Dissertations / Theses: 'Ecological nutrition'

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Martin-Creuzburg, Dominik. "Sterols in daphnia nutrition: physiological and ecological consequences." Berlin Logos, 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2780263&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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Wang, Dongxu. "Healthy Nutrition in Chinese Middle Schools: An Ecological Approach." Thesis, Griffith University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/368142.

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Good nutrition is vital for adolescents, because it supports their growth and helps them to become healthy adults. Under-nutrition delays adolescents’ physical and mental growth and maturation, and reduces adolescents’ learning and working capacity. Meanwhile, over-nutrition in adolescence, together with an unhealthy lifestyle, can lead to overweight and obesity, which are risk factors for many chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and stroke. However, nutrition problems in adolescents are both common and serious in developing countries, especially in the rural areas of these countries. For example, both nutritional deficiencies and over-nutrition in adolescents are significant and growing problems in many parts of China. Intervention for adolescents can result in positive changes to their eating behaviours and improvements to their future health. Promoting nutrition for adolescents, accordingly, plays a crucial role in safeguarding a healthy life for individuals, and therefore this study focused on the promotion of good nutrition and healthy dietary intake among adolescents in rural areas of China. In view of the complexity and difficulty of achieving behaviour change, and the strong and sustainable effect that the health-promoting schools (HPS) framework, underpinned by ecological approaches, can make in behaviour change, this study applied both an ecological approach and a HPS framework as theoretical bases. These bases provided the guidance for promoting healthy dietary intake and nutrition in a “total school-based environment”, for the “total population” of the school, not only for students, but also for parents and school staff in rural Chinese middle schools.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Medical Science
Griffith Health
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Kenny, Tiffannie. "The Inuit Food System: Ecological, Economic, and Environmental Dimensions of the Nutrition Transition." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36157.

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From the Arctic to the South Pacific, Indigenous Peoples have experienced a rapid nutrition transition involving the decline of traditional/subsistence-based ways of life and the adoption of a “Western” diet that is high in saturated fats, sugar, and processed foods. This dietary shift has been paralleled by an increased prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and, other diet-related chronic diseases. In the Arctic, rapidly changing biophysical conditions, globalization, and integration into market economies are collectively challenging access to both country foods and nutritious market foods. Food security and nutrient adequacy thus remain elusive for Inuit communities of northern Canada. Premised upon the view that human well-being is predicated upon complex and dynamic interactions between ecosystems, economies, and societies, this dissertation integrates multiple lines of inquiry and scales of engagement (community, regional, and national) to further understanding of the nutrition transition among Inuit in Canada. The thesis is comprised of two sections. Section 1 bridges the often disparate fields of human nutrition and wildlife conservation by addressing key questions about the status and management of Arctic species, and the implications for Inuit food security and health. For example, caribou (Rangifer tarandus) populations across the circumpolar north are currently experiencing dramatic declines in abundance and restrictions on Inuit subsistence harvest are currently implemented for several caribou populations. Caribou, however, is the primary source of protein and several micronutrients involved in the prevention of anemia (e.g. iron zinc, copper, riboflavin, and vitamin B12) in the contemporary diet of Inuit adults. Caribou consumption is also positively associated with hemoglobin levels in Inuit adults. Section 2 considers elements of the market food system in Inuit communities. We found that the most popular market foods consumed by Inuit (e.g. sweetened beverages, added sugar, and bread) contribute significantly to total diet energy while contributing minimally to most micronutrients. Using optimization models, we have demonstrated that a nutritious diet (one meeting Health Canada dietary reference intake values) is theoretically feasible based on a mix of country food and market food, and at relatively little additional cost from current diets. However, significant deviations in patterns of food expenditure away from sweetened beverages, towards dairy, and whole fruits and vegetables would be required. Taken collectively, this thesis provides important information, as well as new tools, and approaches, for communities, wildlife conservation and public health professionals to jointly promote ecosystem and human health in a rapidly changing environment.

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Wilson, Kenneth Brockington. "Ecological dynamics and human welfare : a case study of population, health and nutrition in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1990. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317940/.

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This thesis examines the impact of seasonal and inter-annual variations in rainfall on food supply and disease environment, and hence the biological welfare of savannah populations in southern Zimbabwe. Ecological dynamics are thought to determine the impact of rainfall, and this hypothesis is tested through the comparison of populations either side of a major ecological boundary between heavy clay rich and sandy soils. Due to differences in soil-moisture productivity relations, and the level and form of ecological heterogeneity, the sandveld environment shows much less seasonal and inter-annual variation in agro-ecological productivity than does clayveld, and this is reflected in food supply and consumption. Child anthropometric and birth weight data from several years shows opposite seasonality, and weight-loss in a serious drought was most marked on clay-rich soils as predicted. Differences in soil-moisture relations also influence disease environment dynamics; child morbidity shows the same seasonal and inter-annual contrasts between the zones as found with nutritional status. Furthermore, infant mortality is increased following dry years on clay-rich soils whilst high rainfall leads to increased infant mortality on the sandy soils. These differences in welfare dynamics between sandveld and clayveld appear to typify conditions in other moist and dry savannah areas respectively. Variability in grain production results from unequal access to livestock for ploughing and manure, but urban wage labour derived remittances also affect wealth. The extent and nature of socio-economic differentiation varies between ecological zones for historical reasons, and its impact on welfare (together with that of religion and maternal education) is variable and complex, operating at several levels in household and lineage. Maternal education has a marked impact on child well-being, particularly upon infant mortality. Dramatic improvements in Infant mortality and declines in fertility since Independence (1980) reflect upgrading of medical services and education provision for women, Indicating the limits of ecological welfare determinants.

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Hakim, Sharon Marie. "Nutrition, choice, and the school cafeteria: an ecological approach to encouraging consumption of fruits and vegetables." Diss., Wichita State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/6722.

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Growing rates of childhood obesity continue to be a major public health issue for this country. In order to impact childhood obesity at the population level it is necessary to shift our focus away from individual behaviors and towards the critical examination of the role that settings have in promoting or discouraging healthy eating. One relevant setting in the fight against childhood obesity is the school cafeteria. Since 1946, the National School Lunch Program has worked to ensure that schools can provide their students with affordable daily access to nutritional, well-balanced meals. However, "food served" does not necessarily equal "food consumed;" high rates of waste, especially of fruits and vegetables, are well documented. The current, mixed-method study examines the effectiveness of a low-cost intervention designed to increase student consumption of fruits and vegetables by altering the choice architecture of the cafeteria. This was done through the introduction of an active, forced choice into the school lunch service. Consumption was measured by observing (n=2,064) and weighing (n=84) student plate waste over two ten-day periods pre-intervention and during implementation. Results show an average daily 15% increase in consumption of both fruits and vegetables during the intervention period. Qualitative interviews (n=34) were conducted in order to better understand the environment of the school cafeteria and identify any barriers to healthy eating that may exist within the setting. Both quantitative and qualitative findings suggest that local schools can actively encourage students to take advantage of fruits and vegetables offered through the NSLP by implementing setting-level changes to the cafeteria environment.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Wichita State University, Fairmount College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Psychology

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Cera, Rull Andreu. "The ecological significance of nutritional strategies in gypsum plant communities." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673600.

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Gypsophile species are edaphic endemics of gypsum soils, and they are considered specialists of this stressful substrate. Gypsum endemics from different families and regions of the world tend to show a unique leaf elemental composition, similar to the chemical characteristics of gypsum soils. However, the ecological significance of their unique foliar composition remains unknown. The factors underlying the ecological amplitude of gypsophiles remain also poorly studied. The main literature is based on the distribution of gypsophiles linked to gypsum soils in drylands, although some studies suggest a broader physiological amplitude depending on soil type, and a positive influence of disturbance. Therefore, I have assumed that gypsophiles have evolved in disturbed drylands with gypsum soils. In order to adapt to this combination of factors, I hypothesised that gypsophiles have become soil specialists with high capacity of nutrient uptake to be more competitive than other species in gypsum soils. To test this, we conducted a germination trial and a common garden experiment to analyse the ecological restriction of gypsophiles to different substrates, and to analyse the effect of different substrates on the whole-plant elemental composition of plants with contrasting affinity for gypsum soils. In the field, we studied the assemblage of plant communities under different grazing intensities on high gypsum soils, and whether the assembly of plant communities is mediated by any trait related to gypsum specialisation or herbivory resistance. Next, a browsing simulation was conducted to assess individual plant responses in calcic and gypsum pots. In addition, the variation of foliar and rhizospheric soil nutrient contents, and AM fungal colonisation were analysed throughout a year in the field to study the nutrient acquisition strategies of gypsophiles. The results obtained in this PhD thesis show that the fundamental niche of gypsophiles is not only explained by edaphic factors unique to gypsum soils, but seems to be related to alkaline soils with high calcium availability. When analysed under herbivory pressure, species with high gypsum affinity and increased foliar S content (i.e. gypsophiles) were more likely to assemble than other species. These gypsophiles were foliar accumulators of gypsum excess elements, even in calcic pots. They also seem to be adapted to P-scarcity by being less dependent on AMF symbiosis, and adjusting their acquisition strategies to nutrient pulses. Therefore, it seems that gypsophiles are specialists of gypsum soils to be more competitive in disturbed drylands through a unique nutritional strategy.
Les plantes gipsòfiles són endemismes edàfics del guixos, i són considerades especialistes d’aquest sòl estressant. Endemismes del guix de diferents famílies i regions del món tendeixen a mostrar una composició elemental foliar única, similar a les característiques químiques dels sòls guixencs. No obstant això, el significat ecològic de la seva composició foliar continua sent desconegut. Els factors que subjuguen l’amplitud ecològica de les gipsòfiles segueixen sent també poc estudiats. La majoria de la literatura es basa en una distribució lligada als sòls guixencs de les zones àrides, encara que alguns estudis suggereixen una amplitud fisiològica més àmplia segons el tipus de sòl, i una influència positiva de les pertorbacions. Per això, he assumit que les gipsòfiles han evolucionat en terres seques pertorbades amb sòls guixencs. Per adaptar-se a aquesta combinació de factors, he plantejat la hipòtesi que s’han convertit en especialistes edàfics amb alta capacitat d’absorció de nutrients per a ser més competitives que altres espècies en sòls de guix. Per comprovar-ho, vam dur a terme un experiment de germinació i un de cultiu per a analitzar la seva restricció ecològica en funció del tipus de sòl, i per analitzar la composició elemental de tota la planta. En el camp, vam estudiar l’assemblatge de les comunitats vegetals en sòls guixencs en diferents intensitats de pasturatge, i si l’assemblatge d’aquestes comunitats està mediat per algun tret relacionat amb l’especialització pels guixos o la resistència cap als herbívors. A continuació, vam realitzar una simulació de brosteig per a avaluar la resposta individual de les plantes en tests amb guix o sòl calcari. A més, vam analitzar durant un any la variació del contingut nutricional de les fulles, arrels i sòl rizosfèric, i la colonització dels fongs micorízics arbusculars, per estudiar les estratègies d’adquisició de les gipsòfiles en el camp. En conjunt, els resultats obtinguts en aquesta tesi doctoral demostren que el nínxol fonamental de les gipsòfiles no sols s’explica per factors singulars dels sòl guixencs, sinó més aviat per sòls alcalins amb alt contingut de calci. I quan afegim la pressió herbívora, les espècies amb alta afinitat pel guix i alt contingut de sofre foliar (és a dir, gipsòfiles) tenen més probabilitat d’assemblar-se que altres espècies. Hem comprovat també que aquestes gipsòfiles són acumuladores foliars dels elements en excés dels guixos, fins i tot quan creixen en tests amb sòl calcari. I que les gipsòfiles semblen estar adaptades a l’escassetat de fòsfor sent menys dependents de la simbiosi amb AMF, i probablement ajustant les estratègies d’adquisició als polsos nutricionals del sòl. Per tant, sembla que les gipsòfiles s’han convertit en especialistes dels sòls guixencs per a ser més competitives en terres seques pertorbades amb sòls guixencs a través d’una estratègia nutricional singular.

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Pule-Meulenberg, F., and FD Dakota. "Assessing the symbiotic dependency of grain and tree legumes on N2 fixation for their N nutrition in five agro-ecological zones of Botswana." Symbiosis, 2009. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001475.

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Abstract To assess the symbiotic dependency of grain and shrub/tree legumes within five agro-ecological zones of Botswana, fully expanded leaves of the test species were sampled from about 26 study sites within Ngwaketse, Gaborone, Central, Ghanzi and Kalahari agro-ecological zones. Isotopic analysis revealed significant differences in 1)15N values of the grain legumes [cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp), Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verde.), and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)] from the 26 farming areas in both 2005 and 2006. Estimates of %Ndfa of leaves also showed significant differences between farming areas, with cowpea deriving more than 50% of its N nutrition from symbiotic fixation. In terms of distribution, many more symbiotic shrub/tree species were found in the wetter Ngwaketse agro-zone compared to the fewer numbers in the drier Kalahari region. Acacias were the more dominant species at all sites. Leaf 1)15N values of shrub/tree species also varied strongly across Botswana, with 11 out of 18 of these legumes deriving about 50%, or more, of their N from symbiotic Nz fixation. Acacia caffra, in particular, obtained as much as 93.6% of its N nutrition from symbiotic fixation in the wetter Ngwaketse agro-zone. This study has shown that grain legumes sampled from farmer's fields in Botswana obtained considerable amounts of their N from symbiotic fixation. We have also shown that shrub and tree legumes probably play an important role in the N economy of the savanna ecosystems in Botswana. However, the decline in the number of functional Ny-fixing shrub/tree legumes along an aridity gradient suggests that soil moisture is a major constraint to Nz fixation in the tree legumes of Botswana.

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Pule-Meulenberg, F., and FD Dakora. "Assessing the symbiotic dependency of grain and tree legumes on N2 fixation for their N nutrition in five agro-ecological zones of Botswana." Balaban, 2009. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001670.

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Abstract To assess the symbiotic dependency of grain and shrub/tree legumes within five agro-ecological zones of Botswana, fully expanded leaves of the test species were sampled from about 26 study sites within Ngwaketse, Gaborone, Central, Ghanzi and Kalahari agro-ecological zones. Isotopic analysis revealed significant differences in 1)15N values of the grain legumes [cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp), Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verde.), and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)] from the 26 farming areas in both 2005 and 2006. Estimates of %Ndfa of leaves also showed significant differences between farming areas, with cowpea deriving more than 50% of its N nutrition from symbiotic fixation. In terms of distribution, many more symbiotic shrub/tree species were found in the wetter Ngwaketse agro-zone compared to the fewer numbers in the drier Kalahari region. Acacias were the more dominant species at all sites. Leaf 1)15N values of shrub/tree species also varied strongly across Botswana, with 11 out of 18 of these legumes deriving about 50%, or more, of their N from symbiotic Nz fixation. Acacia caffra, in particular, obtained as much as 93.6% of its N nutrition from symbiotic fixation in the wetter Ngwaketse agro-zone. This study has shown that grain legumes sampled from farmer's fields in Botswana obtained considerable amounts of their N from symbiotic fixation. We have also shown that shrub and tree legumes probably play an important role in the N economy of the savanna ecosystems in Botswana. However, the decline in the number of functional Ny-fixing shrub/tree legumes along an aridity gradient suggests that soil moisture is a major constraint to Nz fixation in the tree legumes of Botswana.

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Sirasa, Fathima. "Applying an Ecological Approach to Healthy Eating Interventions for Urban Preschool Children in Sri Lanka." Thesis, Griffith University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/400458.

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Childhood malnutrition is a growing public health challenge for low- and middle-income countries. Globalization and urbanization have led to a significant shift in dietary habits and physical activity patterns over the past few decades, resulting in the coexistence of undernutrition and overnutrition within populations. The negative health, development, and social impacts of childhood malnutrition are serious and ongoing for individuals and their families, while also contributing an economic burden to these countries. Early childhood is a crucial period in the formation of dietary habits, which tend to track throughout life. Worldwide, current evidence suggests that the dietary habits of preschool-aged children, namely, low intake of fruit and vegetables, and higher intake of foods rich in sugar, fat, and salt, do not align with dietary recommendations. Therefore, early interventions are important to establish healthy dietary habits in preschool children to combat childhood malnutrition. Sri Lanka is a middle-income country that is currently experiencing a simultaneous rise in overweight and obesity along with continued undernutrition in children aged five years or younger. This is more pronounced in urban locations of Sri Lanka, which comprises approximately one third of all children aged five years or younger. To date, multiple strategies have been implemented to improve the nutritional status of Sri Lankan children; however, none have specifically targeted preschool-age children. Therefore, population-specific effective eating interventions are urgently warranted for urban Sri Lankan preschool children. Development of food choices is multifactorial; hence, using an ecological approach to understand the interplay of these factors in the formation of food choices in early childhood is necessary. Addressing multi-level factors that influence children’s food choices has improved the effectiveness of intervention strategies. However, such an understanding and subsequent application of intervention strategies have not been examined in Sri Lanka. Therefore, this research investigated the application of an ecological approach to improve healthy eating in urban preschool children (aged 2-6 years) in Sri Lanka. This thesis incorporates three research studies designed to address the overall research aim. Each of the three studies informs subsequent studies in the research program to enable a deeper understanding of ecological factors shaping preschool children’s food choices and the effectiveness of an eating intervention strategy which applies an ecological approach to improve food knowledge, preferences, and choices. The findings have been published or are under review in peer-reviewed journals. This research was underpinned by a pragmatic paradigm to accommodate the use of a mixed methods approach, as it enabled a rich understanding of the socioecology of children’s food choices, to promote healthy food choices in children. A conceptual framework was developed to guide this research. Study 1 was a systematic review of the literature that examined interventions targeting the family and community factors influencing the eating behaviour of preschool children in low- and middle-income countries. Thirteen intervention studies which met the inclusion criteria were critically appraised. The review highlighted that future interventions should focus on improving the nutritional knowledge of the family or caregivers while creating a supportive family environment via increasing household food availability and family income to promote healthy eating behaviours in low- and middle-income country preschool children. Study 2 was a qualitative exploration with urban Sri Lankan parents/caregivers to understand their perceptions of factors that influence their preschool child’s food choices. Thirteen focus groups, adopting a partial nominal group technique, were conducted with parents/caregivers. A quantitative approach was involved to select and rank influential factors. Qualitative data were summarised using content analysis. The findings showed that parents/caregivers perceived a child’s food preferences was the core driving factor in their food decisions. Parents’ and caregivers’ nutritional knowledge, maternal control of food choices, family income, and household food preparation facilities were the next most influential factors. Study 3 included a baseline cross-sectional assessment and a cluster randomised controlled trial. The cross-sectional survey was conducted to understand the dietary habits of Sri Lankan urban preschool children, which assessed their dietary diversity and dietary intake. Average daily dietary intakes for selected food and beverage groups were computed in servings and frequencies descriptively. Findings demonstrated that dietary diversity of children was within the medium category, but their dietary intakes were not aligned with the national recommendations, revealing relatively unhealthy dietary habits. More than 80% of preschool children in this cohort consumed an inadequate daily intake of fruit and vegetables, and one in ten had sugary snacks and confectionary at least twice a day. In addition, the unhealthy dietary and social behaviour of watching television while eating the evening meal was reported in more than one third of children. The cluster randomised controlled trial involved a multicomponent eating intervention (MCI) aimed to improve the food knowledge, healthy food preferences and dietary diversity in urban Sri Lankan preschool children. The trial was conducted for six weeks with two additional intervention arms: single component intervention (SCI) and control (no intervention). As per the ecological approach, the MCI incorporated family engagement which included: parental nutrition education; engaging children in meal preparation; and tasting exposure for children with parent, teacher and peers. The effectiveness of MCI over SCI or control was determined using difference-in-difference model. The findings revealed that compared to the control arm, both MCI and SCI significantly increased children’s food knowledge and healthy food preferences, but not the dietary diversity score. MCI showed greater effect over SCI, reaching significance for children’s food knowledge. A delayed post-intervention assessment was suggested to evidence improved sustained effects of MCI on children’s healthy food preferences and dietary diversity scores, as changes in food preferences and eating behaviours may further develop with time. Collectively, the findings of this research program highlight the importance of an ecological perspective to understand how food choices are formed and how an ecological approach can be applied. The findings from this research can inform parents, families, preschool centre staff, and policy makers of the importance of applying an ecological approach to understand the contextual factors that shape children’s food choices and to develop strategies to promote healthy eating in preschool children. Further, Sri Lanka’s national policy on Early Childhood Development should incorporate parental and family engagement in preschool centre based health and nutrition activities. Embedding children’s nutrition education in the preschool education curriculum should be considered by Early Childhood Development/preschool curriculum developers. As the food choices formed during early childhood invariably continue throughout life, actions to establish healthy eating behaviours in this early life stage may help overcome childhood malnutrition and support a lifetime of healthy food choices.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Medicine
Griffith Health
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Flamm, Laura Jayne. "Fair Food: Justice and Sustainability in Community Nutrition." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1270965544.

