Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ecological frontier'
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Zabala, Aiora. "Motivations and incentives for pro-environmental behaviour : the case of silvopasture adoption in the tropical forest frontier." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/253009.
Full textShellard, Alexia Helena de Araujo. "Caminho velho das Minas Gerais: uma análise das transformações sócio-ambientais da fronteira de colonização do século XVIII." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5838.
Full textNatureza é uma idéia complexa forjada na tradição ocidental de oposição entre espírito e matéria; a natureza, contudo, comporta não apenas significados biofísicos, mas também dimensões míticas e evocativas. Baseada nessa perspectiva, a presente dissertação analisa as transformações ambientais que ocorreram na esteira da colonização das Minas Gerais através do Caminho Velho. Estudando aspectos simbólicos, econômicos e ecológicos do processo de ocupação dos sertões, tentamos compreender os distintos elos materiais e imateriais que conectam seres humanos e espaço. O ouro atraiu para o interior da América portuguesa multidões de pessoas que necessitavam alimento e abrigo. Se a existência do ouro pode ser considerada um fator físico, o que dizer da valorização do metal pelas populações européias? Se o alimento é uma necessidade fisiológica para a sobrevivência humana, o que pensar da preferência de garimpeiros por carne de boi? Traçando relações entre fisicalidade e cultura, evidenciamos as transformações como resultado do dialogismo entre sociedade e natureza. A natureza dos sertões mineiros ao longo de um século foi totalmente alterada: milhares de espécies nativas foram substituídas por algumas poucas espécies exóticas. A agência humana teve um papel crucial nessa revolução, mas o imperialismo ecológico, embora impulsionado pelo expansionismo europeu, não rendeu exatamente os frutos ansiados pelos colonizadores.
Silva, Macher Jose Carlos. "Studies of social metabolism at the commodity frontiers of Peru." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400656.
Full textThe thesis aims to contribute toward improved understanding of complex ecological distribution conflicts at the commodity frontiers, where increasing metabolism in industrial societies is leading to increased environmental destruction in resource rich countries throughout the world. The thesis consists of three case studies of social metabolism in Peru (i.e. Camisea, Conga, and Sierra del Divisor). Analytical representations of the central economic processes are developed based on the flow/fund theory (Georgescu-Roegen, 1971) in order to explore the anatomy of these environmental conflicts. The thesis develops an empirical methodological contribution that combines two approaches: the environmental valuation triadics representation of economic purpose (Farrell, 2007) and the multi-scale integrated analysis of societal and ecosystem metabolism (MuSIASEM) representation of economic process (Giampietro and Mayumi, 2000a, 2000b, 2009). That is, the social actor’s economic purpose defines the boundaries of the economic process (i.e. frontier and duration), and therefore, the process elements identities in terms of flows and funds. This can be understood as the pre-analytical step of the MuSIASEM representation of an economic process. The Camisea case study analyzes the energy-water-mining complex, and poses the specific question: What are the long-term national energy system implications of the government-supported growth of the mining sector? This question is addressed by analyzing interactions between funds of human economic activity and flows of exosomatic energy across scales of the Peruvian economy, in 2000 and 2010, with a projection for 2020. The MuSIASEM empirical results indicate: (1) the extremely high electricity metabolic rate (eEMR) of the mining sector (61.6 MJ/h in 2010), which was found to be 11 times the eEMR of the building and manufacturing sector; and (2) the potential increase of the flow share of electricity used by the mining sector, which could reduce the availability of Camisea natural gas –the main fossil fuels reserve– for the rest of society. Based on these implications, it is argued that the Peruvian government strong support for growth of the mining sector may have to be reconsidered. The Conga case study in the Andes explores the anatomy of the ecological distribution conflict between the mining corporation and the campesinos (peasants). By complementing the concept of Ricardian land—an indestructible fund—with the concept of land materials, which is susceptible to qualitative change, and therefore can be either a fund or a flow element of the economic process, we illustrate that the minerals extraction process of multinational companies, which treats this land material as a flow, stands in conflict with the milk production process of campesinos, because that process is using these land materials as a fund, that is, in order to make production possible. In other words, from the perspective of campesinos (and the common sense) “el agua vale más que el oro” –that is, the market exchange value of gold is less important than the life support value of water (i.e. biophysical and spiritual). The Sierra del Divisor case study in the Amazonia applies the MuSIASEM in a simplified way in order to describe key economic processes in two periods of time, before and after the potential construction of the transcontinental Brazil-Peru railway project that would cross the Sierra del Divisor tropical rainforest, representing a major change in the boundary conditions of the observed system. The economic processes studied in this case include: industrial soybean production in Brazil, alluvial gold mining extraction in Peru, fishing by native communities, rice production by small farmers, and hunting and gathering activities of indigenous people living in voluntary isolation.
Carneiro, Gabriel Tenaglia. "Processo de fragmentação e caracterização dos remanescentes de cerrado: análise ecológica da paisagem da bacia do rio dos Peixes (GO)." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4478.
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The occupation of the Cerrado in central Brazil is characterized by the increasing incorporation of new areas into production system at the expense of deforestation and conversion to agricultural use of their land, with the support of successive policies since the 1930s, but especially of the decade 1970, induced by the Polocentro Cerrado Development Program, when this process was intensified, causing fragmentation and isolation of the remnants of its various vegetation types. This thesis presents the results of the studies of basin Peixe fiver, a member of the upper basin of the Araguaia River, in the state of Goiás between 1970 and 2009, based on an approach in Ecology Landscape, Geography and Botany (Floristic) applied to the theme of fragmentation of vegetation. The overall goal is to identify and to characterize the remnants and their relations with the evolution of land use and soil types in order to provide data for the evaluation of conservation and sustainability. Methodologically, it employs geo technologies, analysis of landscape metrics and floristic composition of representative fragments beyond the analysis of the relation between land use, soil types and spatial distribution of remaining with emphasis on Principal Component Analysis. The results revealed high rates of current deforestation and increasing fragmentation between 1985 and 2009, and risk, threat to biodiversity conservation. Also revealed predominance of the relation between Ultisols and Pastures interpreting it as a result of the intermediaries agricultural potential of these soils for intensive cultivation due to its high fragility associated with the high erodibility, which would burden other forms of much use, and emphasize concentration of the remaining in areas Permanent Preservation (APP) in the pastures, especially Riparian Forest, more continuous and with greater floristic richness. It was concluded that expand in cattle raising in the studied area was strongly influenced by the soil factor, the low potential of cultivation, which could also explain the lower rate of conversion of the Cerrado, caused by the use anthropic when compared to neighboring basins, where better soils and softer dominated reliefs and softer, and finally the remnants fragments are still recoverable due sustainability indicators revealed by their metrics. Keywords:
A ocupação do Bioma Cerrado no Brasil Central se caracteriza pela incorporação crescente de novas áreas ao sistema produtivo, à custa de desmatamento e conversão ao uso agropecuário das suas terras, inclusive com o apoio de sucessivas políticas públicas desde a década de 1930, mas, sobretudo da década de 1970, induzidas pelo Polocentro- Programa de Desenvolvimento do Cerrado, quando esse processo se intensificou, gerando fragmentação e isolamento dos remanescentes das suas diversas fitofisionomias. A presente tese apresenta o resultado dos estudos da bacia hidrográfica do rio dos Peixes, integrante da alta bacia do rio Araguaia, no estado de Goiás, entre 1970 à 2009, com base numa abordagem em Ecologia da Paisagem, Geografia e Botânica (Florística) aplicada ao tema de fragmentação da cobertura vegetal. O objetivo geral é identificar e caracterizar os remanescentes e suas relações com a evolução de uso do solo e os tipos de solos, de modo a fornecer subsídios para a avaliação da sua conservação e sustentabilidade. Metodologicamente, utiliza-se de geotecnologias, análise das métricas da paisagem e da composição florística de fragmentos representativos além da análise da relação entre o uso do solo, os tipos de solos e a distribuição espacial dos remanescentes, com ênfase na Análise dos Componentes Principais. Os resultados revelaram elevada taxa de desmatamento atual e fragmentação crescente entre 1985 à 2009, além de comprometimento de conservação da biodiversidade. Revelaram ainda predominância da relação entre Argissolos e Pastagens interpretando-a como resultante do potencial agrícola intermediário desses solos para cultivos intensivos devido sua fragilidade elevada associada a sua alta erodibilidade, o que oneraria muito outras formas de uso, e enfatizam a concentração dos remanescentes em Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP) nas áreas de pastagem, sobretudo Mata Ciliar, mais contínua e com maior riqueza florística. Concluiu-se que a expansão pecuária na bacia estudada foi fortemente condicionada pelo fator solo, de baixa aptidão agrícola, o que explicaria também sua menor taxa de conversão do Cerrado ao uso antrópico, quando comparada às bacias vizinhas, onde dominam melhores solos e relevos mais suaves, e, finalmente, que seus fragmentos remanescentes ainda são recuperáveis, devido aos indicadores de sustentabilidade revelados por suas métricas.
