Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Écologie des récifs coralliens – Mayotte'
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Jeanson, Matthieu. "Morphodynamique du littoral de Mayotte : des processus au reseau de surveillance." Littoral, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00449987.
Full textMayotte Island is characterised by a vast reef-lagoon complex comprising significant mangrove development. Several field experiments involving hydrodynamic measurements, topographic surveys, and observations were coupled with the analysis of aerial photographs in order to gain a better understanding of the evolution of the reef-lagoon complex and of the morphodynamic interactions. The results highlight a remarkably variable mangrove system subject to progression or stability in the north and east of the island, but exhibiting a clearly regressive pattern along the southern and western shores. The hydrodynamic data acquired during the field experiments clearly bring out the spatial and temporal variations in wave and mean current patterns involved in these differences. These data also throw light on the short-term morphodynamics of the small pocket beaches associated with some of these mangroves. The degree of exposure to waves, and reef structure, notably in terms of width and elevation relative to the tidal frame, have a determining influence on the afore-mentioned variations in mangrove dynamics along the shores of the island, and in the greater vulnerability of the mangrove shores of the south and west of the island, especially in the face of strong impinging development pressures. The extermination of these mangrove systems leads to a reorganisation of the sediment stocks and the emergence of new shoreline morphodynamic patterns. These changes have necessitated the construction of an operational observatory aimed at monitoring the coastal dynamics. This tool is based on a network sourced by the measurements and field observations integrated into a GIS
Léocadie, Aurore. "Efficacité des projets d'ingénierie écologique en milieu corallien : Perceptions, représentations sociales et besoins identifiés des acteurs du territoire- Cas de La Réunion et de Mayotte." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Réunion, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LARE0034.
Full textIn the 1970s, the scientific community began to highlight the collapse of biodiversity, across all living groups, on a global scale. Research carried out since then has revealed an increasingly worrying situation. As a result, the need for biodiversity governance has emerged on the international stage. The objectives of the major international organisations and conventions (IPBES, IUCN, CBD, COP, etc.) have focused on the importance of preserving and conserving ecosystems in the face of the ecological emergency. Over the last ten years, coral reefs have suffered a progressive loss of their global coverage, with significant historical losses and a rapid decline. Their functional equilibrium has been reached, making it increasingly difficult for them to remain resilient. The development of sustainable, cost-effective and innovative solutions is at the centre of discussions aimed at achieving the sustainability of this ecosystem. Sustainability is linked to the interdependence between the ecosystem and the accompanying socio-system. For this reason, one of the key measures of the COP15-Biodiversity Summit in December 2022 focuses on the restoration of degraded natural environments.One of its objectives is to successfully restore habitats and ecosystem functionalities through human actions that combine scientific knowledge, local knowledge and technical expertise. However, the restoration of coral reefs does not always live up to these objectives.Focusing on so-called active ecological repair techniques, we are interested in the question of this effectiveness. We formulate the following hypotheses: (1) Assessment of the effectiveness of ecological repair takes little account of the social dimension, (2) The social effectiveness of ecological repair projects depends first and foremost on their social acceptance, which is the result of the perceptions and representations that stakeholders have of the ecosystem to be repaired, the uses they make of this ecosystem and the repair project, (3) this social effectiveness can be summarised in a few indicators that can be included in a dashboard of ecological repair management indicators, (4) this dashboard has a dual function: on the one hand, to estimate the capacity of the players, the physico-chemical environment, and the materials and know-how used to generate an effective ecological repair project, and on the other hand, to monitor the sustainability of this effectiveness.Our problematic of resarch is: how can the effectiveness of this ecological repair be improved by taking better account of its social dimensions? We take a multidisciplinary approach to this question, understanding coral reefs as a socio-ecosystem and addressing the socio-ecological dimension of this ecosystem. We mobilise several postulates around reef ecological engineering, social acceptance and governance.We analysed the effectiveness of 62 reef ecological engineering projects from 13 different territories in the Indian Ocean basin. The aim of this analysis was to deduce the various components of this effectiveness. At the same time, we identified project effectiveness criteria and highlighted the lack of consideration given to the social dimension of ecological engineering projects. This dimension was studied through the perceptions and representations of 247 stakeholders on the islands of Réunion and Mayotte. Finally, ecological and sociological indicators of reef ecological engineering were developed and applied
Gout, Bertrand. "Influence des apports terrigènes dans les écosystèmes lagonaires de Mayotte et de Nouvelle-Calédonie (Province Indopacifique) : impact sur les peuplements benthiques." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20021.
Full textFréjaville, Yann. "Colonisation ichtyologique des récifs coralliens dans les Antilles Françaises." Antilles-Guyane, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AGUY0185.
Full textThe aim of the present work was to study a crucial stage in the Iife of coral reef fishes: settlement on the reefs after a pelagic larval development stage. Monthly samplings of post-Iarval fishes settling on a coral reef fiat of Guadeloupe Island were carried out with a crest net over 15 months. Moreover, samplings of pelagic patches of micronekton were realized with a mesopelagic trawl at several distances from the coasts of Martinique Island. So, 3867 settlers belonging to 50 families were sampied on the reef flat. Thus, there is an annual colonization of 65 individuals. M-2. The colonization on the studied reef is close to the "competition" model, based on the hypothesis that the fishes would settle in excess relatively to habitat and resources provided by the reef. The most abundant families of settlers are the Gobiidae (50 % of total number, 43 % of relative occurrences), then the Clinidae, the Scaridae and the Clupeidae. The main environmental factor governing the colonization is the nycthemeral cycle and the favoured hour for settlement appeared to be between 3:00 am and 5:00 am. The other important factor favourable to settlement is a strong hydrodynamism. A total of 678 post-Iarvaeı belonging to 54 families were collected during the pelagie samplings (30 tows). This study has verified a phenomenon of nycthemeral vertical migration, furthermore, densities of pelagic post-Iarvae were significantly higher in the leeward coast of Martinique. It thus appeared that colonization is an active and controlled behaviour of the competent post-Iarvae
Kopp, Dorothée. "Les poissons herbivores dans l'écosystème récifal des Antilles." Antilles-Guyane, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AGUY0168.