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Miller, Katie A. "Nutritional Ecology of Aphaenogaster Ants in Response to Climate Change." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2018. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/899.

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Climate change is predicted to impact organismal nutritional ecology. Increased temperatures can directly accelerate physiological rate processes, which in turn, impact nutritional requirements. Climate change can also impact organisms indirectly by altering the quality and quantity of nutritional resources, creating the potential for nutritional mismatch between what nutrients are available in the environment and what organisms require. Investigation of organismal stoichiometry, particularly the balance of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content of organisms, can help illuminate the extent to which changes in climate may impact organism nutritional ecology. Ants represent an excellent system to examine stoichiometry because they occur across a broad range of environmental conditions and perform important ecosystem services, such as seed dispersal, which may impact ecosystem functioning. In this thesis, I examined how climate variables influence ant stoichiometry across a broad latitudinal gradient in natural populations of three closely-related ant species in the genus Aphaenogaster. In a common garden study, I tested the extent to which such stoichiometric variation was due to plastic or evolved variation. I found significant species-specific differences in how ant stoichiometry responded to climate gradients. The northern species, A. picea contained more C, and less N and P at higher latitudes and elevation, consistent with increased winter lipid storage. In contrast, the more southern species, A. rudis, showed the opposite pattern, which may reflect N and P limitation at southern extremes. Aphaenogaster fulva, whose range is intermediate in latitude and partially overlaps with both congeners, contained more C in environments with more seasonal precipitation. Thus, these species appear to use different nutrient storage strategies in response to the variation in abiotic and trophic conditions across their range. When reared under the same feeding regime and thermal conditions, site-level differences in nitrogen storage between a northern and a southern ant population were retained over time and across years, suggesting that adaptive divergence in elemental composition is at least partially responsible for clinal patterns in the field. To connect latitudinal patterns to temporal changes projected under climate change, I evaluated how increases in temperature impact ant stoichiometry and associated functional traits at the individual and colony level using an experimental field mesocosm experiment at two sites, Harvard Forest (HF) and Duke Forest (DF). I examined how experimental increases in temperature impacted ant body size, colony demography, and nutritional status of two Aphaenogaster ant species. I found that Aphaenogaster ants at the northern site, HF, responded positively to direct increases in temperature, with increases in colony biomass, colony size, total reproductive output, and shifts toward increased nitrogen content with increases in temperature. In contrast, Aphaenogaster ants at the southern site, DF, were generally unaffected by temperature except for a decrease in maximum colony size with increases in temperature. Together, my findings provide evidence that both climate variables and evolutionary history impacts ant stoichiometry, which in turn, may impact ant colony fitness. Examination of the biochemical basis of stoichiometric trait variation is needed to ascertain the role stoichiometry may play in how ant species adapt to changing environmental conditions.

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Verrier, Delphine. "Extreme fasting in subantartic fue seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis) pups : Physiological adaptations and ecological implications." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007STR13197.

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Ce travail examine les adaptations énergétiques, métaboliques, hormonales et comportementales mises en oeuvre lors des jeûnes répétés et prolongés auxquels le petit de l'Otarie d'Amsterdam doit faire face au cours de ses dix mois de croissance. Une attention particulière est portée à l'ontogénèse de ces adaptations. Le rôle clef de l'épargne énergétique et du stockage de réserves lipidiques est mis en évidence, de même qu'une très forte épargne des protéines corporelles qui ne contribuent qu'à 2% de la dépense d'énergie lors du jeûne. Parmi les différentes hormones considérées (hormones thyroïdiennes, cortisol, glucagon, insuline et leptine), le rôle de la leptine comme médiateur de l'adaptation au jeûne est pour la première fois mis en évidence chez un animal sauvage (autre que primates et rongeurs). Les capacités de résistance au jeûne augmentent avec l'âge, grâce à une réduction de la dépense énergétique et de l'activité comportementale, et aussi suite à une optimisation du niveau d'épargne protéique associée à une augmentation de l'adiposité. L'ensemble des résultats permet de comprendre comment les stratégies alimentaires maternelles pourraient être contraintes par ces changements ontogéniques de la tolérance au jeûne du petit. En outre, les compromis dévelopementaux imposés par les conflits énergétiques entre la croissance et les jeûnes répétés ont été étudiés à travers l’ontogénèse des capacités de plongée, afin d’estimer le coût, en terme d’histoire de vie, de restrictions alimentaires sévères au cours du dévelopement ainsi que leurs implications écologiques
The objectives of my thesis were to investigate the physiological and behavioural adaptations displayed by subantarctic fur seal pups in response to the repeated extended fasts they naturally undergo throughout their period of maternal dependence. Fasting energetics, associated endocrine changes and behavioural activity were examined in order to understand the adaptive mechanisms underlying the ontogeny of extreme fasting abilities in these animals. The adoption of an efficient strategy of energy conservation, fat storage and protein sparing (with body proteins contributing to less than 2% of total energy expenditure) in response to fasting is highlighted. Among the diverse hormones measured (thyroid hormones, cortisol, insulin, glucagon and leptin), the importance of leptin in the regulation of energetic and immune homeostasis in response to changes in nutritional state and body reserves is suggested for the first time in a free-ranging mammal (apart from primates and rodents). In addition, my results show that pup resistance to fasting develops progressively with age depending upon pronounced changes in metabolic rates and body fat stores. As a consequence, maternal foraging strategy could be constrained by ontogenetic changes in pup fasting abilities in this species. Furthermore, the trade-offs imposed by the conflicting demands of growing and surviving food deprivation upon the development of diving abilities and foraging skills were also explored in order to estimate the life history cost of extreme fasting in early life and its ecological implications

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Quick, Virginia, Jennifer Martin-Biggers, Gayle Povis, Nobuko Hongu, John Worobey, and Carol Byrd-Bredbenner. "A Socio-Ecological Examination of Weight-Related Characteristics of the Home Environment and Lifestyles of Households with Young Children." MDPI AG, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624973.

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Home environment and family lifestyle practices have an influence on child obesity risk, thereby making it critical to systematically examine these factors. Thus, parents (n = 489) of preschool children completed a cross-sectional online survey which was the baseline data collection conducted, before randomization, in the HomeStyles program. The survey comprehensively assessed these factors using a socio-ecological approach, incorporating intrapersonal, interpersonal and environmental measures. Healthy intrapersonal dietary behaviors identified were parent and child intakes of recommended amounts of 100% juice and low intakes of sugar-sweetened beverages. Unhealthy behaviors included low milk intake and high parent fat intake. The home environment's food supply was found to support healthy intakes of 100% juice and sugar-sweetened beverages, but provided too little milk and ample quantities of salty/fatty snacks. Physical activity levels, sedentary activity and the home's physical activity and media environment were found to be less than ideal. Environmental supports for active play inside homes were moderate and somewhat better in the area immediately outside homes and in the neighborhood. Family interpersonal interaction measures revealed several positive behaviors, including frequent family meals. Parents had considerable self-efficacy in their ability to perform food-and physical activity-related childhood obesity protective practices. This study identified lifestyle practices and home environment characteristics that health educators could target to help parents promote optimal child development and lower their children's risk for obesity.

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Mutirwara, Ruwimbo. "The development and use of stable isotope analysis of felids’ whiskers as a tool to study their feeding ecology." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2533.

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Thesis (MTech (Nature Conservation))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.
Stable isotope analysis (SIA) of whiskers has been used to identify temporal feeding habits, intra-population diet variation, as well as individual dietary specialisation of marine and terrestrial carnivores. However, the potential of the method to disclose such dietary information for large wild felids has been little explored. The accurate interpretation of stable isotope ratios along serially sampled whiskers is hampered by lack of information on species-specific whisker growth rates, whisker growth patterns and whisker-diet trophic discrimination factors (TDFs). Whisker growth rate and growth pattern informs on the time period encapsulated in the analysed segment of a whisker, while whisker-diet TDFs are required to make correct deductions of the prey species consumed by a predator. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the technique of using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of felid whiskers to quantify the diet of wild felids and in particular, to identify diet variation among individuals. To achieve this, lion Panthera leo and leopard Panthera pardus whisker growth rate and growth pattern, and lion whisker-diet TDFs were measured, using captive individuals held at the National Zoological Gardens, Pretoria. The viability and applicability of the technique was then explored on six free-ranging leopards in Phinda Private Game Reserve (hereafter Phinda), northern KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) whose diets have been intensively studied using traditional methods. Whisker growth rates and growth patterns were measured for four lions (three sub-adult females and one adult male) and an adult male leopard over 185 days using giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis meat as an endogenous biomarker to consecutively mark whiskers as they grew. The 13C-depleted, C3-derived giraffe meat with its characteristic isotopic signature could be discerned from the 13C-enriched diet of C4 grain-fed beef and chicken the felids were sustained on. Two whiskers were removed from each felid at the beginning of the experiment, and felids were fed the giraffe meat at four predetermined periods to mark the whiskers replacing the removed ones. The periods with low δ13C values, identified following serial sectioning of the regrown whiskers at 1 mm intervals (and stable isotope analysis of these sections), were then correlated to specific giraffe meat feeding bouts and hence growth periods. Knowledge of the duration between giraffe meat feeding bouts enabled the calculation of whisker growth rate and determination of growth pattern. δ13C and δ15N whisker-diet TDFs were estimated for five lions whose diet remained consistent over multiple years. Whiskers removed from four lions at the beginning of the whisker growth experiment, a whisker removed from a female lion as part of a pilot study a year before the experiment and the diet (chicken and beef) samples collected during the experiment were analysed for their isotopic ratios. These were used to calculate isotopic differences between lion whiskers and diet.

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Chakona, Gamuchirai. "Changes in household food security, nutrition and food waste along an agro-ecological gradient and the rural- urban continuum in mid-sized South African towns." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/6484.

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The lack of dietary diversity is a severe problem experienced by most poor households globally. Most poor communities are at high risk of inadequate intake of micronutrients resulting from diets dominated by starchy staples. The present study considered the diets, dietary diversities and food security of women of reproductive age between 15-49 years, households and communities along the rural-urban continuum in three mid-sized towns situated along an agro-ecological gradient in South Africa. A 48-hour dietary recall was performed across two seasons (twice in summer and once in winter) and focus group discussions were held to gather all information including food abundance, seasons of food scarcity as well as coping strategies which households employ during periods of food shocks. Households were further asked to quantify any type of food waste that they could have generated in the previous 48 hours. Nutritional status of children under the age of five in all three towns was also measured using height-for-age (HAZ) and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) as indicators of stunting and wasting respectively. The household surveys were conducted with 554 women randomly selected in rural, peri-urban and urban locations of Richards Bay, Dundee and Harrismith. For nutritional status, the sample consisted of 216 children who were randomly selected from the sampled households in rural, peri-urban and urban locations of the study sites. Household Dietary Diversity Scores (HDDS) and Women’s Dietary Diversity Scores (WDDS) were calculated from the food items consumed by each household and each woman over a two-day period, respectively. Household food access was also measured for each household using Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). The mean WDDS and HDDS for the wettest site of Richards Bay (3.8±0.29 and 8.44±1.72, respectively) was significantly higher than at Dundee (3.4±0.30 and 7.76±1.63, respectively) and Harrismith (3.5±0.27 and 7.83±1.59, respectively) which were not different from one another. The mean HFIAS for Dundee (9.39±7.13) was significantly higher than that in Richards Bay (5.57±6.98) and Harrismith (6.43±6.59) which were not significantly different from one another. Dietary diversity scores were also significantly higher in urban locations than in peri-urban and rural ones whilst HFIAS was significantly lower in the urban locations than peri-urban and rural locations. There was lower dependence on food purchasing in Richards Bay compared to Dundee and Harrismith where the majority of the population was purchasing most of their food. The majority of Richards Bay households were involved in subsistence agriculture and also produced a surplus for sale, as well as collecting wild foods, which improved food security, unlike Dundee and Harrismith. Food insecurity was higher in rural and peri-urban areas compared to urban areas. In all towns, food was always available throughout the year but was beyond the reach of many households. In urban areas food was readily available and only limited by access, whereas rural populations have limited access to affordable food and face higher prices. The peri-urban populations were more food insecure because of high levels of poverty, unemployment and lack of access/entitlements to land. Periurban dwellers are therefore more sensitive to changes in incomes and food prices because they lack safety nets to absorb income or price shocks as they purchase more, rather than growing their own food. Household dietary diversity was significantly negatively correlated with household food access, that is households with low HDDS had higher HFIAS scores. Due to high levels of food insecurity, a greater percentage of children under the age of five years were stunted (35 %) and wasted (18 %). There were no significant differences in stunting along the agro-ecological gradient, along the rural-urban continuum and sex of child. However, significant differences were observed in child wasting along the agro-ecological gradient with Harrismith having more wasted children than the other two towns, which were not significantly different from each other. Significant differences were also observed between MUAC and sex of child where male children had higher MUAC than females. Wasting was significantly negatively associated with HDDS, with children from households with low HDDS tending to have large MUAC thus showing an inverse association among HDDS and obesity. However, further studies are needed to confirm this finding. In general food insecurity was closely associated with low wealth, food expenditure, large household size and limited access to land. The study did not find any significant role in the use of wild foods and social grants in improving food security for those households who were consuming wild foods and those receiving social grants. Although a greater percentage of households were food insecure, significant amounts of unprepared food (495±179 g per household) were wasted in Richards Bay alone in 48 hours mainly because the food had passed the best before date or had visibly gone bad. The amount of food waste was closely significantly negatively associated with household size. In general, the prevalence of food insecurity and wasting followed the agro-ecological gradient, with households in Richards Bay where the area.

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Hummel, Eva [Verfasser]. "Das komplexe Geschehen des Ernährungsverhaltens - Erfassen, Darstellen und Analysieren mit Hilfe verschiedener Instrumente zum Umgang mit Komplexität : (Nutrition-ecological Modeling, Sensitivitätsmodell und Cross-Impact-Bilanzanalyse) / Eva Hummel." Gießen : Universitätsbibliothek, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1153347849/34.

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Bengtsson, Julia. "Påverkar information kring näringsinnehåll och ekologisk hållbarhet fysiskt aktiva konsumenters attityder till insekter som mat?" Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för naturvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-22211.

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Nuvarande matkonsumtion världen över bidrar till den globala miljöförstöringen. För att kunna främja en hållbar utveckling behöver alternativa näringskällor nyttjas och insekter är ett näringsriktigt livsmedel med hög proteinkvalitet som kan ersätta andra traditionella animaliska produkter. Insekter som mat är i västvärlden vanligen förknippat med negativa attityder som avsky och neofobi vilket förhindrar en global kosthållning som innefattar insekter. Fysiskt aktiva konsumenter har ofta ett engagemang i att uppnå en balanserad kost med tillräckligt med energi och näring. Syftet med studien är att undersöka fysiskt aktiva konsumenter och deras attityder till insekter som mat och jämföra om dessa påverkas av information om näringsinnehåll och ekologisk hållbarhet. Studien syftar också till att ta reda på hur deras attityder kan användas för att kunna presentera insekter som mat på ett attraktivt sätt. Studien är genomförd som en webbaserad enkätundersökning. Enkäten föregicks, för hälften av deltagarna, av information om insekter som mat utifrån ekologisk hållbarhet och näringsinnehåll. Studien, i en jämförelse mellan de båda grupperna att den typ av information som deltagarna erhöll, inte gav någon signifikant inverkan på fysiskt aktiva konsumenters attityder till insekter som mat. Acceptans av mat är ett komplext fenomen och kräver att konsumenterna får tid att vänja sig ex vid att äta insekter genom att minska avskyn successivt. Resultatet visar att det kan göras genom att servera malda insekter i en välkänd livsmedelsprodukt.
Current food consumption worldwide contributes to global environmental degradation. In order to promote sustainable development, alternative nutritional sources need to be used and insects are a nutritious food with high protein quality that can replace other traditional animal products. Insects as food are in the western world usually associated with negative attitudes such as disgust and neophobia, which prevents a global diet that includes insects. Physically active consumers are often dedicated to a balanced diet with enough energy and nutrition. The aim of this study is to analyze physically active consumers and their attitudes to insects as food and compare whether these are affected by information on nutritional content and ecological sustainability. The study also aims to find out how their attitudes can be used to present insects as food in an attractive way. The study was conducted as a web-based survey. The survey was preceded, for half of the participants, by information about insects as food based on ecological sustainability and nutritional content. The study, in a comparison between the two groups, found that the type of information the participants received did not have a significant impact on physically active consumers' attitudes towards insects as food. Acceptance of food is a complex phenomena and requires consumers to have time to get used to eating insects, for example, by gradually reducing disgust. The results show that this can be done by serving ground insects in a well-known food product.

