and thus reduce the "dark matter" that is inherent to viral metagenomics analyses
Cattaneo, Raffaela. "Effet du carbone suie sur les communautés virale et procaryotique dans les eaux marines côtières." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066579.
Full textGeorgelin, Ewen. "Couplage entre interactions antagonistes et mutualistes et dynamiques éco-évolutives des communautés." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066356/document.
Full textEcological communities involve an amazing diversity of organisms and interactions. Understanding how this diversity of interaction types (competition, mutualism or predation) affects the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of natural systems is an important challenge of community ecology. However, a large majority of works in community ecology theory considers interaction types separately. This thesis focus on the interplay between antagonism and mutualism. With a theoretical approach, small community models, including antagonistic and mutualistic interactions are built. These communities contain three species : one basal species (a plant) with an antagonist (herbivore) and a mutualistic species (pollinator). First, we study how the indirect effect between the two interaction types affects the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of communities in the currency of a disturbance. Second, we study the evolutionary dynamics of special traits, that are involved in each interaction type. Attractive traits or defensive traits of plants affect both interaction with pollinators and herbivores. We depict how the opposite selective pressures due to pollination and herbivory modify the evolution of these traits and show that they can lead to evolutionary diversification of plants. Following this diversification, the coevolutionary emergence of complex interaction networks is studied
Cauchi, Bernard. "Ecologie bactérienne d'un écosystème marin : Dynamique des communautés bactériennes hétérotrophes, analyse des données et essai de modélisation." Aix-Marseille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX2A001.
Full textLa, riviere Marie. "Les communautés bactériennes d'un holobionte méditerranéen, la gorgone rouge Paramuricea clavata : diversité, stabilité et spécificité." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4057.
Full textCoralligenous communities dominated by gorgonian species have been severely affected by diseases and mass mortality events linked to the current warming trends reported for the Mediterranean Sea. The characterization of the natural microbial compartment of this temperate gorgonian species becomes a crucial step in the evaluation of the bacterial contribution to health and functioning of the Paramuricea clavata holobiont.Under these circumstances, the global aim of this PhD work was to describe the interactions existing between the red gorgonian P. clavata and its associated bacteria in the Northwestern Mediterranean basin. The culture-independent analyses based on the bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA included (i) the characterization of spatiotemporal variation of the bacterial communities, (ii) the localization of the bacteria within host tissues, (iii) the evaluation of the stability of gorgonian-bacterial associations under stress conditions and (iv) the determination of the host-specificity of dominant bacteria in different sympatric gorgonian species (Eunicella singularis, Eunicella cavolini and Corallium rubrum).The results of this study highlighted that P. clavata and its microbiota form a holobiont in which host and bacteria live in close association. This association is spatiotemporally stable and maintained under stress conditions. Associated bacterial communities are mostly endosymbiotic and dominated by a bacterial ribotype belonging to a new genus within the Hahellaceae family that seems to be host-specific. These results suggest a particular role of this bacterial genus in the gorgonian holobionts
Maccario, Lorrie. "L'écosystème neige, structure et fonctionnement des communautés microbiennes du manteau neigeux en Arctique." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECDL0021/document.
Full textThe Arctic seasonal snowpack can extend at times over a third of the Earth’s land surface. This chemically dynamic environment interacts with different environmental compartments such as the atmosphere, soil and meltwater, and thus, strongly influences the entire biosphere. During the last decades, snow has been recognized as a microbial reservoir. The ecology of snow microorganisms however remains poorly understood. The main goal of this thesis was to investigate the snow as a functional ecosystem; i.e. a community of living organisms in conjunction with the non--‐living component of their environment and interacting as a system. In order to do so, microbial community taxonomic and functional composition of snow samples from two arctic snowpack models: seasonal snow from terrestrial fresh water snowpack (Ny--‐Alesund, Svalbard) and sea ice snow cover (Nuuk, Greenland) was analyzed using high throughput sequencing technologies. The first objective addressed microbial community heterogeneity in relation with fluctuating environmental conditions. Snow microbial community composition was highly variable during spring season and depth. The relationship between microbial functions and environmental conditions supports the hypothesis that the snow microbial community interacts with the abiotic variability characteristic of their habitat. The second objective addressed snow community specificity; if the snowpack is a functional ecosystem, then the microbial communities inhabiting it should have specific features related to their adaptation to the conditions of this environment, despite variability. The comparison of functional distribution between snow and both remote (polar and non polar) and closely interacting environments provided evidence of snowpack microbial community specificity. The third objective focused on environmental selection, given that the existence of a specific snow microbial community implies that one or more selective processes occur in the snowpack. Comparing the distribution of microbial community structure and function as related to the source of the microorganisms in a sea ice snow cover revealed that snow microbial communities were largely influenced by, yet differed from their seeding sources in response to specific environmental conditions. Mechanistic approaches with model microorganisms in snow microcosms were developed during this thesis and, based on preliminary results, will help to determine colonization processes within snowpack. Finally, preliminary results in the first section of Chapter 4 also showed that a high variability exists between the microorganisms present within the snowpack, and those that are active. Although technical and conceptual issues remain, RNA based high throughput sequencing was evaluated as an encouraging tool to evaluate short--‐term responses of microbial communities to environmental fluctuations. While numerous questions remain about microbial activity and complex community interactions, the results from this thesis support the hypothesis that snow is a functional ecosystem