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Academic literature on the topic 'Écologie benthique – Arctique, Océan'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Écologie benthique – Arctique, Océan"
Lebrun, Anaïs. "Réponses des communautés benthiques arctiques peu profondes au changement climatique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS479.
Full textSince the beginning of the 20th century, the average surface air temperature in the Arctic has risen by around 2 to 3°C. This rapid rise in temperature is leading to a year-on-year reduction in the extent of the Arctic cryosphere. Melting ice leads to increased turbidity and reduced salinity in coastal waters, resulting in changes of natural habitats. In addition, with ongoing warming, the shallow coastal Arctic is experiencing an increase in the frequency, intensity and duration of marine heat waves. All these changes can have profound repercussions on the Arctic marine ecosystem, affecting the distribution and behavior of the organisms that live there. The main aim of this thesis is to analyze the effects of climate change on benthic communities in the shallow Arctic, in particular kelp forests, which are home to a high level of biodiversity. By modifying light, sedimentation, physical abrasion and bottom currents, kelp forests provide a habitat, food source and breeding ground for fish and invertebrates. In the short term, the increase in water turbidity induced by melting snow and land ice will trigger a local remodeling of communities, limiting the expansion of some species but giving others a competitive advantage, such as Alaria esculenta in low-light areas. In the longer term, the melting of glaciers and sea ice will expand the potential habitat range of kelp which, as this thesis suggests, should be able to withstand rising temperatures, marine heat waves, and decreasing salinity and underwater light. However, the disappearance of ice, particularly glaciers, which serve as habitats for top predators, could lead to the decline of these crucial species regulating ecosystem diversity and induce, as in Tromsø but also in other Norwegian fjords or in south-west Alaska, a significant reduction in kelp populations due to an overabundance of herbivores, particularly sea urchins. Further research into the responses of Arctic coastal communities is needed to refine our predictions and provide sound scientific recommendations for ecosystem management. To study the long-term effects of climate change, ex situ experiments spanning several months and in situ monitoring programs in several Arctic locations appear essential
Onda, Deo Florence. "Variabilité temporelle, diversité et biogéographie des ciliés et dinoflagellés dans l'Océan Arctique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27770.
Full textImpacts of climate change on microbial communities in the Arctic Ocean have been mostly reported for major phytoplankton groups, with less attention to microzooplankton, such as ciliates and dinoflagellates, which have multiple ecological roles. For example, many ciliates and dinoflagellates are mixotrophic and could indirectly influence biogeochemical cycles by grazing on bacterivores and small plankton and linking the microbial loop with the higher trophic levels. The aim of this thesis was to address knowledge gaps in microzooplankton phylogeny, ecology and distribution with a goal of providing information needed to eventually predict of microzooplankton responses to the changing Arctic. We used high throughput amplicon sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene and 18S rRNA (as cDNA) to generate community and diversity profiles, which were used to test hypotheses on microzooplankton assembly across time and space. Results showed that microzooplankton exhibited strong seasonality in response to changing conditions in Amundsen Gulf. Similar summer assemblages were seen from 2003-2010 with the exception in July 2008 following the summer ice minimum record in 2007. Canada Basin dinoflagellate communities were governed by both deterministic and stochastic processes that were dependent on the variability of the environment, indicating potential sensitivity to environmental change. We inferred that dinoflagellates and other taxa with similar functional roles could provide stability to food and energy flows under conditions of light- or nutrient-limitation associated with a deepening nitracline. The high diversity and ubiquity of ciliates and dinoflagellates also suggest a complexity within microbial food webs and new research opportunities for oceanographers.
Terrado, Ramon. "Diversité et succession des protistes dans l'océan Arctique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27849/27849.pdf.
Full textSafran, Patrick. "Etude écologique d'une nourricerie littorale de poissons nectobenthiques le long du Pas-de-Calais par méthodes statistiques multivariables." Lille 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LIL10047.