Full textThe degradation of coral reefs is currently under investigation in many ecology studies. The present work provides information about the role herbivorus fishes for the reef community and allows to estimate the importance of these fises for the resilience of the benthic coral communities. The herbivorous fish assemblage was studied by scuba diving with quantitative visual censuses in several reef flats and slopes of Guadeloupe. The collected data were processed using several community descriptors, ordination and cluster analyses and autocorrelograms. The study of the temporal variations showed that the herbivorous fish assemblage is submitted to fluctuations during the year but does not follow a seasonal pattern and that some ecological descriptors influence the community such as the swell. The wind and the tide. The study of spatial distribution showed a separation of herbivorous fish assemblages according to depth, with a shallow water fish assemblage distinct from that living on the reef slope. The ecological descriptors responsible for the spatial distribution of herbivorous fishes are the type of algal assemblages, coral cover, depth and the status of reef protection. The fish algal consumption evaluated on the reef revealed that herbivores are not able to regulate. The algal growth when they are overfished. The attraction for different algal facies(turf,rubble,Brown algae,calcified chlorophyta) estimated bymeasuring fish bites,showed that fishes avoid grazing on bottoms dominated by brown algae
Augustin, David. "Variabilité à long terme des peuplements du récif de Tiahura, Moorea, Polynésie française : 1971-1997." Paris, EPHE, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998EPHE3052.
Full textPari, Nathalie. "Les éponges perforantes dans les milieux récifaux actuels et anciens : significations écologiques et paléoécologiques." Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX11023.
Full textVillon, Sébastien. "Estimation automatisée sur vidéos de la biodiversité et de l’abondance des poissons coralliens." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG058.
Full textCoral reefs are home of a great fish biodiversity (approximately 7000 species). This biodiversity is the source of many vital ecosystem services such as protein intakes for local populations, nutrients cycle or regulation of algae abundancy. However, increasing human pressure through over-fishing and global warming is destroying both fish popu-lations and their habitats. In this context, monitoring the coral reef fish biodiversity,abundancy and biomass with precision is one of the major issues for marine ecology. To face the increasing pressure and fast globals changes, such monitoring has to be done at a large sclae, temporally and spatially. Up to date, most of fish underwater census is achieved through diving, during which the diver identify fish species and count them. Such manual census induces many constraints (depth and duration of the dive) and biais due to the diver experience. These biais (mistaking fish species or over/under estimating fish populations) are not quantifiable nor correctable. Today, thanks to the improvement of high resolution, low-cost, underwater cameras, new protocoles are developed to use video census. However, there is not yet a way to automaticaly process these underwater videos.Therefore, the analysis of the videos remains a bottleneck between the data gathering through video census and the analysis of fish communities. During this thesis, we develop-ped automated methods for detection and identification of fish in underwater videos with Deep Learning based algorithm. We work on all aspects of the pipeline, from video acqui-sition, data annotation, to the models and post-processings conception, and models testing. Today, we have gather more than 380,000 images of 300 coral reef species. We developped an identification model who successfully identified 20 of the most common species onMayotte coral reefs with 94% rate of success, and post-processing methods allowing us to decrease the error rate down to 2%. We also developped a detection method allowing us to detect up to 84% of fish individuals in underwater videos
Cuet, Pascale. "Influence des résurgences d'eaux douces sur les caractéristiques physico-chimiques et métaboliques de l'écosystème récifal à la Réunion (Océan Indien)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1989. http://thesesenligne.univ.run/H/Cuet_1989.pdf.
Full textUrbina-Barreto, Isabel. "Nouveaux indices quantitatifs pour le suivi des récifs coralliens issus de modélisation 3D par photogrammétrie." Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0021.
Full textHabitat structural complexity plays a key role in the dynamics and resilience of coral reef communities. The critical situation of coral reef ecosystems beseeches a rapid improvement of monitoring tools to assist in the implementation of efficient conservation measures. Today, new reef assessment technologies support researchers and managers to collect information safer, faster, and with greater accuracy. Among them, photogrammetry by Structure-from-Motion (SfM) creates three-dimensional models and reef zone maps from overlapping images to conduct quantitative surveys of benthic communities. This thesis addressed four objectives: 1) define underwater photogrammetry protocols to create 3D models of coral colonies and reefscapes, in order to conduct physical and ecological assessments, 2) develop new quantitative reef habitat descriptors, 3) determine the links between these descriptors and the key functional processes ensured by associated fish assemblages, 4) compare photogrammetric methods with a traditional monitoring method, the Line Intercept Transect (LIT). Overall, 120 coral colonies, 24 reefscapes, and two artificial structures (breakwaters) were 3D modeled in two biogeographic provinces: New Caledonia (Pacific Ocean), Europa Island, and Reunion Island (Indian Ocean). Two photogrammetric protocols were defined corresponding to the study scales: the coral colony (≤ 2 m3) and the reefscapes and breakwaters (> 100 m2). Analyzing the 3D models of coral colonies provided 2D and 3D metrics to estimate their shelter volume. Predictive models were then built and fitted to estimate shelter capacity at the reefscape scale. Mapped reefscapes provided the necessary information to calculate 22 new quantitative descriptors. Among them, seven were the most complementary: surface complexity, shelter capacity, diversity of shelter - Shannon Shelter Index, the abundance of branching, massive and tabular, and total coral cover. They explained 63% and 70% of the distribution of reef fish biomass and abundance, respectively. Multifactorial analyses demonstrated the importance of these habitat descriptors in supporting five key functions of reef ecosystems that are ensured by groups of fishes (herbivory-bioerosion, secondary production, plankton assimilation, predation, and coral feeding). Comparisons between photogrammetric methods and the LIT method showed that the surface analysis on the orthomosaics is the most efficient method considering the quantity and quality of data that can be gathered and the time expenditure. The LIT method is less time-consuming and more efficient for specific taxonomic identifications, though it is the most limited method in terms of descriptors and the representativeness of the ecosystem. In addition to the four principle objectives, the 3D models and other photogrammetric outputs served as communication tools in different awareness actions.To sum up, this thesis demonstrated the relevance of underwater SfM photogrammetry applications for coral reef studies, management, and awareness actions. The collected data and their analyses also contribute to establishing a baseline for monitoring the state of reef ecosystems and their functions. In doing so, it provides new scientific information to enhance future management measures and confront the ambitious twenty-first-century conservation targets
Bour, William. "Biologie, écologie, exploitation et gestion rationnelle des trocas (Trochus niloticus L. ) de Nouvelle Calédonie." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20022.