Avila, Calero Sofía. "Decarbonizing the South. Space, justice and politics at the renewable energy frontiers." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671659.
Full textAnte el cambio climático antropogénico y el imperativo por descarbonizar la economía mundial, se observa un creciente interés por parte de organizaciones internacionales, bancos de desarrollo e inversores privados para promover la implementación de megaproyectos de energía renovable a lo largo del Sur Global. El ímpetu por “desacelerar” el cambio climático “acelerando” el desarrollo verde encuentra, sin embargo, una creciente resistencia a escala local. El paulatino aumento de conflictos en torno a megaproyectos de energía renovable sugiere nuevas preguntas para la Ecología Política y la Justicia Ambiental ¿Cómo se está concibiendo la transición energética y bajo qué supuestos? Cómo se desarrollan estos proyectos: ¿en dónde, por quién, para quién? ¿Qué tipo de transformaciones desatan estas infraestructuras y cuál es el rol de las comunidades locales en definir tales cambios? Esta tesis estudia los fenómenos arriba apuntados enfocándose en el caso de la energía eólica y solar. El trabajo parte de una perspectiva biofísica, enfatizando que la necesaria salida de las energías fósiles y hacia las energías renovables implicará reconfiguraciones espacio-territoriales en distintas escalas. Estos procesos, cuestionan el cómo las energías renovables podrían revertir o, por el contrario, reforzar, las desiguales estructuras de poder existentes. Al posicionar el estudio de los conflictos como tema central de análisis, la tesis arroja luz sobre las voces que desafían los enfoques dominantes para la implementación de las energías renovables que se derivan del paradigma de Modernización Ecológica y las fórmulas de desarrollo basadas en el crecimiento. El trabajo se basa en el Atlas de Justicia Ambiental y otros ejercicios de cartografía crítica, proporcionando un análisis multi-escalar sobre las inversiones y los conflictos. Se presentan estudios de caso sobre México, las Américas, Asia, África y Europa, identificando patrones comunes y diferencias en las voces que reclaman mayor reconocimiento, participación democrática y redistribución en la transición energética. El análisis conjunto arroja seis resultados transversales para el análisis, la planificación y la imaginación de transiciones energéticas más justas y sustentables: 1. La naturaleza intrínseca de las energías renovables -más dispersas y menos productivas que las fósiles- combinada con el imperativo por mantener la expansión del metabolismo industrial, se traduce en nuevas formas de cambio y conflicto ambiental. 2.-Bajo el imperativo del “crecimiento como desarrollo”, la expansión de energías renovables empuja a la creación de nuevas fronteras energéticas. Estas fronteras se caracterizan por su naturaleza “”horizontal””: se requieren grandes extensiones de tierra para aprovechar, a escala industrial, los flujos de radiación solar y las corrientes de viento. 3. Las políticas neoliberales están jugando un papel central en ”romper las barreras” para la expansión de estas fronteras, incluyendo la “liberalización” de tierras rurales y el sector eléctrico. Se facilita, así, la implementación de grandes infraestructuras corporativas y centralizadas; suministrando electricidad para distintas actividades extractivas, industrias y ciudades. 4. Los cambios en la tenencia, usos y cobertura de la tierra, están afectando de manera desproporcionada a las comunidades campesinas, indígenas y otros grupos rurales del Sur Global. En este proceso, los enfoques públicos y comunitarios para una transición energética parecen quedar eliminados. 5. La tierra y el territorio se convierten en el tema político central de los conflictos. A escalas más amplias, los conflictos revelan cómo los megaproyectos renovables están reforzando la dinámica centro-periferia, rural-urbana, norte-sur que ha caracterizado al sistema de energía fósil. 6.- En lugar de solo negociar los beneficios de un “desarrollo bajo en carbono”, las luchas ambientales populares están abriendo espacios cada vez más amplios para configurar enfoques alternativos a la transición, considerando transformaciones sociales que apuntan a la configuración de metabolismos basados en la suficiencia, la equidad y los bienes comunes.
Renewable energies are expanding globally due to the increasing concerns over anthropogenic climate change and concomitant calls to decarbonize the world economy. In this process, international agencies, developing banks, and private investors are progressively shifting attention towards the “developing world,” promoting a rapid deployment of large-scale projects. This momentum, however, brings a paradox to the fore. The idea of “slowing-down” climate change while “speeding-up” green development encounters increasing resistance at local scales. These processes bring new questions for Political Ecology and Environmental Justice studies: How is the expansion of renewable energies envisioned? Under which assumptions? How is this process taking place (where, by whom, and for whom)? How are local territories being rearranged for such purposes, and how are communities involved, actively or passively, in such processes? This dissertation studies the ongoing expansion of mega wind and solar power projects across the Global South and the local contestations emerging in response. The work starts from a biophysical perspective, highlighting that the required phase out from fossil fuels and towards renewable energies implies spatial reconfigurations at different scales. This process, it shows, involves deep social rearrangements, shifting attention to how renewable energies might reinforce or revert existing power structures. In positioning the study of environmental conflicts as the central subject of analysis, the dissertation sheds light on the emerging voices of dissent that challenge dominant approaches to renewable energy implementation stemming from the Ecological Modernization Paradigm and its growth-based development formulas. The work rests on the Environmental Justice Atlas and other critical-cartography exercises, providing a multi-scalar analysis of renewable energy investments and conflicts. It presents different case-studies from Mexico and other contexts of the Americas, Asia, Africa, and Europe. The thesis provides insights on common patterns and diverse narratives of communities claiming their rights for recognition, democratic participation, and redistribution in envisioning a low-carbon future. Six transversal findings shed light on how space, justice, and politics intersect in the study, planning, and imagination of (just) energy transitions: 1. Renewable energies’ biophysical nature, more dispersed and less productive than fossil ones, combined with the imperative of sustaining the growing industrial metabolism, translates into new forms of environmental change and conflict. 2.-The expansion of renewables under a growth-based development paradigm produces new energy frontiers. These frontiers shift attention to its “horizontal” character: vast tracts of land are required to harness the flows of solar radiation and wind currents at an industrial scale. 3. Neoliberal policies are playing a central role in “breaking the barriers” for these frontiers to expand. The deregulation of land transactions and the “liberalization” of electricity markets facilitate the implementation of large-scale, centralized, and corporate facilities, commonly supplying electricity to extractive activities, industries, and cities. 4. Shifts in land tenure, land uses, and land cover are favoring private energy corporations while disproportionally affecting peasant, indigenous, and other rural communities across the Global South. In this process, public and communal approaches for an energy transition seem to be foreclosed. 5. Land becomes the central political subject of emerging conflicts. Local communities mobilize concerns, claims, and discourses around the lack of recognition, participation, and distribution in changes over access, control, and valuation of their territories. At larger scales, conflicts unveil how mega-renewable projects reinforce the center-periphery, rural-urban, north-south dynamics that have characterized the fossil energy system. 6.-As a framework for analysis and as a discourse of political action, Environmental Justice reveals new insights and sets important political questions in the energy transition. Rather than only negotiating the benefits of low-carbon development, popular environmental struggles are increasingly opening spaces to configure alternative approaches to more sufficient, egalitarian, and commons-based metabolic transformations.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals
Villela, Pollyana de Macêdo. "Impactos ambientais da modernização agropecuária em Goiás." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/6592.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The process of modernisation in Goiás has intensified since the 1970 with the State’s strong intervention and the adoption of a highly technological package spread around the world. With the highly subsidized rural credits, economic incentives and investments in infrastructure and transport, the region began to gain notoriety due to agricultural development. Thus, in the course of agricultural modernization process, realized several environmental impacts related to loss of biodiversity, degradation and contamination of soil, water and air resources. Also socioeconomic impacts were observed, such as the rural exodus, the decrease of the job offer in the country, deepening social inequalities, the uncontrolled growth of cities, the development of the economy and of the municipalities, among others. In this context, the present study seeks to understand what are the environmental and socioeconomic impacts more significantly related to the expansion of the agricultural frontier in Goiás and at what level these impacts can be correlated. Therefore, at first, were selected twelve variables, as well as created two indexes that reflect the environmental impacts by using the factor analysis. The first index was called the Index of Livestock and Soil Degradation Impact. The second, in turn, was set to Index of Agriculture and Land Use Impact. The cities with the highest factorials scores for both indexes were: Nova Crixás, São Miguel do Araguaia, Caiapônia, Mineiros, Jataí and Rio Verde. From these data,it was possible to calculate the simple linear correlation analysis. So, the lack of correlation between the Index of Livestock and Soil Degradation Impact and Modernisation Index, i.e. not identified any linear correlation between these two indices. It appeared, therefore, that the environmental impact occurs regardless of whether the region is well upgraded or not. By correlating the same environmental impact index with the Index of Performance of Municipalities, which reflect the socio-economic dimension, it was noticed that there was a correlation, but with low intensity (r = 0.293). Thus, regions with good municipal performance impacted more the environment. Finally, by correlating the Modernization Index with the Index of Performance, also found a low correlation (r = 0.262). In this way, the counties that received more investments in technology, they developed their agricultural economy and stood out economically were those who showed greater socioeconomic impacts. In this perspective, it can be verified a trade off relationship, on the one hand, the agricultural Modernization that generates economic growth, income, structural improvements and development does not prevent the generation of possibly irreversible environmental impacts, for the Cerrado biome.
