Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Écologie du stress'
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Moser, Gabriel. "Stress environnementaux et comportements urbains." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05H056.
Full textUrban life is stressful. The literature on urban stress and how it influences social behavior is heterogenious and often inaccurate, and the existing models, essentially based on laboratory research, are insufficient to explain the behavior of urbanites in a complex environment characterized by the simultaneity of a multitude of acute and chronic stresses. Considering stress as an interac1tional process and analyzing its effects in terms of mechanisms, leads to propose a model of the effects of stress in urban environments. The urbanite is exposed as well to specific urban conditions which are stressful by themselves, as to occasionally emerging stimulations (noise, density, etc. ) which add themselves to the general urban conditions, and he perceives, evaluates and reacts to the acute stimulus with respect to his usual exposition. His behavioral reactions are either automatic either mediated by cognitive processes. The intervention of one or another of these mechanisms depends on the intensity of the environmental stimulations and on the resulting activation. Only a mean level of activation, and evaluated as such by the subject, leads to cognitive control behavior in order to cope efficiently with the situation
Marquis, Olivier. "Variations phénotypiques et adaptations locales en réponse aux stress environnementaux chez la Grenouille rousse (Rana temporaria)." Chambéry, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CHAMS008.
Full textThe populations of a species with a wide range of distribution can be exposed to various environmental conditions exercising different natura! selection pressures. They can then display genetically based phenotypic particularities giving them an adaptation to the local constraints of their environment. Ln the scope of understanding the mechanisms of species evolution, we set up experimental protocols to assess the variations of sensitivity in the Common frog (Rana temporaria), among populations submitted to two gradients of environmental stressors: the UVb (280-320 nm) gradient and a gradient of contamination by Polycylic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). The hypothesis is that the populations submitted to a high level of environmental stressor in the field should show adaptations giving them a lower sensitivity to those environmental stressor. According to a common garden protocol,. The sensitivity of embryos or/and larvae of R. Temporaria collected in different populations experimenting in the field various levels of stress, was assessed in controlled conditions in the laboratory. We were able to show a local adaptation to UVb in high altitude populations at the embryonic stage as weIl as at the larval stage. Yet, we haven't pointed out any variation of sensitivity to PAHs among larvae coming from populations in more or less polluted areas. Besides we have shown that the larvae from high altitude populations, even if virgin of any PAHs contamination show less DNA damages due to genotoxicity of PAHs. We propose the hypothesis of a co-tolerance between UVb and PHAs. Using tools from ecotoxicology and population biology, we propose explicative hypothesis entering the field of evolutionary biology
Fourçans, Aude. "Dynamique des communautés bactériennes de tapis microbiens soumis aux stress environnementaux." Pau, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PAUU3007.
Full textThis thesis relates to the study of the bacterial communities dynamics of microbial mats in order to understand their adaptive mechanisms face to environmental stresses. The bacterial biodiversity was analyzed by T-RFLP, molecular approach of microbial ecology. This work concerned, firstly, the description of two photosynthetic microbial mats of distinct salinity, marine (Orkneys Islands), and hypersaline (Camargue Salterns). The spatio-temporal distribution of communities in Camargue mat during a nycthemeral cycle was then studied. Adaptive behaviors in phototrophic and sulfate-reducing bacteria could be revealed, of which migration. Thirdly, the analysis of the hydrocarbon impact on the Guérande and Camargue mats finally showed a real influence, with the successive development of communities having capacities of adaptation to hydrocarbons
Puijalon, Anne Sara. "Stratégies adaptatives des végétaux aquatiques et stress mécaniques : réponses morphologiques et plasticité phénotypique." Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10117.
Full textAdaptive phenotypic plasticity results in an improvement of plant performance and hence an increase of fitness. This study focused on plastic responses of two higher aquatic species exposed to hydraulic stress (current). This study revealed two contrasting ategies: high resistance to breaking and uprooting for the first one vs. Escape from stress (size reduction) for the other one, without decrease of fitness. The latter species displayed an altered clonal growth pattern in response to hydraulic stress (e. G. More compact growth form, high clonal growth to the detriment of vertical expansion of the main individual). The stress release leads to compensatory growth at both individual and clone scale. The morphological response to hydraulic stress is regulated by the nutrient level (growth favored for intermediate velocity and high nutrient levels)
Poli, Gaël. "Écologie sociale du milieu familial et handicap : la relation entre la mère et l'enfant présentant un Trouble du Spectre de l'Autisme." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU20065/document.
Full textAutism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) involve a significantly different developmental prognosis depending on severity and associated disorders. Relationship difficulties, inadequate behaviours and the specific needs of the child have implications on family functioning and affect parents' experiences. This situation generates significant stress that can potentially undermine parental cohesion, affect parent-child interactions, impair parenting, and lead to lessened perceptions of the quality of family relationships. Considering the social ecology of the family environment allows us to question the relationship between the family climate perceived by mothers, evaluated by the IRF (LARIPE, 1989), and the perceived maternal stress, measured by the ISP/FB (Bigras, LaFrenière and Abidin, 1996), taking into account the singularity of disability, namely autistic disorder severity, determined by the EEAI (Rogé, 1989), and the coexistence of a language disorder and/or an associated intellectual impairment defined by medical diagnosis realized prior to study.Language competence has a high impact, both on the age of parental alert and age of diagnosis by professionals, and is strongly associated with the severity of autistic disorders evaluation (N=65). Depending on the level of perceived maternal stress, using a cluster analysis based on the dimensions of ISP/FB, the quality of family relationships differs significantly. The most stressed mothers perceive the family climate as more confrontational. By considering maternal experience at the eco-systemic level rather than dyadic, an ecological intervention by integrating a MIRA Foundation (Quebec) assistance dog into the family group (n=24) produced a concomitant decrease for maternal stress related to management of child's difficult behaviours and for severity of autistic disorders. In absence of differences in the first measurement time with mothers waiting for service (n=26), mothers in families with a dog are less stressed both overall, than for interactions and for education of the autistic child. They also perceive a more favourable relationship climate. Results obtained highlight the contribution of animal mediation to improving the quality of life of all members in the microsystem, particularly on intra and extra-familial interactions facilitation
Devalloir, Quentin. "Effects of multi-stressors (pollution, nutritional quality) on the immunocompetence of the wood mouse." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2023. http://indexation.univ-fcomte.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/5a14477e-cb8f-4d05-8d4f-99eeb7cebb0c.
Full textIn a rapidly changing environment, multiple stressors can affect the health of wild animals. Among these stressors, exposure to pollutants and low nutritional quality can enhance physiological disorders and modulate the ability of the immune system to respond efficiently to an infection, a phenomenon called immunocompetence. Exposure to toxic metals, like cadmium and lead, affects the structure and the functioning of immune cells, while micronutrients like selenium are dietary compounds having beneficial effects on the immune response when taken in adequate amounts. However, the influence of micronutrients on the effect of toxic metals has been mainly studied in laboratory experiments but remains obscure in wild animals. The present thesis aimed to disentangle the influence of exposure to toxic metals and of nutritional quality on the immunocompetence of a small mammal, the wood mouse. Chapter 1 reviewed the ability of some beneficial micro-elements or vitamins to alleviate the damage to the immune system caused by exposure to toxic metals in wild and captive mammals. In Chapter 2, free-ranging wood mice were captured in sites exhibiting high and low levels of soil pollution by cadmium and lead and were either immediately challenged (using lipopolysaccharides of bacteria, LPS) or challenged after five days of captivity with standard or selenium-deficient food. Immune response was affected by exposure to cadmium and lead through endocrine disturbances. Wild animals exposed to elevated levels of toxic metals displayed higher inflammatory responses to immune challenge, while individuals maintained in captivity for five days showed lower immune responses when fed a selenium-deficient diet. The characterisation of the immune response of wild animals is, generally speaking, constrained by the lack of appropriate methods since most methods and markers have been developed on laboratory animals. For this reason, Chapter 3 was dedicated to the development of blood reference intervals for wood mice and other rodent species. Reference intervals are commonly used in medicine or veterinary science for health diagnoses but are very scarce for free-ranging non-domestic species. Variations in blood cell counts were found to be affected by season and location of wood mouse populations rather than by biological parameters (age, sex…). The use of reference intervals allowed to sort healthy from unhealthy individuals of a given population by using a non-lethal approach. In line with this, Chapter 4 proposed non-lethal methods to assess health and inflammatory status in wood mice. A pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-), a mediator of the inflammation, was measured in blood and spleen cells of wild-caught captive wood mice. An increase of inflammatory markers was found in wild-caught captive wood mice challenged with LPS. Altogether, these results suggested that nutritional quality has a positive influence on the immunocompetence of wild animals chronically exposed to toxic metals. Immunomarkers and blood reference intervals provided relevant tools for assessing the immunocompetence of wood mice
Kheir, Maya. "Fonctionnement des sols méditerranéens sous changement climatique : effet de la préexposition au stress, de la mixité des litières et de l'identité de l'espèce végétale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/200710_KHEIR_495pzb687n410mxugdf923oaivtm_TH.pdf.