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Stanford, Jevetta. "Ecological Influences on Weight Status in Urban African-American Adolescent Females: A Structural Equation Analysis." UNF Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/356.

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The present study employed a quantitative, non-experimental, multivariate correlational research design to test a hypothesized model examining associative paths of influence between ecological factors and weight status of urban, African-American adolescent females. Anthropometric and self-report survey data of 182 urban, African- American adolescent females were collected during after-school programs, health and physical education classes, and community events in an urban area in northeast Florida. Descriptive analyses were conducted to characterize the study participants based upon their age, study setting, and weight status. A scale reliability analysis was conducted to assess the internal consistency reliability of the sample data using selected measures within the context of the study’s specific population and subsequently guided the structural equation model (SEM) analyses. The SEM path analysis was used to develop two measurement models to control for observed error variance for variables demonstrating poor internal consistency reliability (diet behaviors and nutrition selfefficacy) and a final structural model to test the associative paths of influence between latent (diet behaviors and nutrition self-efficacy) and manifest variables (teacher social support and friend social support) on weight status. The results of the path analysis indicated that both teacher social support and friend social support demonstrated a positive, indirect influence on child weight status through nutrition self-efficacy and diet behaviors following two different and specific paths of influence. Diet behaviors, in turn, demonstrated a positive, direct effect on child weight status. These findings provide clear implications for educational leaders that call for the integration of health behavior change theory into traditional education and leadership practice and actively addressing the childhood obesity epidemic in the school environment by implementing health behavior change strategies at various ecological environmental levels.

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Мелешко, В. І., and В. В. Самошкін. "Еколого-гігієнічні аспекти харчування здобувачів вищої освіти, які займаються спортом." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/79250.

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Фактичне харчування здобувачів вищої освітиспортсменів часто не регулярне, розбалансоване по основним нутрієнтам (білкам, жирам і вуглеводам), містить підвищену кількість жирів тваринного походження. І як наслідок, містить значні кількості холестеролу, що є одною з головних причин розвитку атеросклерозу і серцево-судинної патології. В середньому жінкам і чоловікам студентського віку необхідно споживати 2200-2900 ккал за добу, і головна частка цієї енергії повинна надходити в організм під час сніданку. Стабільне пропускання сніданків призводить до: гіпоглікемії в крові, і як наслідок, до вірогідного розвитку цукрового діабету 2 типу; порушення і уповільнення швидкості обміну речовин з перспективами появи надмірної ваги; різкого зниження уваги, погіршення пам’яті; виучуваності, низької роботоздатності тощо. (Мелешко, Самошкін, Малютова 2017). Для пригнічення окисного стресу зручно споживати природні екзогенні антиоксиданти у вигляді біологічно активних добавок (БАД) до їжі, оскільки вони неінвазійні засоби, і спортсмени можуть їх споживати в будь-який приписаний час. Але необхідно знати норму, адже надмірне споживання антиоксидантів здатне спричинити негативний ефект. Існує думка, що краще споживати їжу, яка багата антиоксидантами. В харчових продуктах антиоксиданти містяться в оптимальних кількостях і співвідношеннях. (Мелешко, Самошкін, 2019).

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Leroy, Clémentine. "Sensibilité des abeilles sauvages face aux transformations du paysage dans les agroécosystèmes : Utilisation d'une approche écophysiologique pour évaluer l'influence des ressources florales sur la condition corporelle des abeilles sauvages." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Avignon, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023AVIG0616.

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Le contexte actuel du déclin de diverses espèces d'abeilles sauvages soulève la nécessité de trouver et de réfléchir à des mesures de conservation et de restauration plus proactives et plus pertinentes. Dans ce cadre, l'utilisation de mesures de la vitalité et condition corporelle des organismes pourrait représenter une opportunité intéressante pour évaluer comment ces derniers répondent aux changements environnementaux. Nous avons ainsi émis l'hypothèse que des modifications physiologiques pourraient informer sur la sensibilité individuelle des abeilles aux changements environnementaux et agir comme des indicateurs de la qualité des habitats. Ces mesures physiologiques sont très prometteuses et présentent déjà des exemples de réussite pour de nombreuses espèces soumises à diverses perturbations environnementales, à savoir la pollution environnementale, le changement climatique et les ressources du paysage. Dans cette optique, nous avons appliqué cette approche écophysiologique pour mesurer les effets de la disponibilité et de la richesse des ressources florales sur la condition corporelle de diverses espèces d’abeilles sauvages. La condition corporelle des abeilles est, dans nos travaux, une compilation de la masse corporelle et des indicateurs du statut nutritionnel (concentrations en protéines, triglycérides et glycogène). Nous avons tout d’abord examiné l’influence d’éléments semi-naturels (prairies temporaires et permanentes, jachères et landes boisées) et des haies sur le succès reproducteur et la condition corporelle de l’abeille maçonne (Osmia cornuta) dans des vergers de pommiers. Les habitats semi-naturels et les haies dans les vergers n’ont pas affecté la reproduction des osmies, mais ont eu des effets bénéfiques sur le poids et la teneur en protéine de la descendance, probablement en raison d’une meilleure diversité des pollens récoltés. Parallèlement, nous avons testé l'effet en zone de prairies, d'un indice d'utilisation des terres (compilation des pratiques des agriculteur·ices incluant la fauche, le pâturage et la fertilisation) et de la diversité florale sur les communautés d'abeilles sauvages en se focalisant sur les bourdons. Le poids des bourdons a particulièrement diminué avec l’intensité de gestion des prairies chez une espèce formant des colonies de petites tailles (Bombus sylvarum), alors que les autres espèces n’ont pas été affectées. Les concentrations en protéines (en particulier chez Bombus terrestris) et glycogène ont également varié selon les pratiques de gestion des prairies, ces variations étant conditionnées par la longueur du proboscis des espèces. Ces travaux montrent que des mesures de la condition corporelle peuvent être utiles pour améliorer notre compréhension des réponses des abeilles sauvages à la qualité des habitats. En particulier, les mesures de la masse corporelle et de la teneur en protéines semblent être d'un intérêt particulier pour attester de la sensibilité individuelle. L’acquisition de ces connaissances et leur mise en pratique, de concert avec d’autres champs disciplinaires (écologie comportementale, sciences sociales, épidémiologie…) ainsi qu’avec les acteur·ices engagé·es dans la protection des pollinisateurs, pourraient permettre d’affiner et co-construire des stratégies de conservation des populations d’abeilles sauvages pour lutter contre le déclin des abeilles
The actual context of bee species decline raises the actual needs of finding and thinking about more proactive and relevant conservation and restoration measures. In this initiative, the use of new biological metrics that can link individual bee responses to environmental alteration with populationlevel responses could represent an interesting opportunity. We hypothesized that physiological indicators could communicate the actual individual bee sensitivity to environmental changes and act as early warning signals of bee population decline or sustainability. Physiological markers can for example, provide helpful information on the interface between bee populations and their resources. Those indicators are indeed very promising and already show benefits and success for numerous organisms and numerous environmental perturbations they have to cope with, namely chemicals, climate change and landscape resources. In that extent, we used such ecophysiological approach to measure the effects of floral resources abundance, availability and richness on female’s bee body condition. We approximate bee body condition as a compilation of body mass, and nutritional healthindicators (proteins, triglycerides and proteins) contents. Firstly, we examined the effect of seminatural elements (temporary and permanent grasslands, fallows and woody moorlands) on the reproductive success and the body condition of a mason bee in apple orchards from south of France. Parallelly, we tested the effect of a land-use index (compilation of farmers practices including mowing, grazing and fertilizing) and floral diversity from agroecosystems habitats on the health state of wild bee communities in Belgium and Germany thanks to the multilevel approach of the European NutriB² project. This thesis work shows that metrics of body condition can be useful to improve our understanding of pollinator responses to habitat quality with a focus on nutrition. In particular, the measure of body mass and proteins content seem to be of particular interest to attest for individual sensitivity. Additional physiological health parameters including stoichiometry and pathogen loads also provide valuable information on the health state of wild bees and are also the focus of working groups within the european project. We can optimistically assume that the acquisition of this knowledge and its application in practice, in conjunction with these other disciplinary fields and with players involved in pollinator conservation, could enable us to refine and co-construct wild bee conservation or restoration strategies to combat bee decline

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Ari, Grados Adjhani Karla, Verastegui Pebbles Hernandez, Vilcas Wendy Cristina Hinojosa, Fernandez Luis Vicente Laurente, and Bastidas Eddy Luis Saavedra. "Nuggets a base de cushuro, quinua y lentejas “Lenshuro”." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/652930.

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El presente trabajo a realizar se basa en la viabilidad, escalabilidad y pertinencia del método científico respecto al producto “nuggets a base de cushuro, lentejas y quinua” con la finalidad de llevarlo al mercado para satisfacer las necesidades del público objetivo y suprimir el problema encontrado. Una alimentación balanceada a lo largo de la vida ayuda a prevenir enfermedades y es aquella que contribuye con alimentos nutricionales de cada individuo. Asimismo, nos enfocamos en aportar con la oferta y comercialización de productos saludables dentro de Lima Metropolitano, debido a que existe una escasa oferta de productos sanos en el país por el elevado costo de fabricación y porque la mayoría son importados. Se quiere dar a conocer el producto como innovador y sobre todo resaltar su valor agregado mediante las propiedades nutricionales que contienen estos súper alimentos encontrados solo en esta región del Perú. En la actualidad existen empresas que comercializan este tipo de productos, los que tienen mayor impacto en el mercado en su mayoría son los competidores indirectos que elaboran nuggets convencionales a base de pollo. No obstante, hay una industria reducida que fabrica alimentos saludables y las comercializa, enfocados en un segmento pequeño de la población, la cual paga más por productos diferenciados y sanos. Así que, nuestra propuesta es satisfacer a ese segmento de personas que, apuesta por un producto nutritivo, accesible al precio y agradable al consumirlo.
The present work to be carried out is based on the viability, scalability and relevance of the scientific method with respect to the product "nuggets based on cushuro, lentils and quinoa" in order to bring it to the market to satisfy the needs of the target audience and eliminate the problem encountered . A balanced diet throughout life helps prevent diseases and is one that contributes with nutritional food for each individual. Likewise, we focus on contributing with the supply and marketing of healthy products within Metropolitan Lima, due to the fact that there is a scarce offer of healthy products in the country due to the high cost of manufacturing and because most are imported. It wants to publicize the product as innovative and above all highlight its added value through the nutritional properties of these super foods found only in this region of Peru. There are currently companies that market this type of product, the ones that have the greatest impact on the market, the majority are indirect competitors that make conventional chicken-based nuggets. However, there is a small industry that manufactures and markets healthy foods, focused on a small segment of the population, which pays more for differentiated and healthy products. So, our proposal is to satisfy that segment of people who are committed to a nutritious product, accessible at a price and pleasant to consume.
Trabajo de investigación

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Kumar, Janavi. "Identifying barriers to healthy eating and physical activity in a low-income community in south-western Kansas." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16988.

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Master of Science
Department of Human Nutrition
Koushik Adhikari
Obesity in adolescence is associated with a complex web of ecological, psychosocial, and physiological factors, and many of these factors relate to nutrition and physical activity behaviors. Before interventions are developed, researchers need to know what factors specifically influence an adolescent’s food choices and physical activity within the community context. Cultural norms, school environment, and neighborhood attributes are examples of factors that may vary across different communities, and accounting for this variation can be quite challenging, unless community perspectives are acknowledged. The use of qualitative data from focus groups has shown to be an effective way of gathering community perspectives about the diversity of their views and experiences. The current study used focus groups to reveal facilitators and barriers to healthy eating behavior and physical activity engagement in 6th to 8th grade youth in a low-income community in South-Western Kansas. This methodology enabled community members (adolescents, parents, and teachers) to discuss and articulate their perceptions in relation to 6th to 8th grade youth’s eating habits and physical activity, and assessed available resources, needs, and opportunities for developing effective and sustainable intervention approaches in the community. Using the socio-ecological model, individual influences (e.g., taste preferences), social influences (e.g., parent and peer influences), and larger contextual influences (e.g., school) on early adolescent health were assessed. This information will be used to develop interventions addressing factors at these different levels of influence that are needed to improve eating habits and physical activity of youth in the community.

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Bazile, Vincent. "Diversité des stratégies de nutrition chez les plantes à urnes du genre Nepenthes : le rôle du fluide digestif, de ses propriétés physicochimiques et biotiques." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS290.

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Le genre Nepenthes regroupe environ 160 espèces de lianes carnivores, principalement situées en Asie du Sud-Est, sur des sols pauvres en nutriments assimilables. L’apex de leurs feuilles est modifié en une vrille portant une urne qui leur permet de capturer des proies et d’acquérir des nutriments, principalement de l’azote. Réputées toutes insectivores, avec des urnes équipées de cire glissante sur la paroi interne et un liquide enzymatique à rôle digestif, ces plantes ont en fait un régime alimentaire plus diversifié. Des espèces sont coprophages, détritivores ou encore spécialisées sur une guilde particulière d’insectes. Elles poussent dans des milieux variés, plus ou moins ouverts, sur sols sableux ou tourbeux. Les traits fonctionnels des pièges de Nepenthes varient selon les espèces, avec présence ou non d’une collerette attractive, d’une zone cireuse glissante, et un liquide, viscoélastique ou non, hébergeant une faune spécifique (inquilines). Ces traits peuvent représenter autant d’adaptations attestant d’une diversité de stratégies de séquestration de l’azote. Beaucoup d’études se sont intéressées au rôle des parois glissantes dans la capture des insectes, peu aux propriétés du fluide digestif. La quantité d’azote disponible du milieu et la forme sous laquelle il se présente influencent-elles la concentration en azote des feuilles de la plante, l’origine de ses ressources azotées et son degré de carnivorie ? Quel est le rôle du fluide dans la capture et la digestion des proies, dans la stratégie de séquestration de l’azote de la plante ? Quid des différences d’acidité, de viscoélasticité ou de pool enzymatique entre espèces ? Des différences d’abondance et de composition de la faune inquiline ? Quelles sont les conséquences de toutes ces différences en termes de recyclage d’azote pour la plante ?Cette thèse explore la contribution du fluide digestif, de ses propriétés physico-chimiques et biotiques à la capture et la digestion des proies de 7 espèces de Nepenthes du Brunei (Bornéo).Dans un premier volet, nous montrons que les espèces sont adaptées à des milieux de richesse variée en azote édaphique et biotique grâce à différentes stratégies d’acquisition de l’azote. Le contenu des urnes montre une variation du degré d’insectivorie. La diversité de leurs traits fonctionnels expliquerait les différences dans la nature des proies et l’efficacité de capture. Nectar extrafloral, fluide digestif acide et cire épicuticulaire glissante sont associés à la capture de fourmis, trichomes glandulaires, fourmi symbiotique et urnes cylindriques à la capture de termites et enfin, fluide acide et viscoélastique, mais surtout urne en entonnoir, à grande ouverture et production d’odeur florale expliquent l’abondance d’insectes volants. Les espèces varient aussi fortement dans leurs sécrétions enzymatiques et dans leurs cortèges d’inquilines. Dans un second volet, nous montrons in situ que les propriétés physicochimiques et biotiques du fluide expliquent en partie les différences de stratégies d’acquisition de l’azote chez les Nepenthes. Le pH et la viscoélasticité du fluide influencent la quantité et la nature des proies capturées. Ses propriétés physicochimiques conditionnent également la richesse de l’écosystème aquatique associé au fluide, avec une macrofaune aquatique plus abondante et diverse dans les urnes au liquide peu acide et au diamètre d’ouverture large. Cette macrofaune inquiline joue un rôle important dans la dégradation des proies, et la présence d’un top-prédateur s’avère essentielle dans le recyclage de l’azote. Nous discutons enfin du rôle majeur du fluide dans le régime alimentaire de la plante et dans la probable radiation adaptative du genre Nepenthes et concluons par une réflexion sur les différentes formes de carnivorie observées chez ces plantes et leurs systèmes de digestion, allant d’une stratégie agressive autonome à une stratégie mutualiste, redéfinissant par-là le concept de carnivorie dans le monde végétal
The Nepenthes carnivorous plants genus encompasses about 160 species growing mostly in Southeast Asia in habitats characterised by their scarcity in absorbable nutrients. The leaf apex is modified into a tendril bearing a pitcher trap which allows the plant catching its prey and taking up the nutrients indispensable for its growth, mainly nitrogen. Reputed to be insectivorous, bearing traps equipped with a slippery wax covering the inner pitcher wall and with an enzymatic liquid involved in the digestion, Nepenthes species actually have a more diverse diet. Coprophagous, detritivorous, and insect-guild specialised species have been reported. These plants grow in more or less open environments, on sandy or peaty soils. Nepenthes traps show an inter-specific diversity of functional traits, bearing or not an attractive collar, a slippery waxy zone, and a viscoelastic liquid, which shelters a species-specific living infauna. Such different traits may reflect as many adaptations attesting to a diversity of nitrogen-sequestration. Many studies have focused on the role of slippery walls in insect capture but few of them have investigated the importance of the digestive fluid in both capture and digestion. Do the quantity of nitrogen available in the environment and the form of its availability influence the nitrogen foliar concentration of these plants, the source of their nitrogen supply and their carnivorous habit? How does the fluid influence prey capture and digestion? Can it contribute to the nitrogen-sequestration strategy of the plant? Do the fluids differ in their acidity, viscoelasticity, enzymatic pool, and in the abundance and species diversity of their infauna? What are the consequences of all these differences in terms of nitrogen recycling for the host plant?This PhD thesis explores the contribution of the digestive fluid and its physico-chemical and biotic properties on prey capture and digestion in 7 Nepenthes species in Brunei (Borneo).The first part shows that Nepenthes species have adapted to habitat differing in edaphic and biotic nitrogen available through distinct strategies of nitrogen acquisition. Pitcher contents’ analyses show that plants vary for their degree of insectivory. The variety of functional traits could explain the differences in their capture efficiency and prey diversity. While extrafloral nectar, slippery epicuticular wax and acidic fluid pH are associated with ants’ capture, cylinder-shaped traps, glandular trichomes and ant-association increase termites’ capture. Yellow colour, acidic pH and fluid viscoelasticity but above all, pitcher conicity, wide aperture diameter and magnitude of floral odour account for the abundance of flying insects. These Nepenthes species also strongly vary in their enzymatic secretions and inquilines spectra.In a second part, we show in situ how such differences in physico-chemical and biotic properties of the fluid partly account for the differences in nitrogen-sequestration strategy in these plants. Fluid pH and viscoelasticity influence the quantity and the nature of prey. Those physico-chemical properties also condition the richness of the aquatic ecosystem associated to the fluid, with an aquatic macrofauna more abundant and diverse in pitchers with lowly-acidic liquids and wide pitcher-openings. This inquiline macrofauna plays an essential role in prey degradation, and the presence of a top-predator is crucial for the nitrogen recycling to the plant.We finally discuss the major contribution of the fluid in the plant’s diet and its role in the probable adaptive radiation of the Nepenthes genus and conclude by a survey of the various forms of carnivory in these plants and their digestive systems, which range from an autonomous aggressive strategy to a mutualistic strategy, thus redefining the concept of carnivory in the plant’s world

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Alkhuzaim, Faisal Kh. "“I Want Ketchup on my Rice”: The Role of Child Agency on Arab Migrant Families Food and Foodways." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7258.

