Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ecological nutrition

Academic literature on the topic 'Ecological nutrition'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 7 July 2024

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Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Journal articles on the topic "Ecological nutrition":

1

Metz, Martina, and Ingrid Hoffmann. "Effects of Vegetarian Nutrition–A Nutrition Ecological Perspective." Nutrients 2, no. 5 (May 10, 2010): 496–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu2050496.

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2

Declerck, Fabrice A. J., Jessica Fanzo, Cheryl Palm, and Roseline Remans. "Ecological Approaches to Human Nutrition." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 32, no. 1_suppl1 (March 2011): S41—S50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15648265110321s106.

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3

Allen, Thomas, Paolo Prosperi, Bruce Cogill, and Guillermo Flichman. "Agricultural biodiversity, social–ecological systems and sustainable diets." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 73, no. 4 (July 28, 2014): 498–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002966511400069x.

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The stark observation of the co-existence of undernourishment, nutrient deficiencies and overweight and obesity, the triple burden of malnutrition, is inviting us to reconsider health and nutrition as the primary goal and final endpoint of food systems. Agriculture and the food industry have made remarkable advances in the past decades. However, their development has not entirely fulfilled health and nutritional needs, and moreover, they have generated substantial collateral losses in agricultural biodiversity. Simultaneously, several regions are experiencing unprecedented weather events caused by climate change and habitat depletion, in turn putting at risk global food and nutrition security. This coincidence of food crises with increasing environmental degradation suggests an urgent need for novel analyses and new paradigms. The sustainable diets concept proposes a research and policy agenda that strives towards a sustainable use of human and natural resources for food and nutrition security, highlighting the preeminent role of consumers in defining sustainable options and the importance of biodiversity in nutrition. Food systems act as complex social–ecological systems, involving multiple interactions between human and natural components. Nutritional patterns and environment structure are interconnected in a mutual dynamic of changes. The systemic nature of these interactions calls for multidimensional approaches and integrated assessment and simulation tools to guide change. This paper proposes a review and conceptual modelling framework that articulate the synergies and tradeoffs between dietary diversity, widely recognised as key for healthy diets, and agricultural biodiversity and associated ecosystem functions, crucial resilience factors to climate and global changes.
4

Hayes-Conroy, Jessica, Adele Hite, Kendra Klein, Charlotte Biltekoff, and Aya H. Kimura. "Doing Nutrition Differently." Gastronomica 14, no. 3 (2014): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2014.14.3.56.

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This conversation is part of a special issue on “Critical Nutrition” in which multiple authors weigh in on various themes related to the origins, character, and consequences of contemporary American nutrition discourses and practices, as well as how nutrition might be known and done differently. In this section, authors reflect on the limits of standard nutrition in understanding the relationship between food and human health. They also focus on how nutrition practitioners are or could be creating different practices for how nutritional information is made available, shared, and absorbed. Among the different frameworks under discussion are individualized nutrition, ecological nutrition, critical dietary literacy, feminist nutrition, and technologies of humility.
5

Cao, Mei, Xing Qiang Wang, and Bin Lun Yan. "The Nutritional Control of Litopenaeus vannamei Culture Pollution." Advanced Materials Research 554-556 (July 2012): 1439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.1439.

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The pollution of Litopenaeus vannamei culture is serious. The control ways of nutrition by the ecological modulation of the nutritional factors and the supplement of green additives are reviewed to reduce the pressure of environment for sustainable development by controlling and modulating the nutrition metabolism of L. vannamei.
6

Morimoto, Juliano, and Mathieu Lihoreau. "Open Data for Open Questions in Comparative Nutrition." Insects 11, no. 4 (April 9, 2020): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11040236.

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Achieving a better understanding of the consequences of nutrition to animal fitness and human health is a major challenge of our century. Nutritional ecology studies increasingly use nutritional landscapes to map the complex interacting effects of nutrient intake on animal performances, in a wide range of species and ecological contexts. Here, we argue that opening access to these hard-to-obtain, yet considerably insightful, data is fundamental to develop a comparative framework for nutrition research and offer new quantitative means to address open questions about the ecology and evolution of nutritional processes.
7

Mehboob, Arshi, and Divya Sanghi. "Influence of Nutrition Knowledge on the Association between Maternal Nutrition and Birth Outcomes." International Journal of Child Health and Nutrition 12, no. 2 (May 25, 2023): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4247.2023.12.02.3.

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Maternal undernutrition is a complex condition that arises from various factors, including social, cultural, psycho-social, biological, and ecological factors. The intergenerational consequences of chronic malnutrition, starting with mothers and their children, account for a significant proportion of infant deaths, cognitive disability, and reduced productivity in adulthood. Therefore, having nutritional knowledge throughout pregnancy is crucial for better risk assessment of undernutrition and healthy pregnancy outcomes. The study examined whether trimester-specific nutrition education and awareness could significantly impact the relationship between maternal nutrition and birth outcomes and found that this association was stronger in women with higher levels of nutrition knowledge. As a result, a food-based approach that is both low-cost and high-nutrition can help meet the specific nutritional requirements of pregnancy, alter certain nutrients that target fetal metabolic vulnerabilities, or enhance fetal growth and development in the migrant population. The review explores recent research and discusses how nutrition literacy and knowledge influence pregnancy and birth outcomes, providing an overview of the current understanding of maternal nutritional trimester-specific needs and highlighting areas that still require further study. The findings emphasize the importance of considering diet diversity and peer support during pregnancy, considering the impact that nutrition knowledge has on pregnancy outcomes.
8

Villalba, Juan J., Karen A. Beauchemin, Pablo Gregorini, and Jennifer W. MacAdam. "Pasture chemoscapes and their ecological services." Translational Animal Science 3, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 829–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz003.

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Abstract Ruminant livestock-production systems are between a rock and a hard place; they are experiencing increasing societal pressure to reduce environmental impacts in a world that demands increased food supply. Recent improvements in the understanding of the nutritional ecology of livestock by scientists may help livestock producers respond to these seemingly contradictory demands. Forages are nutrition and pharmacy centers with primary (nutrients) and plant secondary compounds (PSC; pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals), which can provide multiple services for the proper functioning of agroecosystems. Legumes with lower contents of fiber and higher contents of nonstructural carbohydrates, coupled with different types and concentrations of PSC (e.g., condensed tannins, terpenes), create a diverse array of chemicals in the landscape (i.e., the “chemoscape”) with the potential to enhance livestock nutrition, health and welfare relative to foodscapes dominated by grasses and other conventional feeds. These PSC-containing plants may reduce methane emissions and nitrogen (N) excretion from animals while increasing animal growth rate compared with swards dominated by grasses, and provide meat quality that appeals to consumers. Condensed tannins from sainfoin and saponins from alfalfa and manure of cattle consuming these forages also reduce N mobilization in soils, reduce nutrient leaching, and increase plant-available N stores for future use. The challenge for future pastoral production systems is to design multifunctional spatiotemporal arrangements of forages with “ideal” chemical diversity for specific ecoregions, aiming to achieve sustainability while increasing production goals and improving ecosystem services. Thus, the objective of this review is to stimulate the quest for chemically and taxonomically diverse pastoral feeding systems that optimize overall productivity; reduce environmental impacts; and enhance livestock, soil, and human health.
9

Allen, H. Lee. "Forest Nutrition Management." Forest Science 33, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 1105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/33.4.1105.