Full textThis work takes place in the context of climate change. We aimed to explore plant litter microbial communities' functioning depending on climate contrasts Northern/Southern Mediterranean but also according to inland/coastal context, and to assess their response to aridification stresses, considering the effect i) of the type of litter (plant species identity and mixture) and ii) of the preexposure to stress intrinsic of coastal environments. Aridity stress was applied in the laboratory (drying /rewetting cycles) and in natura via "litter bags" transfer from France to Algeria. Results show that microbial biomass and basal respiration depend on litter chemical traits (C/N and lignin/N): when these ratios increase, microbial biomass decreases, while the effect on respiration depends on the climate contrasts. The effect of binary litter mixtures on microbes depends on the climate context and the mixture composition: some mixtures seem to limit carbon release through heterotrophic respiration in Algerian arid context. In addition, a particular microbial functioning of coastal environments was highlighted: i) preexposure to coastal constraints limited the effect of stress applied in the laboratory on microbial catabolic structures ii) the in natura experiment showed that microbial responses to stress depend on the context (coastal/inland) but also on litter type, highlighting litter influence even at large spatial scales
García, González Raquel. "Towards an improved understanding of the impacts of drought stress on the atmospheric exchange of CO2 and distribution of production in Mediterranean ecosystems." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112230.
Full textThe environment imposes a water and temperature stress over time to Mediterranean-type areas. Future climate predictions have warned that these areas may experience a precipitation reduction by more than 20% during the summer period for the period 2090-2099 relative to 1980-1999. This might have important implications because Mediterranean ecosystems act as a transition between tropical and more temperate regions in Europe and they may be especially sensitive to climate change. Indeed, in the Mediterranean region all climate models generally performed poorly most likely because of problems in the representation of water stress effects on both carbon uptake by photosynthesis and carbon release by heterotrophic respiration. Stomatal conductance plays an active role to reduce photosynthesis under moderate soil water deficits, but when drought stress increases, non stomatal limitations on photosynthesis, such as internal conductance and biochemical limitations, may impose higher limitations. These two assumptions were assessed and their relative importance was quantified for different species and for a wide range of drought conditions. Non-stomatal limitations to photosynthesis under water stressed conditions were found to be more dominant in each of the species studied. Applying non-stomatal limitations to photosynthesis with ORCHIDEE model leads on average to an 11% reduction compared with the original model performance in the predicted total photosynthesis over the year for a broadleaf forest site in southern France. At the regional scale it may reduce photosynthesis and transpiration rates, improving the efficiency in the use of water by plants and reducing water loss through plants. But, there are still high uncertainties related to different model descriptions of the ecosystem processes and soil hydrology. In general, models disagree on the dominating ecosystem process causing the anomalous net ecosystem exchange, driven by an increase in respiration or by a decline in GPP. Changes in the precipitation patterns may have important implications to predict future net carbon gain and allocation of Mediterranean ecosystems; it might lead to a reduction in the net C gain through a reduction on the heterotrophic ecosystem respiration
Couchoud, Mégane. "Compréhension de la capacité d’une plante de Pois à récupérer entermes de croissance et d’acquisition d’azote après un stress hydrique : étudesécophysiologique et moléculaire." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCK007.
Full textPea (Pisum sativum L.) has the unique ability to fix atmospheric dinitrogen (N2) via a symbiosis with soil bacteria in root nodules. Although this specificity makes this crop particularly interesting in the context of agroecological transition, symbiotic nitrogen fixation is particularly sensitive to abiotic stresses such as water deficit, which contributes to the yield instability of this protein crop and reduces its interest for farmers. Yield stability depends both on plant's ability to tolerate stress and on its ability to recover after stress. However, the mechanisms involved during the recovery period have been for now poorly explored. It is, therefore, essential to identify traits of plants maximizing pea resilience to water deficit, in order to propose new ideotypes that are better adapted to environmental conditions of fluctuating water or nutrient availabilities.The main objectives of this study were: i) to identify the ecophysiological processes involved during the recovery period following a water deficit, considering in particular plant growth and plant nitrogen acquisition, and ii) to determine the underlying molecular processes within roots and nodules.During a first experiment in controlled conditions (4PMI Platform, Dijon, France), the dynamics of recovery of two pea genotypes were analyzed in detail after imposing plants before their flowering to a water deficit of two weeks. While one of the genotypes, (Kayanne), was able to maintain its yield under these conditions, yield of the other one (Puget) was decreased by water deficit. We have used both a) a whole-plant approach (using an ecophysiological framework focused on carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes in the plant) and b) so-called "omics" approaches (metabolomics, transcriptomics, and phytohormone assays) concerning root and nodule compartments. This analysis was completed by a second one where 13C and 15N2 isotopic labeling experiment allowed us to precisely measure carbon and nitrogen fluxes in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum.Our analyses revealed that the two genotypes studied had contrasting resilience abilities, partly explained by different recovery strategies during the re-watering period, and particularly implying processes which were related to nitrogen nutrition. We have demonstrated that during the recovery period Kayanne was able to quickly and strictly re-adjust the formation of nodules to its growth needs, allowing this genotype to fully recover from the 2-week water deficit period. On the other hand, in Puget, the initiation of new nodules after water deficit was delayed compared to control plants, but numerous additional nodules developed. We hypothesized that the associated larger energy cost, which occurred to the detriment of growth, would finally negatively impact Puget’s yield.This difference in the dynamics of the root system response to re-watering was comforted by the molecular analysis performed in root and nodule compartments. The "omics" analysis also highlighted differences in antioxidant and osmoprotective responses between the two genotypes that could help to explain the delay observed for the recovery of the two genotypes.Altogether these results give new insights for the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying the recovery of pea plant after a water deficit. Next step will consist in a statistical integration of the multi-scaled data (ecophysiological, hormonal, metabolomic and transcriptomic data), which should make it possible to identify the main regulators involved in recovery, for breeding strategies leading to the selection of pea ideotypes better suited to fluctuating water conditions
Le, Cadre Valérie. "Impact de stress naturels et de polluants sur la morphologie et la cytologie des foraminifères en culture : implications pour leur utilisation comme biomarqueurs." Angers, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ANGE0005.
Full textThe aim of this work is to determine the effects of natural and anthropic stress on foraminifers in culture for use them as bioindicator of marine environment quality
Arthaud, Florent. "Fonctionnement des étangs en réponse aux stress et perturbations d’origine anthropique : diversité, structure et dynamique des communautés végétales." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10064/document.
Full textOne important issue of research in Ecology is to understand how anthropogenic activities are influencing biodiversity and what are the consequences on ecosystem functioning. The aim of the study is to improve the knowledge of the mechanisms governing aquatic plant communities, particularly those related to human disturbance and eutrophication. Meta-ecosystems constituted by networks of fish-farming shallow lakes are study models adapted to our problematic because they are submitted to a strong anthropogenic pressure and because they show a high environmental variability. First, we studied the impact of watershed management practices on shallow lakes eutrophication. In a second step, we measured eutrophication effect on productivity and on diversity of phytoplankton communities. Finally, we were able to link 3 types of constraints generated by human practices (eutrophication, drying and connectivity between shallow lakes) to aquatic plant communities in terms of specific and functional diversity. The impact of eutrophication, recruitment and establishment of aquatic plant communities has been approached through the relationship between the seed bank and established vegetation. Eutrophication is the major factor responsible for the loss of plant biodiversity in shallow lakes. However frequent disturbances due to drying events induce a cyclic succession that helps maintain a high biodiversity
Arthaud, Florent. "Fonctionnement des étangs en réponse aux stress et perturbations d'origine anthropique : diversité, structure et dynamique des communautés végétales." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00842280.
Full textThouvenot, Lise. "Stratégies de réponse de l'espèce invasive Ludwigia grandiflora aux contraintes environnementales." Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1S141.