Full textBouchard, Caroline. "Boreogadus saida et Arctogadus glacialis : Vie larvaire et juvénile de deux gadidés se partageant l'océan Arctique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30269/30269.pdf.
Full textThe very abundant polar cod (Boreogadus saida) plays a preponderant role in the Arctic marine ecosystem and consequently has received significant attention in recent years. The ice cod (Arctogadus glacialis), a common species in all Arctic seas, is much less studied. Both species co-occur on Arctic continental shelves and their early life stages are often found together in ichthyoplanktonic collections. However, larvae and juveniles of polar cod and ice cod are almost impossible to differentiate. Only genetic tools, or a method using the size of the otolith nucleus developed in this thesis, can distinguish the two species. These identification methods allowed to study for the first time ice cod early life stage ecology and estimate the proportion of this species in Arctic gadids samples. In light of observations made in the Beaufort Sea, it seems that young ice cod are about twenty times less abundant, hatch at a larger size, grow at the same rate, and have a mortality rate inferior to young polar cod. For polar cod, the hypothesis that some larvae hatch in winter near river plumes, was tested, first by comparing the hatching season in six regions of the Arctic characterized by different freshwater inputs. Consistent with this hypothesis, hatching starts in winter in seas receiving large river discharge while hatching starts in spring in regions with limited freshwater inputs. The larvae hatched in winter benefit from a long growth season allowing them to reach larger pre-winter size than larvae hacth in summer, a condition that likely favors their survival. This same hypothesis was further tested by comparing the otolith chemistry of polar cod juveniles from those six regions, and the differences observed seem to support the hypothesis. On-going trends of earlier ice break-up, warmer surface layer, and increased river discharge could favor polar cod, and possibly also ice cod, recruitment. Arise from this thesis an increased knowledge of the ecology of gadids living in an Ocean facing a plethora of changes.
Cosson, Nathalie. "Structure et diversité des peuplements benthiques profonds en réponse à des situations trophiques contrastées dans l'océan Atlantique nord-est tropical et tempéré." Brest, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BRES2045.
Full textBœuf, Dominique. "Importance écologique des bactéries photohérérotrophes dans l'océanArctique." Paris 6, 2013. http://hal.upmc.fr/tel-00830741.
Full textThe photoheterotrophy is the capacity to use both organic substrates and light energy. The aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (AAPB), the proteorhodopsin-containing bacteria (PRB) and the picocyanobacteria (Synechococcus) practice it. Increases in organic carbon exported by rivers and in exposure of sea surface to solar radiations are intensifying in Arctic. Hence, this study area is particulary interesting to understand the role of these bacteria in carbon and light uses. Using multiple approaches in absolute quantification, cultural and molecular diversities, our study is the first to characterize at high resolution scale the photoheterotrophs in the Arctic Ocean. Picocyanobacteria were only detectable in the Mackenzie estuary whereas AAPB and PRB were present throughout the Beaufort Sea. AAPs were strongly linked with river inputs contrasting to PRB, principally oligotrophs. Both distributions of AAPB and PRB exhibited different patterns of those of bacterioplankton suggesting an ecological advantage of the photoheterotrophy in these waters. The AAPB community was dominated by a new Betaproteobacterial clade and Rhodobacterales. Alphaproteobacteria, especially the SAR11 group and SAR116 endemic clades, dominated the PR community. The majority of PRB groups actively expressed the PR suggesting probable benefits. Together, our data highlight the photoheterotrophy is common in Arctic Ocean and suggest that his role could be different depending on the environmental conditions encountered
Boeuf, Dominique. "importance écologique des bactéries photohétérotrophes dans l'océan arctique." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00830741.
Full textBigot, Lionel. "Les communautés de macrofaune benthique des sédiments côtiers en zone tropicale non récifale : diversité et réponses aux modifications de l'environnement marin à La Réunion, océan Indien." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00468129.
Full textGriveaud, Clémentine. "Influence des conditions écologiques sur la composition isotopique (δ13C, δ18O) du test de foraminifères benthiques actuels." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00345812.
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