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This exploratory research study examines changes in food and foodways (food habits) among Arab migrant families in a small community in Tampa, Florida. It also explores how those families’ children may play a role in the process of change. Within this community, I conducted my research study at a private school, where I recruited families with children between the ages of eight and seventeen. In applying the ecological model of food and nutrition and the developmental niche theoretical framework, this research draws on qualitative methods, including structured interviews with parents; focus group discussion with parents; a food survey; and children’s focus groups that included engaging activities such as vignettes (role playing), free-listing and sorting, and one-day food menus. I used MAXQDA 18 software for qualitative data analysis, and the results show that the main factors aiding in post-migration food and foodways changes are time constraints (lifestyle), ingredients, and availability and accessibility of permissible food (halal). Parent did not mention their children as a main factor; however, they perceive influence of their children. Feeding practices such as rewarding, restriction, forcing, and family meals were emerging themes, and children express their agency around those practices. Children developed their own agency regarding food because of their social and physical environments. Older children perceived their influence on their families’ food and foodways by introducing food items to their own families.

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Knox-Kazimierczuk, Francoise Alihsa. "African American Women and Obesity: Examining the Intersections of Race and Class." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1437548368.

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Candido, Hugo Galvão 1985. "Estratégias de aquisição de nutrientes estequiometria ecológica em comunidades de campos rupestres, MG-Brasil." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316215.

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Orientador: Rafael Silva Oliveira
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T21:06:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Candido_HugoGalvao_M.pdf: 2416852 bytes, checksum: e2c495e1dc8a3aa3997d789f5761655e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
Resumo: A disponibilidade de nutrientes tem um papel fundamental na estruturação de comunidades vegetais. Um modelo teórico recentemente proposto por Lambers et al. 2008 postula que em regiões com solos muito antigos e pobres em fósforo e nitrogênio, as espécies dominantes teriam maior proporção de especializações radiculares e menos associações com fungos micorrízicos. Estas regiões foram classificadas como OCBILs (do inglês: old, climatically buffered, infertile landscapes). Este estudo teve como objetivo testar tal modelo e avaliar se comunidades de campos rupestres podem ser categorizadas como OCBILs, avaliar se os campos rupestres podem ser considerados OCBILs mediante uma análise comparativa de um conjunto de caracteres morfofisiológicos das plantas e características físico-químicas do solo, através do estudo de seis comunidades na Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais. Selecionamos as dez espécies mais abundantes em cada uma áreas distribuídas ao longo de um transecto de 190 km, totalizando 60 espécies. Avaliamos os atributos foliares (concentração de N, P, análise da massa foliar por unidade de área e razão N:P) e a colonização de raízes por micorrizas. Quimicamente, os solos dos campos rupestres têm baixa disponibilidade de P e N, comparáveis aos solos de outros OCBILs (oeste da Austrália e região do Cabo na África do Sul). A proporção de colonização das raízes das plantas por fungos foi positivamente correlacionada com a [P] do solo de cada comunidade, corroborando o modelo de Lambers em uma escala regional. Espécies de campos rupestres apresentam uma alta razão N:P foliar (média de 43 para todos os campos de estudo), maior que as encontradas nos outros OCBILs, o que sugere uma forte limitação por fósforo. Foram encontradas médias de 183 g m-2 para LMA, 12,46 mg g-1 para o N foliar e de 0,36 mg g-1 para o P foliar. Pelos resultados obtidos propomos que os campos rupestres devem ser classificados também como OCBILs, status que demandaria maior atenção para esses campos ainda pouco estudados e já ameaçados ecologicamente
Abstract: The availability of nutrients plays a key role in structuring plant communities. A theoretical model recently proposed by Lambers et al. (2008) postulates that in regions with very old and poor soils in P and N, the dominant species had a higher proportion of specializations and less root associations with mycorrhizal fungi. These regions were classified as OCBILs (ols, climatically buffered, infertile landscapes). This study aims to test this model and asses whether communities of rupestrian fields might be categorized as OCBILs by analyzing the chemical composition of soil, leaf stoichiometry and % mycorrhizal root colonization by the dominant species in six communities in the Espinhaço Range, Minas Gerais. We selected the ten most abundant species in each of areas distributed along a transect of 190 km, totaling 60 species. We evaluated the leaf attributes (concentration of N, P analysis of leaf mass per unit area and N:P ratio) and colonization of roots by micorrhiza. Chemucally, the soil of the rupestrian fields shows very low availability of P and N, comparable to other soils OCBILs (Western Australia and the Cape region in South Africa). The proportion of root colonization of plants by fungi was positively correlated with [P] soil of each community, supporting the Lambers model's on a regional scale. Species of rupestrian fields have a high N:P ratio leaf (average of 43 for all fields studied), higher than those found in other OCBILs, suggesting a strong limitation by phosphorus. We found average 183 gm.m-2 for LMA, 12,46 mg.g-1 and 0,36 mg.g-1 to P leaf. The results obtained suggests that rupestrian fields should also be classified as OCBILs, status wich would require greater attention to these fields still little studied and already threatened ecologicaly
Mestrado
Ecologia
Mestre em Ecologia

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Mcguire, Julianne. "Exploring barriers and enablers in early childhood education and care services to meet Australian infant feeding guidelines." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/201105/1/Julianne_McGuire_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis studies infant and young child feeding in Early Childhood Education and Care services in Australia, an environment of increasing importance to the child population. It examines policies and practices highlighting the need for visibility, support and collaboration in infant feeding in the first 1000 days to support ongoing health and development. It uniquely gives voice to experience of assessors as well as educators and families in eliciting strategies for increasing awareness and support for optimal infant and young child feeding practices in Early Childhood Education and Care.

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Wenger, Melanie S. "Toward an ecology of addiction : Overeaters Anonymous and Weight Watchers in a culture of consumption." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4b050728-6e06-4afe-9261-3b973d8ddd60.

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There is increasing evidence that aspects of human eating may be 'addictive'. Much of the existing literature examining this focuses on specific foods or individual pathologies of 'addiction'. Qualitative research methods, in particular content analysis, offers a rich opportunity to better understand 'addictive' aspects of human eating through the stories shared by those who have experienced compulsive eating. This research examines two different organizations that use storytelling as a tool for changing eating behaviours. Overeaters Anonymous (OA) and Weight Watchers (WW) began in the United States in the early 1960s as mutual support groups designed to help members with problems of compulsive overeating. This research examines: 1) the ways that OA and WW addressed 'addictions' with food when they were first formed; 2) how each organization has changed over time; and 3) the ways that identities are constructed through the telling of stories within each programme. For this thesis, I used historical analysis, in-person and online participant observation, and content analysis as research methods. I found that while OA and WW once similarly addressed 'addictions' with food, this is no longer the case. WW no longer understands their members as fundamentally different from others in the ways that they eat, and OA now welcomes members with a variety of different compulsive eating behaviours. However, similar themes regarding identity emerged from the OA and WW stories used in this research. OA and WW members describe that they acquire different belief systems regarding health and how to eat in each programme. In comparing these two organizations, how each has changed over time and the shifts in identity described by OA and WW members, this research identifies aspects of everyday living that members of both groups similarly highlight as important factors influencing compulsive eating. Based on these findings, I then assess to what extent a new framework for understanding 'addiction' may be needed, and conclude by suggesting further areas of research that would be suitable for constructing this.

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Liu, Sherry T. "Behavioral, Policy, and Environmental Approaches to Obesity Prevention in Preschool-Aged Children." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1395108013.

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Pradhan, Sudhan. "Studies on Some Wild Leafy Vegetables of Sikkim with Reference to Ecological Distribution and Nutritional Composition." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1510.

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Santos, Lucas Peternelli Corrêa dos. "Parâmetros nutricionais da dieta de duas populações de macacos-prego: Sapajus libidinosus no ecótono cerrado/caatinga e Sapajus nigritus na Mata Atlântica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-10082015-110633/.

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A sobrevivência e o sucesso reprodutivo de um indivíduo estão diretamente relacionados à sua capacidade de atender à demanda por nutrientes e energia. Estudos em Ecologia Nutricional, que adotam o Modelo Geométrico para nutrição, evidenciam que, mais do que maximizar a ingestão de energia, os animais procuram regular a ingestão de múltiplos nutrientes de maneira independente, almejando um balanço específico entre esses nutrientes. Neste trabalho, empregamos análises de conteúdo nutricional e o Modelo Geométrico para investigar os parâmetros nutricionais da dieta de duas populações de macacos-prego (Sapajus spp.), em dois biomas distintos: Sapajus libidinosus, numa área de ecótono Cerrado/Caatinga, a Fazenda Boa Vista (FBV), no Estado do Piauí; e Sapajus nigritus, numa área de Mata Atlântica, o Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (PECB), no Estado de São Paulo. Estudos anteriores sugeriram que a qualidade e a disponibilidade dos alimentos explorados por S. libidinosus no semi-árido são superiores aos dos explorados por S. nigritus na Mata Atlântica. Porém, afirmações sobre a qualidade de dieta dependem de investigações sobre o balanço nutricional obtido pelo organismo e quais as estratégias nutricionais adotadas para atingir esse balanço. Assim, os objetivos desta tese foram (1) analisar as estratégias nutricionais de um grupo de Sapajus libidinosus na FBV e (2) comparar a qualidade nutricional da dieta dessa população com a da população de Sapajus nigritus do PECB. Foram analisadas amostras de 176 itens alimentares. Para estimar o consumo de nutrientes, foram realizados 134 focais contínuos diários em que foram registrados os itens alimentares consumidos pelo indivíduo e a quantidade ingerida. Os macacos da FBV regulam a ingestão de um balanço específico entre energia proteica e energia não proteica (advinda de lipídeos e/ou carboidratos), priorizando a ingestão de energia não proteica quando a disponibilidade desse nutriente nos itens alimentares diminui. Assumindo que o objetivo nutricional de S. nigritus é o mesmo de S. libidinosus, os resultados confirmaram a hipótese de que a qualidade da dieta na FBV é superior à do PECB, área em que os alimentos dos macacos apresentam menores concentrações de energia não proteica. O Modelo Geométrico para nutrição permitiu rever afirmações feitas em estudos anteriores de que na FBV a sazonalidade dos recursos mais consumidos não é um fator limitante para esses animais. Neste estudo, mostramos que há variações sazonais na qualidade nutricional dos alimentos, o que tem um impacto na ingestão de nutrientes pelos macacos da FBV
The survival and reproductive success of an individual are directly related to its ability to meet the demand for nutrients and energy. Studies in Nutritional Ecology, adopting the Geometric Framework for Nutrition, show that more than maximize energy intake, the animals seek to regulate the intake of multiple nutrients independently, targeting a specific balance between these nutrients. In this study, we used nutritional content analysis and the Geometric Framework to investigate the diet nutritional parameters of two populations of capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.) in two different biomes: Sapajus libidinosus in the ecotone Cerrado/Caatinga, at Fazenda Boa Vista (FBV) in Piauí state; and Sapajus nigritus in an Atlantic Forest area, at Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (PECB), in São Paulo state. Previous studies suggest that the quality and availability of food exploited by S. libidinosus in the semi-arid region are higher than those of the exploited by S. nigritus in the Atlantic Forest. However, statements about diet quality depend on investigating the nutrient balance obtained by individuals and which nutrition strategies are adopted to achieve this balance. Therefore, the aims of this thesis were (1) to analyze the nutritional strategies of a group of Sapajus libidinosus in the FBV and (2) to compare the nutritional quality of the diet of this population with that of Sapajus nigritus in PECB. We analyzed samples of 176 food items eaten by the animals. To estimate nutrient daily intake, we conducted 134 continuous focal follows recording the item consumed and the amount ingested by individuals. The monkeys in FBV regulate the intake of a specific balance between protein energy and non-protein energy (lipids and / or carbohydrates), and prioritize non-protein energy intake when the availability of this nutrient in food items decreases. Assuming that the nutritional goal of S. nigritus is the same as S. libidinosus, the results confirmed the hypothesis that diet quality in FBV is superior than in PECB, where foods contain lower non-protein energy concentrations. The Geometric Framework allowed to review previous studies claims that in FBV seasonality of resources availability is not a limiting factor for these animals. In this study we have shown seasonal variations in the nutritional quality of foods, which impact nutrient intake by monkeys in FBV

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Matos, Bárbara Cartagena da Silva. "Do sea otters according to prey's nutritional value?" Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/17176.

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Mestrado em Ecologia Aplicada
A Teoria do Forrageio Ótimo propõe que o estímulo nutricional na escolha de presas e busca de alimento em carnívoros é o ganho energético. Em contraste, pesquisas recentes sugerem que os carnívoros selecionam presas que fornecem uma dieta com um equilíbrio específico de macronutrientes (gordura, proteína, hidratos de carbono), ao invés do maior conteúdo energético. Para este efeito, as escolhas de presas de lontras-marinhas (Enhydra lutris) que habitam Sitka Sound no sudeste do Alasca, foram estudadas durante os meses de maio a agosto de 2016. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram: 1) descrever a dieta das lontras-marinhas em Sitka Sound; 2) descrever o valor nutricional das suas presas; 3) comparar diferenças na escolha de presas de acordo com o sexo; e 4) avaliar e comparar o valor nutricional das presas com as escolhas das lontras-marinhas. Os dados de observação foram coletados oportunisticamente, através de uma plataforma de oportunidade. As presas de lontras-marinhas foram capturadas em áreas arbitrárias de Sitka Sound, e analisadas quanto à sua percentagem em lípidos (teor de gordura) e calorias (densidade de energia). O consumo de presas foi significativamente diferente: as amêijoas foram as presas mais consumidas (68,6%), seguidos pelos ouriços-do-mar (14,3%), vieiras (5,7%), pepinos-do-mar (5,7%), caranguejos (2,9%) e estrelas-do-mar (2,9%). Além disso, os resultados revelaram uma significativa diversidade no conteúdo de gordura e densidade energética entre presas de lontra-marinha. O abalone registou maior teor de densidade energética, seguido pelas vieiras, enquanto que os ouriços-do-mar registaram maior teor em lípidos. A escolha de presas e a ingestão de nutrientes não diferiram significativamente entre machos e fêmeas, no entanto, os machos de lontras-marinhas consumiram mais moluscos do que as fêmeas, enquanto que as fêmeas consumiram mais ouriços-do-mar do que os machos. O trabalho sobre nutrição em carnívoros é preliminar, e estes resultados fornecem um ponto de partida para futuras pesquisas. As respostas a estas questões não só terão implicações significativas na gestão das populações de predadores e das comunidades ecológicas de que fazem parte, mas também acrescentarão informações importantes sobre a biologia de predadores que até agora foram negligenciadas. Além disso, os conflitos nas comunidades sobre os impactos que as lontras-marinhas têm na pesca comercial no sudeste do Alasca, não podem ser ignorados. Compreender as escolhas de presas de lontras-marinhas pode fornecer previsões de como a pesca pode ser afetada, de acordo com o crescimento da população de lontras nesta área, a fim de ajudar políticos, membros da comunidade e pescadores comerciais, a responder em conformidade.
Foraging theory proposes that the nutritional driver of prey choice and foraging in carnivores is energy gain. In contrast, recent research suggests that carnivores select prey that provides a diet with a specific balance of macronutrients (fat, protein, carbohydrates), rather than the highest energy content. To this effect, the prey choices of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) inhabiting Sitka Sound, in southeast Alaska, were studied during the months of May-August of 2016. The goals of this research were to 1) describe sea otter’s diet in Sitka Sound; 2) describe the nutritional value of sea otters’ prey items; 3) compare differences in prey choice according to sex; and 4) evaluate and compare prey’s nutritional value with sea otter’s prey choices. Foraging observational data were collected opportunistically on a boat-based platform of opportunity. Sea otter’s main prey were captured in arbitrary areas of Sitka Sound, and analyzed for percentage in lipids (fat content), and calories (energy density). Prey consumption was significantly different: clams were the most frequently consumed prey (68,6%), followed by sea urchins (14,3%), scallops (5,7%), sea cucumbers (5,7%), crabs (2,9%) and sea stars (2,9%). Also, the results revealed a significant diversity in content of fat and energy density between sea otter prey specimens. Abalone ranked first on content of energy density, followed by scallops, while sea urchins recorded the highest lipid content. Prey choice and nutrient intake were not significant different between male and female sea otters, nevertheless, males consumed more clams than females, while females consumed more sea urchins than males. The work on carnivore nutrition is preliminary, and these results provide a starting point for future work. Answers to such questions not only will have significant implications for managing predator populations and the ecological communities of which they are a part, but will also add important information on predator biology that has been neglected so far. Moreover, communities’ conflicts over the impacts sea otters are having on commercial shellfisheries in southeast Alaska cannot be overlooked. Understanding sea otter’s prey choices may provide information and predictions of how fisheries may be affected as the sea otter population grows in this area, in order to help decision makers, policy makers, community members, and commercial fishermen respond accordingly.