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Smith, Val H., Tyrees P. Jones, and Marilyn S. Smith. "Host nutrition and infectious disease: an ecological view." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3, no. 5 (June 2005): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2005)003[0268:hnaida]2.0.co;2.

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You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Ecological nutrition' for particular source types:
Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ecological nutrition":

1

Martin-Creuzburg, Dominik. "Sterols in daphnia nutrition: physiological and ecological consequences." Berlin Logos, 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2780263&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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Wang, Dongxu. "Healthy Nutrition in Chinese Middle Schools: An Ecological Approach." Thesis, Griffith University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/368142.

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Good nutrition is vital for adolescents, because it supports their growth and helps them to become healthy adults. Under-nutrition delays adolescents’ physical and mental growth and maturation, and reduces adolescents’ learning and working capacity. Meanwhile, over-nutrition in adolescence, together with an unhealthy lifestyle, can lead to overweight and obesity, which are risk factors for many chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and stroke. However, nutrition problems in adolescents are both common and serious in developing countries, especially in the rural areas of these countries. For example, both nutritional deficiencies and over-nutrition in adolescents are significant and growing problems in many parts of China. Intervention for adolescents can result in positive changes to their eating behaviours and improvements to their future health. Promoting nutrition for adolescents, accordingly, plays a crucial role in safeguarding a healthy life for individuals, and therefore this study focused on the promotion of good nutrition and healthy dietary intake among adolescents in rural areas of China. In view of the complexity and difficulty of achieving behaviour change, and the strong and sustainable effect that the health-promoting schools (HPS) framework, underpinned by ecological approaches, can make in behaviour change, this study applied both an ecological approach and a HPS framework as theoretical bases. These bases provided the guidance for promoting healthy dietary intake and nutrition in a “total school-based environment”, for the “total population” of the school, not only for students, but also for parents and school staff in rural Chinese middle schools.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Medical Science
Griffith Health
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3

Kenny, Tiffannie. "The Inuit Food System: Ecological, Economic, and Environmental Dimensions of the Nutrition Transition." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36157.

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From the Arctic to the South Pacific, Indigenous Peoples have experienced a rapid nutrition transition involving the decline of traditional/subsistence-based ways of life and the adoption of a “Western” diet that is high in saturated fats, sugar, and processed foods. This dietary shift has been paralleled by an increased prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and, other diet-related chronic diseases. In the Arctic, rapidly changing biophysical conditions, globalization, and integration into market economies are collectively challenging access to both country foods and nutritious market foods. Food security and nutrient adequacy thus remain elusive for Inuit communities of northern Canada. Premised upon the view that human well-being is predicated upon complex and dynamic interactions between ecosystems, economies, and societies, this dissertation integrates multiple lines of inquiry and scales of engagement (community, regional, and national) to further understanding of the nutrition transition among Inuit in Canada. The thesis is comprised of two sections. Section 1 bridges the often disparate fields of human nutrition and wildlife conservation by addressing key questions about the status and management of Arctic species, and the implications for Inuit food security and health. For example, caribou (Rangifer tarandus) populations across the circumpolar north are currently experiencing dramatic declines in abundance and restrictions on Inuit subsistence harvest are currently implemented for several caribou populations. Caribou, however, is the primary source of protein and several micronutrients involved in the prevention of anemia (e.g. iron zinc, copper, riboflavin, and vitamin B12) in the contemporary diet of Inuit adults. Caribou consumption is also positively associated with hemoglobin levels in Inuit adults. Section 2 considers elements of the market food system in Inuit communities. We found that the most popular market foods consumed by Inuit (e.g. sweetened beverages, added sugar, and bread) contribute significantly to total diet energy while contributing minimally to most micronutrients. Using optimization models, we have demonstrated that a nutritious diet (one meeting Health Canada dietary reference intake values) is theoretically feasible based on a mix of country food and market food, and at relatively little additional cost from current diets. However, significant deviations in patterns of food expenditure away from sweetened beverages, towards dairy, and whole fruits and vegetables would be required. Taken collectively, this thesis provides important information, as well as new tools, and approaches, for communities, wildlife conservation and public health professionals to jointly promote ecosystem and human health in a rapidly changing environment.
4

Wilson, Kenneth Brockington. "Ecological dynamics and human welfare : a case study of population, health and nutrition in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1990. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317940/.

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This thesis examines the impact of seasonal and inter-annual variations in rainfall on food supply and disease environment, and hence the biological welfare of savannah populations in southern Zimbabwe. Ecological dynamics are thought to determine the impact of rainfall, and this hypothesis is tested through the comparison of populations either side of a major ecological boundary between heavy clay rich and sandy soils. Due to differences in soil-moisture productivity relations, and the level and form of ecological heterogeneity, the sandveld environment shows much less seasonal and inter-annual variation in agro-ecological productivity than does clayveld, and this is reflected in food supply and consumption. Child anthropometric and birth weight data from several years shows opposite seasonality, and weight-loss in a serious drought was most marked on clay-rich soils as predicted. Differences in soil-moisture relations also influence disease environment dynamics; child morbidity shows the same seasonal and inter-annual contrasts between the zones as found with nutritional status. Furthermore, infant mortality is increased following dry years on clay-rich soils whilst high rainfall leads to increased infant mortality on the sandy soils. These differences in welfare dynamics between sandveld and clayveld appear to typify conditions in other moist and dry savannah areas respectively. Variability in grain production results from unequal access to livestock for ploughing and manure, but urban wage labour derived remittances also affect wealth. The extent and nature of socio-economic differentiation varies between ecological zones for historical reasons, and its impact on welfare (together with that of religion and maternal education) is variable and complex, operating at several levels in household and lineage. Maternal education has a marked impact on child well-being, particularly upon infant mortality. Dramatic improvements in Infant mortality and declines in fertility since Independence (1980) reflect upgrading of medical services and education provision for women, Indicating the limits of ecological welfare determinants.
5

Hakim, Sharon Marie. "Nutrition, choice, and the school cafeteria: an ecological approach to encouraging consumption of fruits and vegetables." Diss., Wichita State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/6722.