O processo de modernização da agropecuária em Goiás intensificou-se a partir da década de 1970 com a forte intervenção do Estado e a adoção de um pacote tecnológico altamente disseminado pelo mundo. Com os créditos rurais altamente subsidiados, incentivos econômicos e investimentos em estrutura e transportes, a região passou a ganhar notoriedade em razão do desenvolvimento agrícola. Ao longo desse processo, perceberam-se diversos impactos ambientais relacionados à perda da biodiversidade, à degradação e à contaminação do solo, dos recursos hídricos e do ar. Também se observaram impactos socioeconômicos, tais como o êxodo rural, a diminuição da oferta de emprego no campo, o aprofundamento das desigualdades sociais, o crescimento descontrolado das cidades, o desenvolvimento da economia e dos municípios, dentre outros. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho procura entender quais são os impactos ambientais e socioeconômicos mais significativamente relacionados com a expansão da Fronteira Agrícola em Goiás. Para tanto, em um primeiro momento, foram selecionadas doze variáveis, assim como criados dois índices que refletem os impactos ambientais, por meio da Análise Fatorial. O primeiro índice foi denominado Índice de Impacto da Pecuária e Degradação do Solo. O segundo, por sua vez, foi definido como Índice de Impacto da Agricultura e Uso do Solo. Os municípios com maiores scores fatoriais para ambos os índices foram: Nova Crixás, São Miguel do Araguaia, Caiapônia, Mineiros, Jataí e Rio Verde. A partir desses dados, realizaram-se as análises de correlação linear simples. Assim, constatou-se a inexistência de correlação entre o Índice de Impacto da Pecuária e Degradação do Solo e o Índice de Modernização, ou seja, não se identificou nenhuma correlação linear entre esses dois índices. Verificou-se, portanto, que o impacto ambiental ocorre independentemente do fato de a região ser bem modernizada ou não. Ao correlacionar o mesmo índice de impacto ambiental com o Índice de Desempenho dos municípios, que refletem a dimensão socioeconômica, percebeu-se que existia uma correlação, porém baixa (r = 0,293). Assim, regiões com bom desempenho municipal impactavam mais o meio ambiente. Por fim, ao correlacionar o Índice de Modernização com o Índice de Desempenho, constatou-se também uma baixa correlação (r = 0,262). Dessa forma, os municípios que mais receberam investimentos tecnológicos, desenvolveram sua economia agrícola e se destacaram economicamente foram os que apresentaram maiores impactos socioeconômicos. Nessa perspectiva, percebe-se um trade off em que, por um lado, a Modernização agrícola que gera crescimento econômico, renda, melhorias estruturais e desenvolvimento não impede, por outro, a geração de impactos ambientais significativos para o cerrado.
Baptista, Gualter Barbas. "Bridging environmental conflicts with social metabolism : forestry expansion and socioeconomic change." Doctoral thesis, FCT - UNL, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/5891.
Full textEnvironmental conflicts have traditionally been approached from several scientific fields. However, the different theoretical and empirical developments have proceeded in parallel, with often competing descriptive languages. Furthermore, they tend to focus on resolution, while neglecting the role of conflicts as an expression of groups facing social and ecological injustices perpetrated by the hegemony. This research attempted to build a politically useful understanding of why and how environmental conflicts appear, through interdisciplinary bridging and the avoidance of the post-political hegemony. By focusing on an ex-post historical analysis of the conflicts against eucalyptus plantations in Portugal in the late 1980s, it attempted to identify patterns and dynamics that relate to conflicts. Theories were anchored along the concepts of social metabolism and, more particularly, the framework of multiple scale integrated assessment of societal and ecological metabolism (MuSIASEM). An adaptation of MuSIASEM for conflict analysis was iteratively developed with the empirical analysis of the political ecology of the case study. During the pre-analytical phase, an open information space is developed, comprising environmental conflicts literature, as well as the environmental history and institutional analysis of the case study. The information space is subjected to successive compressions before reaching a relevant structure of the problem. A storyteller is defined according to the relative power imbalances of the conflict situation. Theoretical pathways are created to serve as auxiliaries for the formalization process and for structuring the analysis. The analysis process navigates through the formalizations within each theoretical pathway. Impredicative loop analysis (ILA) is used to expose tensions and constraints generated by emerging hypercycles or clashing metabolic profiles. Finally, the results are subjected to a dialectical discussion, allowing the communication between different pathways. Dialectical discussion along the pathways is particularly useful for promoting interdisciplinary dialogue. The political ecology analysis of the case study has revealed that the higher intensity of conflicts in the late 1980s was due to a series of factors. The immediate cause was resource xii scarcity, which led to a speculative race for lands that included land grabbing strategies. The growing environmental movement in Portugal has provided the rural and peasant identities (the storytellers), with new languages that empowered their struggles. Institutional changes contributed to conflicts attenuation in the 1990s. However, a growing global consumption of paper continues to push the frontiers of industrial forestry around the world. Latin America and Eastern Europe have increased their peripheral position in the world-system of the paper industry, as suppliers of cheap pulp and land for fast-growth tree plantations. Packaging, as a main end-use of paper, can be used to hide from the consumer the impacts of production. This end-use of paper might intensify unequal ecological exchange in different areas and commodities, while being reinforced by it. In this context, conflicts might lead to a relocation of impacts, leaving the hegemony untouched.
Rangé, Charline. "Multi-usage des ressources et mobilités : l'intensification dans une zone humide sahélienne. Le lac Tchad vu par sa fenêtre camerounaise." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AGPT0014/document.