Full textOlivier, Nicolas. "Microbialites dans les bioconstructions du Jurassique : morphologies, rôles édificateurs et significations paléoenvironnementales." Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10037.
Full textMercky, Sylvia. "Rhizobacteries natives de nouvelle-caledonie, promotrices de la croissance des plantes : application a la problematique de la rhehabilitation des sites miniers degrades et du maintien de la fertilite des iles coraliennes." Pacifique, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PACI0018.
Full textGrange, Julie. "La dynamique temporelle des successions de communautés microperforantes et des taux de dissolution associés en milieu récifal. Quelle influence des paramètres biotiques/abiotiques ?" Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066422.
Full textBiogenic dissolution of carbonates due to microborers is one of the main destructive forces in coral reefs. Unfortunately this biogeochemical process received low attention and thus is considered as negligible by prediction models of coral reefs future while this process seems to be stimulated by global change factors such as acidification. In this context, dead coral skeletons were exposed, on a reef in New Caledonia, to microborers for six temporal series from 1 to 12 months of exposure (three started in summer and three in winter). Study of coral blocks allowed to determine together biogenic dissolution rates, the diversity and the abundance of microborers. In parallel, external biotic and abiotic parameters were recorded monthly and/or continuously. This experiment highlighted for the first time; I/ three steps in the temporal dynamics of the biogenic dissolution, described by a growth logistic models, driven by microborer communities and grazing intensity; II/ The interactions between microboring community successions and external parameters described by a conceptual model; III/ the influence of external parameters on the dynamic of biogenic dissolution. Thus, results showed an early installation of Ostreobium quekettii, the main agent of the biogenic dissolution and an increase of this process due to higher seawater temperature or nutrients. This suggests, in the context of global change, an acceleration of the biogenic dissolution weakening even more coral reef ecosystems
Bozec, Yves-Marie. "Les poissons des récifs coralliens de Nouvelle-Calédonie : estimations d'abondance, relations habitat-poissons, interactions trophiques et indicateurs écologiques." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066010.
Full textAdjeroud, Mehdi. "Biodiversité dans un écosystème corallien insulaire (Moorea, Polynésie française : analyse de la répartition spatiale de la biodiversité des peuplements mégabenthiques et relations avec les facteurs environnementaux." Paris 6, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA066005.
Full textÉlise, Simon. "Développement d’indices écoacoustiques pour caractériser et suivre l’état et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes coralliens." Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0041.
Full textCoral reefs are the most complex of marine ecosystems, but also the most threatened by ecological disruption resulting directly or indirectly from human activities. Their conservation represents a huge challenge. While maintaining coral reefs as close as possible to their current configurations and dynamics is among the highest priorities, we must also prepare for rapid changes in their functioning and adapt monitoring tools and networks to this new situation. Recent technological advances enabled the emergence of innovative tools with the potential to drastically increase the spatio-temporal resolution of coral reef monitoring. Among these, Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) is on the rise. The aim of this thesis was to improve and facilitate the use of PAM as a tool for the assessment and monitoring of coral reefs’ ecological states and functioning. Soundscape recordings and ecological surveys (reef fish assemblages and habitat) were performed at 31 outer reef slope sites around three Indo-Pacific islands with variable environmental characteristics, including contrasted anthropogenic pressures. Analysing the results obtained with multiple combinations of sampling settings (frequency bandwidth, time of sampling (day/night), and sample duration) allowed the selection of a sampling scheme based on the two types of indices mostly used in coral reef studies. This scheme enables a rapid and reliable categorisation of reef’s ecological states. Based on these sampling guidelines, the capacity of six ecoacoustic indices to evaluate coral reef key functions was demonstrated. By comparing the contributions of PAM and coarse environmental data that could be sampled remotely, the added value of using ecoacoustic indices to predict reef fish assemblage structure was identified and quantified. An application of ecoacoustics to the continuous monitoring of a remote site highlighted the strong potential of PAM as a supporting tool for managers in such context. In view of the amplitude and velocity of expected climatic changes, current observer-based monitoring methods are likely to be exceeded. Combined to other monitoring tools, PAM could contribute to promptly detect ecosystem disturbances, which is essential to understand their causes and put in place rapid and adapted responses
Gaboriau, Théo. "Diversité globale des poissons coralliens : histoire évolutive et influence de l'environnement passé." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG003/document.