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Macari, Marisa. "Contextualizing food practices and change among Mexican migrants in West Queens, New York City." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:bb478389-8caf-49e4-96b2-2d57b0389c9f.

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This thesis is about food practices and change among Mexican migrants living in West Queens, New York City. Public health research suggests that Mexican migration to the US has a negative impact on food practices, with diets being less nutritious over a migrant’s stay in the United States and obesity being more common among longer-term than more recently-arrived individuals. Through ethnography, I explore how migration shapes food practices and examine the nuanced process of nutritional change that is often obscured in large-scale epidemiological studies. Food practices are important not just because they shape vulnerabilities to chronic diseases but also because they serve as prisms by which to examine migrants’ lives, pressures and aspirations. The three aims of this ethnography are to explore the food practices that Mexicans engage in after migration; to examine the social, temporal and political-economic contexts shaping food practices and change; and to describe how migrants themselves makes sense of nutritional change. I explore these themes using the approach of structural vulnerability, which views health practices and outcomes as influenced by social structures, relationships and inequalities. In so doing, I provide a critique of the public health literature’s use of the concept of acculturation to explain food practices, which largely obscures the role played by structural contexts and constraints. Through participant observation, conversations and interviews with Mexican migrants in West Queens, NYC, I have identified three contexts shaping food practices and change after migration: household dynamics and labour division; time constraints and work schedules; and the ‘food environment’, referring to the availability of food items and weight loss products. Gender dynamics, documentation status and class modified the way in which these contexts were perceived and negotiated by informants, which had further consequences on food practices. In these settings, informants were often encouraged to consume high-energy foods and large portions, to replace meals with snacks, to eat prepared or convenience foods, and to experiment with weight loss products. To rationalize nutritional change and body size disparities, informants employed multiple discourses. Some discourses emphasized the role of structural contexts and constraints related to time, money and documentation status, while others emphasized the role played by cultural beliefs, habits and acculturation. An ethnographic approach informed by structural vulnerability serves to articulate how the everyday lives and social contexts in which Mexican migrants are embedded, shape experiences of nutritional change. This thesis exposes a disconnect between the way in which the public health literature conceptualizes nutritional change and how it is lived ‘on the ground’.

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Alqaisi, Othman [Verfasser]. "Nutritional, ecological, and economic evaluation of dairy farming systems and feeding strategies in semi-arid environments / Othman Alqaisi." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1036406253/34.

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Michler, Berit Annika. "Koproskopische Untersuchungen zum Nahrungsspektrum des Waschbären Procyon lotor (L., 1758) im Müritz-Nationalpark (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) unter spezieller Berücksichtigung des Artenschutzes und des Endoparasitenbefalls." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-234025.

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Der Nordamerikanische Waschbär (Procyon lotor Linné, 1758) gehört zu den neozonalen Vertretern der heimischen Raubsäugerfauna. Seit den 1990er Jahren tritt der in Deutschland mittlerweile fest etablierte Kleinbär verstärkt in Erscheinung und ist damit Auslöser kontroverser Diskussionen über negative Auswirkungen auf einheimische Tierarten sowie über seine Rolle als potentieller Krankheitsüberträger. Ausgehend von der Hypothese, dass der Waschbär durch Prädation lokale Bestände naturschutzfachlich relevanter Tierarten beeinträchtigen kann, wurden Waschbär-Kotproben aus einem naturnahen Tieflandbuchenwald im Müritz-Nationalpark (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) nahrungsökologisch und im Hinblick auf den Endoparasitenbefall analysiert. Das Untersuchungsgebiet repräsentiert ein charakteristisches Binnenentwässerungsgebiet der nordostdeutschen Tiefebene, das hinsichtlich der Ressourcenausstattung ein überaus geeignetes Habitat für Waschbären darstellt. Gleichzeitig wurde anhand eines Referenzgebietes im Naturpark Feldberger Seenlandschaft (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) geprüft, ob der Waschbär in einem anthropogen beeinflussten Lebensraum aufgrund schlechterer Ressourcenausstattung einen größeren Prädationseinfluss haben kann. Die vorliegende Dissertation ist Teil eines mehrjährigen, integrierten Forschungsprojektes (Projekt Waschbär), welches zwischen 2006 und 2011 im Teilgebiet Serrahn des Müritz-Nationalparks durchgeführt wurde
The North American raccoon (Procyon lotor L., 1758) is an introduced carnivore species in Germany. Against the background of a vast increase of raccoon numbers in Germany over the last years, a controversial discussion has developed regarding the influence of the new inhabitant on indigenous resp. protected species and the potential transmission of diseases and parasites. Based on the hypothesis that raccoons may affect local stock of ecological relevant species through predation raccoon faecal samples were collected in a close to nature beech forest in the Müritz National Park (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany) and analysed with regard to nutrition ecology and endoparasite infestation. The study area represents a characteristic inland drainage area of North-Eastern German lowlands, which provides a very suitable habitat for raccoons with regards to essential resources. Simultaneously, examinations were carried out in raccoons from a control area in the Nature Park Feldberger Seenlandschaft (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania), focusing on the question as to whether raccoons might have higher ecological impact in an anthropogenically modified habitat due to poorer food resources. This thesis is part of a long-term and integrated research project (Projekt Waschbär), which was conducted between 2006 and 2011 in the subterritory Serrahn of the Müritz National Park

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Prado, Vânia Luísa Spressola. "Ecologia Política da comida e nutrição em duas comunidades quilombolas do Vale do Ribeira (Estado de São Paulo, Brasil)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41134/tde-06062011-073004/.

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Quilombolas são descendentes de escravos africanos. Os quilombolas do Ribeira estão estabelecidos em áreas remotas ao longo da Bacia do Rio Ribeira de Iguape (sul do Brasil), cobertas pela vegetação da Mata Atlântica, um dos hotspots de biodiversidade do mundo. Desde os primórdios da ocupação (século XVIII), os quilombolas tem sido historicamente dependentes do cultivo de arroz, milho, mandioca e feijão pelo sistema de corte-e-queima. No entanto, desde a década de 1970, seus estilos de vida vem sendo profundamente alterados por mudanças da economia-política regional como, por exemplo, a construção de estradas e escolas rurais, o estabelecimento de áreas de conservação na região e pela implementação de programas governamentais de transferência de renda. Assim, algumas tendências locais consistem no aumento da renda e na substituição do cultivo de corte-e-queima pela intensificação agrícola e trabalho assalariado. Para compreendermos como as mudanças nas estratégias produtivas podem estar interagindo com os padrões nutricionais locais, coletamos dados de dieta, antropometria e alocação de tempo dos indivíduos de duas comunidades quilombolas peri-urbanas/rurais. As pessoas da primeira comunidade encontram-se mais voltadas para o plantio de cultívares comerciais, trabalho assalariado e artesanato do que aquelas da segunda, que orientam suas atividades produtivas sobretudo para a agricultura de subsistência e para o extrativismo de produtos florestais não madeireiros. Apesar das diferenças nas estratégias produtivas, encontramos os mesmos padrões de dieta e de atividade física em ambas as comunidades: seus núcleos calórico-proteicos parecem ser constituídos por comidas ricas em calorias, processadas ou provenientes de animais domesticados e em ambas as comunidades parece haver uma tendência de redução quanto à demanda energética associada às atividades produtivas a ocorrência simultânea destas tendências caracterizam a ocorrência de um processo demográfico mais amplo chamado Transição Nutricional (TN) (Popkin e Gordon-Larsen, 2004). Em conclusão, nossos dados sugerem que independentemente da estratégia produtiva adotada, ambas as comunidades passam por de TN e que as mulheres vêm sendo mais impactadas pelo processo do que os homens, em razão destes últimos, provavelmente, ainda se manterem envolvidos, em algum nível, com atividades agrícolas. Os programas governamentais de transferência de renda (bolsa-família) podem ser relevantes na definição das similaridades nos padrões de consumo alimentar encontrados.
Quilombolas are African slave descendants. The Ribeira Valley is one of the most important areas of concentration of Quilombos in Southern Brazil. The Ribeira Quilombolas are settled in remote areas along the Ribeira River system covered by Atlantic rain forest vegetation, one of the worlds biodiversity hotspots. Since the first settlements (18th Century), they have been historically dependent on shifting cultivation of rice, maize, manioc and beans. However, since 1970\'s their life style has been profoundely affected by changes in regional political economy, such as the opening of a roadway, the establishment of conservation areas in the region and the setting-up of rural schools. Some of the local trends consist of replacing shifting cultivation and increasing household income mainly through agricultural intensification, wage labour and government cash transfer programs. In order to grasp the way changes in economic strategies have affected the nutritional patterns, we collected data of diet, anthropometry and time allocation of individuals from two Quilombola peri-urban/rural communities. People from the first community have become more oriented to commercial crops, wage labor and handicrafts than people from the other one, still more tied to subsistence agriculture and the gathering of non-timber forestall products. Despite the differences in productive strategies, we found the same diet and physical activity patterns: the energy-protein core consisted of the same energy rich and processed foodstuff or foods from domesticated animals, and Quilombolas seem to have had their energy demands reduced, probably because of the decrease of agricultural activities. However, only men are still significantly involved in agricultural oriented activities. We concluded that regardless of the economic strategy adopted, both communities are undergone Nutrition Transition process (a global trend that consists of increasing the comsumption of energy rich foodstuff and of decreasing of energy expenditure levels (Popkin e Gordon-Larsen, 2004)) and women might be more impacted by the process than men. Additionally, government cash transfer programs seem to affect the diet and physical activities patterns found.

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Lee, Kwang Pum. "Ecological factors impacting on the nutritional biology of a generalist and a specialist caterpillar : effects of pathogens and plant structural compounds on macro-nutrient balancing." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269222.

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GIOVANAZZI, TERESA. "L'EREDITA' EDUCATIVA DI EXPO 2015. PEDAGOGIA DELL'AMBIENTE, ALIMENTAZIONE, ECOLOGIA INTEGRALE." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/35767.

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La ricerca si propone di esplorare e approfondire secondo una prospettiva pedagogica la tematica alimentare, traendo spunto dalla molteplicità delle sollecitazioni offerte dall’esposizione universale Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life, in stretta connessione con la Lettera Enciclica di Papa Francesco, Laudato si’. La riflessione pedagogica è chiamata ad offrire un’interpretazione complessa del rapporto tra visioni antropologiche ed emergenze educative per elaborare nuove reti di conoscenza e azione nella prospettiva del bene comune e della sostenibilità della vita. Educazione, ricerca e formazione rappresentano strumenti significativi per garantire l’equità e il riconoscimento del diritto fondamentale a un’alimentazione sana, sicura e sufficiente per l’intera umanità. Il principale obiettivo della ricerca è di individuare l’eredità educativa di Expo 2015 di fronte alle sfide alimentari del pianeta, attraverso un approccio sistemico ai problemi sociali, culturali, economici e ambientali. La tesi offre una recensione critica di contributi peculiari sulla cultura alimentare tra tradizione e innovazione, per generare prospettive euristiche nel segno dello sviluppo umano tra passato e futuro. Emblematica è l’esigenza di educare al “benessere sostenibile” per promuovere la qualità della vita e diffondere best practices di alimentazione in ambito familiare, scolastico e delle comunità su scala locale e globale, nell’orizzonte della sostenibilità. Una “pedagogia del benessere” raccoglie la sfida di individuare e “progettare” competenze alimentari, nell’epoca del diritto al cibo tra cura educativa e ecologia integrale, tra stili di vita e custodia del creato.
The research intends to explore and analyze nutrition from a pedagogical point of view, inspired by the universal exposition Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life, in close connection with the Encyclical Letter of Pope Francis, Laudato si'. Pedagogical research offers a complex interpretation of the relationship between anthropological concepts and educational challenges to develop new networks of knowledge and action in the prospect of the common good and sustainability of life. Education, research and training are important tools to ensure equity and the recognition of the fundamental right to healthy, safe and sufficient nutrition for the entire humanity. The main aim of the research is to identify the educational heritage of Expo 2015 in face of the food challenges of the planet through a systemic approach to social, cultural, economic and environmental issues. The thesis offers a critical review of peculiar contributions to food culture between tradition and innovation, to generate heuristic prospects for human development between past and future. The need to educate “sustainable well-being” to promote quality of life and to disseminate best practices of nutrition in family, school and community on a local and global scale is emblematic. A “pedagogy of well-being” raises the challenge of identifying and "designing" food skills in an era of the “right to food”: in educational care and integral ecology, lifestyles and environmental protection.

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GIOVANAZZI, TERESA. "L'EREDITA' EDUCATIVA DI EXPO 2015. PEDAGOGIA DELL'AMBIENTE, ALIMENTAZIONE, ECOLOGIA INTEGRALE." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/35767.

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Abstract:

La ricerca si propone di esplorare e approfondire secondo una prospettiva pedagogica la tematica alimentare, traendo spunto dalla molteplicità delle sollecitazioni offerte dall’esposizione universale Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life, in stretta connessione con la Lettera Enciclica di Papa Francesco, Laudato si’. La riflessione pedagogica è chiamata ad offrire un’interpretazione complessa del rapporto tra visioni antropologiche ed emergenze educative per elaborare nuove reti di conoscenza e azione nella prospettiva del bene comune e della sostenibilità della vita. Educazione, ricerca e formazione rappresentano strumenti significativi per garantire l’equità e il riconoscimento del diritto fondamentale a un’alimentazione sana, sicura e sufficiente per l’intera umanità. Il principale obiettivo della ricerca è di individuare l’eredità educativa di Expo 2015 di fronte alle sfide alimentari del pianeta, attraverso un approccio sistemico ai problemi sociali, culturali, economici e ambientali. La tesi offre una recensione critica di contributi peculiari sulla cultura alimentare tra tradizione e innovazione, per generare prospettive euristiche nel segno dello sviluppo umano tra passato e futuro. Emblematica è l’esigenza di educare al “benessere sostenibile” per promuovere la qualità della vita e diffondere best practices di alimentazione in ambito familiare, scolastico e delle comunità su scala locale e globale, nell’orizzonte della sostenibilità. Una “pedagogia del benessere” raccoglie la sfida di individuare e “progettare” competenze alimentari, nell’epoca del diritto al cibo tra cura educativa e ecologia integrale, tra stili di vita e custodia del creato.
The research intends to explore and analyze nutrition from a pedagogical point of view, inspired by the universal exposition Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life, in close connection with the Encyclical Letter of Pope Francis, Laudato si'. Pedagogical research offers a complex interpretation of the relationship between anthropological concepts and educational challenges to develop new networks of knowledge and action in the prospect of the common good and sustainability of life. Education, research and training are important tools to ensure equity and the recognition of the fundamental right to healthy, safe and sufficient nutrition for the entire humanity. The main aim of the research is to identify the educational heritage of Expo 2015 in face of the food challenges of the planet through a systemic approach to social, cultural, economic and environmental issues. The thesis offers a critical review of peculiar contributions to food culture between tradition and innovation, to generate heuristic prospects for human development between past and future. The need to educate “sustainable well-being” to promote quality of life and to disseminate best practices of nutrition in family, school and community on a local and global scale is emblematic. A “pedagogy of well-being” raises the challenge of identifying and "designing" food skills in an era of the “right to food”: in educational care and integral ecology, lifestyles and environmental protection.

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Fusaro, Silvia. "Evaluation, maintenance and improvement of biodiversity for environmental protection and crop nutritional properties." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423960.