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Growing rates of childhood obesity continue to be a major public health issue for this country. In order to impact childhood obesity at the population level it is necessary to shift our focus away from individual behaviors and towards the critical examination of the role that settings have in promoting or discouraging healthy eating. One relevant setting in the fight against childhood obesity is the school cafeteria. Since 1946, the National School Lunch Program has worked to ensure that schools can provide their students with affordable daily access to nutritional, well-balanced meals. However, "food served" does not necessarily equal "food consumed;" high rates of waste, especially of fruits and vegetables, are well documented. The current, mixed-method study examines the effectiveness of a low-cost intervention designed to increase student consumption of fruits and vegetables by altering the choice architecture of the cafeteria. This was done through the introduction of an active, forced choice into the school lunch service. Consumption was measured by observing (n=2,064) and weighing (n=84) student plate waste over two ten-day periods pre-intervention and during implementation. Results show an average daily 15% increase in consumption of both fruits and vegetables during the intervention period. Qualitative interviews (n=34) were conducted in order to better understand the environment of the school cafeteria and identify any barriers to healthy eating that may exist within the setting. Both quantitative and qualitative findings suggest that local schools can actively encourage students to take advantage of fruits and vegetables offered through the NSLP by implementing setting-level changes to the cafeteria environment.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Wichita State University, Fairmount College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Psychology
6

Cera, Rull Andreu. "The ecological significance of nutritional strategies in gypsum plant communities." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673600.

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Gypsophile species are edaphic endemics of gypsum soils, and they are considered specialists of this stressful substrate. Gypsum endemics from different families and regions of the world tend to show a unique leaf elemental composition, similar to the chemical characteristics of gypsum soils. However, the ecological significance of their unique foliar composition remains unknown. The factors underlying the ecological amplitude of gypsophiles remain also poorly studied. The main literature is based on the distribution of gypsophiles linked to gypsum soils in drylands, although some studies suggest a broader physiological amplitude depending on soil type, and a positive influence of disturbance. Therefore, I have assumed that gypsophiles have evolved in disturbed drylands with gypsum soils. In order to adapt to this combination of factors, I hypothesised that gypsophiles have become soil specialists with high capacity of nutrient uptake to be more competitive than other species in gypsum soils. To test this, we conducted a germination trial and a common garden experiment to analyse the ecological restriction of gypsophiles to different substrates, and to analyse the effect of different substrates on the whole-plant elemental composition of plants with contrasting affinity for gypsum soils. In the field, we studied the assemblage of plant communities under different grazing intensities on high gypsum soils, and whether the assembly of plant communities is mediated by any trait related to gypsum specialisation or herbivory resistance. Next, a browsing simulation was conducted to assess individual plant responses in calcic and gypsum pots. In addition, the variation of foliar and rhizospheric soil nutrient contents, and AM fungal colonisation were analysed throughout a year in the field to study the nutrient acquisition strategies of gypsophiles. The results obtained in this PhD thesis show that the fundamental niche of gypsophiles is not only explained by edaphic factors unique to gypsum soils, but seems to be related to alkaline soils with high calcium availability. When analysed under herbivory pressure, species with high gypsum affinity and increased foliar S content (i.e. gypsophiles) were more likely to assemble than other species. These gypsophiles were foliar accumulators of gypsum excess elements, even in calcic pots. They also seem to be adapted to P-scarcity by being less dependent on AMF symbiosis, and adjusting their acquisition strategies to nutrient pulses. Therefore, it seems that gypsophiles are specialists of gypsum soils to be more competitive in disturbed drylands through a unique nutritional strategy.
Les plantes gipsòfiles són endemismes edàfics del guixos, i són considerades especialistes d’aquest sòl estressant. Endemismes del guix de diferents famílies i regions del món tendeixen a mostrar una composició elemental foliar única, similar a les característiques químiques dels sòls guixencs. No obstant això, el significat ecològic de la seva composició foliar continua sent desconegut. Els factors que subjuguen l’amplitud ecològica de les gipsòfiles segueixen sent també poc estudiats. La majoria de la literatura es basa en una distribució lligada als sòls guixencs de les zones àrides, encara que alguns estudis suggereixen una amplitud fisiològica més àmplia segons el tipus de sòl, i una influència positiva de les pertorbacions. Per això, he assumit que les gipsòfiles han evolucionat en terres seques pertorbades amb sòls guixencs. Per adaptar-se a aquesta combinació de factors, he plantejat la hipòtesi que s’han convertit en especialistes edàfics amb alta capacitat d’absorció de nutrients per a ser més competitives que altres espècies en sòls de guix. Per comprovar-ho, vam dur a terme un experiment de germinació i un de cultiu per a analitzar la seva restricció ecològica en funció del tipus de sòl, i per analitzar la composició elemental de tota la planta. En el camp, vam estudiar l’assemblatge de les comunitats vegetals en sòls guixencs en diferents intensitats de pasturatge, i si l’assemblatge d’aquestes comunitats està mediat per algun tret relacionat amb l’especialització pels guixos o la resistència cap als herbívors. A continuació, vam realitzar una simulació de brosteig per a avaluar la resposta individual de les plantes en tests amb guix o sòl calcari. A més, vam analitzar durant un any la variació del contingut nutricional de les fulles, arrels i sòl rizosfèric, i la colonització dels fongs micorízics arbusculars, per estudiar les estratègies d’adquisició de les gipsòfiles en el camp. En conjunt, els resultats obtinguts en aquesta tesi doctoral demostren que el nínxol fonamental de les gipsòfiles no sols s’explica per factors singulars dels sòl guixencs, sinó més aviat per sòls alcalins amb alt contingut de calci. I quan afegim la pressió herbívora, les espècies amb alta afinitat pel guix i alt contingut de sofre foliar (és a dir, gipsòfiles) tenen més probabilitat d’assemblar-se que altres espècies. Hem comprovat també que aquestes gipsòfiles són acumuladores foliars dels elements en excés dels guixos, fins i tot quan creixen en tests amb sòl calcari. I que les gipsòfiles semblen estar adaptades a l’escassetat de fòsfor sent menys dependents de la simbiosi amb AMF, i probablement ajustant les estratègies d’adquisició als polsos nutricionals del sòl. Per tant, sembla que les gipsòfiles s’han convertit en especialistes dels sòls guixencs per a ser més competitives en terres seques pertorbades amb sòls guixencs a través d’una estratègia nutricional singular.
7

Pule-Meulenberg, F., and FD Dakota. "Assessing the symbiotic dependency of grain and tree legumes on N2 fixation for their N nutrition in five agro-ecological zones of Botswana." Symbiosis, 2009. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001475.