Full textThe exceptional diversity of fishes that inhabit coral reefs fascinates researched from all over the world since over 200years. How can those organisms, that only occupy 1% of the surface of the oceans, form one of the richest group of extant vertebrates? The complexity of this question does not only lie in the extraordinary diversity of morphologies, colors and behaviors, but also roots in the heterogeneous repartition of that richness. Explorations of Mayotte’s lagoon, Cuban coasts or the great barrier reef will show different perspectives of coral-reef fish’ diversity. Those pervasive differences are the result of processes that shaped, during millions of years the repartition of coral-reef species, their morphology and their behavior. During those millions of years of evolution, coral-reef fishes along with species that shelter them, faced massive climatic and tectonic changes. During my PhD, I studied the influence of those factors on the repartition and the diversity of coral-reef fishes. Understanding how species and ecosystems responded to important environmental changes can provide essential insights to anticipate future changes of ecosystem composition and functioning under global changes’ pressure. As coral-reefs are under more and more threatening pressures, I particularly focused on the influence of coral habitat availability on extinction, dispersion and speciation processes of coral-reef fishes.To achieve this goal, several methods have been employed. First, a descriptive approach based on sister-species co-occurrence patterns and the comparison between a global reconstruction of coral-reef habitat dynamics from the Cretaceous (≈ -140 million years) to present and the evolution of several speciose groups of coral-reef fishes permitted to identify a link between diversification rates of several groups of coral-reef fishes and coral habitat fragmentation and to observe the concordance between major earth-history events and biodiversity dynamics of coral-reef fishes.After the identification of a link between habitat fragmentation and coral-reef fishes’ diversification, an important question remains: What are the mechanisms underlying the influence of habitat dynamics on temporal and spatial variations of reef-fish biodiversity? To answer this question a unique approach allowing modeling of species dispersal, extinction and speciation in a gridded space varying in function of habitat dynamics, has been developed and applied to several groups of coastal marine organisms (corals, mangroves, fishes). This approach provided mechanistic insights about how plate movements drove coral reef habitat dynamics and shaped biodiversity gradients of several groups of coastal marine organisms. Finally, the extension of this approach to temperate reefs (rocky reefs), provided mechanistic insights about the interplay between the influence of tectonic events and ecological processes in the formation of present-day latitudinal gradient of biodiversity of reef-fishes.This thesis paves the way towards the use of a new generation of spatialized mechanistic models of macroevolution and the consideration of the influence of past-habitat dynamics in the study of diversification processes
Grignon, Julien. "Capture et culture des postlarves pour le réensemencement en poissons des récifs coralliens de l’île de Viti Levu aux Fidji." Perpignan, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PERP1026.
Full textIn Pacific Islands, majority of costal fisheries are severely affected by the disappearance of fish. The regulation of fish resources is currently the primary means of protecting and sutaining fish stock. In addition to regulation, alternative initiatives such as stock-enhancement may help restore fisheries to more productive levels. To date, most stock-enhancement programs use hatchery-raised stock. However, due to problems with this method, the use of wild-captured larvae has been considered as an option. Consequently, the overall goal of this study was to evaluate the potential of a stock-enhancement program based on the post-larval capture and culture (PCC) of coral reef fish. This research was conducted in south eastern Fiji, a developing country heavily reliant on its coastal fisheries. The study was conducted between janury 2006 and may 2008 and examined ecological and socio-economic factors influencing the feasibility of a foodfish stock-enhancement program based on PCC of coral reef fish. Field surveys and experiments demonstrated the influence of several ecological and environmental factors on fish recruitment, diversity, mortality rates and habitat choice at settlement. Based on the results of the ecological studies, PCC is a feasible stock enhancement tool. The bio-economic model, however, revealed taht in its current form, stock enhancement based on PCC of coral reef fish was not economically sustainable in Fiji, primarily due to low capture rates. Higher foodfish capture levels, however, have been observed in other parts of the Pacific and may be able to provide a sufficient fish supply for economically sustainable stock enhancement in these countries
D'agata, Stéphanie. "Vulnérabilité des communautés de poissons coralliens aux pressions humaines et importance des sites références pour l'évaluation des outils de conservation." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS067.
Full textBeyond species loss, human activity may cause the decrease of phylogenetic and functional diversity carried by species. One of the major issue, particularly in marine ecology, is to understand the effects of human activities on all aspects biodiversity related to ecosystem functioning and assess conservation tools.The objectives of the thesis are i) to assess human impacts on the diversity of phylogenetic lineages and functions within the coral reef fish communities regardless of natural environmental factors, ii) to evaluate the ability of marine protected areas to conserve these facets efficiently and produce baselines values for ecosystem management and iii) to measure the intrinsic functional vulnerability, without human pressure, of fish communities. For this we had sampled very remote sites across the Indo-Pacific and we used statistical tools that take into account thresholds effects and interactions to extract the marginal effect of human activities.First, we show that across the South West Pacific, parrotfish species richness decreases linearly but only of 12% along a gradient of human impact while the phylogenetic and functional diversity decrease of 36% and 47%, respectively, with strong threshold effects. Secondly, considering the human impact gradient and a wide range of marine protected areas (MPAs) in New Caledonia, we demonstrate that very remote sites from human activities (> 20 hours of travel time from Noumea, the regional capital) have greater fish functional diversity and biomass of apex predators than the largest and oldest MPA.Finally, considering four remote sites across the Indo-Pacific, we have found that the diversity of functions carried by fish communities is very vulnerable, showing that 60% of functions were only worn by one species, even without human impact. Our work shows that the functional and phylogenetic aspects of biodiversity are highly vulnerable to human activities, with a lack of ability of MPAs to restore all of the functional roles of fish and a very limited redundancy for these functions even in the most isolated locations
Juncker, Matthieu. "Approvisionnement en larves de poissons du lagon de Wallis (Pacifique Sud)." Nouvelle Calédonie, 2005. http://portail-documentaire.univ-nc.nc/files/public/bu/theses_unc/TheseMatthieuJuncker2005.pdf.
Full textMaire, Eva. "Socio-ecological drivers of fish biomass on coral reefs : the importance of accessibility, protection and key species." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG027/document.