Full textThe success of invasive species depends on the characteristics of exotic species (their biological traits) and the characteristics of their introduced habitats (biotic and abiotic characteristics). The success of these species will depend on their response strategies to environmental constraints. In this thesis, we focus on the the Large Water Primrose plant species, Ludwigia grandiflora subsp. Hexapetala,. This amphiphyte species is considered as the most invasive aquatic plant in France. The present thesis aims to improve our knowledge on the adaptive strategies of Ludwigia grandiflora to environmental constraints in order to better understand and explain its invasive success. The responses of this species to abiotic parameters and biotic interaction were investigated using a functional traits approach. To achieve these goals, we conducted microcosm and mesocosm experiments. We demonstrated that L. Grandiflora possesses a large adaptive capacity to respond to fluctuations of abiotic factors (e. G. Variation of water depth, light intensity, salinization of ecosystems). Furthermore, our results showed that L. Grandiflora had a high growth rate, compensated herbivore damages and was able to produce a dense canopy in response to competition. However, the response strategy of L. Grandiflora to biotic pressure (competition and predation) depended on its own density, on the density and the status (native vs exotic) of neighboring species and on its environment (terrestrial vs aquatic). The response strategies of L. Grandiflora face to abiotic parameters and biotic pressure could explain its invasive success
Pey, Alexis. "Réponses biochimiques et physiologiques des symbioses marines tempérées face aux changements climatiques." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4009.
Full textGlobal climate change leads significant reactions on marine ecosystems which, when dealing with sessile species, can drive to episodes of mass mortalities. In the north-western Mediterranean Sea, recent events of mortalities severely impacted gorgonian communities, threatening their survival, but also all the associated biodiversity. The implementation of strategies of preservations requires preliminary acquisitions of the knowledge at ecological, evolutionary, physiological, biochemical, genomic and genetics levels. In this ambitious framework, these doctoral studies aimed to better define the answers induced by thermal stress of two Mediterranean symbiotic Cnidarians : the white gorgonian Eunicella singularis and the sea anemone Anemonia viridis. A first part of the works was carried out of two populations of the white gorgonian, associated with their photosynthetic symbionts (zooxanthelles), collected at two geographical zones with contrasted thermal profiles. This study allowed us to identify the superior limits of thermal resistance of the populations and to estimate the possible links between the genetic varieties of the hosts and the symbionts, and their thermal resistance. Complementary studies then allowed identifying, on this symbiotic gorgonian early molecular indicators induced by a hyperthermia, implying the global antioxidant defences capacities and the degree of protein ubiquitination. Finally, our studies led on the sea anemone allowed to deepen our knowledge developed on this model concerning the antioxidant enzymes and in particular the glutathione peroxidases (GPx). The measures of the GPx activities in the different holobiont compartments did not reveal major modifications during the stress, but the appearance of one activity band induced by the hyperthermia could represent a new potential marker of stress
Mégevand, Laura. "Traits écophysiologiques et comportementaux de trois espèces de crabes soumis à différents niveaux de stress anthropique dans les mangroves insulaires du Canal du Mozambique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UMONG005.
Full textAmong the anthropogenic pressures that impact mangrove ecosystems, nutrient inputs from domestic wastewater are often associated with increased plant productivity. However, other compartments of the ecosystem are sometimes negatively impacted, in particular the benthic macrofauna, whose representatives are often considered to be ecosystem engineers. The aim of this study is to analyse the ecophysiological responses of three mangrove crabs living in mangrove forests located in the Mozambique Channel that are typically exposed to domestic wastewater inputs or ammonia-N. These responses could represent potential proxies for nitrogen enrichment. Different physiological and behavioural markers were considered to meet three objectives based on different integrative levels and spatial scales. Firstly, we sought to improve our knowledge on the physiological responses of a crab species, Neosarmatium africanum, Sesarmidae generally occupying the upper part of the mangrove that is directly exposed to domestic effluent inputs in one of our study sites (Malamani mangrove, Mayotte).The focus was mostly on a major metabolic organ, the hepatopancreas. Secondly, we sought to better understand what potential physiological and behavioural responses at the individual scale could be involved in crab community changes observed in areas regularly impacted by domestic wastewater. A fiddler crab species, Paraleptuca chlorophthalmus, Ocypodidae) was studied. For this species abundance is drastically decreased in the wastewater impacted areas of Malamani study site. Short-term responses were obtained: burst of oxygen consumption, escape and emersion behaviour). These effects could become deleterious during acute and/or chronic exposures, as it is often the case in the natural environment. Finally, we sought to understand whether differential vulnerability to salinity variations and increased nutrient inputs (ammonia-N) could occur for two fiddler crab species. These species are genetically related but live in opposite environmental conditions: in anthropized mangrove ecosystem in Mayotte and in a pristine ecosystem (Europa Island located in the southern part of the Mozambique Channel). Data obtained indicate that crabs regularly exposed to freshwater and domestic effluents in Mayotte are more tolerant to salinity variations and develop key physiological acclamatory processes to ammonia-N exposure compared to crabs from the pristine site (Europa). Altogether, this study strengthens our knowledge regarding the physiology of these ecosystem engineers, but also allows us to better link individual responses obtained in laboratory conditions to those observed at the population or community level in the natural environment. This study is paving the way for complementary studies concerning the monitoring of mangrove ecosystems in the Mozambique Channel using potential bioindicator species, and emphasizes the need to consider ecophysiological analyses in the field of monitoring and conservation of natural environments
Villeneuve, Bertrand. "Modèles multi-stress et multi-échelles de l’état écologique : vers une analyse du risque d’altération des cours d’eau et des bassins versants." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0229/document.
Full textThe rivers and their watersheds are complex systems in dynamic balance. If processes acting in stream are relatively well known (organic matter and sediment transport, litter degradation, etc ...), it is much more difficult to have a relevant representation of this functioning considering the hierarchy of scales, land determinants affecting aquatic environments and combined multiple stressors. We conducted an exploration whose purpose was to seek the multiple causes of degradation of the ecological status, to know the spatial extent and severity and to be able to recommend effective restoration actions. In the first part of the thesis, we developed large-scale models, based on existing data, to give answers applicable to the decision and management scales, i.e. European, national and regional. The main was to compare the relationships between the combined pressures represented by land cover and the ecological status of running waters in four European countries: France, Slovakia, Estonia, and UK (England and Wales). This first study allowed us i) to establish the hierarchy of the major influences that impact ecological status, particularly agriculture and urbanisation, ii) to identify regional patterns in these pressure-impact relationships and iii) to evaluate the relative weight of the pressures acting at the basin and riparian corridor scales, and the possible buffering effect of riparian land cover. In the second part of the thesis, we built a corpus of models capable of explaining the variability of the biological indices used in the survey network and also predict the ecological status of non-monitored water bodies in France. This permits to demonstrate that : (i) the parameters characterizing the load of nutrients and organic matter had a predominant effect on the three compartments, followed by land use and hydromorphology, (ii) it is possible to build models capable of predicting ecological status that are efficient and easily transferable, using data of different scales that influence the functioning of hydrosystems. In the third part, we tested if the relationships between local scale pressures and ecological status are hierarchically influenced by regional patterns (such as natural physiographic and/or driving forces). Introducing hierarchical factors in multi-stress models can lead to slight variations in responses of organisms to pressures according to their natural characteristics and their driving forces acting at catchment scale. And in the last part, the purpose of our approach was to take into account the nested scale organisation and the links between anthropogenic pressures and river ecological status by building - and analysing the results of - a model based on the PLS path modelling method. This method can be used to simultaneously analyse the effects of latent variables corresponding to land-use, hydromorphological and physico-chemical pressures on the ecological status of rivers, synthetically measured in this study by the macroinvertebrate-based French biotic index for wadeable rivers (I2M2). The development of this model should allow us to demonstrate : (i) the importance of land use effect exerted on both hydromorphology and physico-chemistry and their translation as an indirect effect on biological condition of streams, (ii) that hydromorphological alterations had an effect on substrates structure and nutrients and organic matter concentrations implying that hydromorphology has a major indirect effect on macroinverteb
Ganem, Guila. "Commensalisme, fonction corticosurrénalienne et évolution chromosomique chez la souris domestique." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20053.
Full textDelamare, Jeremy. "Analyses de deux stratégies d’acclimatation à un stress thermique intense reposant sur une thermo-sensibilisation ou une sensibilisation médiée par des bactéries PGPR chez le colza et la caméline." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NORMC243.