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Abstract To assess the symbiotic dependency of grain and shrub/tree legumes within five agro-ecological zones of Botswana, fully expanded leaves of the test species were sampled from about 26 study sites within Ngwaketse, Gaborone, Central, Ghanzi and Kalahari agro-ecological zones. Isotopic analysis revealed significant differences in 1)15N values of the grain legumes [cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp), Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verde.), and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)] from the 26 farming areas in both 2005 and 2006. Estimates of %Ndfa of leaves also showed significant differences between farming areas, with cowpea deriving more than 50% of its N nutrition from symbiotic fixation. In terms of distribution, many more symbiotic shrub/tree species were found in the wetter Ngwaketse agro-zone compared to the fewer numbers in the drier Kalahari region. Acacias were the more dominant species at all sites. Leaf 1)15N values of shrub/tree species also varied strongly across Botswana, with 11 out of 18 of these legumes deriving about 50%, or more, of their N from symbiotic Nz fixation. Acacia caffra, in particular, obtained as much as 93.6% of its N nutrition from symbiotic fixation in the wetter Ngwaketse agro-zone. This study has shown that grain legumes sampled from farmer's fields in Botswana obtained considerable amounts of their N from symbiotic fixation. We have also shown that shrub and tree legumes probably play an important role in the N economy of the savanna ecosystems in Botswana. However, the decline in the number of functional Ny-fixing shrub/tree legumes along an aridity gradient suggests that soil moisture is a major constraint to Nz fixation in the tree legumes of Botswana.
8

Pule-Meulenberg, F., and FD Dakora. "Assessing the symbiotic dependency of grain and tree legumes on N2 fixation for their N nutrition in five agro-ecological zones of Botswana." Balaban, 2009. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001670.

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Abstract To assess the symbiotic dependency of grain and shrub/tree legumes within five agro-ecological zones of Botswana, fully expanded leaves of the test species were sampled from about 26 study sites within Ngwaketse, Gaborone, Central, Ghanzi and Kalahari agro-ecological zones. Isotopic analysis revealed significant differences in 1)15N values of the grain legumes [cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp), Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verde.), and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)] from the 26 farming areas in both 2005 and 2006. Estimates of %Ndfa of leaves also showed significant differences between farming areas, with cowpea deriving more than 50% of its N nutrition from symbiotic fixation. In terms of distribution, many more symbiotic shrub/tree species were found in the wetter Ngwaketse agro-zone compared to the fewer numbers in the drier Kalahari region. Acacias were the more dominant species at all sites. Leaf 1)15N values of shrub/tree species also varied strongly across Botswana, with 11 out of 18 of these legumes deriving about 50%, or more, of their N from symbiotic Nz fixation. Acacia caffra, in particular, obtained as much as 93.6% of its N nutrition from symbiotic fixation in the wetter Ngwaketse agro-zone. This study has shown that grain legumes sampled from farmer's fields in Botswana obtained considerable amounts of their N from symbiotic fixation. We have also shown that shrub and tree legumes probably play an important role in the N economy of the savanna ecosystems in Botswana. However, the decline in the number of functional Ny-fixing shrub/tree legumes along an aridity gradient suggests that soil moisture is a major constraint to Nz fixation in the tree legumes of Botswana.
9

Sirasa, Fathima. "Applying an Ecological Approach to Healthy Eating Interventions for Urban Preschool Children in Sri Lanka." Thesis, Griffith University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/400458.

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Childhood malnutrition is a growing public health challenge for low- and middle-income countries. Globalization and urbanization have led to a significant shift in dietary habits and physical activity patterns over the past few decades, resulting in the coexistence of undernutrition and overnutrition within populations. The negative health, development, and social impacts of childhood malnutrition are serious and ongoing for individuals and their families, while also contributing an economic burden to these countries. Early childhood is a crucial period in the formation of dietary habits, which tend to track throughout life. Worldwide, current evidence suggests that the dietary habits of preschool-aged children, namely, low intake of fruit and vegetables, and higher intake of foods rich in sugar, fat, and salt, do not align with dietary recommendations. Therefore, early interventions are important to establish healthy dietary habits in preschool children to combat childhood malnutrition. Sri Lanka is a middle-income country that is currently experiencing a simultaneous rise in overweight and obesity along with continued undernutrition in children aged five years or younger. This is more pronounced in urban locations of Sri Lanka, which comprises approximately one third of all children aged five years or younger. To date, multiple strategies have been implemented to improve the nutritional status of Sri Lankan children; however, none have specifically targeted preschool-age children. Therefore, population-specific effective eating interventions are urgently warranted for urban Sri Lankan preschool children. Development of food choices is multifactorial; hence, using an ecological approach to understand the interplay of these factors in the formation of food choices in early childhood is necessary. Addressing multi-level factors that influence children’s food choices has improved the effectiveness of intervention strategies. However, such an understanding and subsequent application of intervention strategies have not been examined in Sri Lanka. Therefore, this research investigated the application of an ecological approach to improve healthy eating in urban preschool children (aged 2-6 years) in Sri Lanka. This thesis incorporates three research studies designed to address the overall research aim. Each of the three studies informs subsequent studies in the research program to enable a deeper understanding of ecological factors shaping preschool children’s food choices and the effectiveness of an eating intervention strategy which applies an ecological approach to improve food knowledge, preferences, and choices. The findings have been published or are under review in peer-reviewed journals. This research was underpinned by a pragmatic paradigm to accommodate the use of a mixed methods approach, as it enabled a rich understanding of the socioecology of children’s food choices, to promote healthy food choices in children. A conceptual framework was developed to guide this research. Study 1 was a systematic review of the literature that examined interventions targeting the family and community factors influencing the eating behaviour of preschool children in low- and middle-income countries. Thirteen intervention studies which met the inclusion criteria were critically appraised. The review highlighted that future interventions should focus on improving the nutritional knowledge of the family or caregivers while creating a supportive family environment via increasing household food availability and family income to promote healthy eating behaviours in low- and middle-income country preschool children. Study 2 was a qualitative exploration with urban Sri Lankan parents/caregivers to understand their perceptions of factors that influence their preschool child’s food choices. Thirteen focus groups, adopting a partial nominal group technique, were conducted with parents/caregivers. A quantitative approach was involved to select and rank influential factors. Qualitative data were summarised using content analysis. The findings showed that parents/caregivers perceived a child’s food preferences was the core driving factor in their food decisions. Parents’ and caregivers’ nutritional knowledge, maternal control of food choices, family income, and household food preparation facilities were the next most influential factors. Study 3 included a baseline cross-sectional assessment and a cluster randomised controlled trial. The cross-sectional survey was conducted to understand the dietary habits of Sri Lankan urban preschool children, which assessed their dietary diversity and dietary intake. Average daily dietary intakes for selected food and beverage groups were computed in servings and frequencies descriptively. Findings demonstrated that dietary diversity of children was within the medium category, but their dietary intakes were not aligned with the national recommendations, revealing relatively unhealthy dietary habits. More than 80% of preschool children in this cohort consumed an inadequate daily intake of fruit and vegetables, and one in ten had sugary snacks and confectionary at least twice a day. In addition, the unhealthy dietary and social behaviour of watching television while eating the evening meal was reported in more than one third of children. The cluster randomised controlled trial involved a multicomponent eating intervention (MCI) aimed to improve the food knowledge, healthy food preferences and dietary diversity in urban Sri Lankan preschool children. The trial was conducted for six weeks with two additional intervention arms: single component intervention (SCI) and control (no intervention). As per the ecological approach, the MCI incorporated family engagement which included: parental nutrition education; engaging children in meal preparation; and tasting exposure for children with parent, teacher and peers. The effectiveness of MCI over SCI or control was determined using difference-in-difference model. The findings revealed that compared to the control arm, both MCI and SCI significantly increased children’s food knowledge and healthy food preferences, but not the dietary diversity score. MCI showed greater effect over SCI, reaching significance for children’s food knowledge. A delayed post-intervention assessment was suggested to evidence improved sustained effects of MCI on children’s healthy food preferences and dietary diversity scores, as changes in food preferences and eating behaviours may further develop with time. Collectively, the findings of this research program highlight the importance of an ecological perspective to understand how food choices are formed and how an ecological approach can be applied. The findings from this research can inform parents, families, preschool centre staff, and policy makers of the importance of applying an ecological approach to understand the contextual factors that shape children’s food choices and to develop strategies to promote healthy eating in preschool children. Further, Sri Lanka’s national policy on Early Childhood Development should incorporate parental and family engagement in preschool centre based health and nutrition activities. Embedding children’s nutrition education in the preschool education curriculum should be considered by Early Childhood Development/preschool curriculum developers. As the food choices formed during early childhood invariably continue throughout life, actions to establish healthy eating behaviours in this early life stage may help overcome childhood malnutrition and support a lifetime of healthy food choices.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Medicine
Griffith Health
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Flamm, Laura Jayne. "Fair Food: Justice and Sustainability in Community Nutrition." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1270965544.