Full textCoral reefs have the greatest biodiversity of any ecosystem on the planet and support ecosystem goods and services to million people who depend directly on them for food, economic income, coastal protection and cultural values. Ecosystem accessibility, through road networks, is the main driver of their conditions, with the most accessible ecosystems being most at risk of resource depletion. To date, measuring accessibility to humans was strictly limited to examining the linear distance which ignores ragged coastlines and road networks that can affect the time required to reach fishing grounds. This thesis presents a double challenge: (i) developing new metrics of accessibility that account for seascape heterogeneity to better assess human impacts on coral reefs; (ii) evaluating the importance of coral reef accessibility, in interactions with their management, to explain variations of fish biomass. First, I developed novel metrics of reef proximity to human populations and markets based on the friction distance which is related to transport surfaces (paved road, dirt road, water) influencing the effective reach of human settlements. Travel time was used to build the gravity index, defined as human population divided by the squared travel time, to assess the level of human pressure on any reef of the world. I found that both travel time and gravity are strong predictors of fish biomass globally. Second, three applications using these new metrics highlighted that (i) gravity identified critical ecological trade-offs in conservation since reserves placed with moderate-to-high impacts may provide substantial conservation gains for fish biomass while reserve locations with low human impacts were more likely to support higher-order predation, (ii) using a study case in Northwest Madagascar, I illustrated how market proximity can affect fishermen communities and, ultimately, trigger changes in marine resources exploitation, and (iii) I implemented a new Community-Wide Scan (CWS) approach to identify fish species that significantly contribute to the biomass and coral cover on Indo-Pacific reefs and which provided tractable conservation targets. Within the context of global changes and biodiversity loss, the thesis challenges the sustainable and efficient management of coral reef socio-ecological systems with accessibility being the cornerstone
Chaine, Mimosa. "Étude du micro et du meiobenthos algal associés au Dinoflagellé Gambierdiscus toxicus Adachi et Fukuyo, agent causal princeps de la ciguatera, par la méthode des substrats neufs artificiels (atoll de Mururoa, Polynésie française)s." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20268.
Full textMioche, Dominique. "Aspects du cycle de la matière sur les récifs frangeants de l'île de la Réunion (Océan Indien) : signature des dégradations et mécanismes de l'eutrophisation." La Réunion, 1998. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/98_15_Mioche.pdf.
Full textPayri, Claude-Elisabeth. "Variabilité spatiale et temporelle de la communauté des Macrophytes des récifs coralliens de Moorea (Polynésie française) : contribution des algues au métabolisme du carbone de l'écosystème récifal." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20085.
Full textCoutures, Emmanuel. "Contributions à l'étude du cycle des palinuridae et des scyllaridae (crustacés décapodes) du lagon sud-ouest de Nouvelle-Calédonie." Nouvelle Calédonie, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NCAL0002.
Full textBonnin, Lucas. "Apports de la télémétrie acoustique pour améliorer la conservation du requin gris de récif, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG071.
Full textReef sharks, like most shark species and other marine predators, are strongly impacted by human activities and are experiencing sharp population decline worldwide. Such decline poses great risk of causing a profound disruption of coral reef ecosystems where reef sharks play a key functional role. Effective and appropriate reef shark conservation measures are therefore urgently needed. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are one of the most widely used tools for the protection of marine ecosystems. Unfortunately, current MPAs are often ineffective for the protection of mobile species such as reef sharks. This PhD aims at studying the movements and space use of a common reef shark species in New Caledonia in order to improve the protection of this species. To achieve this goal, 147 grey reef sharks, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, were tagged with acoustic transmitters and their movements were monitored over three years within a network of 73 acoustic receivers deployed throughout the archipelago. The grey reef shark is a good model to evaluate how information on movement and space use may improve shark conservation. Indeed, it is one of the most common reef shark species in the Indo-Pacific and drastic population declines have been documented throughout their geographical range. In New Caledonia, grey reef shark abundance has dropped by over 90% in the most anthropized regions of the archipelago. In addition, local MPAs are not able to protect this species. The presence of a strong gradient of human proximity in New Caledonia, including highly impacted reefs near the capital Nouméa and wilderness reefs in the remote parts of the archipelago, made it possible to assess the impact of human activities on various aspects of grey reef sharks’ space use. Acoustic telemetry data revealed an increase in grey shark home range in the vicinity of human settlements. However, the causal links between population decline and changes in space use are difficult to establish. This increase in shark space use at human proximity can constitute a driver of population decline, via a reduction in fitness, as well as a consequence of it. A lower population density may indeed drive individuals to expand their movements in the pursuit of mates. The shark home range dataset was then used to inform MPAs’ ability to protect the species. Results are consistent with the reported inability of local MPAs to protect this species, emphasising MPA size are too small to cover shark home ranges, especially for adult males. However, these results validate the recent efforts of the Government of New Caledonia to establish very large MPAs within its Economic Exclusive Zone. Comparison of these results with the size of MPAs in the Indo-Pacific also confirms the recent efforts undertaken at this scale. This work provides concrete information on the minimum size of an MPA necessary for the protection of the grey reef shark. The analysis of large-scale movements also made it possible to document for the first time the existence of seasonal migrations in the grey reef shark. Seven adult males were observed to undertake a round-trip migration along the west coast of the main island, up to more than 300 km from their tagging area, and over several consecutive years. The fact that only adult males have been observed to migrate and the timing of these migrations suggest that this behaviour is related to reproduction. These results have important implications for the management of this species, particularly at the local scale for the identification of preferential breeding areas
Juhel, Jean-Baptiste. "Base de référence, impacts anthropiques et mesure s de protection pour les requins récifaux de Nouvelle - Calédonie." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NCAL0002/document.