Full textThe Lake Chad is unique in the Sahelian band. Whereas large scale irrigated schemes has characterized the other wetlands, here the development of agriculture, cattle breeding and fishing has been based on the use of the water floods and on mobilities. Almost virgin until the 1940s, the Lake has become a highly populated and cosmopolitan area, exporting diversified foodstuffs to the urban markets of the sub-region. Through the analysis of agrarian and territorial dynamics of the Cameroonian lake shores, this research questions to which extent multi-use of the natural resources and mobilities may allow further agricultural intensification and population increase in such an uncertain environment.Closer complementarity and synergy between activities pave the way for ecological intensification and territorial development inducing wealth and job generation. Due to its marginal nature, the Cameroonian part of the Lake has been the place of continuous social innovations, ensuring to a great diversity of people the access to productive assets and markets. In this sense, it has been actually decisive for the dynamic of intensification. Hydro-ecological, economic and demographic uncertainty has been integrated into the “normal” functioning of the agrarian system and territory. Nowadays, the political uncertainty threatens the future of the Lake Chad. It results both from agricultural and environmental policies and from conflicts between local authorities, that are constitutives of the relation between the State and the populations
Oliveira, Alessandro Roberto de. "Tempo dos netos : abundância e escassez nas redes de discursos ecológicos entre os Wapichana na fronteira Brasil-Guiana." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2012. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/12958.
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Esta tese aborda como imagens de abundância e de escassez estão sendo formuladas nas redes de discursos ecológicos das quais participam os Wapichana, povo de língua aruaque que habita a região de savanas e florestas entre o Estado de Roraima no Brasil e o distrito do Rupununi na República Cooperativa da Guiana. A etnografia aborda como os Wapichana, no contexto local da comunidade Jacamim, estão construindo estes discursos baseados em suas tradições de conhecimento e no diálogo com uma rede mais ampla de enunciados ligados às discussões sobre gestão ambiental em terras indígenas. A partir da interação entre as tradições de conhecimento wapichana e os enunciados sobre a temática ambiental nos diálogos interétnicos, a tese analisa a controvérsia atual sobre uma prática de conhecimento considerada tradicional: o uso de venenos de pesca. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
This thesis discusses how images of abundance and scarcity are being formulated in networks of ecological discourses of which participate the Wapichana, Arawak speaking people inhabiting the region of savannas and forests between the State of Roraima in Brazil and the Rupununi District, in the Cooperative Republic of Guyana. The ethnography discusses how Wapichana people, in the local context of Jacamim community, are building these discourses based on their traditions of knowledge and in dialogue with a wider network of discourses about environmental management in indigenous lands. From the interaction between the Wapichana traditions of knowledge and the statements about environmental issues in interethnic dialogues, the thesis analyzes the current controversy over a practice of knowledge considered traditional: the use of fishing poison.
Piccoli, Gustavo Cauê de Oliveira. "Um predador generalista na fronteira entre ecossistemas : interações tróficas e os processos ecossitêmicos bromelícolas /." São José do Rio Preto, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138495.
Full textBanca: Patricia Hoffmann
Banca: Michel Varajão Garey
Banca: Paula Munhoz de Omena
Banca: Lilian Casatti
Resumo: A predação é uma interação entre espécies com forte impacto na estrutura e dinâmica dos ecossistemas, não só em ambientes aquáticos e terrestres, mas também de forma conectiva em ecótonos onde a fronteira entre eles é tênue. O microcosmo natural misto contido em bromélias tanque, ou seja, formado por componentes terrestres e aquáticos, é um sistema favorável para estudos sobre os efeitos interecossistêmicos da predação e seus reflexos sobre os processos ecossistêmicos bromelícolas. Nesta Tese busquei por meio de observações e experimentos em campo elucidar questões comportamentais e ecológicas de um predador terrestre, a aranha Corinna demersa (Corinnidae) e sua relação com os organismos aquáticos e processos ecossistêmicos contido nos fitotelmatas de bromélias tanque em uma área de Mata Atlântica no litoral sudeste brasileiro. No primeiro capítulo, reconheci a interação exclusiva deste predador com bromélias tanque, habitat o qual ele utiliza durante todo seu ciclo de vida com comportamentos adaptados a este ambiente. No segundo capítulo, identifiquei os efeitos diretos e indiretos deste predador terrestre em uma comunidade aquática simplificada e comparei a intensidade da cascata trófica causada por ele, pelo predador aquático e por ambos. Os principais resultados foram os efeitos letais diferenciados do predador terrestre e aquático entre os grupos de detritívoros e a interação antagonística entre eles refletida na sobrevivência total das presas aquáticas. Reconheci a influência da qualidade dos detritos sobre a intensidade das cascatas tróficas desencadeadas pelos predadores sobre a fragmentação de detritos. A cascata ocasionada pelo predador aquático pode ser mais intensa que a ocasionada pelo predador terrestre em determinado tipo de detrito, porém também é amortecida ou intensificada pelo efeito interativo dos predadores sobre os detritívoros. No último capítulo, testei o efeito...
Abstract: Predation is a kind of ecological interaction that strongly influences the structure and dynamic of not only terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, but also in a connective way in the ecotones where the borders lines are thin. Tank bromeliads provide a naturally mixed microcosm, composed by both terrestrial and aquatic elements, being suitable for the study of across-ecosystems predation effects, and the consequences in the bromeliad ecosystem effects. In our study we aimed to elucidated behavioral and ecological issues of the terrestrial predator, the spider Corinna demersa (Corinnidae), and its relationship with aquatic organisms and the ecosystem processes present in the tank bromeliads of the Atlantic Rainforest in the southeastern coast of Brazil. In the first chapter we identify the exclusive interaction between this predator and tank bromeliads, being the habitat where the spider spends its whole life, showing particular behaviors adapted to this environment. In the second chapter the direct and indirect effects of this predator in an aquatic and simplified community were identified, being the intensity of the trophic cascade compared when initiated by the terrestrial predator, by the aquatic and both. The main results point out the distinct lethal effects between terrestrial and aquatic predators and their antagonistic interaction, which results in the total survivor of aquatic preys. We documented the influence of the quality of detritus on the intensity of trophic cascades triggered by predators over the fragmentation rate of detritus. A cascade generated by the aquatic predator may be more intense than that generated by the terrestrial predator in a specific type of detritus, although it could be either diminished or enhanced due to the interactive effect of predators over detritivorous. In the last part, we verified the effect of the food availability by the presence of a terrestrial prey, on the interaction between C. demersa ...
Doutor
Piccoli, Gustavo Cauê de Oliveira [UNESP]. "Um predador generalista na fronteira entre ecossistemas: interações tróficas e os processos ecossitêmicos bromelícolas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138495.
Full textCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A predação é uma interação entre espécies com forte impacto na estrutura e dinâmica dos ecossistemas, não só em ambientes aquáticos e terrestres, mas também de forma conectiva em ecótonos onde a fronteira entre eles é tênue. O microcosmo natural misto contido em bromélias tanque, ou seja, formado por componentes terrestres e aquáticos, é um sistema favorável para estudos sobre os efeitos interecossistêmicos da predação e seus reflexos sobre os processos ecossistêmicos bromelícolas. Nesta Tese busquei por meio de observações e experimentos em campo elucidar questões comportamentais e ecológicas de um predador terrestre, a aranha Corinna demersa (Corinnidae) e sua relação com os organismos aquáticos e processos ecossistêmicos contido nos fitotelmatas de bromélias tanque em uma área de Mata Atlântica no litoral sudeste brasileiro. No primeiro capítulo, reconheci a interação exclusiva deste predador com bromélias tanque, habitat o qual ele utiliza durante todo seu ciclo de vida com comportamentos adaptados a este ambiente. No segundo capítulo, identifiquei os efeitos diretos e indiretos deste predador terrestre em uma comunidade aquática simplificada e comparei a intensidade da cascata trófica causada por ele, pelo predador aquático e por ambos. Os principais resultados foram os efeitos letais diferenciados do predador terrestre e aquático entre os grupos de detritívoros e a interação antagonística entre eles refletida na sobrevivência total das presas aquáticas. Reconheci a influência da qualidade dos detritos sobre a intensidade das cascatas tróficas desencadeadas pelos predadores sobre a fragmentação de detritos. A cascata ocasionada pelo predador aquático pode ser mais intensa que a ocasionada pelo predador terrestre em determinado tipo de detrito, porém também é amortecida ou intensificada pelo efeito interativo dos predadores sobre os detritívoros. No último capítulo, testei o efeito...