Full textThe on-going climate changes that we are facing are characterized in particular by modifications of temperature profiles in terms of intensity, duration and repetition of heat waves. These heat waves occur during the reproductive stages of the crops, which are also the most critical for seed yield elaboration and grain quality in crops. Oleaginous species such as rapeseed and camelina, are species particularly impacted by heat stress that cause yield penalties and a lower seed quality. Therefore, to cope with heat stress, it has become necessary to identify new acclimation levers that differ avec genetic and agronomic levers, such as strategies based on plants acclimation. Thermopriming which consist in priming the plants in a way to help them respond more rapidly, effectively, intensively and/or sensitively to heat by a prior exposure of a stress of the same nature could allow the plants to acclimate and develop appropriate response mechanisms. The plant inoculation with Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)-type bacteria is also an acclimation lever increasingly studied, that limit the impacts of abiotic stress such as heat stress. However, although these two types of acclimation levers are mainly studied to limit stress impact on aboveground development and yield, few studies have observed their effects on root morphology and functions such as root exudation. In this thesis we analysed in rapeseed and camelina (i) the effects of a gradual increase in temperature prior a heat stress on yield and grain quality and on root morphology and exudation and (ii) the effects of inoculating two Pseudomonas with PGPR activities in order to limit the impact of heat stress on yield and grain quality. Moreover, in order to understand the impact of heat stress and PGPR inoculation (combined or not) on the plant and associated rhizosphere, the effects of these treatments were studied on root exudation, carbon (C) allocation in the soil-plant system, root morphological traits and soil microbial communities. Our results showed that rapeseed and camelina have contrasting strategies in terms of response to heat stress. Indeed, camelina seems to respond to the stress by increasing its investment to the roots thus improving the quality of exudation and stimulating the activity of microbial communities, unlike rapeseed, which seems to undergo heat stress. In addition, these two species respond differently to the two acclimation strategies applied. In rapeseed, thermopriming reduced C exudation and maintained yield and grain quality, whereas it had a more negative impact on exudation and root morphology in camelina. PGPR inoculation is an acclimation strategy that tends to limit the effects of heat stress on yield and grain quality in rapeseed. However, PGPRs act as an additional sink in rapeseed, impacting its development, exudation and the activity and composition of microbial communities in the rhizosphere. By contrast, camelina is slightly affected by the addition of PGPRs and seems to control the plant/bacteria interactions rather than be affected by them. In short, beneficial effects on plants of these acclimation levers have been evidenced. In addition, it could be interesting to integrate the effects of varietal selection on plant response strategies to stress, and in particular the variability of root functions and interactions with the rhizosphere, in the light of the varietal selection differentially undergone by rapeseed and camelina
Remon, Esteban. "Tolérance et accumulation des métaux lourds par la végétation spontanée des friches métallurgiques : vers de nouvelles méthodes de bio-dépollution." Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00362527.
Full textPour répondre à cet objectif, l'étude des populations végétales naturelles de trois crassiers métallurgiques de la région Rhône-Alpes a été réalisée. Malgré de fortes teneurs en métaux lourds, les relevés réalisés ont permis de répertorier un peu plus de 200 espèces de plantes supérieures appartenant à une cinquantaine de familles botaniques. Par ailleurs, l'utilisation d'une méthode chimique normalisée a montré que la fraction métallique “phytodisponible” était importante. Par opposition, l'analyse des concentrations foliaires n'a pas permis de mettre en évidence une accumulation métallique supérieure à celle retrouvée dans une plante référence. Par conséquent, le risque de transfert des polluants métalliques apparaît limité. L'analyse des relevés phytosociologique a cependant révélé que le substrat influence l'organisation de groupements végétaux inédits, qui pourraient être utiles pour désigner la végétation la plus adaptée pour un programme de phytoremédiation. Au sein de ces groupements, une espèce abondante, Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit. a montré de bonnes capacités de tolérance vis-à-vis de différents métaux lourds, en particulier pour le cadmium. Il s'est avéré que la tolérance de cette espèce est un caratère constitutif pour le Cd et le Ni et un caractère adaptatif pour le Cu. Cette bonne tolérance constitutive pourrait être une caractéristique des plantes pionnières et résistantes à la sécheresse. Chez cette espèce, les mécanismes de résistance au cadmium semblent impliquer une activation du système anti-oxydant racinaire et une limitation de la translocation.
La suite possible de ce travail pourrait consister à orienter les recherches vers les mécanismes complémentaires de la résistance aux métaux lourds chez P. arenaria et notamment en ce qui concerne les phénomènes de chélation intracellulaire. D'autre part, il serait intéressant de procéder aux premiers tests de recolonisation en conditions réelles.
Vandenbussche, Pierre. "Otolithes et bioindication : conséquence d’un stress environnemental sur la morphologie des sagittae de Dicentrarchus labrax et Oblada melanura." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4122/document.
Full textThe aim of our study was to validate the most suitable environmental indicator among three approaches: morphological measurements of fish juveniles; quantification of the fluctuating asymmetry of their otoliths; analysis of their otolith shape. In aquaria, results for Dicentrarchus labrax have shown that mono-contamination by classical pollutants, such as phosphorus or zinc, has no effect for concentrations corresponding to those measured in highly anthropized environments. Nevertheless, higher zinc concentrations induce otolith shape alterations in addition to their negative impact on fish size and weight. On the basis of our three-year in situ Oblada melanura samplings, we have demonstrated that, in a replicable manner, compared to preserved areas and small waterway mouths, mid-size recreational harbours negatively impact juvenile standard length and also alter otolith shape. By comparison with in aquaria results, these alterations are consistent with a synergy of disturbance sources which taken independently do not have any impact. Taking into account all our results, we deduce that size and weight are easy to measure but show response variability. Measurement of fish juvenile otoliths' fluctuating asymmetry does not seem to be suitable for use in bioindication. Conversely, fish juvenile sagittae shape analysis is well-suited to surveys of environmental modifications, for fishes from two different families, Moronidae and Sparidae. This analysis seems to be a promising tool for bioindication, with a practical application for environmental managers
Guibert, Isis. "Importance des assemblages interspécifiques face aux variations environnementales. Étude intégrée comparative de différentes associations corail-bénitier." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS337.
Full textInteraction between organisms, direct or indirect, involved in the competition for food and space, or other mechanisms, are crucial to develop appropriate responses. For marine sessile organisms, interactions are mainly chemical. In addition to interactions, environmental pressures linked to global changes highly impact the physiology of organisms and their responses abilities, particularly in coral reef organisms that live in shallow waters strongly exposed to thermal stress. However, studies on marine sessile organisms have mainly focused on individual responses of organisms, using mono-specific experiment. During this thesis, the influence of neighboring species on the individual response of organisms was examined. Thus, various assemblages of corals (Pocillopora damicornis and Acropora cytherea) and giant clams (Tridacna maxima) were studied ex situ through a thermal stress experiment or in situ in Moorea lagoon (French Polynesia). Using an integrative approach, combining cytology, metabolomics and metabarcoding; the effect of assemblages on holobionts and their near environment was explored. This study showed that assemblages influence the biofouling development and composition but also coral recruitment, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The most significant impact was the antifouling effect observed when the three species were placed together. Holobionts analyses highlighted the impact of interaction on the organisms’ physiology, showing an increase of the dimethylsulfoniopropionate concentration, a key compound in the global sulfur cycle, for A. cytherea and T. maxima species according to multiple-species assemblages. Holobionts health status was also impacted according to the assemblages. Assemblages with corals, especially A. cytherea, leads to high giant clam mortality, particularly during thermal stress. Interestingly, it should be noted that holobiont composition (Symbiodiniaceae for the three species and bacteria for the giant clams) appears to depend on the nature and health status of the host, rather than the assemblages or the increase of seawater temperature. In conclusion, the overall results have clearly shown that marine sessile organisms differs in physiology and react differently to environmental pressures and neighboring species. This work highlights the importance of taking into account the surrounding diversity for predicting the future fate of coral reefs
Dutilleul, Morgan. "Réponses microévolutives et coûts adaptatifs de populations de Caenorhabditis elegans exposées à des stress environnementaux." Thèse, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5860/1/D2565.pdf.
Full textLoisel, Ayala. "Compromis d'allocation des ressources et réchauffement climatique : vers une sénescence précoce des organismes aquatiques?" Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0392.
Full textTemperature is a key ecological driver that regulates the biological functions of living organisms. This impact is more pronounced in ectothermic animals whose metabolism depends on environmental temperature and its variations. In these species, warming induces an acceleration in growth as well as a decrease in adult size. While these patterns are often observed over a generation, their evolution and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood thus far. In aquatic environments, temperature rise can decrease oxygen availability, increasing potentially the production of free radicals that are toxic to the body and accelerate aging process. In order to better understand adaptive abilities of fish facing climate change, this thesis explores the evolution of life history strategies through field approaches and experiments over several generations. Monitoring of growth, reproduction and oxidative balance showed for instance the importance of sex as well as ancestral and development temperatures on strategies
Guerreiro, Romain. "Sénescence et longévité : des mécanismes aux processus évolutifs : étude chez les oiseaux et les mammifères." Thesis, Dijon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DIJOS114/document.