Full textAnthropogenic impacts on coral reefs are largely documented through changes in functional diversity, ecosystem services or resilience. Among trophic groups, apex predators in general and sharks in particular are the most sensitive to disturbance due to conservative life history traits (e.g. slow growth, late sexual maturity, low fecundity). By some estimates, shark populations have declined by >90% worldwide. To ensure the sustainability of their populations and their functional role in the reef community, appropriate management measures must be implemented. The aims of this thesis are 1) to assess reef shark populations in New Caledonia; 2) to evaluate the efficiency of stereo baited remote underwater video systems (S-BRUVS) in surveying shark distribution comparing them to underwater visual censuses (UVC) and to evaluate their potential improvements ; 3) to evaluate the impact of human proximity on diversity, abundance and behaviour of reef sharks and 4) to determine the efficiency of management measures currently in place in New Caledonia to protect reef shark populations. The results of S-BRUVS and UVC were congruent and revealed a dramatic decline of shark abundance of ~90% along the anthropogenic gradient in a country where shark fishing is historically absent. An important behavioural alteration of the grey reef shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) towards bait was highlighted. Individuals remained farther from the device, exhibited more cautious approaches, interacted less with the bait and took longer to bite it as human proximity increased. Human proximity was the main driver of the abundance decline (46 to 71%) and the behavioural alteration towards shier individuals (50 to 80%). Globally, MPAs in New Caledonia are not effective in protecting reef sharks. However, the oldest and most restrictive MPA (Merlet) hosts shark abundance close to that of some remote reefs of the archipelago and partially protect the behaviour of individuals. These results 1) emphasize the unique role of remote coral reefs as the last refuges for sharks ; 2) reveal that in absence of shark fishing, human proximity condition shark abundance and behaviour with potential ecological consequences and 3) indicate that the MPAs efficiency to ensure the protection of reef sharks is effected by their ability to exclude human presence over a sufficiently large area
Tiavouane, Josina. "Les bénitiers de Nouvelle-Calédonie : nouvelles espèces et échelles spatiales de connectivité chez Tridacna maxima et Hippopus hippopus." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066661.
Full textDespite their functional role in coral reef ecosystems, giant clams (Tridacninae) are in decline worldwide due to their overexploitation. In New Caledonia, 1 to 9 tons are harvested per year. In this context, the main objectives of this thesis are to provide information about the demographic and evolutionary population’s connectivity for two species of giant clams in New Caledonia, Tridacna maxima and Hippopus hippopus, in order to estimate the spatial scales of larval dispersal, understand their population dynamics and propose appropriate conservation measures. The connectivity of populations was estimated by analyzing microsatellite genetic markers specifically developed for these two species. Sampling allowed the identification of two new species in New Caledonia. At reef scale and up to a few kilometers, parentage analysis showed that giant clam populations have varying self-recruitment rates, up to 8% for T. maxima in southwest lagoon and 29% for H. hippopus in northeastern lagoon. The spatial scales of larval dispersal varied for the two species, up to at least 35km for H. hippopus. At the scale of the territory, giant clam populations showed a weak genetic structure, highlighting evolutionary connectivity among sampled sites. However, significant differences were observed between the Mainland and Chesterfield, Loyalty Islands and Entrecasteaux for H. hippopus and between the west coast and the Loyalty Islands for T. maxima. These results provide important answers related to the spatial scales of larval dispersal in giant clams in New Caledonia
Galzin, René. "Ecologie des Poissons récifaux de Polynésie française : variations spatio-temporelles des peuplements : dynamique des populations de trois espèces dominantes des lagons nord de Moorea : évaluation de la production ichtyologique d'un secteur récifo-lagonaire." Montpellier 2, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985MON20029.
Full textLagourgue, Laura. "Diversité et évolution des algues vertes Udoteaceae et Rhipiliaceae (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2019SORUS240.pdf.
Full textMacroalgae are key elements of marine ecosystems, including coral reefs, which are particularly affected by global changes. Biodiversity conservation is a major challenge in these environments and it is in this context that the study focused on two families of green macroalgae, Udoteaceae and Rhipiliaceae, which are characteristic of tropical marine flora but paradoxically little studied. The previous genetic data have revealed many taxonomic conflicts and poorly resolved phylogenies. The primary goal of this study was to analyze the species diversity using a combination of genetic (tufA, rbcL and 18S rDNA), morphological and geographical data, as well as species delimitation methods and phylogenetic reconstructions. Thanks to this integrative approach, a revision of the taxonomic status of genera and families was proposed. The study then focused on the two families’ diversification and biogeography, and the phenotypic evolution of the Udoteaceae family using morphological traits inference on phylogeny. A total of 43 species of the Udoteaceae family were used in phylogenetic analyses, revealing 13 new species and five whose identification needed validation. The results let to the revision of Udotea, Rhipidosiphon and Chlorodesmis, the description of tree new genera (Glaukea, Ventalia, and Rhipidotea) and the reconsideration of the genus Rhipidodesmis. The status of Tydemania and Flabellia did not require any changes, while the status of Poropsis, Penicillus, and Rhipocephalus still requires some clarification. For the family Rhipiliaceae sensu largo, 45 species were included in phylogeny, of which 27 appeared new to science, while the status of four needs to be confirmed. The family Rhipiliaceae sensu stricto was redefined based on the revised genus Rhipilia. Rhipiliopsis was excluded from the family as it clusters in a fully supported lineage with Callypsigma and a new genus, Rhipiliospina. Biogeographical analyses revealed that the Udoteaceae family appeared during the Upper Triassic period in the Tethys Sea and is characterized by three centers of diversity. The Rhipiliaceae family appeared during the Lower Cretaceous in the current Central Indo-Pacific region (when it was included in the Tethys Sea) and remained its center of diversity. Finally, the analysis of morphological trait inference led to an update of the diagnostic characters traditionally used for the identification of Udoteacean genera. Although many symplesiomorphies and synapomorphies were highlighted and considered relevant in the context of taxonomic revision, many other characters appeared homoplastic and may result from several parallel evolutions in the family’s evolutionary history
Vieira, Christophe. "Lobophora : biotic interactions and diversification." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066195.