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Biodiversity is expected to be an assurance for agroecosystem resilience because it seems fundamental to preserve basic ecosystem services (ES). To examine in depth these topics, the present research aims: a) to evaluate, in real farms, the environmental sustainability by measuring the efficiency of some key ES in agroecosystems with different management; b) to search for relationships among biodiversity groups and ES and c) to explore the existence of correlations between different bioindication methodologies. The basic hypothesis is that a high efficiency of the ES can improve the environmental sustainability of agroecosystems. ES were studied by using several bioindicators associated to the functional biodiversity, which guarantees these useful services to crops. The chosen bioindicators, representing the principal trophic levels, were appropriate tools to investigate the complexity of food web in the crop field. The chosen bioindicators providing basic ES were: 1. Earthworms, soil structure drivers, responsible for air and water circulation and drainage, for organic matter (OM) decomposition and for cast enriching activity; 2. Mesofauna (including mites and springtails), which comprises mainly detritivores and small preys and predators; 3. Soil bacteria and fungi, promoters of OM decomposition, nutrient cycles, soil enzymatic activities and improvement of soil-root-water relationships; 4. Key Predators (including carabids) and parasitoids, natural control agents for crop pest outbreaks; 5. Crop Weeds and field margin vegetation, important reporters of soil conditions, can act as shelters for overwintering, provide alternative food sources for useful fauna and can attract pollinators in the field area. The research was carried out during 2012-2013 in five organic-biodynamic and five conventional horticultural fields in the Venice and Treviso provinces. The methodologies adopted to sample biodiversity of these bioindicators were: 30x30x20cm soil core hand sorting with irritant mustard powder water suspension for earthworms; Berlese-Tullgren extractor for mesofauna; Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis and 16S and ITS sequencing performed in a 454 system (Roche) for overall communities of soil bacteria and fungi, PCR and qRT-PCR with specific primers for Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF); Visual control on the aboveground part of crop for phytophagous agent and predator communities; Indoor breeding for parasitoid communities; Random nested data collection for weed communities. After sampling with the aim to know the biodiversity guilds, other innovative techniques were exploited to measure environmental quality. Regarding the component of soil mesofauna, the QBS-ar index was applied to assess the status of soil alteration but not performable by a taxonomically inexperienced operator. In order to analyse earthworms, the new QBS-e index based on earthworm ecological categories, similar to QBS-ar but easier to use also by non-experts, was successfully applied. To measure microbiological activity and biomass, soil respiration rate assay, Fluorescein Diacetate hydrolysis test, dsDNA quantification together with key soil enzymatic activities were carried out along with probes with Fertimeters , simple devices made of silk and cotton yarns working as reporters of organic matter degradation. In order to assess the natural pest control, besides the quantification of predator presence in the field, the parasitization and hyperparasitization percentages regarding one of the most problematic cabbage pest (Plutella xylostella) were calculated. To quantify the extent of pollinator and useful fauna attraction of weed communities, an Entomophily Index (E.I.) was adopted that takes into account the presence and abundance of insect-pollinated species. Some conclusive remarks were: 1.Taxa composition of a bioindicator group does not always change according to different agroecosystem managements. There seem to be more sensitive bioindicators to management practices, such as predators and parasitoids (belonging to higher trophic levels), than others, such as phytophagous agents and weeds. 2.Biodiversity, simply described with classical diversity indexes found in literature, seemed not to be associated to the ES efficiency, probably because the link has to be searched in the complexity of interactions among all biodiversity groups. 3.Agroecosystems managed in an organic-biodynamic way demonstrated to have more efficient ES (almost all among the ones measured) both in the aboveground and in the epigeal sectors and therefore this management system can be defined as more sustainable from environmental point of view. 4.Finally a great quantity of correlations emerged between all analysed indicators (biotic and functional): these could be very useful to better planning future programs of monitoring of agroecosystem conditions
La biodiversità è ritenuta essere una sorta di garanzia per la resilienza dell’agroecosistema in quanto sembra fondamentale per preservare basilari servizi ecosistemici (SE). Al fine di approfondire queste tematiche, questo lavoro si propone di: a) valutare, in aziende reali, la sostenibilità ambientale misurando l’efficienza di alcuni SE chiave in agroecosistemi a differente gestione; b) cercare relazioni fra i gruppi di biodiversità studiati e i SE e c) esplorare l’esistenza di correlazioni fra le differenti metodologie di analisi considerate. L’ipotesi di base è che una elevata efficienza dei SE può migliorare la sostenibilità ambientale dell’agroecosistema. I SE sono stati studiati utilizzando numerosi bioindicatori associati alla biodiversità funzionale, che è in grado di garantire alla coltura questi utili servizi. I bioindicatori scelti, appartenenti ai principali livelli trofici, sono stati strumenti appropriati per indagare la complessità della rete trofica nel campo coltivato. I bioindicatori scelti, che provvedono a SE fondamentali, sono stati: 1. Lombrichi, promotori della struttura del suolo, fra i maggiori responsabili della circolazione di aria e acqua e del drenaggio, della decomposizione della sostanza organica e della attività di arricchimento del suolo in nutrienti dovuta agli escrementi; 2. Mesofauna (come acari e collemboli), che comprende principalmente detritivori e piccole prede e predatori; 3. Batteri e funghi del suolo, promotori della degradazione della sostanza organica, dei cicli biogeochimici dei nutrienti, delle attività enzimatiche del suolo e del miglioramento delle relazioni suolo-radici-acqua; 4. Predatori (compresi i carabidi) e parassitoidi, agenti di controllo naturale delle pullulazioni di fitofagi; 5. Malerbe del campo coltivato e Piante spontanee di margine, importanti reporter delle condizioni del suolo, che possono fungere da rifugi per lo svernamento, possono fornire fonti alternative di cibo per la fauna utile e inoltre possono attrarre impollinatori nell’area del campo. La ricerca è stata sviluppata negli anni 2012-2013 in cinque campi biologici-biodinamici e cinque campi convenzionali coltivati ad orticole siti nelle province di Venezia e Treviso. Le metodologie per campionare la biodiversità di questi bioindicatori sono state le seguenti: hand sorting su una zolla di 30x30x20cm con precedente versamento di sospensione acquosa di polvere di senape, che funge da irritante per i lombrichi (in particolare per i profondi scavatori); l’estrazione con l’apparato Berlese-Tullgren per la mesofauna; la tecnica Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis e il sequenziamento del gene 16S e ITS eseguito con il sistema 454 (Roche) per lo studio completo delle comunità di batteri e funghi del suolo, la tecnica PCR e real time-PCR con primer specifici per i funghi micorrizici (AMF); il controllo visivo sulla parte epigea della pianta coltivata per l’indagine della presenza di fitofagi e predatori; il successivo allevamento in laboratorio per indagare le comunità di parassitoidi; la raccolta raggruppata e casuale di dati sulle specie e le relative abbondanze di piante erbacee spontanee per esaminarne le comunità nell’area del campo e del margine erboso di capezzagna. Dopo aver campionato con lo scopo di conoscere i principali gruppi di biodiversità, si è proceduto applicando delle tecniche innovative e speditive utili per misurare la qualità dell’agroecosistema. Considerando la componente della mesofauna del suolo, è stato applicato l’indice QBS-ar per valutare lo stato di alterazione del suolo ma non applicabile da un operatore non esperto in tassonomia. Al fine di analizzare la comunità di lombrichi, è stato applicato il nuovo indice QBS-e basato sulle loro categorie ecologiche, simile al QBS-ar ma più facile da usare anche da non esperti. Per misurare l’attività e la biomassa microbica, il test di valutazione del tasso di respirazione del suolo, il test di idrolisi della fluoresceina diacetato, la quantificazione del dsDNA unitamente a saggi sulle attività di enzimi chiave del suolo sono stati condotti insieme al test con il fertimetro , un semplice strumento costituito da fili di seta e cotone che fungono da reporter della degradazione della sostanza organica. Al fine di valutare il controllo biologico naturale dei parassiti delle colture, oltre alla quantificazione dei predatori presenti sul campo, sono state calcolate anche le percentuali di parassitizzazione e iperparassitizzazione relative ad uno fra i più problematici parassiti del cavolfiore (Plutella xylostella). Per quantificare l’entità dell’attrazione di impollinatori e fauna utile svolta dalla comunità delle piante erbacee spontanee, un indice di entomofilia (E.I.), che prende in considerazione la presenza e l’abbondanza di specie entomofile, è stato applicato. Alcune considerazioni conclusive sono state: 1. La composizione in taxa di un gruppo di bioindicatori non sempre cambia in base a differenti gestioni dell’agroecosistema. Sembrano esserci bioindicatori più sensibili alle pratiche di gestione, come ad esempio i predatori e i parassitoidi (appartenenti a livelli trofici superiori), rispetto ad altri, come fitofagi e malerbe. 2. Gli agroecosistemi a gestione biologico-biodinamica hanno dimostrato di avere SE più efficienti (quasi tutti fra quelli misurati) sia nel settore ipogeo che in quello epigeo e perciò questo tipo di gestione si può definire più sostenibile dal punto di vista ambientale. 3. La biodiversità, descritta semplicemente con i classici indici di biodiversità che si trovano in letteratura, non sembra essere associata all’efficienza dei SE, probabilmente perché il collegamento fra questi due fattori deve essere cercato nella complessità delle interazioni fra tutti i gruppi di biodiversità considerati. 4. Infine, una grande quantità di correlazioni fra tutti gli indicatori analizzati (biotici e funzionali) è emersa: tali correlazioni potrebbero essere molto utili per pianificare meglio futuri programmi di monitoraggio delle condizioni degli agroecosistemi

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Chiaramonte, Josiane Barros. "The rhizosphere microbiome of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and the effects on phosphorus uptake." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11138/tde-17012019-161756/.

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The current population growth will demand a higher productive agriculture to full the food requirement. To supply this need and preserve the environment, many resources are applied to promote sustainable agriculture. Phosphorus depletion is the main factor that limits crops yields in tropical soils, where the pH and clay content rapid fixate this nutrient. Plant breeders aim to solve this issue by changing the plant requirements for phosphorus and adapting them to low P availability. However, with these approaches the demand for phosphorus fertilizers will continue and so the depletion of the natural deposits. In this study is proposed that plants with contrasting phosphorus uptake efficiency, i.e. P-efficient and P-inefficient, recruits distinct rhizosphere microbiome specialized in phosphorus mobilization. This hypothesis was tested growing plants in a gradient of two sources of P, triple superphosphate or rock phosphate Bayovar. Thebean rhizosphere microbiome was assessed with culture dependent and independent approaches, enzymatic assays, predictive metagenomics and networks analysis. A differential enrichment of several OTUs in the rhizosphere of the P-inefficient common bean genotype, and the enrichment of bacterial chemotaxis functions and functions involved in phosphorus mobilization suggest that this genotype has superior communication with the rhizosphere microbiome and is highly dependent on it for phosphorus mobilization. As a proof of concept, the P-efficientefficient genotype was sown in soil previously cultivated with P-inefficientinefficient genotype. The results showed that P-efficientefficient genotype positively responded to the modified rhizosphere in early stages, that is, the microbiome selected and enriched by the P-inefficient genotype improved the P uptake in the genotype cultivated afterwards in the same soil. Taken collectively, these results suggest that plants partly rely on the rhizosphere microbiome for P uptake and that the exploration of these interactions during plant breeding would allow the selection of even more efficient genotypes, leading to a sustainable agriculture by exploring soil residual P.
O atual aumento populacional irá demandar uma maior produção agrícola para completar a necessidade de alimento. Para suprir essa necessidade e preservar o meio ambiente, muitos recursos serão aplicados para promover a agricultura sustentável. A depleção de fósforo é um dos principais fatores que limita a produção agrícola em solos tropicais, onde o pH e o conteúdo de argila fixam rapidamente esse nutriente. Os melhoristas de plantas visam solucionar esse problema alterando a necessidade de fósforo das plantas e adaptando-as as baixas disponibilidade de fósforo. No entanto, com essas estratégias a demanda por fertilizantes fosfatados irá continuar assim como a exploração das reservas naturais de fósforo. Nesse estudo foi proposto que as plantas contrastantes em relação a eficiência na absorção de fósforo, i.e. P-eficiente e P-ineficiente, recrutariam um microbioma rizosférico distinto em relação a mobilização de fósforo. Essa hipótese foi testada cultivando plantas em um gradiente usando duas fontes distintas de P, triplo fosfato ou fosfato de rocha Bayovar. O microbioma da rizosfera de feijão foi então avaliado por técnicas dependentes e independentes de cultivo, análise enzimática, predição metagenômica e análises de network. Um enriquecimento diferencial de várias OTUs observado na rizosfera do genótipo de feijão P-ineficiente, e o enriquecimento de funções de quimiotaxia bacteriana e envolvidas na mobilização de fósforo sugerem que esse genótipo tem uma maior comunicação com o microbioma rizosférico e é altamente dependente deste para a mobilização de fósforo. Como prova de conceito, o genótipo P-eficiente foi plantado em solo previamente cultivadocom o genótipo P-ineficiente. Os resultados mostraram que o genótipo P-eficiente responde positivamente à rizosfera modificada nos estádios iniciais de crescimento, ou seja, o microbioma selecionado e enriquecido pelo genótipo P-ineficiente melhorou a absorção de fósforo no genótipo cultivado posteriormente no mesmo solo. Coletivamente, esses resultados sugerem que as plantas dependem parcialmente do microbioma da rizosfera para a absorção de P e que a exploraçãodestas interações durante o melhoramento vegetal permitiria a seleção de genótipos muito mais eficientes, conduzindo à uma agricultura sustentável explorando o fósforo residual do solo.

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Cavalcante, Pedro Herc?lio de Oliveira. "Utiliza??o de embri?es liofilizados e flocos de Artemia na diversifica??o nutricional de p?s-larvas do camar?o marinho Litopenaes vannamei (Boone, 1931)." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2006. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/12507.

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The objective of the current study was to evaluate the zootechnical performance (survival and growth) of Litopenaeus vannamei post-Iarvae fed an artificial shrimp diet supplemented with Artemia flakes or freeze-dried Artemia embryos. For that purpose, 20 culturing units were individually stocked with 50 shrimp post-Iarvae (average dry weight of 0,3 ? 0,03 mg) at a stocking density of 20 post-larvae per liter, and fed the experimental diets to satiation during 20 days. The experimental design consisted of four diets (T1, T2, T3 and T4) with five repetitions each. For treatments T1, T2 and T3, dietary supplements of 5mg of Artemia flakes (T1), freeze-dried Artemia embryos (T2), and of the commercial shrimp diet (T3) were offered 2 hours after the shrimp were initially fed the commercial shrimp diet. For treatment T4 (control), no additive was offered 2 hours after the initial feeding. Shrimp survival, absolut (GPA) and relative increase in weight (GPR), and specific growth rate (TCR) were used as evaluation criteria. After the experimental period, no significant statistical differences (p>0,05) in survival were observed. Regarding growth, the dietary treatment which used freeze-dried Artemia embryos as an additive (T2) presented the best results for GPA (6,7 ? 0,7 mg). There were no statistical differences within treatments T1, T3 and T4 (p>0,05). AIso, post-larvae fed freeze-dried embryos (T2) showed a relative increase in weight (2241,4%) which differed significantly (p<0,05) from T4(1911,7%) but not from T1 (1801,6%) or T3 (1946,7%). In conclusion, the results of the current study indicate that an artificial shrimp diet supplemented with freeze-dried Artemia embryos fulfils the nutritional requirements of post-larvae L. vannamei and promotes a better growth than diets not supplemented with Artemia flakes
O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho zoot?cnico (sobreviv?ncia e crescimento) de p?s-larvas de Litopenaeus vannamei alimentadas com dietas comerciais suplementadas com flocos ou embri?es liofilizados de Artemia. Para isso, durante um per?odo de 20 dias, cada uma das 20 unidades de cultivo foram estocadas com 50 p?s-larvas de peso seco m?dio inicial de 0,3 ? 0,03 mg (a uma densidade de 20 p?s-larvas por litro) e alimentadas de modo ad libitum. O desenho experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (T1, T2, T3 e T4) com cinco r?plicas cada. Para os tratamentos T1, T2 e T3, 2 h ap?s a oferta inicial da ra??o comercial, um suplemento adicional de 5mg aditivo era ofertado. Os aditivos utilizados consistiram de Artemia em flocos (T1), embri?es liofilizados de Artemia (T2) e ra??o comercial (T3). Para o tratamento T4 (controle), n?o houve oferta de aditivo 2 h ap?s o arra?oamento. O protocolo experimental utilizou como crit?rios de avalia??o a sobreviv?ncia, o ganho de peso absoluto (GPA), o ganho de peso relativo (GPR) e a taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR). Ap?s o per?odo experimental, n?o foram observadas diferen?as estat?sticas significativas (p>0,05) para o crit?rio sobreviv?ncia. Para o crit?rio crescimento, o tratamento que utilizou embri?es de Artemia como aditivo (T2) para p?s-larvas de camar?o L. vannamei apresentou o melhor desempenho para o GPA (6,7 ? 0,7 mg). Os tratamentos T1, T3 e T4 n?o diferiram estatisticamente (p>0,05) entre si. Igualmente, as p?s-larvas alimentadas com embri?es liofilizados (T2) apresentaram ganho de peso relativo (GPR) de 2241,4%, o qual diferiu significativamente (p<0,05) do tratamento T4 (1911,7%), mas n?o dos tratamentos T1 (1801,6%) ou T3 (1946,7%). Em conclus?o, os resultados do presente estudo indicam que uma dieta artificial suplementada com embri?es liofilizados de Artemia atende ?s necessidades nutricionais das p?s-larvas de L. vannamei e promove um melhor crescimento em rela??o a dietas comerciais n?o suplementadas ou parcialmente suplementadas com flocos de Artermia

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Coroa, Pedro Gargur dos Santos. "Influência do tipo e densidade do alimento na larvicultura do pacamã Lophiosilurus alexandri Steindachner 1876 (Siluriformes, Pseudopimelodidae)." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2015. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4426.

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The improvement of technologies is essential to increase the productivity in aquaculture. One of the bottlenecks in the cultive of native species with regard to larval feeding. The pacamã Lophiosilurus alexandri is an endemic species in São Francisco river basin with high potential for aquaculture and nowadays it is showing vulnerable conservation status. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the post-larval performance of L. alexandri from different diets (Artemia sp. and Panagrellus redivivus), concentrations (C300, C500 and C700) and food frequencies (F1, F3 and F6) in experiments lasting ten days. When the food with better performance is evaluated , the Artemia sp. and Artemia sp. with P. redivivus shows higher survival rates as well as higher weight (F = 371.13, p <0.05), length (F = 79.31; p <0.05) and specific growth rate (TCE) (F = 105.97, p <0.01) than post larvae fed only with P. redivivus and post larval without food supply. The second stage used only Artemia sp. as a food due to the better performance. The survival of post larvae stage was not affected by the gradient and the feed frequency, but the weight (F = 46.63, p <0.001), length (p <0.05; F = 38.398) and TCE (F = 36, 91, p <0.05) showed significant differences, in an increasing manner, with the rise of food gradient. From these results, the best performance of L. Alexandri post larvae were obtained from a daily diet feed with higher gradient (C700). The cultivation of L. alexandri should be encouraged in São Francisco basin. Fish stock reduction due to anthropic actions reinforces the importance of repopulation programs in order to try to restore the natural populations and make this species be one of the main important among the species commercially exploited at São Francisco river basin.
O desenvolvimento de tecnologias é fundamental para aumento da produtividade na aquicultura. Um dos gargalos no cultivo de espécies nativas está na alimentação das larvas. O pacamã Lophiosilurus alexandri é uma espécie endêmica na bacia do rio São Francisco com grande potencial para aquicultura e atualmente apresenta status de conservação vulnerável. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o desempenho de pós-larvas de L. alexandri a partir de diferentes dietas (Artemia sp. e Panagrellus redivivus), concentrações (C300, C500 e C700) e frequências alimentares (F1, F3 e F6) em experimentos com duração de dez dias. Quando avaliado o alimento com melhor rendimento, Artemia sp. e Artemia sp. com P. redivivus apresentaram maiores taxas de sobrevivência, bem como maiores peso (F=371,13; p<0,05), comprimento (F=79,31; p<0,05) e taxa de crescimento específico (TCE) (F=105.97; p<0,01) do que pós-larvas alimentadas apenas com P. redivivus e pós-larvas sem fornecimento de alimento. A segunda etapa utilizou apenas Artemia sp. como alimento em função do melhor rendimento. A sobrevivência das pós-larvas não foi afetada pela concentração de presas e pela frequência alimentar, porém o peso (F=46,63; p<0,001), comprimento (p<0,05; F=38,398) e TCE (F=36,91; p<0,05) apresentaram diferenças significativas de forma crescente com o aumento da concentração de presas. A partir destes resultados, o melhor desempenho das pós-larvas de L. alexandri foi obtido a partir de uma alimentação diária com maior concentração de presas (C700). O cultivo de L. alexandri deve ser incentivado na bacia hidrográfica do São Francisco. A redução dos seus estoques naturais decorrente de ações antrópicas reforça a importância de programas de repovoamento na tentativa de restaurar as populações naturais e fazer com que volte a figurar dentre as espécies explotadas comercialmente na bacia do rio São Francisco.

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Berndt, Alexandre. "Nutrição e ecologia nutricional de cervídeos brasileiros em cativeiro e no Parque Nacional das Emas - Goiás." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-09112005-144620/.