Full textThere is an incredible diversity of lifespan in the animal kingdom ranging from a few days for small gastrotrichs worms to several hundred of years for some bivalves or tortoises. This amazing diversity has long questioned biology researchers. The growing interest in the phenomenon of aging, mainly due to the increase in life expectancy in humans, has questioned researchers on processes that determine patterns of longevity and ageing. On the one hand, biomedical and biogerontological studies helped describe numerous cellular and physiological mechanisms related to aging. Among these mechanisms, oxidative stress has been identified as playing a major role, through life-time accumulation of damage generated by production of metabolic free radicals. On the other hand, the development of evolutionary theories of aging has contributed to understanding ultimate origins of ageing and of the diversity of life history traits. However, these approaches, although complementary, have long remained separated and works that integrate physiological mechanisms such as oxidative stress in an evolutionary perspective have known only recent developments. In this thesis, we studied how mechanisms such as oxidative stress and its associated costs produced during reproduction or immune response could play a role in the evolution of patterns of ageing in birds and mammals by (i) studying the role of antioxidants as key resources involved in adaptive trade-offs between reproduction and survival through age, (ii) studying the long-term effects of the early environment, (iii) studying the relationship between inflammatory response and contrasted patterns of ageing and longevity between birds and mammals, (iv) focusing particularly on immune regulatory mechanisms, emphasizing their crucial role in fitness of hosts, especially late in life. Overall, our results highlight the importance of physiological constraints in terms of key resources limitation (i.e. antioxidants) or damage caused during costly and destructive activities and on intra-and inter-specific patterns of ageing
Llanos, Villarreal Jenny A. "Comportement vis-à-vis des métaux lourds de micro-organismes thermophiles isoles d'un site hydrothermal profond." Brest, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BRES2021.
Full textBristiel, Pauline. "Variabilité intraspécifique des stratégies adaptatives à la sécheresse d’une graminée pérenne (Dactylis glomerata L.) : les compromis fonctionnels des traits aériens et souterrains peuvent-ils expliciter le compromis entre potentiel de croissance et survie au stress ?" Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT108/document.
Full textDrought risk increases with climate change. Improving our understanding of the adaptive mechanisms of plants response to drought has thus become one of the major challenges of ecological and agronomical research. This work investigates the drought survival of a perennial herbaceous species (Dactylis glomerata L.) through the intraspecific variability of above and below ground traits expressed by fifteen native and cultivated populations originating from a large latitudinal gradient, from Scandinavia to Morocco. Population traits characterization across one year under optimal growth conditions showed phenological coordination of above ground traits associated with seasonal growth limitations according to the origins of the populations. The spring growth rhythm does not discriminate origins while the summer dormancy of Mediterranean population contrasts with the winter dormancy of Scandinavian populations. These results suggested a growth-dehydration stress survival trade-off. Although this trade-off was confirmed in summer (severe drought in Montpellier) and winter (severe frost in Norway), no correlation was found between an off-season (spring) drought stress survival and populations’ growth potential. The result invalidates the existence of a constant trade-off between stress survival and aerial growth potential. This apparent decoupling in cocksfoot could be considered to produce new cultivars with both high productivity and high drought tolerance, from existent intraspecific variability. A severe dehydration stress imposed on plants grown in short pots, limiting roots expansion, showed that Mediterranean populations survived better than temperate or Nordic populations. In association with a long tube experiment allowing full expression of roots development, this result revealed a functional trade-off between dehydration avoidance (water acquisition and growth maintenance) and dehydration tolerance (low growth and high drought survival) which could limit the combination of adaptive strategies in a single phenotype. This work contribute to improve our knowledge about functional trade-offs, few studied within species, that underpin plant response to drought stress
Čulig, Luka. "Effets de l'augmentation de la neurogénèse adulte dans un modèle murin écologique de dépression." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4021.
Full textMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex and heterogeneous disorder hypothesized to be associated with alterations in brain circuitry, dysregulations of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and impairments in adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN). Multiple lines of evidence point to the involvement of AHN in mood and anxiety disorders, leading to the formation of the “neurogenesis hypothesis”, which postulates that adult-born hippocampal neurons are involved in the etiology and treatment efficacy of MDD. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of adult-born neurons after the onset of stress exposure and the mechanism that underlies the observed results. Our results suggest that increasing neurogenesis is sufficient to buffer against the effects of chronic stress on certain behavioral and endocrine levels and thus to display antidepressant-like effects, both behaviorally and physiologically. Adult-born neurons might have exerted some of their effects via the anteromedial division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTMA)
Qasemian, Leila. "Caractérisation du potentiel de dégradation de matières organiques naturelle (litière) et anthropique (HAP) par les communautés microbiennes issue du milieu littoral méditerranéen." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4794/document.
Full textMediterranean coastal ecosystems are subjected to various natural and anthropogenic environmental pressures which are supposed to be enhanced because of climatic changes. Little is known about microbial community functioning in such ecosystems. Our site of study is located in the Calanques of Marseille, a hot spot of biodiversity. The effect of salinity (via sea spray exposure) on microbial communities and their ability to transform organic matter in an Aleppo pine litter have been studied as well as the potential of autochthonous microorganisms to transform anthracene used as a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon model. To do so, different approaches (in situ, ex situ and in vitro experimental design) were used and we combined various methods such as enzyme activities (laccase, cellulase, phosphatase, lipase), CLPP (Biolog ECO and FF plates), respirometry (basal and induced) and litter chemical characterization (solid-state 13C NMR). Laccases were induced by anthracene in mesocosms and oxidized this compound (with anthraquinone as an intermediate). These enzymes were sequenced by LC/MS/MS to determine the fungal strains responsible for their production. We also found that enzyme activities were not strongly influenced by salinity or anthracene inputs. On the other hand, functional diversity was structured at a small-spatial scale. Moreover, functional responses of microbial communities from inland areas strongly differ from those of coastal areas regarding anthracene inputs since no laccase induction was observed in inland litter
Gicquiaud, Laëtitia. "Amplitude écologique et plasticité métabolique (enzymes antioxydantes et amines) : comparaison de quatre espèces génétiquement proches (Bromus scet. Genea, Poaceae)." Rennes 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN10067.
Full textMasson, Solène. "Du paysage à la population : impacts des changements d’usages et de la restauration face à la colonisation d’une espèce envahissante (Rubus ulmifolius Schott.) dans un écosystème sub-steppique méditerranéen." Thesis, Avignon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AVIG0665/document.
Full textStudying an ecological phenomenon require to consider it in its entirety in order to apprehend all the causes and consequences. In the Plain of La Crau, a sub-steppic ecosystem in southeastern France, habitat fragmentation, loss of biodiversity and land-uses changes have fostered the encroachment by a species of brambles Rubus ulmifolius Schott of the original steppic patches. Using a multiscale analysis, the aims of the thesis are to highlight the main drivers, to assess the consequences on the plant community and to test restoration techniques by evaluating their effects on plant community and on bramble population. The presence of high proportions of irrigated habitats and formely fallows around invaded plots correspond to the largest cover rates of brambles. At community scale, water infiltrations have also a great impact on the steppe plant community by favoring the dynamic of an herbaceous competitor species: Brachypodium phoenicoïdes (L.) Roem. & Schult. Among the different disturbance regimes tested (scrub-clearing and / or grazing), crossed with the presence or the absence of sol draining, none could restore in the short-term (3 years), the integrity of the steppe reference. A significant increase in species richness and diversity was only measured for drained, scrub-cleared and annually grazed plots. At bramble population scale, the effects of the different treatments change depending on the year, the season and the time of the day. However, disturbance regimes (clearing and / or grazing) have more impact on eco-physiological and morphological traits of the bramble than the water resources limitation. Our results highlight the difficulty controlling short-term dynamics of an invasive species. They question the objectives of conservation and / or restoration of plots which can then be considered as degraded ecosystems or as "novel ecosystems" whose potential patrimonial values are still unknown
Chaieb, Ghassen. "Variation de l’intensité de la facilitation avec la salinité et l’aridité dans les dépressions salines continentales de Tunisie." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0284.