Full textThe brown alga Lobophora represents a notable benthic component in tropical coral reefs, and began drawing the attention of marine ecologists by achieving impressive blooms at the expense of corals since the early 80s. Marine ecologists are still debating whether or not macroalgal dominance represents a consequence or cause of coral degradation. While Lobophora has been the object of contradictory observations in terms of susceptibility to herbivory and effects on corals, evidence tends to suggest that episodes of reef take-over are opportunistic and symptomatic of reef degradation. From a taxonomic point of view, only 11 species of Lobophora were recognized at the beginning of this study, and virtually all species of Lobophora reported around the world had been assigned to L. variegata, originally described from the Caribbean. This study intends to shed new taxonomical and ecological insights on this algal taxon. Using a DNA-based taxonomical approach we reassessed the species diversity of this genus at a local scale in New Caledonia and subsequently on a global level. Results disclosed a remarkable global diversity, increasing our taxonomic knowledge of this genus by no less than 10 folds. From an ecological perspective, we tested if different species of Lobophora were differentially (1) capable of chemically damaging scleractinian corals, and (2) susceptible to herbivory. We showed that the genus Lobophora was inherently capable of bleaching certain coral species, and we isolated three new C21 polyunsaturated alcohols named lobophorenols A-C with bleaching properties. Nevertheless, in situ observations in New Caledonia indicated that although potentially chemically armed, Lobophora species did not or rarely bleached their coral hosts, thereby raising the issue of the location of these bioactive components and the environmental factors enabling their putative release by the alga. We also showed that herbivores indiscriminately consumed Lobophora species. From the results of allelopathic bioassays and grazing experiments we conclude that: (1) corals and Lobophora maintain a chemical-mediated status quo on healthy reefs; (2) chemical defense apparently does not deter grazing of Lobophora by prominent herbivores; (3) it is more likely that Lobophora avoids being grazed by escape strategies such as growing under the coral canopy. The genus Lobophora represents an excellent model to study the role of ecological speciation in macroalgae within coral reefs. Therefore, future studies should be targeted at investigating the role of Lobophora secondary metabolites and exploring the ecological factors responsible for the impressive diversification of this alga
Jouval, Florian. "Successions écologiques et potentiel de récupération des communautés coralliennes : structure, démographie et recrutement dans le sud-ouest de l'océan Indien." Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0019.
Full textCoral reefs support millions of people’s livelihood around the world. However, the effects of climate change and the increase in frequency and intensity of disturbances are leading to their accelerated degradation and to the decline of scleractinian coral communities. Current concerns relate to the resilience of these vulnerable ecosystems. In this context, it is essential to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying maintenance of coral communities, which may also improve conservation and management efforts that are urgently needed for these ecosystems. This PhD work aims to analyze demographic processes, including recruitment, and the structure of coral assemblages at several scales in different island environments of the southwestern Indian Ocean region. These descriptors were addressed through ecological succession on reefs and underwater lava flows of Reunion Island, and through the assessment of the reef recovery potential of five island systems in the area. Results show that coral recruitment in the Mascarene Islands (Reunion and Rodrigues) is low and highly variable at all spatial scales, from a few centimeters to several hundreds of kilometers. This spatial variability is also observed between sites in terms of benthic cover, density, size structure, mortality and recovery potential of coral communities. However, this spatial variability is not clearly linked to the protection levels of the sites, nor to the theoretical patterns of ecological succession (studied in Reunion Island). A succession pattern is yet highlighted through the increase in coral size and species richness over time until interspecific interactions (e.g. competition for space) lead to their decline. In addition, a strong dominance of the Pocillopora genus is recorded at all lava flow sites, confirming its pioneering and competitive nature. The recovery index (RI) that we developed suggests that the recovery potential of the reefs of the Mozambique Channel is higher (especially for Europa) than that of the reefs of the Mascarene Islands, which are more subject to direct anthropogenic pressures. These results are consistent with past observations of recovery trajectories of the studied reefs following various disturbances. The addition of recruitment rates to the calculation of RI for Reunion and Rodrigues islands clearly modifies the recovery potential of these islands sites: the sites with the highest recruitment rates are also those with the highest RI. This project thus provides essential information on Indian Ocean reef communities that may improve management strategies for coral reef conservation
Brugneaux, Sophie. "Régulation des communautés algales par les macro-herbivores dans les communautés récifales des Antilles françaises : (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint-Barthélémy)." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0522/document.
Full textA study of factors influencing the composition and spatial distribution of algal abundance in the French Caribbean reef communities and more specifically in Guadeloupe was conducted. The role of diadema sea urchins was particularly studied. For that, 22 stations in the French Antilles were selected and several indicators tested. After a description of each biotic compartment (algae, herbivore, predators), a search for factors influencing the characteristics of the algal compartment was conducted at three spatial scale, using non-parametric statistical analyses, including canonical correspondence analyses (cca) and redundancy analyses (rda). Then a search for the factors influencing the distribution of diadema sea urchins was also conducted. If the two guilds of herbivores (diadema sea urchin and fish) have a significant impact on the abundance of algal turf, only herbivorous fish was found to have an influence in the reefs of Guadeloupe and that influence was not observed on other algal groups, including phaeophyceae. At the scale of all the islands, the analyses did not enable to show the influence of herbivores in the regulation of algal abundance. The density of sea urchins was found to be low in the studied sites. Several factors likely to influence their distribution in size and their abundance were identified
Pupier, Chloé A. "Ecologie nutritionnelle des octocoralliaires de Mer Rouge." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS036.
Full textOctocorals living in symbiosis with photosynthetic dinoflagellates are one of the major benthic groups of tropical coral reefs. They are notably abundant within disturbed ecosystems where environmental changes have led to the decline of reef-building corals. Although nutrition plays a fundamental role in regulating the abundance of a population, the acquisition of nutrients by octocorals has received little attention to date. The aims of this thesis were to characterize the acquisition and assimilation of autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrients by octocoral species from the Red Sea, from the shallow down to the upper mesophotic zone. The results show that the autotrophic carbon fixation in octocorals is lower at shallow depth compared to scleractinians, but equivalent at mesophotic depths. In addition, the assimilation of dissolved nitrogen compounds is lower in octocorals than in scleractinian corals. These results suggest that octocorals strongly depend on heterotrophic food sources to meet their nutritional requirements. Such mixotrophy provides octocorals with a wide trophic plasticity, which may contribute to their higher resistance to cope with already on-going environmental changes
Bender, Gomes Mariana. "La structuration des communautés de poissons de récif à différentes échelles : de la taxonomie aux fonctions." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20073/document.