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Books on the topic "Ecological nutrition":

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H, BassiriRad, ed. Nutrient acquisition by plants: An ecological perspective. Berlin: Springer, 2005.

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Gable, Sara. Ecological predictors and developmental outcomes of persistent childhood overweight. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 2008.

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1937-, Suzuki Shosuke, Soemarwoto Otto 1926-, and Igarashi Tadataka 1945-, eds. Human ecological survey in rural West Java in 1978 to 1982: A project report. Tokyo, Japan: Nissan Science Foundation, 1985.

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Hanley, Thomas A. Estimating carrying capacity with simultaneous nutritional constrants. Portland, Or: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1989.

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Ardiles, Moraima Montibeller. Los alimentos y su relacion con el medio ambiente: Prácticas ancestrales de autosuficiencia socioeconómica. Lima, Perú?]: Cultural Cuzco, 2010.

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Kraus, Sibella. Kids cook farm-fresh food: Seasonal recipes, activities & farm profiles that teach ecological responsibility. Sacramento: California Department of Education, CDE Press, 2002.

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Cleveland, David Arthur. Food from dryland gardens: An ecological, nutritional, and social approach to small-scale household food production. Tucson, Arizona, USA: Center for People, Food, and Environment, 1991.

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Agency, International Atomic Energy, and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations., eds. Stable isotopes in plant nutrition, soil fertility and environmental studies: Proceedings of an international symposium on the use of stable isotopes in plant nutrition, soil fertility and environmental studies. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 1991.

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Unger, Suanne. Qaqamiiĝux̂: Traditional foods and recipes from the Aleutian and Pribilof Islands : nourishing our mind, body and spirit for generations. Anchorage, Alaska: Aleutian Pribilof Islands Association, Inc., 2014.

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Falkner, Frank, and J. M. Tanner, eds. Methodology Ecological, Genetic, and Nutritional Effects on Growth. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7198-8.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ecological nutrition":

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Tveite, Bjørn, Gunnar Abrahamsen, and Magne Huse. "Trees: Nutrition." In Ecological Studies, 140–79. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2604-8_8.

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Sorokin, Yuri I. "Nutrition of Corals." In Ecological Studies, 326–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80046-7_10.

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Gordillo, Francisco J. L. "Environment and Algal Nutrition." In Ecological Studies, 67–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28451-9_4.

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Benzing, D. H. "The Mineral Nutrition of Epiphytes." In Ecological Studies, 167–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74465-5_7.

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Bauer, G. A., H. Persson, T. Persson, M. Mund, M. Hein, E. Kummetz, G. Matteucci, H. van Oene, G. Scarascia-Mugnozza, and E. D. Schulze. "Linking Plant Nutrition and Ecosystem Processes." In Ecological Studies, 63–98. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57219-7_4.

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Norman, Robert A., Asmi H. Sanghvi, and John Barksdale. "Genetics, Nutrition, and Skin." In Personalized, Evolutionary, and Ecological Dermatology, 91–106. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41088-3_8.

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Grubb, P. J. "Mineral Nutrition and Soil Fertility in Tropical Rain Forests." In Ecological Studies, 308–30. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2498-3_12.

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Popp, Marianne. "Ecological Aspects of Nitrogen Nutrition." In Progress in Botany / Fortschritte der Botanik, 448–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78020-2_25.

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Glibert, Patricia M., Cynthia A. Heil, Frances P. Wilkerson, and Richard C. Dugdale. "Nutrients and Harmful Algal Blooms: Dynamic Kinetics and Flexible Nutrition." In Ecological Studies, 93–112. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70069-4_6.

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Jakobsen, I., S. E. Smith, and F. A. Smith. "Function and Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae in Carbon and Mineral Nutrition." In Ecological Studies, 75–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-38364-2_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ecological nutrition":

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Casi, C. "28. Sami food practices and traditional ecological knowledge." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-892-6_28.