Full textWe aim to clarify the debate of the community ecology literature on changes in plant-plant interaction along water stress gradients. We focused on the importance of the type of stress (resources vs. non-resources) and the method used (observational vs. experimental) to quantify biotic interactions. The continental saline depressions (Sebkhas) of Tunisia, characterized by the existence of a strong gradient of salinity in contrasting climatic conditions, is an excellent model system to clarify this debate, in particular by separating the effects of salinity from water stress.In a first step, we carried out an observational study on the scale of the Tunisian arid zone in order to identify the consequences of the possible interactions existing between topography and climate and determining variations in salinity and water stress and ultimately the structure, composition of plant communities and ecosystem functioning. We set up a field design combining a topographic position treatment (with four habitats) and a water stress treatment (with two climate conditions: the wet arid climate and the dry arid climate) with four replicates at the regional scale. We also carried out two experiments, one on the effect of neighbors using the observational method with transplants of three dominant species in all treatments and a second on the effect of the method (observational vs. experimental) with transplantation of three Poaceae in the two least saline habitats.The observational study clearly showed that salinity was the major direct factor determining the composition, diversity and structure of communities, as well as the productivity of ecosystems and their fertility. Aridity has less, more subtle effects, which can only be spatially compared in the least saline habitat between the low and high arid climates.The first experimental study showed that salinity stress (a direct, non-resource factor) induced a facilitation collapse that increased with increasing aridity, both temporally and spatially. The switch to competition in extreme conditions of aridity predicted in the literature was not found. This is very likely due to the weakly competitive strategy of Chamaephytes dominating the most saline habitats. The second experimental study showed that, before the dry summer season, the short-term interactions measured by the experimental method (removal method) were negative whereas the long-term interactions, measured by the combination of the observational and experimental methods were positive, thus, supporting our hypotheses and the literature. However, after the dry summer season, the short-term interactions turned to positive, whereas the long-term interactions collapsed due to vanishing the buffering effect of the vegetated soil on humidity.These results are crucial because they showed that in this arid and saline system, the collapse of facilitation is the major process explaining the structure, diversity and functioning of ecosystems, both along salinity gradients and when water stress increases. On the other hand, the combination of the observational and experimental methods was crucial to show that the increase in facilitation predicted by SGH with increasing water stress is only a response of plants to the increasing negative effect of abiotic environment (environmental-severity effect). This contrasts with the increased competition in unstressed environments and increased facilitation from highly stressed to intermediate environments, both being neighbor-trait effects
Saunier, Amélie. "Réponse de la forêt à des scénarios de sécheresse appliqués à moyen et long terme en milieu naturel : étude des COVB du chêne pubescent, principal émetteur d’isoprène en région méditerranéenne." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0106/document.
Full textBiogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC) emitted by vegetation represent 1PgC.yr-1 at the global scale. These BVOC, once emitted into the atmosphere, can participate in the troposheric ozone formation as well as secondary oragnic aerosols and, consequently, on the atmospheric pollution. That’s why, it is very important to quantify, as accurately as possible, the BVOC emissions and to improbe the knowledge about the environmental factors which drive these emissions. It is well known that BVOC emissions are controlled by the light and the temperature but they can be impacted by other factors such as water stress. Nevertheless, these mechanisms are not well understood yet, since it has been shown that water stress can increase or decrease BVOC emissions according to the intensity and the duration of stress. In a context of climate change, we can expected an intensification of summer drought in Mediteranean area with an incerase of temperature, a decrease of rainfall as well as an elongation of stress period. This climate change could modify BVOC emissions. Moreover, the effects of a water stress applied during several years are not known. In this study, we wanted to evaluate the impact of water stress, expected with climate change, on BVOC emitted by Downy oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.), main isoprene emitter of Mediterranean region
Pupier, Chloé A. "Ecologie nutritionnelle des octocoralliaires de Mer Rouge." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS036.
Full textOctocorals living in symbiosis with photosynthetic dinoflagellates are one of the major benthic groups of tropical coral reefs. They are notably abundant within disturbed ecosystems where environmental changes have led to the decline of reef-building corals. Although nutrition plays a fundamental role in regulating the abundance of a population, the acquisition of nutrients by octocorals has received little attention to date. The aims of this thesis were to characterize the acquisition and assimilation of autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrients by octocoral species from the Red Sea, from the shallow down to the upper mesophotic zone. The results show that the autotrophic carbon fixation in octocorals is lower at shallow depth compared to scleractinians, but equivalent at mesophotic depths. In addition, the assimilation of dissolved nitrogen compounds is lower in octocorals than in scleractinian corals. These results suggest that octocorals strongly depend on heterotrophic food sources to meet their nutritional requirements. Such mixotrophy provides octocorals with a wide trophic plasticity, which may contribute to their higher resistance to cope with already on-going environmental changes
Barrette, Marie-France. "Stress socio-écologiques lors de la gestation et effets maternels hormonaux chez le suricate (Suricata suricatta) du Kalahari." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6540.
Full textPiton, Gabin. "Résilience des écosystèmes prairiaux aux stress climatiques selon l'intensité de gestion. Une approche par le concept de trait fonctionnel microbien Using proxies of microbial community‐weighted means traits to explain the cascading effect of management intensity, soil and plant traits on ecosystem resilience in mountain grasslands The resilience of soil microbial communities to climate change-induced rain regimes differs between conventional and ecological-intensive managed soils across European agroecosystems Implementing ecoenzymes in the trait framework bring new insights on the microbial communitiy composition control on ecosystem functioning." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAV070.
Full textIn the current context of climate change, associated with increases of climate extremes frequency and intensity, understanding the ecosystem response to climate variability is a central challenge in ecology. Soil microbial communities control most ecosystem processes driving energy and nutrients fluxes. In the context of agriculture management, an important question is to understand the influence of farming practices on soil microbial communities and their capacity to maintain ecosystem functioning under climate change. Ecological-intensive agriculture has been recently proposed as an approach integrating ecological processes in management strategies to optimise agroecosystems functioning and resilience to climate change. Functional ecology might be relevant to address these challenges associated with climate change and ecological-intensification of agriculture.In this PhD thesis, I used the functional trait framework to grassland ecosystems to address how different modalities of management intensity (extensive, conventional-intensive, ecological-intensive management) influence: 1) functional parameters of soil microbial communities; 2) the capacity of these soil microbial communities to maintain ecosystem functioning during and after climatic stresses (Resilience). During my PhD, three experiments have been conducted using different degrees of control of management factors and simulating different kind of climatic stresses, with different durations. Based on grassland agroecosystems in three countries across Europe (France, Switzerland, Portugal), results from the first two experiments of this PhD showed that ecological-intensive management select soil microbial communities with a lower capacity to maintain microbial ecosystem properties during stresses (resistance) but with higher capacity to recover compared with soil microbial communities of soils under conventional-intensive management. Moreover, another study showed that ecological-intensive management promotes beneficial proteolytic soil microbial communities for plant nitrogen uptake under climate change-induced rain regimes. Plant functional traits assessment suggest this management effect on microbial communities composition and resilience to be explained by higher litter phosphorous content in ecological-intensive systems. Indeed, this plant functional trait affect microbial traits, favouring copiotrophic microbial community characterized by a lower nitrogen:phosphorous ratio of their biomass and a lower investment in extracellular enzymes production, two traits decreasing stress resistance but increasing recovery capacities. Thereby, these two experiments stress the relevance of plant traits management to control soil microbial traits and the resilience of soil microbial communities to climate changes. A third experiment tested specifically the impact of a mineral fertilisation event on the resilience of soil microbial communities to different climatic stresses. Results clearly demonstrated that fertilization modify soil microbial community composition and soil microbial traits and decrease ecosystem stability under climatic stresses.Implementing an approach based on the microbial functional trait concept, this thesis brings new insights on the effects of management intensity on grassland ecosystem resilience to climatic stress
Bertrand, Georges. "Caractérisation des réponses adaptatives à la contrainte hydrique dans le Sud-Est de l’Amazonie chez trois espèces fourragères cultivées en monoculture et en association : brachiaria brizantha, Leucaena leucocephala et Arachis pintoï." Thesis, Paris Est, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PEST0066/document.
Full textIn the Eastern Amazon region (Pará, Brazil), smallholder farming significantly contributes to the transformation of the Amazonian rain forest ecosystem into pasture land that typically includes a single species, generally a perennial fodder grass (Poaceae) originating from Africa (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu). Such pastures rapidly lose their sustainability and get invaded by weeds. To prevent these effects, two imported perennial fodder species of the Fabaceae family (Arachis pintoï cv. Amarelo and Leucaena leucocephala Lam.) have been mixed with the African grass Brachiaria and the interrelations between B. brizantha and the Fabaceae species have been studied. In this unique ecophysiological study, plant parameters, such as gas exchange and plant water potential have been correlated with soil parameters, such as soil water content. The final goal was to assess the impact of the Fabaceae plants on pasture tolerance to water deficit. The experimental setting included five treatments applied to 100 m2 fenced plots to keep cattle away. Treatments corresponded to various combinations between the grass and the two Fabaceae species. Three biological repeats were set up for each treatment for statistical significance and in order to account for soil structure variability. In monospecific plots, B. brizantha exhibited stomatal conductance values higher than those expected from typical C4 species whereas net CO2 assimilation rates were normal. A. pintoï and L. leucocephala had usual stomatal conductance values for field-cultivated C3 plants. In response to drought, a general adjustment in stomatal conductance was observed 30 days into the dry season (i.e. without rain), suggesting that the plants limited transpiration rates according to the progressive decrease in soil water content. This strategy allowed them to maintain photosynthetic activities and to supply photosynthates to their tissues while limiting rises in temperatures. Upon exhaustion of soil water cotent, decreases in leaf water potentials were observed and plants escaped drought by reducing their leaf area and by abruptly closing their stomata. Brachiaria’s responses to drought were similar in mixed and monospecific plots regarding stomatal conductance, net CO2 assimilation rate or real-time water efficiency. However, when grown in mixed plots with A. pintoï, Brachiaria’s leaf water potential decreased rapidly after the onset of drought, due to the competition for water. In a A. pintoï ! Brachiaria plot, Brachiaria had a negative impact on A. pintoï photosynthetic activities and biomass production, even though the latter was considered as a shade plant species. On the other hand, Brachiaria metabolic activities were reduced in L. leucocephala ! Brachiaria combinations, due to the interception of light supply by L. leucocephala. L. leucocephala avoided water deficit by reducing leaf area. The resulting increase in light intensity reaching the lower strata, toward the end of the dry season weakened the shortest plants and limited fodder production. In conclusion, we propose that farmers implement pasture sustainability by developing crop mixing, using fodder species adapted to abiotic stresses. Furthermore, our results show that several crop combinations represent viable solutions to the perpetuation of new pastures. Each fodder species presents specific drought adaptation features. Combining them could be beneficial if pastoral pressure was allowed to develop according to the plants tolerance level. Improvements in fodder production and diversity could extend the life-span of smallholder settlements and as a result slow down deforestation
Pelletier, Laure. "Individual and environmental drivers of the foraging behaviour in a long-lived coastal seabird." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01023688.