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Existem poucas informações sobre exigências de energia de cervídeos brasileiros, dificultando o sucesso de manejo e reprodução em cativeiro. O conhecimento das exigências de energia também é importante para determinar os recursos necessários para sua conservação em parques e reservas. O primeiro objetivo deste experimento foi estudar as exigências nutricionais do veado catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira) em cativeiro. O segundo objetivo foi observar o comportamento alimentar do veado-campeiro (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) no Parque Nacional das Emas (PNE), descrevendo qualitativamente e quantitativamente as principais espécies vegetais utilizadas para o aporte de nutrientes. A determinação das exigências de energia para mantença utilizou 8 veados-catingueiro de ambos os sexos em cativeiro e foi desenvolvida através de dois métodos: a)equilíbrio de peso e b)água duplamente marcada (2H2 18º). Os animais foram dosados com água duplamente marcada (111,8 mg/kgPV para 2H2O e 163,1 mg/kgPV para H2 18O) e amostras de sangue foram coletadas em intervalos de 3 dias, até que 3 ou 4 meias vidas dos isótopos tenham decorrido (atingindo o limite de detecção em aproximadamente 30 dias após a dosificação). As curvas de desaparecimento dos isótopos em função do tempo foram utilizadas para calcular o turnover de CO2 e H2O. Os resultados obtidos pelos dois métodos foram semelhantes (111,4 e 112,0 kcal/kg.75.d) comprovando que a técnica da água duplamente marcada pode ser utilizada em estudos nutricionais de cervídeos. Informações de doses (mg/kgPV) e intervalo máximo entre aplicação e coleta de sangue (30 dias), permitem o uso desta metodologia em estudos futuros em vida livre. No PNE, veados-campeiro já monitorados com radio colares, permitiram a observação de seu comportamento alimentar. O experimento foi realizado em duas épocas distintas (inverno e verão). As espécies foram analisadas quanto à composição nutricional, para estimar valores energéticos assim como consumo de minerais e proteína. As contribuições das diferentes espécies que compõem a dieta dos cervídeos foram estimadas para duas populações em vida livre, uma com acesso apenas a espécies nativas (área central do parque) e outra com acesso às espécies cultivadas na periferia do PNE. Os sinais isotópicos do carbono 13 e os perfis de n-alcanos foram utilizados para quantificar a contribuição das diferentes espécies ingeridas. Os resultados indicaram que os veados-campeiro utilizam uma ampla gama de partes e espécies vegetais. Sua dieta é composta por aproximadamente 78 ítens, divididos em brotos (38,5%), folhas (15,4%), flores (17,9%), botões florais (12,8%), frutos e sementes (15,4%); de 55 diferentes espécies nativas e 7 culturas agrícolas. Há grande diferença no padrão de consumo entre as populações no interior do parque e aquelas que tem possibilidade de selecionar plantas cultivadas pelo homem. As espécies agrícolas podem contribuir com até 46,9% da dieta dos cervídeos da periferia do parque. Este trabalho determinou as exigências de energia de cervídeos brasileiros, validou o uso de uma técnica indireta para futuros estudos em vida livre e descreveu as espécies e partes utilizadas como aporte de nutrientes por cervídeos em vida livre.
There are limited data on energy requirements of brazilian cervids. Thus, it is difficult to succeed in their management and reproduction in captivity. Knowing the energy requirements is also important to determine the necessary nutritional resources for their conservation in parks and reserves. The first objective was to study the nutritional requirements of the grey-brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) in captivity. The second objective was to observe the feeding behavior of the pampas-deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) in the Emas National Park (ENP), describing qualitatively and quantitatively the main vegetal species used to supply these animals with nutrients. The determination of energy requirements for maintenance used 8 gray-brocket deer of both sexes in captivity and was carried through two methods: a)weight equilibrium and b)double-labeled water (2H2 18O). The animals were dosed with double-labeled water (111.8 mg/kgBW for 2H2O and 163.1 mg/kgBW for H2 18O) and blood samples were collected with 3 days interval, until 3 or 4 half lives of isotopes had occurred (reached limit of detection at approximately 30 days after the dosage). The curves of isotopes disappearance as a function of time were used to calculate the turnover of CO2 and H2O. The results obtained from the two methods were similar (111.4 and 112.0 kcal/kg.75.d) proving the double-labeled water technique may be used in nutritional studies of cervids. Information on doses (mg/kgBW) and maximum interval between injection and blood collection (30days), allow the use of this methodology in future studies with free ranging deer. In the national park, pampas-deer already monitored with radio colars, facilitated the observation of their feeding behavior. The experiment was conducted at two distinct seasons (winter and summer). The species were analyzed for the nutritional composition, to estimate energy values as well as mineral and protein consumption. The contributions of the different species to the diet of the cervids were estimated for two free ranging populations of the national park, one with access only to native species (central area of the park) and another with access to the crop species cultivated in the periphery of the park. The isotopic signals of carbon 13 and profiles of n-alkanes were used to quantify the contribution of different species to supply the energy demands. The results indicated that pampas-deer feeds on a broad spectrum parts and vegetal species. Its diet was composed of approximately 78 different parts, divided in sprouts (38.5%), leaves (15.4%), flowers (17.9%), floral buttons (12.8%), fruits and seeds (15.4%); from 55 different native species and 7 agricultural cultures. There is a great difference in the intake selection patterns between populations in the interior of the park and those that have access to cropland and the opportunity to choose feeding on native or cultivated plants. The agricultural species can contribute with up to 46.9% of deer diet of the park periphery. This work determined the requirements of energy of Brazilian cervids, validated the use of one indirect technique for use in free ranging animals and described the species and parts used to supply nutrients to cervids in the wild.

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Magri, Filho Silvio. "ENZIMAS EXÓGENAS NA DIGESTIBILIDADE DE NUTRIENTES DA RAÇÃO PARA JUVENIS DE TAMBAQUI Colossoma macropomum." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2013. http://tede2.pucgoias.edu.br:8080/handle/tede/4019.

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This work was produced and determined the activity of an enzyme complex extracted from the fungus Aspergillus awamori and evaluated the apparent digestibility coefficients (CDAs) of crude protein, gross energy and dry matter ration reference tambaqui with 3 increasing levels of enzyme solution obtained from the fungus. The experiment was a completely randomized design with four treatments (100ml water solution without enzyme/kg of ration, 100 ml of enzyme/kg feed, 150 ml of enzyme/kg of ration and 200 mL of enzymatic solution/Kg ration) and three replications in time. It was installed on Aquaculture Research Laboratory in the Department of Animal Science LAPOA - PUC Goiás. A total of 96 tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, with an average weight of 55.69 (± 2.55) g, distributed in twelve tanks of 100 liters, system in closed recirculating water containing 8 fish per experimental unit. Fish were fed every hour in the morning, at 8:00 h, 9:00 h, 10:00 h, 11:00 h and 12:00 h. Thirty minutes after the last meal the fish were transferred to units collect feces for up to 300 L. To determine digestibility was added will feed the chromic oxide-III marked as inert. The addition of the enzyme solution improved the digestibility of the ration, increasing the utilization of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy in the inclusion level of 0.05% (P <0.05%).
Neste trabalho foi produzido e determinado a atividade de um complexo enzimático extraído do fungo Aspergillus awamori e avaliou-se os coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDa) da proteína bruta, energia bruta e matéria seca de ração referência para juvenis de tambaqui com 3 níveis crescentes de solução enzimática obtida do fungo. O experimento foi montado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (100ml de água sem solução enzimática/Kg de ração; 100 ml de solução enzimática/Kg da ração; 150 ml de solução enzimática/Kg da ração e 200 mL de solução enzimática/Kg da ração) e três repetições no tempo. Foi instalado no Laboratório de Pesquisas em Aquicultura LAPOA do Departamento de Zootecnia da PUC Goiás. Foram utilizados 96 juvenis de tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, com peso médio de 55,69 (±2,55) g, distribuídos em doze aquários de 100 litros, em sistema de fechado de recirculação de água, contendo 8 peixes por unidade experimental. Os peixes foram alimentados de hora em hora no período matutino, as 8:00h, 9:00h, 10:00h, 11:00h e 12:00h. Trinta minutos após a última refeição os peixes foram transferidos para as unidades de coleta de fezes, com capacidade para 300 L. Para determinação da digestibilidade foi adicionado á ração o óxido de crômio-III como marcado inerte. A adição da solução enzimática melhorou a digestibilidade aparente da ração, aumentando o aproveitamento da matéria seca, da proteína bruta e da energia bruta no nível de inclusão de 0,05% (P<0,05%).

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Lopes, Vicente Guilherme. "DINÂMICA NUTRICIONAL EM UM POVOAMENTO DE Pinus taeda L., RIO GRANDE DO SUL, BRASIL." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2013. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3761.

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The knowledge of nutrition dynamics in forest stands provides basis for forest implementation, using the principles of sustainable forests. This study investigated the nutrition dynamics in a pine stand, deployed in 1993, without fertilization, from seedlings at 3 m x 2 m spacing. At 18 years of age, 701 trees remained planted per hectare with mean diameter 29.4 cm, mean height 19.3 m, dominant height 19.9 m, basal area 48.5 m² ha-1 and volume with bark 460.8 m³. To study rainfall distribution, nutrient flows and variation, and nutrient content in the soil solution, we used rainwater collectors and lysimeters installed in the pine stand and in an adjacent area of natural grassland characterized by high diversity of native plant species. Were also used collectors to obtain plant litter. In 2011, we inventoried the tree biomass and litter layer in the pine stand. The average precipitation volume (P) in the study area was 2081.5 mm yr-1. In the pine stand, throughfall (T) was 1280.1 mm yr-1, stemflow (S) 89.0 mm yr-1, totaling 1369.1 mm year-1 (T + S), evidencing a canopy interception of 34.5%. The annual total contribution of each nutrient followed the decreasing order: Cl > Na > K > S > Ca > N > Mg > P. The annual contribution (kg ha-1 yr-1) from T + S was 29.39 (Cl), 21.73 (Na), 18.04 (K), 17.02 (S), 9.82 (Ca) 5.64 (C) 3.44 (Mg) and 0.84 (P). In the pine stand, the decreasing content of elements in the soil solution at 30 cm was: Cl > Na > Ca > S > Mg > K > NO3- > NO2- > P, and at 60 cm: Ca > Cl > Na > S > K > Mg > P > NO3- > NO2-. In the pasture area, all analyzed ions in the soil solution showed lower contents than those found in the pine stand. The sequence of decreasing biomass accumulation was: stem wood > stem bark > living branch > dead branch > needles > pointer wood > pointer bark. The biomass of litter was 21.33 Mg ha-1. Considering the tree biomass above ground, the nutrient content in kg ha-1 was: 421.65 N, 39.37 P, 173.46 K, 176.59 Ca, 55.47 Mg, 43.27 S, 91.91 Na, 0.79 Cu, 8.83 Fe, 27.51 Mn and 1.06 Zn. The annual mean of litterfall was 5.85 Mg ha-1. Exports of all nutrients rose as the intensity of biomass use increased. The sequence of nutrients, regarding the risk of limiting productivity, due to intense levels of biomass use was: N > P > K > Mg > Ca.
Os conhecimentos relacionados à dinâmica nutricional em povoamentos florestais servem de subsídios, para execução da silvicultura, apoiada nos princípios de sustentabilidade florestal. Assim, este trabalho teve o objetivo de estudar a dinâmica nutricional em um povoamento de pinus, implantado sem adubação, no ano de 1993, a partir de mudas seminais e um espaçamento de 3 m x 2 m. Aos 18 anos de idade restavam no plantio 701 árvores por hectare com diâmetro médio de 29,4 cm, altura média 19,3 m, altura dominante de 19,9 m, área basal de 48,5 m² ha-1, volume com casca de 460,8 m³. Para estudar a distribuição da precipitação, fluxos e variação de nutrientes, assim como a concentração de nutrientes na solução do solo, foram utilizados coletores da água da chuva e lisímetros, instalados no povoamento e em uma área de pastagem natural adjacente, caracterizada pela alta diversidade de espécies vegetais nativas. Também foram utilizados coletores para serapilheira. No pinus, em 2011, foi realizado um inventário da biomassa arbórea e da serapilheira acumulada. O volume médio de precipitação pluviométrica (P) na área de estudo foi de 2081,5 mm ano-1. No pinus, a precipitação interna (Pi) foi de 1280,1 mm ano-1, no escorrimento pelo tronco (Et) de 89,0 mm ano-1, totalizado 1369,1 mm ano-1 de (Pi+Et), significando uma interceptação pela copa de 34,5 %. O aporte total anual de cada nutriente seguiu a ordem decrescente: Cl > Na > K > S > Ca > N > Mg > P. O aporte anual (kg ha-1 ano-1) via (Pi+Et) foi de 29,39 (Cl), 21,73 (Na), 18,04 (K), 17,02 (S), 9,82 (Ca), 5,64 (N), 3,44 (Mg) e 0,84 (P). No pinus, a ordem decrescente na concentração dos elementos na solução do solo à profundidade de 30 cm foi: Cl > Na > Ca > S > Mg > K > NO3- > NO2-> P; e na profundidade de 60 cm: Ca > Cl > Na> S > K > Mg > P > NO3- > NO2-. Na área de pastagem, todos os íons analisados na solução do solo, apresentaram valores de concentração inferiores aos encontrados sob o pinus. A sequência decrescente de acúmulo de biomassa foi: madeira do fuste > casca do fuste > galho vivo > galho morto > acícula > madeira do ponteiro > casca do ponteiro. A biomassa de serapilheira acumulada foi de 21,33 Mg ha-1. Considerando a biomassa arbórea, acima do solo, o estoque de nutrientes em Kg ha-1 foi de: 421,65 de N; 39,37 de P; 173,46 de K; 176,59 de Ca; 55,47 de Mg; 43,27 de S; 91,91 de Na; 0,79 de Cu; 8,83 de Fe; 27,51 de Mn e 1,06 de Zn. A deposição média anual de serapilheira foi de 5,85 Mg ha-1. Todos os nutrientes tiveram sua exportação aumentada com o aumento da intensidade de uso da biomassa. A sequência de nutrientes, quanto ao risco de limitação da produtividade, para níveis intensos de utilização da biomassa foi: N > P > K > Mg > Ca.

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Mendes, Marlete Moreira de Sousa. "Ecofisiologia de plantas nativas e cultivadas e parÃmetros fÃsicos e quÃmicos do ambiente em sistemas agroflorestais no semiÃrido cearense." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9413.

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Estudos tÃm mostrado que, quando hÃ introduÃÃo de Ãrvores no sistema de cultivo, as caracterÃsticas ambientais sÃo positivamente influenciadas e a produtividade do cultivo pode ou nÃo ser positivamente impactada. Todavia, boa parte desses estudos enfoca ambientes com boas condiÃÃes de umidade. O estudo comparativo entre sistemas agroflorestais e outras formas de uso da terra gera informaÃÃes que unem produtividade e preservaÃÃo ambiental, sobretudo em ecossistemas com baixa disponibilidade hÃdrica. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do sistema agrossilvipastoril (AGP) sobre as propriedades quÃmicas do solo e fÃsicas do ambiente e sobre a fisiologia, desenvolvimento e teor de nutrientes de plantas cultivadas e nativas, tendo como referÃncias Ãreas de sistema de cultivo tradicional (TR) e mata secundÃria (MS). A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em Ãreas experimentais pertencentes Ã Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, Sobral-CE, no perÃodo compreendido entre fevereiro e setembro de 2011. Foram avaliados parÃmetros fÃsicos do ambiente (umidade do ar e do solo, temperaturas do ar e do solo, radiaÃÃo fotossinteticamente ativa, velocidade dos ventos e precipitaÃÃo pluviomÃtrica) registrados com auxÃlio de duas estaÃÃes climatolÃgicas instaladas no AGP e na MS, parÃmetros quÃmicos do solo (Nt, P disponÃvel, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, pH, carbono orgÃnico, Fe, Zn, Cu e Mn), parÃmetros ecofisiolÃgicos do milho (Zea mays) e do pau-branco (Cordia oncocalyx) (Ãrea foliar especÃfica, teor de clorofila, fotossÃntese, transpiraÃÃo, condutÃncia estomÃtica, eficiÃncia no uso da Ãgua, potencial hÃdrico), alÃm de diferenciar as zonas de captaÃÃo de Ãgua pelas plantas atravÃs da anÃlise de isÃtopos estÃveis. Uma parte experimental tambÃm foi desenvolvida em casa de vegetaÃÃo visando avaliar a ocorrÃncia de competiÃÃo por Ãgua entre o milho e o pau-branco desenvolvendo-se isoladamente ou em associaÃÃo. O milho cultivado no AGP foi comparado com plantas cultivadas sob mÃtodos tradicionais (apÃs corte-e-queima da vegetaÃÃo) e apresentou um maior desenvolvimento no AGP desde que nÃo estivesse sob a copa do pau-branco, o que promovia competiÃÃo, levando Ã reduÃÃo nos processos fisiolÃgicos e desenvolvimento do milho a 1 m, 2 m e 3 m de distÃncia do caule do pau-branco (CapÃtulo 1). O experimento em casa de vegetaÃÃo revelou que o milho tem seus parÃmetros fisiolÃgicos alterados tanto pela associaÃÃo quanto pelo nÃvel de irrigaÃÃo, com repercussÃes no desenvolvimento. Assim, a associaÃÃo promove competiÃÃo entre milho e pau-branco tanto a 100% quanto a 50% da capacidade de campo, todavia o milho Ã a espÃcie mais prejudicada (CapÃtulo 2). As Ãrvores de pau-branco no AGP apresentaram maior resistÃncia Ã seca que as plantas da MS, uma vez que elas foram capazes de manter as folhas verdes por mais tempo e manter maiores taxas de transpiraÃÃo, condutÃncia estomÃtica e fotossÃntese, alÃm de maior conteÃdo de Ãgua nas folhas apicais no perÃodo seco, quando o teor gravimÃtrico de Ãgua do solo foi menor no AGP que na MS (CapÃtulo 3). As anÃlises de isÃtopos estÃveis revelaram que o milho e o pau-branco no AGP captam preferencialmente a Ãgua do solo em profundidades superiores a 20 cm, o que pode ter levado Ã reduÃÃo na umidade do solo entre 30-50 cm nesse sistema. Na MS o pau-branco obtÃm Ãgua de camadas mais superficiais do solo, atÃ 30 cm de profundidade (CapÃtulo 4). A fotossÃntese do pau-branco, no perÃodo seco, foi menos dependente de fatores ambientais no AGP do que na MS, sugerindo que as plantas do AGP desenvolveram estratÃgias que culminaram em maior assimilaÃÃo lÃquida de carbono (CapÃtulo 5), com isso, as Ãrvores do AGP apresentaram maior teor em alguns nutrientes, refletindo melhorias na qualidade quÃmica do solo (CapÃtulo 6). Diante desses resultados, entende-se que o AGP Ã um sistema adequado Ãs condiÃÃes semiÃridas nordestinas, pois pode melhorar o desenvolvimento das Ãrvores e do milho, desde que este nÃo esteja sob sombreamento promovido pela copa das Ãrvores, e do solo, apesar de algumas variÃveis climatolÃgicas serem mais extremas nesse sistema.
Studies show that when the trees are placed on culture systems, the environmental characteristics are positively influenced and productivity of the cultivation may or may not be positively impacted. However, most of these studies focused environments with good moisture conditions. The comparative study of agroforestry and other forms of land use generates information linking productivity and environmental preservation, especially in ecosystems with low water availability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the system agrosilvopastoral (AGP) on soil chemical and physical environment properties and on physiology, development and nutrient content of native and cultivated plants, taking as reference areas of traditional cultivation system (TR) and secondary forest (MS). The research was conducted at sites belonging to Embrapa Sheep and Goats, Sobral-CE, in the period between February and September 2011. We evaluated physical parameters of the environment (air humidity, soil moisture, soil and air temperatures, photosynthetically active radiation, wind speed and rainfall) recorded using two weather stations installed in the AGP and the MS, chemical parameters of the soil (Nt, P, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, pH, organic carbon, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn), corn (Zea mays) and pau-branco (Cordia oncocalyx) ecophysiological (specific leaf area, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, water potential), besides differentiate areas of water uptake by plants by stable isotope. An experiment was also developed in a greenhouse to evaluate the occurrence of competition for water between maize and pau-branco developing alone or in combination. Corn grown in AGP was compared with plants grown under traditional methods (after slash-and-burn vegetation) and presented a further development in the AGP if it was not under the canopy of pau-branco, which promoted competition, leading to a reduction in physiological processes and development of corn to 1 m, 2 m and 3 m away from the stem of pau-branco (Chapter 1). The experiment in the greenhouse showed that corn has its physiological parameters changed both by the association and by level of irrigation, with an impact on development. Thus, the association promotes competition between maize and pau-branco much as 100% to 50% of field capacity, however, corn is the most affected species (Chapter 2). The 10 pau-branco tress in AGP showed greater resistance to dry than MS plants, since they were able to maintain the green leaves longer and maintain higher transpiration rates, stomatal conductance and photosynthesis, and greater water content in the apical leaves in dry period, when the gravimetric water content of soil was lower in the AGP than the MS (Chapter 3). The stable isotopes analyzes revealed that corn and pau-branco in AGP system preferentially take up water from soil depths greater than 20 cm, which lead to a reduction in soil moisture at 30-50 cm depth. In MS paubranco sources water from more superficial soil layers, up to 30 cm depth (Chapter 4). Photosynthesis in pau-branco, during the dry season, was less dependent on environmental factors in MS than in AGP, suggesting that plants in the AGP have developed strategies which resulted in higher net carbon assimilation (Chapter 5), with this, the trees in AGP showed a high level in some nutrients, reflecting the better quality soil chemistry of this system (Chapter 6). Given these results, it is understood that AGP is a system suitable conditions semiarid Northeastern, it may enhance the development of trees and maize, since this is not shaded by the canopy, and of the soil, although some climatic variables are more extreme in the system.