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Niyonshuti, Eric, and Figen Kırkpınar. "Assessment of the Last Decades Studies and Developments in Broilers Nutrition." In International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2021.003.

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The poultry industry has advanced remarkably over the past 30 years. In particular, broiler production has been the most successful than any other sector in the animal industry. Production standards of broilers have continuously improved over this period, with modern broilers reaching a live average weight of 2.5 kg at 33 – 35 days. Today, under normal conditions, a broiler chicken can gain an average weight of 65 g per day and can attain 1.5 feed conversion ratio (FCR). Genetic selection brought about by breeding companies has played a big part in the improvements of broiler growth, and advances in nutritional management have provided about 10 to 15% of these changes. In conclusion, future broiler nutrition studies are going to be continued on the plane of economic criteria, determination of alternative feedstuffs and their cultivation, production of new feed additives, sustainability, and food or product quality. However, broiler nutrition studies are expected to contain not only pure and applied nutrition but also to answer and to enlighten some discussed issues such as to support animal welfare, consumer health, and ecological equilibrium. In this review, the latest improvements in feed formulation with much attention on metabolizable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP), feeding systems and feed presentation, use of feed additives to enhance feed use and broiler performance are discussed.
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Santaoja, M., and M. Niva. "43. The missing animal in entomophagy – ethical, ecological and aesthetic considerations on eating insects." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-892-6_43.

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Rasskazova, Ieva, and Asnate Kirse-Ozolina. "Field pea Pisum Sativum L. as a perspective ingredient for vegan foods: a review." In Research for Rural Development 2020. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.26.2020.019.

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Dry seeds of peas (Pisum sativum L.) have long been used as a staple food and feed globally, and its nutritional, health and ecological benefits comply with growing demand for novel vegan foods intended for health and sustainability conscious individuals. The aim of this study was to review research findings and latest information on field pea usage as a functional ingredient in vegan foods. Monographic method was used to analyse field pea Pisum sativum L. usage as a diverse and multifunctional ingredient in vegan foods, covering latest available information on chemical composition of field pea and main food ingredients made from field pea, focusing on the varieties from which yellow split pea is produced; their impact on ready product’s nutrition, sensory properties and application in food industry. Major types of novel vegan foods containing field peas available on market were named. Pea protein, starch and fibre have demonstrated functional properties in different food systems, including – emulsification, oil-in-water system stabilisation, texture modification, binding, gelation, foaming, and solubility. It is functionally possible and nutritionally and ecologically desirable to develop novel vegan foods intended as animal product alternatives with acceptable sensory properties.
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Anđelić, Biljana, Radojica Đoković, Marko Cincović, and Mira Majkić. "Influence of environmental factors and biological characteristics of cows on the fatty acid groups and nutritional index of raw milk." In Zbornik radova 26. medunarodni kongres Mediteranske federacije za zdravlje i produkciju preživara - FeMeSPRum. Poljoprivredni fakultet Novi Sad, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/femesprumns24001a.

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Cow's milk contains a large number of fatty acids, some of which may be of potential benefit to human health. The aim of this research is to determine the most important biological and ecological factors that influence the fatty acid composition and nutritional indices of raw milk originating from cows in intensive farm production. Comparing to reference cows, next animals had significantly higher odds of having greater SFA concentrations and lower odds of being in the categories with higher MUFA, PUFA and UFA and concentrations in milk: cows in 2nd and 3rd lactation compared to 1st, cows in mid and late lactation compared to early, cows in heat stress compared to cows in thermoneutral period. Comparing to reference cows, cows with higher BHB had significantly lower odds of having greater SFA concentrations and higher odds of being in the categories with higher MUFA. Also, cows with higher NEFA had significantly lower odds of having greater SFA concentrations and higher odds of being in the categories with higher PUFA. In experimental group compared to reference we found lower odds of having greater nutrition index of milk. Odds to have higher nutrition index increase in cows with intense ketogenesis and lipolysis. In conclusion, older cows, cows in an advanced stage of lactation and cows in heat stress have higher values of SFA, while cows with higher lipolysis and ketogenesis have higher contents of MUFA, PUFA and UFA, which leads to a change in the nutritional indices of raw milk.
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Kusuma, Mutiara Tirta Prabandari Lintang. "Understanding the Contextual Idiosyncrasies of Stunting Prevention Program at District and Village Levels in Indonesia Using the Ecological Approach." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.04.34.

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ABSTRACT Background: Despite rapid economic growth, stunting affects one third of the child­ren under five population in Indonesia. The Government of Indonesia (GoI) realizing the problem, established the National Strategy to Accelerate Stunting Prevention as a national priority program for 2017 to 2021. The GoI plans to maximize the use of resources, policies, and programs that encompasses nutrition-specific and sensitive interventions directed to the first 100 days of life. This study aimed to explore the extent of program planning, budgeting, and implementation related to stunting prevention at district and village level as well as to understand the challenges presented to converge intervention. Subjects and Method: A case study with ecological approach was conducted in 10 villages from five districts in Indonesia. The study method included focus group discussions with 70 district officials and 100 village representatives, interviews with 12 key informants from district planning agency, document analysis, and reflective journaling. The data were reported descriptively. Results: Most head districts, officials from relevant departments and village leaders committed to stunting prevention following the vice president decree of stunting as a national priority. As a result, programs and budget were in place and local initiatives to prevent stunting were on the rise. Despite the commitment, many expressed ambivalences and disregarded the issue as a mere short stature (genetic variation). Thus, problems related to efficiency, coverage, and sustainability persists as maintaining motivation among staffs were difficult. In some settings, the situation was exacerbated by factors such as high financial dependency, misconception, and poor gender relation. Conclusion: The policy and programs to control stunting among children in Indonesia are in place. However, challenges occur due to the complexity in governance system as well as lack of political will. Better communication and cooperation are essential for well implemented policies. Keywords: stunting, ecological approach, case study, nutrition intervention, nutrition policy Correspondence: Mutiara Tirta Prabandari Lintang Kusuma. Department of Health Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Public Health, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia. Jl. Farmako, Sekip Utara Yogyakarta 55281. Email: mutiara.tirta@gmail.com. Mobile: +62­8­139880­320 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.04.34
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A.R., Neidorf, and Zhukova P.A. "COELENTERATES AS AN OBJECT OF AQUACULTURE AND PROSPECTS FOR THEIR PRACTICAL USE." In II INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE "DEVELOPMENT AND MODERN PROBLEMS OF AQUACULTURE" ("AQUACULTURE 2022" CONFERENCE). DSTU-Print, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/aquaculture.2022.88-91.