Full textFarasin, Julien. "Diversité génomique et fonctionnelle de bactéries du genre Thiomonas isolées du drainage minier acide de Carnoulès (Gard)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ079/document.
Full textUnderstanding the link between diversity and adaptation in natural bacterial populations represents an important issue in microbial ecology. The amount of whole genome sequencing data currently available has allowed for interesting advances in this field. Several strains from the genus Thiomonas belonging to the species, Tm. arsenitoxydans (3As) and Tm. spp. (CB1, CB2, CB3 and CB6), were isolated from the acid mine drainage (AMD) at Carnoulès (Gard, France). Comparison among genomes allowed for a better definition of their phylogenetic relationships and highlighted differences in genetic content, which is essentially due to the presence of genomic islands. Some of these differences were experimentally correlated with functional traits concerning arsenite oxidation, urea degradation, and biofilm biosynthesis, and are potentially beneficial in situ (leading to an enhanced resistance to arsenite (As(III)), metal precipitation, and an increase in pH, ultimately protecting cells). The comparison of genome synteny of Tm. arsenitoxydans 3As, Tm. sp CB2, and Tm. intermedia K12 (not isolated from this AMD) show several important genomic rearrangements exist in Tm. sp CB2. This type of rearrangements could be involved in the emergence of arsenite "super-resistant" variants in the Tm. sp CB2 population. In particular, several copies of an integrative and conjugative element (ICE) containing the aioBA operon coding arsenite oxidase were detected in the genomes of two variants, which could explain their higher levels of resistance to As(III). The percentage of variants in biofilm culture is higher when grown in the presence of As(III), and transcriptomic data suggests that genomic rearrangements probably occurred through DNA repair systems following damage caused by As(III) induced oxidative stress. Therefore, biofilm development and As(III) appear to allow for the adaptation of Tm. sp. CB2 genome flexibility and evolutionary potential. These data suggest that CB2 and Tm. sp. CB3 have more flexible genomes than the other strains. Tm. arsenitoxydans 3As and Tm. spp. CB1 and CB6 form both a phylogenetic and functional cluster ("3As group") suggesting that they occupy a specific ecological niche and therefore could represent an ecotype of the genus Thiomonas. The Thiomonas population from the Carnoulès AMD might therefore consist of at least one stable ecotype as well as other strains with more instable genomes, whose higher adaptive potential could be affected by As(III) and biofilm development
Song, Mi-Young. "Ecological quality assessment of stream ecosystems using benthic macroinvertebrates." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/224/.
Full textIn this study, we applied the SOM for ecological assessment using benthic macroinvertebrates in aquatic ecosystem. First, Chapter I, SOM was utilized to extract information from complex data of environmental variables and benthic macroinvertebrate communities residing in different micro-habitats. Although the sampling was carried out in a limited area, the patterns of environmental variables revealed spatial heterogeneity. The clustering of benthic macroinvertebrate communities in the trained SOM was efficient in showing temporal variation and evaluating water quality according to the conditions of different micro-habitats. Consequently, local spatial heterogeneity is important in revealing dynamics of community abundance and biotic indices, especially regarding restoration processes in polluted streams. Chapter II, the samples were grouped into three main clusters corresponding to distinc EPTC assemblages in the tributary streams of the Garonne River catchment, southern France. Lower richness and diversity of macroinvertebrates were observed in the areas affected by agricultural land use, being associated with high Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Nitrate (NO3) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Tolerant EPTC species were identified as controlling parameters for the changes in the assemblages collected at the agricultural-impacted sites. .
Monteil, Caroline. "Écologie de Pseudomonas syringae dans un bassin versant : vers un modèle de transfert : des habitats naturels aux agro-systèmes." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00916593.
Full textFabre, Virginie. "Réponse démographique des Néandertaliens face aux pressions environnementales du stade isotopique 3 : approche par modélisation écologique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX20711/document.
Full textThe Neanderthal population lived and thrived in Europe during about 300ky in Middle Pleistocene. The causes of their disappearance about 30ky ago are strongly debated. Among the current hypotheses developed to explain this demographical crisis, competition with Modern humans, climate changes, epidemic diseases or demographical changes have often been evoked. The aim of this thesis was to re-analyse these assumptions and their determinants by using mathematical modelling. Models are used here to synthesize the data obtained by classical paleoanthropological studies and try to understand the complex and unknown phenomenon relative to the dramatic demographic fluctuation observed in Neanderthal populations during OIS3. Classical mathematical models are firstly used to analyse the influence of both demographical parameters and environmental stresses on the Neanderthal population. Next, we created new deterministic models more specified to the Neanderthal population. After checking the relevance of these models, we used them to analyse the demographical crisis of OIS3 and the information given by modelling have been checked with the information supplied by classical paleoanthropological, zooarchaeological and prehistorical studies. Our results allowed us to exclude the assumption of an epidemic disease or a climate change or even a resource competition as a cause of Neanderthal extinction whereas competition in a broad sense and above all demographic change could have led, under specific conditions, to Neanderthal demise. A demographic modification in the Neanderthal population across the time, in terms of fecundity or maturation speed, could be the reason of Neanderthals disappearance
Roy, Catherine. "Influences du soutien social et du stress sur le comportement maternel d'adolescentes en interaction avec leur enfant de 24 mois une analyse longitudinale et transactionnelle /." Thèse, [Montréal] : Université de Montréal, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/umontreal/fullcit?pNQ82755.
Full text"NQ-82755." "Thèse présentée à la faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Ph. D. en service social." Version électronique également disponible sur Internet.
Floury, Mathieu. "Analyse des tendances d'évolution de peuplements de macroinvertébrés benthiques dans un contexte de réchauffement des eaux." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00844377.
Full textMarchand, Adrien. "Pertinence écologique des biomarqueurs d'immunotoxicité en surveillance environnementale . Evaluation of chlorpyrifos effects, alone and combined with lipopolysaccharide stress, on DNA integrity and immune responses of three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus." Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIMS049.
Full textThe natural variability of cellular innate immunomarkers in a model species in ecotoxicology, the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus was studied in order to determine immunomarker reference values useful for passive biomonitoring Thus, effects of three confounding factors, sampling period, sex, and fish body size, were investigated in controlled laboratory conditions. This first phase enabled the construction of a mathematical model that predicts immunomarker mean values in function of the three considered confounding factors, along with a range of reference values in laboratory conditions. To be used for biomonitoring, it is important to know if the laboratory model is correctly predicting other conditions. Therefore, laboratory reference ranges were compared to data obtained from fish sampled in semi-natural conditions (mesocosm conditions) and fish sampled in natural conditions, in one uncontaminated site (field condition). Results of this comparison allowed to construct a predictive model of the natural variations of immunomarker values in each experimental condition. Tested in a biomonitoring context, the use of field reference range allowed to i) discriminate between contaminated and uncontaminated sites and ii) identify false positives that are due to the morphological heterogeneity of fish sampled in the different sites
Mathaux, Coralie. "Vivre dans des conditions difficiles en falaise : potentialités et longévité du genévrier de Phénicie (Juniperus Phoenicea L)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0073/document.