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Charberet, Samuel M. "Animal-mediated terrestrial nutrient dynamics : investigating wastes, trophic transfer, and isotopic patterns." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS523.

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Certains éléments chimiques sont particulièrement importants pour les organismes. Le carbone (C), le squelette des biomolécules, l’azote (N) des protéines essentielles à toute fonction, et le phosphore (P), au cœur de l’énergie chimique de l’ATP sont si importants que la structure des écosystèmes terrestres, dépend en partie des flux de ces éléments, ainsi que de leur proportion relative, ou stœchiométrie, dans le sol. Or, les animaux se nourrissent et produisent des déchets sous forme de fèces et d’urine contenant ces mêmes éléments (C, N, P), dont le devenir dépend fortement de la quantité et de la qualité de ces déchets. Cependant, la quantité et la qualité des déchets varient entre espèces, a priori en fonction de paramètres physiologiques et alimentaires, mais cette relation est peu documentée. En particulier, la masse corporelle, qui détermine le taux métabolique de l’individu, et le régime alimentaire (herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, détritivore), la richesse nutritionnelle ou la quantité disponible de la ressource sont tous des facteurs susceptibles d’influencer la qualité et la quantité des déchets produits par les animaux, mais aussi leur homéostasie chimique. Afin d’étudier les facteurs déterminants la composition chimique des fèces et l’homéostasie chimique de l’animal à une large échelle phylogénétique, nous avons assemblé des données bibliographiques sur un grand nombre d’espèces animales terrestres. Pour compléter la gamme d’espèces, nous avons par ailleurs effectué de nouvelles mesures. L’analyse montre que le régime alimentaire et la qualité de la ressource sont les facteurs principaux affectant la composition des déchets. La taille corporelle, quant à elle, a peu d’effets. Nous avons également mené une expérience au niveau intraspécifique pour déterminer l’effet de la quantité de ressource sur l’homéostasie chimique, le temps de rétention et les propriétés chimiques des fèces chez Spodoptera littoralis, et ce tant sur les éléments (C, N, P) que sur certains isotopes du carbone et de l’azote. La réduction de la quantité de ressource induit des changements physiologiques importants, dont l’augmentation de l’efficacité d’absorption élémentaire et des isotopes lourds, et réciproquement une réduction de l’excrétion des nutriments (dont N et P). Cela provoque une augmentation du temps de rétention des nutriments dans la biomasse ainsi qu’une diminution de la qualité et de la quantité des déchets. En somme, le recyclage est ralenti lorsque la ressource devient rare. L’ensemble de ces résultats montrent que les animaux sont des noeuds biogéochimiques capables d’adaptations qui interagissent avec le cycle des nutriments et les propriété des chaînes trophiques
Certain chemical elements are particularly important for organisms. Carbon (C), the skeleton of biomolecules, nitrogen (N) from proteins essential to all functions, and phosphorus (P), at the heart of the chemical energy of ATP, are so important that the structure of terrestrial ecosystems depends in part on the flow of these elements, but also on the relative proportion, or stoichiometry, of these elements in the soil. Heterotrophs, particularly animals, feed and produce waste in the form of faeces and urine containing these elements (C, N, P), the fate of which highly depends on the quantity and quality of this waste. Quantity and quality vary between species depending on physiological and dietary parameters, but this relationship is poorly documented. Body mass, which determines an individual’s metabolic rate, as well as diet (herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, detritivore), resource quantity and quality are all factors likely to influence the quality and quantity of waste produced by animals, as well as the chemical homeostasis of their own body. To study the factors determining the chemical composition of faeces and the chemical homeostasis of the animal on a broad phylogenetic scale, we assembled bibliographical data on a large number of terrestrial animal species and carried out new measurements. The analysis of this dataset shows that diet and resource quality are the main factors affecting waste composition. We also conducted an experiment to determine the effect of resource quantity on the chemical homeostasis, retention time and chemical properties of faeces in Spodoptera littoralis, both for the elements (C, N, P) and for certain isotopes of carbon and nitrogen. The reduction in the quantity of resources induces major physiological changes, including an increase in the efficiency of elemental absorption and of heavy isotopes, and conversely a reduction in the excretion of nutrients (including N and P). This leads to an increase in the retention time of nutrients in the biomass and a reduction in the quality and quantity of waste products. In short, recycling slows down when resources become scarce. These results show that animals are biogeochemical nodes capable of adaptations that interact with the nutrient cycle and the properties of trophic chains

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Nascimento, Ana Paula Branco do. "A migração como estratégia adaptativa em populações humanas rurais de Novo Cruzeiro, MG para Piracicaba, SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-29072004-152943/.

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Em nossa espécie, entre as estratégias adaptativas relevantes, encontra-se a migração, que permitiu ao ser humano ocupar novos ambientes, em busca de condições de vida melhores que as possíveis ou acessíveis em seu local de origem. Atualmente, a migração se constitui, no sentido genético, no principal fator evolutivo da espécie humana. Condições de vida adversas tendem a se refletir na capacidade de obtenção de alimentos. As crianças de uma população são particularmente sensíveis, refletindo-se facilmente em seu desenvolvimento físico, deficiências ou privações alimentares. Em trabalho anterior, dessa Equipe, foi identificado em Piracicaba, SP, grande contingente de migrantes originados do município de Novo Cruzeiro, MG. No presente trabalho aprofundou-se o estudo desta migração rural, caracterizando indicadores de adaptação relativos a crianças que permaneceram no ambiente de origem (Novo Cruzeiro, MG), crianças filhas de migrantes, residentes no novo local (Piracicaba, SP, constituindo-se estratos populacionais com ambos os pais migrantes, apenas o pai e apenas mãe migrante) e de crianças com ambos os pais paulistas residentes em Piracicaba, SP. Desta forma, entre os indicadores da adaptabilidade humana estudados no presente trabalho, foi empregado o estado nutricional de crianças pré-escolares. Os indicadores do desenvolvimento físico (pelo qual foi identificado o estado nutricional) foram o peso e a estatura das crianças, como também o sexo e a idade década uma. Entre as demais variáveis que podem afetar o seu desenvolvimento, foram estudados aspectos genéticos tais como: cor da pele e origem étnica da criança de acordo com seu sobrenome e de acordo com o sobrenome da família da mãe. Também foram estudados aspectos do ambiente da criança que poderiam influenciar seu desenvolvimento, tais como escolaridade materna, número de habitantes por cômodo na residência, material de construção da habitação, serviços de água e esgoto, presença e tipo de uso de quintais. Constatou-se pelos indicadores estudados, que há melhor qualidade de vida entre os habitantes do município de Piracicaba no que se refere a melhores condições de infraestrutura habitacional (água encanada, rede de esgoto, eletricidade e habitações de alvenaria) como também melhor renda familiar e maior escolaridade materna. O índice utilizado para definir os pontos de corte na avaliação da situação nutricional dos préescolares foi obtido com base nas unidades de desvio padrão ou escores z. A curva de referência foi a do National Center for Health Statistic (NCHS). Foram constatados casos de desnutrição em ambas as regiões estudadas, acima do esperado numa população saudável. Por outro lado, evidenciou-se que a maioria das crianças (mais de 84,1%) encontraram-se na faixa de eutróficas o que de acordo com as teorias de Ecologia Humana revisada,s sugere que em ambos os locais as populações humanas estão sendo bem sucedidas quanto a suas estratégias adaptativas. Foram identificados casos de sobrepeso e obesidade, mas apenas nas crianças de famílias que residem em Piracicaba. O aumento dessas ocorrências é característico de um modo de vida moderno e é um fator de risco para as populações residentes em Piracicaba, ao qual passaram a se expor as populações migrantes.
In our species, among the more relevant adaptive strategies is the migration, which allows humans to occupy new environments searching for better life conditions than the ones possible or accessible in the original location. Nowadays, the migration is, in a genetic sense, the major evolutionary factor of mankind. Adverse life conditions tend to reflect in the capacity to obtain food. The children of a population are particularly susceptible, easily reflecting in their physical development, deficiency and food privations. In a previous work of our group, a large contingency of migrants from Novo Cruzeiro, MG, was identified in Piracicaba, SP. In the present work, the rural migration of this particular population was investigated in detail by characterizing relative adaptation indicators of children who remained in their original environment (Novo Cruzeiro, MG), migrants children residents at the new location (Piracicaba, SP, constituted of population strata with both parents migrants, only the father migrant and only the mother migrant) and children who both parents are São Paulo state natives and residents in Piracicaba, SP). Thus, among the indicators of human adaptation used in this work, the nutritional status of pre-school children was used. The physical development indicators used (from which the nutritional status was identified) were the weight and the height of the children, as well as the sex and the age of each one. Among the others variables that can affect the development, genetic aspects such as skin color and ethnical origin of the children in accordance with their own surnames and in accordance with their mother family, were studied. Moreover, it was also studied aspects of the children environment, which could influence their development, such as mothers school level, number of inhabitants per room per house, material from which the house was made, water and sewer public services, backyard presence and its use. Based on the indicators used in this study, it was observed that there is better life quality among the inhabitants from Piracicaba when better condition of infra-structure (piped water, sewer and electric nets, and bricklaying houses), as well as better family income, and higher mother school level are concerned. The index used to define the cutting points in the nutritional evaluation of the pre-school children was obtained based on the units of standard error or score- z. The reference curve was that of the National Center for Health Statistic (NCHS). Under-nutrition cases in both studied regions above the expected for a healthy population were observed. On the other hand, the majority of the children (more than 84,1%) was within the eutrophic level, which according to the revised Human Ecological theories, suggests that in both places the human populations are being successful as for their adaptive strategies. It was identified cases of over-weight and obesity, but only in the children whose families are residents in Piracicaba. The increase of these occurrences is a characteristic of the modern way of life and is one risk factor to the populations living in Piracicaba, which the migrant populations have now been exposed.

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Nascimento, Ana Paula Branco do. "Sobrepeso e obesidade: dieta, nicho alimentar e adaptabilidade em populações humanas rural e urbana de Piracicaba, SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-05092008-112318/.

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Abstract:

O presente trabalho investigou a dieta adotada por populações humanas, rural e urbana de Piracicaba, SP. Foi abordada a adaptabilidade humana, em relação à capacidade de uma população se adaptar a mudanças nutricionais, geralmente decorrentes de outras mudanças em seu ambiente. O indicador da adaptabilidade humana adotado foi o estado nutricional das mães de pré-escolares, dado que essas apresentam grande influência nos hábitos alimentares de toda a família. Dessa forma, tal população alvo é relevante em relação à população como um todo. O estado nutricional foi analisado a partir do peso e estatura, por meio do cálculo de Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC). Foram investigadas também a diversidade alimentar e amplitude de nicho destas populações em Piracicaba, SP (rural e urbana) através da composição da dieta (o que come), local das refeições (onde come), como também a presença de quintais domésticos nas residências e sua utilização. Também foram levantados fatores relacionados às escolhas de alimentos pelas mães, sua idade, nível de escolaridade e classe econômica, dentre outras. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas realizadas com as mães das crianças nas Escolas Municipais de Educação Infantil (E.M.E.I.) rurais e urbanas, utilizando-se o recordatório de 24 horas (R24h), questionário de freqüência alimentar (QFA) e antropometria. No total foram entrevistadas 188 mães, sendo 137 residentes na área urbana e 51 na área rural, como indicado pelo Plano Amostral realizado previamente. O fator mais citado pelas mães da área urbana como determinante da escolha de alimentos foi o preço (28,2%), seguido das que escolhem os alimentos mais saudáveis (25,4%). Dentre as mães que residem na área rural, 37,8% declararam que dão preferência aos alimentos que consideram mais saudáveis, seguido de 35,6% que escolhem os mais baratos. Os itens alimentares e sua freqüência de consumo pelas populações rural e urbana não apresentaram diferenças relevantes. Não houve diferença na amplitude de nicho em ambas as populações. Na área urbana 30,7% das mães apresentam sobrepeso, enquanto que na área rural 41,2% das mães encontram-se nesta faixa. A ocorrência de obesidade também foi maior na área rural (25,5%) do que na área urbana (19,7%). Verificou-se a presença de fatores de risco: sedentarismo, em 61,9% na área urbana e 57,7% na área rural; e tabagismo: 14,3% na área urbana e 3,9% na área rural. A análise univariada indicou que não há efeito significativo do ambiente, se rural ou urbano, sobre a incidência de obesidade. Entre as mulheres que não possuem cônjuge constatou-se uma ocorrência 3,29 vezes maior de obesidade (p=0,007) que entre as que residem com seu parceiro. Entre as mulheres insatisfeitas com sua aparência há maior ocorrência de obesidade (or=0,66; p=0,03). As chances de sobrepeso aumentam 2 vezes (p=0,03) quando a mulher não se preocupa com a alimentação. Foi encontrado grande percentual de quintais na área rural (94,1%) e urbana (88,3%). No entanto 66,7% na área rural e apenas 28,1% na área urbana utilizam recursos advindos do quintal para a alimentação. Os resultados indicam que as escolhas alimentares, a utilização de recursos e (ou) estilo de vida adotado pela população de Piracicaba não estão sendo adaptativos. As ocorrências de sobrepeso e obesidade nas áreas urbanas e rurais de Piracicaba são maiores do que as aceitáveis pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS).
Food diet of Piracicaba rural and urban populations, in S. Paulo State, Brazil, were studied in terms of human adaptability to nutritional changes, as consequence of environmental changes. Human adaptability indicator was the nutritional status of the mothers of children in kindergarten, as far as they have great influence over the whole family food habits. Nutritional status was based on mother\'s weight and high and measured by mean of Body Mass Index (BMI). Food diversity and food niche breadth were studied in terms of diet composition, place where meals usually take place, and the existence and utilization of household backyard for food production. Other factors, such as mother\'s food choice, age, schooling and socio-economics class were also studied. Data were collected through mother\'s semi-structured interviews, from a sample of 188 mothers: 51 form rural areas and 137 from urban residences. The most cited factor by urban mothers related to food choice was price (28.2%), followed by healthy (25.4%). Rural mothers prefer healthy (37.8%) and 35.6% choose the cheapest foods. There are no relevant differences between rural and urban mothers in terms of food items and their consumption frequency, as well as niche dimensions. Overweight varies from 30.7% among urban mothers to 41.2% among rural mothers, and obesity among urban mothers was 19.7%, while among rural mothers reached 25.5%. Many risk factors were present in both groups, such as inactivity (sedentary) 61.9% for urban mothers and 57.7% in rural areas. Tobacconist is 14.3% for urban group and 3.9% in rural group. Unmarried women or with no marital relations there are 3.29 times more cases of obesity (overweight), than among women with a regular partner. Among unsatisfied women with their appearance there are more cases of obesity (or = 0.66; p= 0.03). Overweight chances increase twice (p=0.03), as far as women do not worry with alimentation (food consumption). It was found high number of backyards both in rural areas (94.1%) and urban (83.3%). However, 66.7% in rural and only 28.1% in urban areas use food resources coming from backyard. The findings show also that Piracicaba population food choices, resources usage and lifestyle are non adaptive. Overweight and obesity in rural and urban areas of Piracicaba, SP, are higher than acceptable levels as established by World Health Organization (ONU).

Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ecological nutrition'

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