Predation is a kind of ecological interaction that strongly influences the structure and dynamic of not only terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, but also in a connective way in the ecotones where the borders lines are thin. Tank bromeliads provide a naturally mixed microcosm, composed by both terrestrial and aquatic elements, being suitable for the study of across-ecosystems predation effects, and the consequences in the bromeliad ecosystem effects. In our study we aimed to elucidated behavioral and ecological issues of the terrestrial predator, the spider Corinna demersa (Corinnidae), and its relationship with aquatic organisms and the ecosystem processes present in the tank bromeliads of the Atlantic Rainforest in the southeastern coast of Brazil. In the first chapter we identify the exclusive interaction between this predator and tank bromeliads, being the habitat where the spider spends its whole life, showing particular behaviors adapted to this environment. In the second chapter the direct and indirect effects of this predator in an aquatic and simplified community were identified, being the intensity of the trophic cascade compared when initiated by the terrestrial predator, by the aquatic and both. The main results point out the distinct lethal effects between terrestrial and aquatic predators and their antagonistic interaction, which results in the total survivor of aquatic preys. We documented the influence of the quality of detritus on the intensity of trophic cascades triggered by predators over the fragmentation rate of detritus. A cascade generated by the aquatic predator may be more intense than that generated by the terrestrial predator in a specific type of detritus, although it could be either diminished or enhanced due to the interactive effect of predators over detritivorous. In the last part, we verified the effect of the food availability by the presence of a terrestrial prey, on the interaction between C. demersa ...
Mello, Silas Volpon de [UNESP]. "Proposta de modelagem da capacidade de suporte hídrica para o estado de São Paulo, Brasil." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151652.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Este texto apresenta uma pesquisa que propõe um modelo para calcular a Capacidade de Suporte Hídrica (CSH) de regiões urbanizadas visando o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, principal objetivo da humanidade neste século. Utilizando as Análises Estocásticas de Fronteira como ferramenta de modelagem da capacidade de suporte, juntamente com o auxílio de um sistema de informações geográficas (SIG), foi criado um método para calcular a carga antrópica no meio ambiente, ou seja, calcular a intensidade de solicitação ou estresse sobre os recursos naturais que uma dada região exerce sobre seu meio. Um estudo exploratório foi elaborado para verificar a viabilidade desta proposta e posteriormente um modelo específico foi desenvolvido, utilizando variáveis de natureza hídrica, culminando no cálculo da CSH dos municípios e das Unidades de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos (UGRHI) do estado de São Paulo. A disponibilidade hídrica superficial dos objetos de estudo, uma das variáveis hídricas que compõe o modelo, foi calculada de forma aproximada utilizando a nova proposta de regionalização de vazões para o estado de São Paulo, onde foi criado o primeiro banco de dados que agrega informações sobre as vazões Q95, Q7,10 e Qm para todos os municípios do estado.Na sequência, foram simulados três cenários abordando possíveis construções do modelo CSH, dois deles consideraram diferentes formas de agrupamento dos parâmetros e o terceiro obteve as classificações de suporte hídrico para as UGRHIs a partir dos resultados dos municípios. O primeiro cenário apontou 5 UGRHIs e 213 municípios em potencial déficit hídrico e o segundo apontou 6 UGRHIs e 180 municípios nesta mesma situação. O terceiro cenário apontou 7 UGRHIs em potencial déficit no suprimento da demanda de água. A partir dos resultados, foram apontadas regiões que estão sob potencial estresse hídrico, ou seja, que não conseguem fornecer de maneira sustentável a quantidade de água requerida por seus habitantes. Essas regiões podem ser apontadas como as mais vulneráveis em períodos de seca. Assim, pretende-se disponibilizar um modelo para auxiliar na questão da preservação do meio ambiente nas escalas local e regional, considerando-se a disponibilidade de água.
This work presents a research project that proposes a model to calculate the Hydric Carrying Capacity (HCC) of urbanized areas aiming at the Sustainable Development, the main goal of humanity in this century. Using Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) as a modeling technique for carrying capacity along with geographic information systems (GIS), a method to calculate the anthropic load in the environment was created. In other words, the idea was to calculate the stress intensity on the natural resources that a given region produces on its environment. An exploratory study was carried out to verify the feasibility of this proposal and later a specific model was developed. Using hydric variables, the model resulted in the determination of the HCC for the municipalities and for the Water Resources Management Units (UGRHI) of the State of São Paulo. The surface water availability of the objects of study, which is one of the hydric variables that compose the model, was calculated in an approximate way using the new proposal of regionalization of flows for the state of São Paulo. This resulted in the first database that aggregates information about the flows Q95, Q7,10 and Qm for all municipalities in the state. Three scenarios were simulated, discussing possible constructions of the HCC model. Two of them considered different ways of grouping the parameters and the third one obtained the hydric support classifications for the UGRHIs from the results of the municipalities. The first scenario pointed out 5 UGRHIs and 213 municipalities in potential hydric deficit, while the second pointed to 6 UGRHIs and 180 municipalities in this same situation. The third scenario pointed out 7 UGRHIs in potential deficits in supplying water demand. From these results, regions that are under potential water stress were pointed out, that is, regions that cannot provide the amount of water required by their inhabitants in a sustainable way. These regions can be identified as the most vulnerable in periods of drought. Thus, the idea was to provide a model as an aid for the environment preservation at both local and regional scales, considering the availability of water.
Maia, Sebastião Gabriel Chaves. "Composição florística de unidades domésticas na fronteira Brasil-Paraguai: uma abordagem etnoecológica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-17072018-155324/.
Full textHuman cultures have particular and differentiated ways of perceiving, identifying, classifying and, above all, interacting with the natural environment. Ethnobiology, a sub-area of Ethnoscience is the basis of Ethnobotany and Ethnoecology, which present studies on the knowledge of a cultural group on botany and ecology, therefore, on human interactions with the natural environment. The knowledge obtained / generated constitutes an important basis in the definition of strategies that allow the biological and cultural conservation. These studies are also relevant to know the mechanisms used by human populations in their interaction with the environment. Based on these principles, the present study aimed to ethnoecologically record the relationship of the human being with the vegetal composition of the domestic unit, considering cultural, social, biological and ecological aspects. In this way, it is intended to contribute to the conservation of ethno-species diversity in the Brazil-Paraguay border region, in the municipality of Ponta Porã, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, during 2016 and 2017. For this purpose, it was observed which plants are available and which are recognized as resources, and how these are used. Data collection procedures involved methods associated with Anthropology and Classical Botany, both suitable for ethnoecological studies. Sixty interviews were conducted with the representatives of each household in the 15 selected city areas. These participants stated that they were responsible for the whole care or for parts of the household. According to the conception of the residents the definition of domestic unit is directly related to the space in which activities related to family leisure are developed, being cited by the interviewees as the place reserved to take tereré - a typical drink - to spend time, where the children play, practice various activities. It is also used for the cultivation of vegetables obtained through the purchase and exchange of seedlings, thus evidencing the contribution of the homegardens to the relations of neighbors and relatives. In this study, the plant component of the 60 participating urban households, known and used by residents, corresponds to 219 species, 82 botanical families, 1560 individuals. Participants know and cultivate vegetables in domestic units belonging to five categories of use: food, medicinal, shading, mystical / religious and ornamental. Of all the species mentioned, 17 were considered by the interviewees to be toxic. These plants are thus considered toxic, because they cause some adverse effect to the organism when in contact or ingestion, and can even lead to death, being the symptoms quite variable from one individual to another. The studied domestic units are organized according to their size and structure and have different potentials, as they also fulfill different specific functions, according to the purposes and characteristics of each inhabitant. In the domestic units were found 74 native species and among these, eleven are endemic to Brazil. Nine species included in the List of Species of the Brazilian Flora Threatened of Extinction were also found. Such information ensures that households contribute to the conservation of biodiversity. In general, we can affirm that ethnobotanical studies in domestic units can contribute to better understand the cultural importance of certain multiple-use species of plants and reaffirm that these environments are capable of reconciling biodiversity conservation, sustainable use of natural resources and quality of life of the residents.