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The article considers the features of evolution, systematics, nutrition and reproduction of coelenterates, determining their role in aquatic ecosystems. The features of the position in trophic chains and the significance for the topological organization of water cenosis are considered. Based on the ecological significance, possible ways of practical use are identified and the main problems of artificial breeding of coelenterates are outlined.
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Rezvyakova S.V., Rezvyakova S. V. "Resistance of black currant to temperature stress depending on soil fertility." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-55.

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The article presents the results of field and laboratory studies on the influence of natural mineral zeolite of the Khotynets deposit of the Oryol region on the stability of a black currant to drought and frost. The conditions of mineral nutrition largely determine the ecological tolerance of black currant to adverse temperature factors of the winter and growing seasons. Application of the environmentally safe natural mineral zeolite of the Khotynets deposit to the soil at a dose of 16 t/ha together with a full mineral fertilizer at a dose of N90P90K90 increases their drought and frost resistance.
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Koshliakov, O., O. Dyniak, and l. Koshliakova. "Technogenic infiltration nutrition component underground water as a factor the emergence and activation of dangerous exogenous processes in industrial and city aglomerating territories." In 11th International Conference on Monitoring of Geological Processes and Ecological Condition of the Environment. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201800077.

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Melnichuk, T. N., A. A. Gongalo, A. Yu Egovtseva, E. R. Abdurashytova, and E. N. Turin. "Impact of microbial preparations on the activity of rhizosphere and the productivity of oil flax under no-till." In РАЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПРИРОДНЫХ РЕСУРСОВ В АГРОЦЕНОЗАХ. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-15.05.2020.16.

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Microbial preparations improve mineral nutrition of plants, protect against phytopathogens, and increase their resistance to stress factors. The aim of our research is to study the effect of microbial preparations on the biological activity of rhizosphere and the productivity of oil flax under no-till in the Crimean Steppe. Microbiological analysis of the rhizosphere of oil flax showed that there is a tendency to increase the number of microorganisms of various ecological and trophic groups both under the conditions of the conventional farming system (CFS) and no-till when seeds are inoculated with a complex of microbial preparations (CMP). Under CFS, the number of microorganisms using mineral forms of nitrogen as nutrition increased by 28 %; pedotrophs – by 37 %; ammonifiers and oligotrophs increased under both farming systems. The total number of nitrogen fixers increased by 29 % under CFS as a result of biological preparations use, while under no-till there was only a trend towards increasing the amount of azotobacter. The number of actinomycetes increased under the influence of CMP by 50% under direct sowing; micromycetes decreased under both farming systems. The number of cellulose-degrading microorganisms increased by 18 and 27 % under no- till and CFS, respectively. The yield of oilseed flax under no-till was 0.11 t/ha (12.9 %) higher than under conventional farming system. On average, over three years (2017-2019), an increase in yield amounted to 0.12 t/ha (19%) due to the use of microbial preparations.

Reports on the topic "Ecological nutrition":

1

Dutta, Deborah, and Amrita Hazra. ‘There is a Bee in my Balcony’: A Guide to Growing Food Anywhere You Live Using Illustrated Narratives of Diverse Urban Farms. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/tesf0305.2023.

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Food is a fundamental aspect of our everyday life, with deep connections to sustainability and social justice. Unfortunately, our current conventional industrial food systems form a core part of the ecological crisis. To engage with these systems, we require a radical transformation of our relationship with food, acknowledging that we as humans are also a part of the natural environment. Recognising the interdependence of agrobiodiversity, soil health and indigenous knowledge about nutrition and well-being requires the collective participation of diverse socio-economic groups at the local level.
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Berkström, Charlotte, Hampus Eriksson, Maria Eggertsen, Birgit Koehler, and Anna Norman Haldén. Securing sustainable access to aquatic foods. SLU Global, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.7fllvb7hr4.

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Global nutrition needs are increasing and aquatic foods have recently been identified as crucial in addressing many of the world’s urgent challenges, including hunger and malnutrition. This synthesis highlights the importance of aquatic foods as a source of protein, micronutrients and income, its potential to meet increasing food demands, as well as the challenges in aquatic food production and harvesting. Most importantly, it provides an overview of management initiatives and innovative solutions for secured sustainable access to aquatic foods in the future. Aquatic foods provide micronutrient-rich foods for 3.3 billion people and support the livelihoods of more than 800 million people. Small-scale fisheries, in particular, play a key role in supporting the diversity and nutritional benefits of aquatic foods. However, the capture and production of aquatic foods is not always sustainable, and access to these foods may be unequal. At the water-land nexus, new ways of producing aquatic foods hold the potential to reduce the climate footprint in the food system. The governance of, and investment in, aquatic food systems needs to aim to preserve, support and improve aquatic species diversity and to improve access to this highly nutritious food. These efforts need to include multiple stakeholders, such as fishers, community agencies, policy makers and researchers, and be firmly established in both the latest research and in a local/regional context - ecologically and socially. By incorporating different aspects of aquatic foods, this synthesis aims to inspire and inform the reader about the importance of these systems, and means for a sustainable way forward.
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Goetsch, Arthur L., Yoav Aharoni, Arieh Brosh, Ryszard (Richard) Puchala, Terry A. Gipson, Zalman Henkin, Eugene D. Ungar, and Amit Dolev. Energy Expenditure for Activity in Free Ranging Ruminants: A Nutritional Frontier. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696529.bard.