Full textUnderstanding the mechanisms of community assembly is one of the main questions in ecology and biogeography, and is essential for predicting the implications of future biodiversity loss. It is known that an array of processes operating at different spatial and temporal scales interact to produce ecological communities. These processes may affect differently the multiple components of communities: the taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic components. Here we investigate the patterns and processes structuring one of the most diverse vertebrate assemblages on Earth: reef fishes. Reef fish assemblages were assessed across multiple spatial scales, under a taxonomic and functional perspective. Our main objectives included: (i) the identification of determinants of structure in reef fish assemblages across scales (regional to local); (ii) assessing to which extent the processes behind assemblage structures are consistent for taxonomic and functional groups; (iii) understanding the patterns of functional rarity in reef fish assemblages at a global scale. Two databases were utilized: (1) an extensive database on the functional traits and the global distributions of over 6,000 reef fish species across six marine biogeographic regions; (2) a dataset comprising the occurrences of 1,474 fish species over 9,681 underwater visual transects of 40m2 across 252 sites, also throughout the major biogeographic regions. Within the Atlantic Ocean, the taxonomic and functional structure of reef fish assemblages exhibit a biogeographic fingerprint, with a marked discrimination between species rich biogenic reefs – primarily in the Caribbean, where communities were dominated by small invertebrate feeders – and poorer peripheral regions dominated by larger species with more diverse diets. At the regional scale, both historical events and environmental characteristics (coral reefs vs. periphery) have played a role in structuring both components of assemblages. The role of environment features also holds for the structure of assemblages in other biogeographic realms (i.e. Indo-Pacific and Tropical Eastern Pacific). While the taxonomic composition of assemblages is mainly related to reef isolation, the functional structure is influenced by local habitat availability. Again, there is a greater contribution of small-bodied species in the most species-rich locations; and large-bodied species prevailing in peripheral assemblages, a pattern related to species' colonization capacity. Reef fish assemblages across most regions depicted significantly functional nested structures, attributed to functional redundancy – different species constitute a number of key functional entities. The nested structure results from the interaction between species' dispersal/colonization capabilities and/or resource requirements, with isolation and area gradients. Despite the existence of key functional groups and redundancy, the majority of species are rare (low abundance or occupancy). Also, rare species fulfil much of the range of functional traits within reef fish communities and often perform unique roles. Under scenarios of rare species loss (from 8 to over 200 rare species/ mean: 78.2±62) there would be high functional diversity erosion in the majority of reef fish communities, this level reaching up to 80% of functional diversity in one location. However the extent to which these functional groups actually contribute to ecosystem functioning is unknown. Our results reveal that within-realm processes, such as evolutionary histories, have shaped the taxonomic and functional structure of assemblages in each realm. Moreover, the key role of species' colonization capacity highlights the importance of connectivity to the maintenance of the functional structure across reef fish communities. Finally, the contribution of rare species to functional diversity indicates that protecting these taxa is essential to maintain ecosystem functioning and services in reef fish communities
Ampou, Eghbert Elvan. "Caractérisation de la résilience des communautés benthiques récifales par analyse d'images à très haute résolution multi-sources : le cas du parc national de Bunaken, Indonésie." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30305/document.
Full textThe INDESO (Infrastructure Development of Space Oceanography) project, in collaboration with the Indonesian Government (Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries - MMAF) and the French company CLS (Collecte Localisation Satellites), promotes the use of space technologies for monitoring coastlines and Indonesian seas. This thesis is part of coral reef monitoring component, led by the IRD (Institute de Recherche pour le Développement). The main objective was to determine wether coral reef habitats on Bunaken Island in Northern Sulawesi are resilient, using (i) newly desgined habitat maps, (ii) in situ data, and a unique 15-year time series of satellite images of different very high resolution (VHR) sensors, and (iii) ancillary data that could explain the changes detected. The results include highly detailed maps of the Bunaken reefs habitat (194 polygons mapped and a census of 175 habitats). The influence of sea level fall on coral mortality during the El-Nino event of 2015 - 2016 is presented in detail, and the importance of this process is also discussed from the interpretation of a unique time series of 15 years of VHR images. The temporal series reveals very different trajectories of the coral habitats. We conclude that Bunaken reefs demonstrate an ability to resileince and without phase shift, but that a definitive diagnosis of their resilience remains difficult to determine by imagery. Habitat trajectories can not be fully interpreted without changing some monitoring paradigms and without using a combination of remote sensing and in situ data
Crochelet, Estelle. "Modélisation de la connectivité larvaire et implications en terme de gestion de l'environnement." Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0003/document.
Full textIntegrating ecological connectivity into marine ecosystem management and planning is important, especially in a global context of severe fish stocks depletion and growing habitat degradation. Environmental tools such as Marine Protected Areas have been proposed to protect biodiversity, restore damaged ecosystems, sustain fisheries, and rebuild overexploited stocks. The effectiveness of marine protected areas depends in part on the maintenance of connectivity between marine populations, linked by ecological processes such as larval dispersal. In this thesis, we applied a biophysical model driven by ocean currents derived from satellite altimetry to evaluate connectivity between Western Indian Ocean reefs and across the current MPA system in the Mediterranean Sea. We applied different methods of analysis such as graph-theoretic and clustering. In the Western Indian Ocean, marine connectivity analyses show that the number of connections between reefs increases with fish pelagic larval duration. It also highlights a low connectivity across the region and a high interconnectivity within several regions (Mozambique Channel, Mascarene archipelago). In the Mediterranean Sea, connectance is globally low at the regional scale. This connectance is more important in Western than Eastern Mediterranean. Moreover, the marine connectivity analyses revealed high domestic connectivity rates. Depending on the study area, priority reefs or sites for MPA implementation are proposed. Finally, implications for transboundary marine policies and regional cooperation are discussed