Carniello, Maria Antonia. "Estudo etnobotânico nas comunidades de Porto Limão, Porto Alambrado e Campo Alegre, na fronteira Brasil-Bolívia, Mato Grosso Brasil /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100675.
Full textBanca: Carolina Joana da Silva
Banca: Germano Guarim Neto
Banca: Izabel de Carvalho
Resumo: O presente estudo envolveu três comunidades, Porto Limão, Porto Alambrado e Campo Alegre, localizadas no continnum territorial do pantanal de Cáceres, na região fronteiriça entre o estado Mato Grosso e a Bolívia. Foi registrado o conhecimento da população em relação ao componente vegetal percebido, utilizado e acessado nas unidades de paisagem locais. Enfocou-se os quintais e as áreas adjacentes a estes com fontes fornecedoras dos recursos vegetais. A coleta dos dados envolveu a aplicação de métodos próprios da área de etnobotânica filiados à antropologia e aos estudos clássicos de taxonomia vegetal. Foram aplicados formulários estruturados e semi-estruturados, para o registro do perfil sócioeconômico e cultural da população. As unidades de paisagem indicadas pela população foram georreferenciadas e elaborados mapas das áreas fornecedoras de recursos vegetais. Os 77 moradores das três comunidades representam 91% dos domicílios locais, sendo 25% de Campo Alegre, 83% de Porto limão e 100% de Porto Alambrado. Essa população apresenta uma miscigenação que envolve: povos naturais da região, remanescentes de povos das nações indígenas Guató, Bororo, Chiquitano e Terena e migrantes, principalmente do Sul, Sudeste e Nordeste do Brasil. A população utiliza, com certa freqüência, produtos extraídos das plantas nativas na medicina e alimentação local, assim como nas atividades produtivas de pesca e criação de animais. Na agricultura estão presentes, com maior freqüência, espécies introduzidas, excetuando-se a mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) que foi a mais citada nas três comunidades. O material botânico indicado e coletado compreende um acervo de 6.212 citações correspondentes a 628 táxons pertencentes a 118 famílias botânicas com 583 espécies e 416 gêneros (conforme o Angiosperms Phylogeny Group). Seis famílias destacaram-se... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The present study involved three communities, Porto Limão, Porto Alambrado, and Campo Alegre, located in the territorial continuum of the Pantanal et Cáceres, along the border between Mato Grosso State, Brazil, and Bolivia. Records were made of the populations knowledge with respect to their perceptions and uses of the plant community, in the local units of landscape, focusing on yards and adjacent areas that serve as sources of plant resources. Data collection involved application of methods from the field of ethnobotany, associated with anthropology and classic studies of plant taxonomy. Structured and semistructured forms were used to record the socio-economic and cultural profile of the population. The landscape units indicated by the population were geo-referenced, and maps were generated of the areas that provide plant resources. The 77 residents of the three communities represent 91% of local households: 25%, 83%, and 100% of households in Campo Alegre, Porto Limão, and Porto Alambrado, respectively. The population reflects the miscegenation of populations native to the region, descendents of the indigenous nations Guató, Bororo, Chiquitano and Terena, and migrants mainly from southern, southeastern and northeastern Brazil. The population often uses products extracted from native plants which are used directly in medicine and in the local diet, as well as in fishing activities and animalraising. Introduced species are more commonly found in agricultural activities, with the exception of manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz), which was the species most often cited in the three communities. The botanical material indicated and collected composes a collection of 6,212 citations corresponding to 628 taxa belonging to 118 botanical families, with 583 species and 416 genera (according to the Angiosperms Phylogeny Group). Six families are noteworthy with respect to the number of species cited... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
Borges, Diones Antonio. "Hiperendemia de leishmaniose tegumentar na fronteira trinacional da Amazônia sul-ocidental: aspectos de adaptabilidade humana." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-09042018-105018/.
Full textCutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a zoonosis caused by a protozoan of the genus Leishmania and transmitted by the bite of different species of infected sand flies. It may affect the human being at the time when it accidentally enters the wild cycle of the maintenance of the disease, through activities requiring its entry into the forest environment or even due to the existence of households near the edge of the forests or even within the same. Currently there is increasingly evidence of transmission due to changes in the environment caused by the human being, leading to the migration of some species of Leishmania and its vectors to the immediate vicinity of households. The CL has as the main agent etiological the Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in the Brazilian Amazon and this is responsible for an extremely serious form of leishmaniasis anergic. This parasite is characterized by presenting a spectrum of clinical and immunological manifestations ranging from the pole anergic to the pole hyperergic. The present study is necessary to evaluate: the adaptability of human populations resident in the endemic areas of CL; how they seek to adjust to the environment in which they live; how the evolution of these human populations can reflect on their immune systems and, consequently, in the more or less severe forms of presentation of the CL in hyperendemic area. 17647 phlebotomines were identified, being classified in 86 species. Among them, 14 species meet the classification of vectors of Leishmania sp. and 7 other species are pointed out as potential vectors of Leishmania sp. The present study proves the existence of the species Lutzomyia longipalpis, vector species of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), pathology in which it may evolve into the death frame, but due treatment. This is the first record of the species in the state of Acre and in the western portion of the Amazon, and corroborates the current studies that point the territorial expansion of the occurrence of LV in Brazil and with the chance of expansion to Andean areas.
Carniello, Maria Antonia [UNESP]. "Estudo etnobotânico nas comunidades de Porto Limão, Porto Alambrado e Campo Alegre, na fronteira Brasil-Bolívia, Mato Grosso Brasil." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100675.
Full textO presente estudo envolveu três comunidades, Porto Limão, Porto Alambrado e Campo Alegre, localizadas no continnum territorial do pantanal de Cáceres, na região fronteiriça entre o estado Mato Grosso e a Bolívia. Foi registrado o conhecimento da população em relação ao componente vegetal percebido, utilizado e acessado nas unidades de paisagem locais. Enfocou-se os quintais e as áreas adjacentes a estes com fontes fornecedoras dos recursos vegetais. A coleta dos dados envolveu a aplicação de métodos próprios da área de etnobotânica filiados à antropologia e aos estudos clássicos de taxonomia vegetal. Foram aplicados formulários estruturados e semi-estruturados, para o registro do perfil sócioeconômico e cultural da população. As unidades de paisagem indicadas pela população foram georreferenciadas e elaborados mapas das áreas fornecedoras de recursos vegetais. Os 77 moradores das três comunidades representam 91% dos domicílios locais, sendo 25% de Campo Alegre, 83% de Porto limão e 100% de Porto Alambrado. Essa população apresenta uma miscigenação que envolve: povos naturais da região, remanescentes de povos das nações indígenas Guató, Bororo, Chiquitano e Terena e migrantes, principalmente do Sul, Sudeste e Nordeste do Brasil. A população utiliza, com certa freqüência, produtos extraídos das plantas nativas na medicina e alimentação local, assim como nas atividades produtivas de pesca e criação de animais. Na agricultura estão presentes, com maior freqüência, espécies introduzidas, excetuando-se a mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) que foi a mais citada nas três comunidades. O material botânico indicado e coletado compreende um acervo de 6.212 citações correspondentes a 628 táxons pertencentes a 118 famílias botânicas com 583 espécies e 416 gêneros (conforme o Angiosperms Phylogeny Group). Seis famílias destacaram-se...