Full textThe cliffs are the last virgin ecosystems of the temperate zone. They represent a reservoir of biodiversity and a refuge for many plant and animal species and can harbor long-lived species. In the Mediterranean basin, the scarcity of old and natural forest populations and even that of isolated trees reaching great ages is explained by the existence of a strong anthropogenic pressure for about 10 000 years. However, in the gorges of the Ardèche (southern France), populations of Juniperus phoenicea in cliffs present all age classes including millennial individuals. Beyond this, the cliffs regularly shelter old trees that can be identified using visual morphological criteria. Nevertheless, the rock walls impose important stresses on the trees which develop therein due to the verticality and the compactness of the substrate. The soil is absent or very reduced and this leads to a supply of water and nutrients which can also be limited. Moreover, the verticality of the environment causes many rockfalls that injure or kill the trees. Juniperus phoenicea which colonize these very restrictive habitat respond to the pressure of such a medium by a very low growth rate, a partial mortality of the aerial system and the cambium, the leaf morphological characteristics adapted to the drought, the ability to use water from mists and small rains that only wet the foliage, and they also have arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community adapted to this environment, while at the same time achieving exceptional longevity
Gossiaux, Alice. "Effets des changements environnementaux sur le fonctionnement des ruisseaux de tête de bassin versant." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0260.
Full textIn the current context of environmental changes, many pressures threaten the functioning and integrity of natural environments. Among these pressures, concerns about increasing temperatures and changes in nutrients availability are rising, particularly for freshwater aquatic ecosystems. The consequences of these changes on headwater streams, which contribute to downstream water bodies and provide many ecosystem services, are essential to anticipate in order to plan management and conservation measures. Headwater streams functioning is mainly based on the decomposition of allochthonous organic matter, which is the major carbon input for benthic food webs. To a lesser extent, primary production is represented by the autotrophic organisms of biofilm. Using different approaches (microcosms, mesocosms, in natura), this thesis aims at understanding how microbial and macro-invertebrate compartments, involved in the functioning of headwater streams, react to temperature increases, and at disentangling the combined effects of nutrients availability changes, seasonality, species identity and underlying biotic interactions. The results of this thesis demonstrate that temperature and nutrients have complex effects on stream litter decomposition processes (potentially weak, non-linear and sometimes opposed to the results of the literature). In addition, these studies highlight the importance of taking seasonal effects and temporal dynamics into account in order to improve the understanding of the measured processes in natural or semi-natural environments. Finally, species identity (litter, micro and macro-organisms), species roles in the community (functional groups) and interactions among them (antagonists, facilitators) play a key role in the variability of observed responses, by modulating, for example, the importance of the brown and green pathways in the functioning of these systems. Finally, the variability of the effects of temperature increase and nutrient availability on the functioning of headwater streams, which is strongly linked to the context and level of biological organization, leads to many research opportunities, and in particular for citizen science
Ji, Jinnan. "Finite elements modelling and analysis of the effect of vegetation on forested slopes stability." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20213.
Full textEcological engineering, which is described as ‘the management of nature', was first proposed by Odum in 1971. In the past few decades, ecological engineering has been largely devoted to combat soil erosion and mass movement all over the world, because of its benefit on sustainable ecosystems. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the impact of forest stands on the stability of finite slopes, considering both the mechanical and hydrological effects of roots against shallow landslides. Two monospecific and even-aged forest sites planted with Robinia pseudoacacia and Platycladus orientalis respectively were selected on the Loess Plateau of China and used as study sites. Slope Factors of Safety were calculated using a 2D finite element model that takes into account the distribution of roots in the shallow layers of soil.Field site experiments and laboratory tests were performed in order to estimate the main parameters of the model, i.e. distribution of root area ratio within the soil, root tensile strength, as well as bare soil mechanical and hydrological properties. The contribution of roots to soil shear strength was considered through an additional cohesion calculated with models provided by the literature. Six existing models were tested. This thesis is composed of two main chapters that make the focus on : (1) the mechanical effect of the spatial heterogeneity of root distribution at the slope scale; (2) the influence of root distribution on the coupling between pore fluid diffusion and mechanical stress and its impact on slope stability. This study brings to the following main conclusions: (1) terraced slopes were 20% more stable than rectilinear slopes, disregarding the differences in hydrological regimes between the two sites; (2) FoS could reach an asymptotic value when increasing root additional cohesion; (3) variations of the actual root cohesion do not affect much slope stability. However more attention should be given to the reinforcement of the bottom part of the actual slopes, where roots have a larger positive impact on the FoS; (4) the effect of heavy precipitations on slope stability could probably be overcome or at least mitigated by root system network, but this depends on root characteristics and their resulting effect on soil water flow
Parreira, de Castro Diego Marcel. "Functional diversity and trophic relationships in benthic communities : a multi-scale spatial approach in neotropical savanna streams." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1092/document.
Full textChanges in land cover and use and the associated environmental degradation due to human activities have resulted in extreme alterations of tropical ecosystems, especially in headwater streams and their watersheds in the neotropical savanna. Human pressures related to agricultural expansion and urbanization have led to drastic reductions in native vegetation cover, affecting riparian zones and degrading aquatic ecosystem functioning. There is an urgent need to quantify and predict how aquatic communities respond to different intensities of land use to guide conservation and natural resource management efforts. This thesis aims to evaluate how spatial scales influence the relationship between habitat and benthic macroinvertebrate communities and how land use intensity affects the trophic relationships and biological traits of macroinvertebrates. In Chapter 1, we evaluated how the intensity of land use (represented by a gradient moving from native vegetation toward pasture and sugar cane plantations) influences the energy flow and trophic niches of macroinvertebrates. In Chapter 2, we investigated the spatial scales (e.g., catchment, local) that most influence the taxonomic and functional composition of macroinvertebrate assemblages. Finally, in Chapter 3, we examined the impacts of human pressures on the functional diversity of macroinvertebrate assemblages. we showed that the intensity of land use affects benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages, yielding more generalist feeding behaviors with greater overlap of trophic niches (Chapter 1). In addition, environmental variables at the local and catchment scales significantly explained the variations in the taxonomic and functional composition of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera assemblages, but land use variables best explained the differences in functional composition among sites (Chapter 2). Finally, we showed that less impacted sites (under reference conditions) had more specialized and more functional diverse macroinvertebrate assemblages compared to disturbed sites (Chapter 3). These results corroborate the idea that biodiversity should be evaluated at multiple spatial scales and that the functional elements of biological communities should be considered when aiming for conservation and the development of predictive tools. This study contributes to a better understanding of the structure and functioning of streams in the neotropical savanna by subsidizing the development of environmental assessment tools. Such approaches will contribute to the development of more appropriate management and conservation measures that will allow for evaluation of the impacts on biota of further degradation of the ecological conditions in tropical streams
Barbaro, Luc. "Dynamique agro-écologique des communautés de pelouses sèches calcicoles du Vercors méridional : application à la gestion conservatoire de la biodiversité par le pastoralisme." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10147.
Full textRossi, Florent. "Leaf Litter decomposition in streams subjected to global change : the role of heterotrophic microbial communities." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC101.
Full textHuman activity through industry, urbanization and agriculture, has led to the production and release of a large amounts of chemical compounds (including pesticides and pharmaceuticals) into the biosphere. One of the problematic related to the xenobiotic compounds fate is their transfer to aquatic ecosystems and the alteration of diversity and activity of microbial communities. Microbial communities associated with immersed leaf-litter can be impacted by these compounds, and in turn, alter global processes such as the carbon and nutrient cycling in the stream ecosystem. Accordingly, this thesis work aims to assess the effects of realistic chemical contamination on microbial leaf-litter decomposition process in streams.The first chapter of this thesis was focused on the comparison of microbial decomposition activity in alder leaves in six watersheds presenting different land uses (agricultural, urbanized, forested) over four seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter). The effect of the gradient of contamination on microbial organic matter processing from upstream to downstream sections in each watershed was also assessed. Monitoring revealed that microbial decomposition of leaves was slightly higher in contaminated watersheds (agricultural and urbanized) in comparison with control ones (forested), probably because of the compensation effect by nutrients over xenobiotics. However, this compensation mechanism was partial since fungal biomass accumulated in leaves was greatly reduced in contaminated watersheds. Overall, this highlights microbial communities being more efficient for leaf decomposition in polluted watersheds than in the less contaminated ones, which is probably explained by changes in microbial community structure.The second chapter of this thesis aimed to evaluate in vitro the specific interactions between nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and pesticides (herbicide and fungicide, alone or in mixture) exposure on microbial communities during leaf-litter decomposition. High nutrient concentrations (eutrophic conditions) tended to exacerbate the effects of pesticides on leaf decomposition rates suggesting that the compensatory mechanism of nutrients over pesticides observed in the previous part is probably concentration dependent and does not always apply to aquatic microbial communities. Moreover, a stimulation in laccase activity was observed when microbial communities were exposed to the fungicide, suggesting a role of this enzyme in detoxification mechanisms. However, the fact that such stimulation was not observed when exposed to the mixture of both pesticides (herbicide and fungicide) suggest that the interaction between these two molecules impaired the ability of microbial communities to display properstress response. These results constitute the first evidence of the potential interaction between an herbicide and a fungicide on leaf-associated microbial communities functioning. (...)