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Heat production (HP) or energy expenditure for activity (EEa) is of fundamental nutritional importance for livestock because it determines the proportion of ingested nutrients available for productive functions. Previous estimates of EEa are unreliable and vary widely with different indirect methodologies. This leads to erroneous nutritional strategies, especially when intake on pasture does not meet nutritional requirements and supplementation is necessary for acceptable production. Therefore, the objective of this project was to measure EEa in different classes of livestock (beef cattle and goats) over a wide range of ecological and management conditions to develop and evaluate simple means of prediction. In the first study in Israel, small frame (SF) and large frame (LF) cows (268 and 581 kg) were monitored during spring, summer, and autumn. Feed intake by SF cows per unit of metabolic weight was greater (P < 0.001) than that by LF cows in both spring and summer and their apparent selection of higher quality herbage in spring was greater (P < 0.10) than that of LF cows. SF cows grazed more hours per day and walked longer distances than the LF cows during all seasons. The coefficient of specific costs of activities (kJ•kg BW-0.75•d-1) and of locomotion (J•kg BW-0.75•m-1) were smaller for the SF cows. In the second study, cows were monitored in March, May, and September when they grazed relatively large plots, 135 and 78 ha. Energy cost coefficients of standing, grazing, and horizontal locomotion derived were similar to those of the previous study based on data from smaller plots. However, the energy costs of walking idle and of vertical locomotion were greater than those found by Brosh et al. (2006) but similar to those found by Aharoni et al. (2009). In the third study, cows were monitored in February and May in a 78-ha plot with an average slope of 15.5°, whereas average plot slopes of the former studies ranged between 4.3 and 6.9°. Energy cost coefficients of standing, grazing, and walking idle were greater than those calculated in the previous studies. However, the estimated energy costs of locomotion were lower in the steeper plot. A comparison on a similar HP basis, i.e., similar metabolizable energy (ME) intake, shows that the daily energy spent on activities in relation to daily HP increased by 27% as the average plot slope increased from 5.8 and 6.02 to 15.5°. In the fourth study, cows grazing in a woodland habitat were monitored as in previous studies in December, March, and July. Data analysis is in progress. In the first US experiment, Boer and Spanish does with two kids were used in an experiment beginning in late spring at an average of 24 days after kidding. Two does of each breed resided in eight 0.5-ha grass/forb pastures. Periods of 56, 60, 63, 64, and 73 days in length corresponded to mid-lactation, early post-weaning, the late dry period, early gestation, and mid-gestation. EEa expressed as a percentage of the ME requirement for maintenance plus activity in confinement (EEa%) was not influenced by stocking rate, breed, or period, averaging 49%. Behavioral activities (e.g., time spent grazing, walking, and idle, distance traveled) were not highly related to EEa%, although no-intercept regressions against time spent grazing/eating and grazing/eating plus walking indicated an increase in EEa% of 5.8 and 5.1%/h, respectively. In the second study, animal types were yearling Angora doeling goats, yearling Boer wether goats, yearling Spanish wether goats, and Rambouilletwether sheep slightly more than 2 yr of age. Two animals of each type were randomly allocated to one of four pastures 9.3, 12.3, 4.6, and 1.2 ha in area. The experiment was conducted in the summer with three periods, 30, 26, and 26 days in length. EEa% was affected by an interaction between animal type and period (Angora: 16, 17, and 15; Boer: 60, 67, and 34; Spanish: 46, 62, and 42; sheep: 22, 12, and 22% in periods 1, 2, and 3, respectively (SE = 6.1)). EEa% of goats was predicted with moderate accuracy (R2 = 0.40-0.41) and without bias from estimates of 5.8 and 5.1%/h spent grazing/eating and grazing/eating plus walking, respectively, determined in the first experiment; however, these methods were not suitable for sheep. These methods of prediction are simpler and more accurate than currently recommended for goats by the National Research Council.
4

Obregon, Jean-Francois, Sergio Lazzarini, Diane-Laure Arjalies, Julie Gualandris, Guanjie Huang, Ellen Kempton, Rubaina Singla, Yashika Sharma, and Jimmy Wang. Towards a Climate-Smart Food System: A Theory of Change and Impact Metrics to Trigger Farming and Societal Change. Richard Ivey School of Business., October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/iveypub.78.2023.

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There is significant interest in sustainable food production practices in Canada and worldwide due to the challenges caused by the Russia-Ukraine war, land degradation, and climate change. Sustainable food production is a food system that provides affordable, nutritious food while preserving and restoring natural resources and generating robust ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, water filtration, and retention. This report explores multiple routes to foster improved social, ecological, and economic impacts associated with alternative practices promoting sustainable food production. It identifies core problems that prevent agricultural systems and their food chains from implementing (more) sustainable practices. The report mobilizes a Theory of Change (TOC) to outline possible interventions and metrics to implement (community-based) interventions to promote shared principles of sustainable production and create communities of practice. The TOC was developed in consultation with a set of actors in the food chain (including farmers, financial institutions, municipal governments, food processors, NGOs and industry associations) during a nine-month research intervention in Canada (2023), complemented by a literature review. Thanks to this co-creation process, the proposed interventions and metrics to measure and track improvements at the farm and societal levels presented in this report are outcomes-based and bottom-up. This enables agricultural communities and actors in the food chain to pursue alternative routes to improve outcomes. The report also discusses incentives to pursue sustainable food production, either explicit (e.g. monetary payments, contractual clauses) or implicit (e.g. social norms, cultural values, network-based engagement of food chain actors). Lastly, it outlines a potential research design to test the suggested interventions, metrics, and incentives in a Randomized Control Trial (RCT).
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Mitchell, Brian G., Amir Neori, Charles Yarish, D. Allen Davis, Tzachi Samocha, and Lior Guttman. The use of aquaculture effluents in spray culture for the production of high protein macroalgae for shrimp aqua-feeds. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7597934.bard.

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Abstract:
The FAO has projected a doubling in world demand for seafood during the 21 ed from aquaculture of marine fish and shrimps fed primarily on fishmeal-based aquafeeds. However, current practices of high intensity monoculture of shrimp in coastal ponds and fish in offshore pens have been strongly criticized as being ecologically and socially unsustainable. This view derives from un- checked eutrophication of coastal marine ecosystems from fish farm effluents, and the destruction of coastal estuarine ecosystems by shrimp farm constructions, plus aquaculture’s reliance on wild-caught small fish - which are excellent food for humans, but instead are rendered into fishmeal and fish oil for formulating aquafeeds. Fishmeal-sparing and waste- reduction aquafeeds can only delay the time when fed aquaculture product are priced out of affordability for most consumers. Additionally, replacement of fishmeal protein and fish oil by terrestrial plant sources such as soybean meal and oil directly raises food costs for human communities in developing nations. New formulations incorporating sustainably-produced marine algal proteins and oils are growing in acceptance as viable and practical alternatives. This BARD collaborative research project investigated a sustainable water-sparing spray/drip culture method for producing high-protein marine macrophyte meals for incorporation into marine shrimp and fish diets. The spray culture work was conducted at laboratory-scale in the USA (UCSD-SIO) using selected Gracilariaand Ulvastrains isolated and supplied by UCONN, and outdoors at pilot-scale in Israel (IOLR-NCM) using local strains of Ulvasp., and nitrogen/phosphorus-enriched fish farm effluent to fertilize the spray cultures and produce seaweed biomass and meals containing up to 27% raw protein (dry weight content). Auburn University (USA) in consultation with TAMUS (USA) used the IOLR meals to formulate diets and conduct marine shrimp feeding trials, which resulted in mixed outcomes, indicating further work was needed to chemically identify and remove anti-nutritional elements present in the IOLR-produced seaweed meals.

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