The present study involved three communities, Porto Limão, Porto Alambrado, and Campo Alegre, located in the territorial continuum of the Pantanal et Cáceres, along the border between Mato Grosso State, Brazil, and Bolivia. Records were made of the population s knowledge with respect to their perceptions and uses of the plant community, in the local units of landscape, focusing on yards and adjacent areas that serve as sources of plant resources. Data collection involved application of methods from the field of ethnobotany, associated with anthropology and classic studies of plant taxonomy. Structured and semistructured forms were used to record the socio-economic and cultural profile of the population. The landscape units indicated by the population were geo-referenced, and maps were generated of the areas that provide plant resources. The 77 residents of the three communities represent 91% of local households: 25%, 83%, and 100% of households in Campo Alegre, Porto Limão, and Porto Alambrado, respectively. The population reflects the miscegenation of populations native to the region, descendents of the indigenous nations Guató, Bororo, Chiquitano and Terena, and migrants mainly from southern, southeastern and northeastern Brazil. The population often uses products extracted from native plants which are used directly in medicine and in the local diet, as well as in fishing activities and animalraising. Introduced species are more commonly found in agricultural activities, with the exception of manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz), which was the species most often cited in the three communities. The botanical material indicated and collected composes a collection of 6,212 citations corresponding to 628 taxa belonging to 118 botanical families, with 583 species and 416 genera (according to the Angiosperms Phylogeny Group). Six families are noteworthy with respect to the number of species cited... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Silva, Edson Martins da. "Fragmentação da vegetação nativa do bioma Amazônia em área de fronteira agrícola consolidada no norte de Mato Grosso." Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, 2014. http://ri.ufmt.br/handle/1/722.
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O presente estudo objetivou analisar o processo de fragmentação da vegetação nativa na zona de fronteira agrícola consolidada no norte do estado de Mato Grosso, próximo a divisa com o sul do Pará. A área estudada corresponde à região que recebeu a maior concentração dos primeiros projetos de colonização privados na área de influência da BR-163 em Mato Grosso. Ela delimita-se em uma faixa de terras de 400 km de extensão desde o município de Itaúba ao sul á Paranaíta a noroeste. Para a classificação da vegetação nativa adotou-se os mapas de vegetação do projeto RADAMBRASIL. Através de métricas de análise espacial de paisagens o processo de fragmentação foi analisado em uma série multitemporal de 14 anos (1992-2010). A obtenção dos fragmentos anuais foi realizada através de operações Booleanas de sobreposição entre o mapa de vegetação e a série de mapas incrementais de desmatamento no período disponibilizados pela Secretaria Estadual de Meio Ambiente de Mato Grosso em Sistema de Informações Geográficas. Os resultados mostraram que a fragmentação tem reduzido drasticamente o tamanho dos fragmentos da vegetação nativa, aumentado exponencialmente o número de manchas e, ao mesmo tempo, aumentado gradualmente o distanciamento dos fragmentos entre si. Em conjunto, essas métricas mostram eliminação de classes de vegetação na paisagem e perda da conectividade estrutural entre seus remanescentes. Tais resultados podem servir de referência para modelagem previsional em zonas de expansão da fronteira agrícola em expansão na Amazônia, especialmente no caso de não serem respeitadas as áreas destinadas á conservação (Reservas Legais e Áreas de Preservação Permanentes) previstas na legislação.
The aim of this work was to analyze the process of fragmentation of the native vegetation cover within a consolidated agricultural frontier in the north of Mato Grosso State, close to the border of Para State. The studied region received the majority of the private settlements projects established around the BR-163 in the north of Mato Grosso in the last years of 1970. That region circumscribes a large stripe of land that extends for 400 km long from the Itaúba County at south to Paranaíta at northwest. The native vegetation cover was classified according to the RADAMBRASIL vegetation map. The landscape process of fragmentation was analyzed by means of a set of spatial analysis metrics covering a series of 14 years (1992-2010). Boolean overlay between the native vegetation cover and the series of incremental deforestation maps were performed in order to obtain the annuals fragments. The results showed that fragmentation has reduced drastically the size of the remaining fragments of the native vegetation cover, has increased exponentially the number of the fragments in the landscape, as much as has gradually increased the distance between the fragments of the same vegetation class. Taking as whole, such a metrics show the local elimination vegetation classes in the landscape and lost of structural connectivity among its remnants. Those findings can contribute with a previsional model for the expansion zones of agricultural frontier at Amazon region, especially for the cases where the legally specified protected areas in rural properties were not respected. Abstract:
Nagel, Jordana Caroline. "Diversidade e estrutura genética populacional em luehea divaricata mart. & zucc. na região da fronteira oeste do Rio Grande do Sul, baseada em marcadores microssatélites." Universidade Federal do Pampa, 2013. http://dspace.unipampa.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riu/3881.
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Pertencente à família Malvaceae, o Açoita-cavalo (Luehea divaricata) é uma espécie florestal que ocorre naturalmente desde o Rio Grande do Sul até o sul da Bahia, sendo muito utilizada na confecção de móveis e, também, como fitoterápico. Por ser uma espécie pioneira de rápido crescimento, característica das florestas aluviais, apresenta, em condições de regeneração natural, uma grande quantidade de indivíduos, mostrando ser uma espécie recomendável para a regeneração natural de áreas degradadas. O Açoita-cavalo é uma das espécies nativas mais importantes do ponto de vista fitossociológico, ocorrendo em praticamente todas as bacias hidrográficas do Rio Grande do Sul, na floresta ombrófila mista, na floresta estacional decidual, na floresta estacional semidecidual, na savana, na savana estépica e nas áreas de tensão ecológicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a diversidade e estrutura genética de cinco populações naturais de L. divaricata na região da Fronteira Oeste do Rio Grande do Sul, no bioma Pampa. Amostras foliares foram coletadas de indivíduos adultos encontrados nas áreas (n=128). O DNA foi extraído com o kit Invisorb Spin Plant Mini Kit (Invitek) e cinco loci microssatélites foram amplificados via PCR. Os alelos foram resolvidos em gel de poliacrilamida (a 10%) e os dados, analisados com auxílio do programa GenAlEx 6.4, FSTAT 2.9.3 e ARLEQUIN 3.1. Os resultados indicaram altos níveis de diversidade genética dentro das populações. A heterozigosidade esperada (He) e o índice de Shannon (I) foram de 0.627 e 1.223, respectivamente. A análise AMOVA mostrou que a maior parte da diversidade genética ocorre dentro das populações (76.12%). O índice de fixação nas populações estudadas demonstrou haver excesso de homozigotos em relação ao equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg. Os valores da distância genética de Nei indicaram alta divergência genética entre as populações, em função da baixa eficiência do fluxo gênico entre as populações. Os valores obtidos indicaram que o fluxo gênico está próximo do suficiente para prevenir a diferenciação populacional devido à deriva genética nas populações estudadas, e esse fluxo, deve ocorrer, principalmente, via pólen (por entomofilia), dado que a dispersão das sementes (por anemocoria) teoricamente alcançaria maiores distâncias. Essa baixa dispersão de sementes se deve, provavelmente, à fragmentação e consequente isolamento entre as populações estudadas. Estes resultados sugerem quea dispersão de propágulos reprodutivosem duas, das cinco populações, de certa forma é eficiente, poisapresentaram baixo grau de endogamia. Assim, programas de conservação dos recursos genéticos desta espécie tendem a ser efetivos se o fluxo de polinizadores for mantido,e,pela criação de corredores ecológicos para a conservação da conectividade entre os fragmentos. Além disso, os dados obtidos mostram que as populações estudadasdevem ser priorizadas em programas de conservação genéticada espécie,devido à alta diversidade genética observada,e,ao nível de fragmentação das áreas de remanescentes florestais na região do Pampa.
Belonging to the family Malvaceae, the Açoita-cavalo (Luehea divaricata) is a forest species that occurs naturally from the Rio Grande do Sul State to Bahia State, largely employed in the furniture manufacturing and as medicinal plant. It is a fast-growing pioneer species, characteristic of riparian forests, it presents in natural regeneration conditions, a large quantity of individuals, being indicated for the natural recovery of degraded areas. The açoita-cavalo is one of the most important native species for the phytosociology, occurring virtually in all hydrographical components of the Rio Grande do Sul, in the mixed ombrophylous forest, seasonal deciduous forest, seasonal semidecidual forest, savanna, stepic-savanna and in areas of ecological tension. This study aimed to characterize the genetic diversity and structure of five natural populations of L. divaricata in the region of “Fronteira Oeste” in the Rio Grande do Sul State, within the Pampa biome. Leave samples were collected from adult individuals found in the areas (n=128). DNA was isolated using the Invisorb Plant Mini Kit (Invitek) and five microsatellite loci were amplified through PCR. The alleles were resolved in polyacrylamide gels (10%) and the data analyzed with the software GenAlEx 6.4, FSTAT 2.9.3 e ARLEQUIN 3.1. The results revealed high levels of genetic diversity within the populations. The expected heterozigosity (He) and the Shannon index (I) equaled 0.627 and 1.223, respectively. The AMOVA analysis revealed that the larger amount of the genetic diversity occurs within the populations (76.12%). The fixation index in the studied populations presented an excess of homozygotes in respect of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium The values of the Nei’s genetic distance point to high genetic divergence among the populations, consequence of the low efficiency of the gene flow among populations. The results indicate that gene flow is close enough to prevent population differentiation due to genetic drift in the populations studied, and this flow should occur mainly through pollen (by entomophily), since the seed dispersion (by anemocory), theoretically reaches longer distances. This low level of seed dispersion likely is due to the fragmentation and consequent isolation of the studied populations. These results suggest that the dispersal of reproductive propagules in two of the five populations in some ways is efficient because it presented low inbreeding. Thus, programs of genetic resources conservation of this species may be more efficient by maintaining the flow of pollinators, and the creation of ecological corridors for the conservation of connectivity between fragments. In addition, the obtained data reveals that the studied populations should be prioritized in programs of species genetic conservation, due to the relatively high level genetic diversity observed and the level of fragmentation of the areas of forest remnants in the Pampa region.
Pastor, Saberi Roser. "Paisatges de frontera dels territoris de pas dels Pirineus: els casos de l’àrea central de l’Espai Català Transfronterer i l’àrea central de l’Eurociutat Basca." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/402180.
Full textEls paisatges fronterers sovint configuren unitats geogràfiques, però la pertinença a Estats diferents fa que en nombroses ocasions no presentin les mateixes dinàmiques paisatgístiques a banda i banda de la frontera. Partint de la premissa que la presència d’una frontera política en un territori té implicacions en el paisatge, la tesi doctoral analitza l’evolució del paisatge de l’àrea central de l’Espai Català Transfronterer i, a títol comparatiu, de l’àrea central de l’Eurociutat Basca. L’elaboració de la cartografia dels usos i cobertes del sòl per tres períodes temporals des dels anys 50 fins al present (anys 50, 80/90 i 2000), permet identificar les estructures dels paisatges fronterers. A posteriori, s’avalua el rol de la frontera franco-espanyola sobre els paisatges, determinant quina és la incidència sobre els paisatges fronterers de la presència de dos models político-econòmics distints i quines han estat les implicacions paisatgístiques del procés de desfuncionalització de la frontera
Souza, Luis Roberto de. "Condicionantes sociais na delimitação de espaços endêmicos de hanseníase." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5137/tde-07122012-162848/.
Full textBACKGROUND: Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infectious disease whose causative agent is an obligate intracellular bacterium of life, Mycobacterium leprae, which has its main reservoir in man. The disease has a worldwide distribution, currently prevailing in tropical latitudes and has been framed between neglected diseases, disproportionately affecting poor and marginalized populations. The bacillus is highly contagious, and low pathogenic primarily affects the skin and nerves, with great potential crippling. The disease raged in the Old World during the Middle Ages and still practically disappeared from Europe in the early twentieth century, before any effective therapeutic resource was available. Introduced with the first European settlers, leprosy is endemic in Brazil and a public health problem. Leprosy is hyperendemic in many cities, especially in the states of North and Midwest, covering biomes savannah, swamp and rainforest, in vast areas of low population density; these areas have suffered huge human pressure related to increased activity agricultural and extractive, generating concerns about the environmental impact on human health, due to dynamic changes in territorial. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to understand the ecological effect of sociodemographic factors in the delimitation of leprosy-endemic areas and generating concerns about the relationship between the constitution of the territory and environmental exposure to the biological agent of the disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Assuming that the variation of the risk factors for contracting leprosy could be higher among population groups than between individuals, an epidemiological study was undertaken to design ecological type group multiple, involving 203 municipalities in the states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul, which are located in the Midwest region of Brazil. Sociodemographic variables were recorded for exposure and effect was variable represented by annual average detection rate of leprosy between 2000 and 2006. We utilized secondary data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and the Ministry of Health to compose a multivariate model, 14 variables were analyzed by linear regression and seven variables selected with probability p<0.2 for the slope coefficient of regression line. The independent variables were tested step by step, and simultaneously analyzed the association of the dependent variable in order to fit a model of the variability of the detection rate of leprosy. The variables that remained in the model after adjustment process were: \"Proportion of population living in households with six or more people,\" \"Proportion of population unnatural state,\" and \"Coverage of Population Health Care Strategy Family \". These variables together explain 24.1% of the variation in detection rates of leprosy. CONCLUSIONS: Sociodemographic factors represent an important area in the epidemiology of the disease. The positive association with the outcome of the strategic coverage of Family Health Care indicates that there must be improved access to diagnosis by implementing models of primary care-based preventive rationales. Patients could have their contagiousness interrupted earlier, once improved the diagnostic capacity of health services. As a recommendation to improve access to diagnosis in endemic areas, the adoption of the strategy of the Family Health Care should be encouraged. Household crowding as ecological variable was interpreted as an indirect socioeconomic indicator, rather than strictly related to contact conditions. The quality of housing, perhaps most important for disease control, as far as can be accompanied by general improvements in living standards. Reservoirs of M. leprae consist of individuals who are chronically eliminate bacilli that perpetuate endemic, although, in theory, be supplemented by secondary sources represented by transient carriers. Factors related to the formation of the agricultural frontier and the Brazilian urbanization may have fostered endemic leprosy, predispose to the renewal of the likely migration, which modify the composition of the population as to the experience of contact with the bacillus. Migration could break outbreaks of leprosy that were saturated with individuals resistant to spatially redistribute the population likely lead to infective areas unaffected or install the territorial and biological assumptions to make the recurring infection in the population, even though the population from immigration quota is not predominantly more vulnerable to disease. Technicisation rural and constrictions in the sphere of labor are busy people seeking refuge on the outskirts of cities, characterized by poor urban infrastructure and rapid population growth, supposedly continents groups of humans with different resistance profiles to M. leprae. The lower circuit of the economy, a social response to the scarcity of livelihood and a dash of Brazilian territorialization, has offered the spatial predicates for the persistence of endemic leprosy in pockets of urban poverty, to generate a plurality of contacts in proximity and feed their social relationships from a mass of newcomers from the countryside and the city, its main and most abundant variable. If geography studies the conditions of life on earth, these results suggest that medical topography, beyond the description of the demographic and socioeconomic aspects of the places outbreaks of diseases, can contribute greatly to health knowledge, to consider examining such factors as potential determinants of diseases
Galli, Giovanni. "Packaging waste management: Financial support and cost efficiency in Portugal and Italy." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/18709.
Full textA presente dissertação discute a gestão de resíduos de embalagens e analisa o tema a partir de duas abordagens diferentes. Do ponto de vista qualitativo, visa comparar os esquemas de conformidade implementados em Portugal e na Itália, e o modelo de cálculo do apoio financeiro às autoridades locais. Além disso, sob ponto de vista quantitativo, pretende-se avaliar as eficiências de custo relativas, nas suas componentes variantes e invariante no tempo, por meio da análise de fronteira estocástica. Em relação ao primeiro objetivo, as principais diferenças entre as transferências financeiras para as autarquias locais são a presença, em Portugal, de um fator de avaliação da qualidade do serviço; enquanto, em Itália, existe a implementação de uma compensação financeira progressiva, baseada em faixas diferentes para a qualidade dos resíduos coletados. No que respeita à segunda parte, uma eficiência determinística de custo persistente e invariável no tempo e uma eficiência residual estocática de custo, e variável no tempo, estimadas a partir de dois panel data, um para cada país. Os resultados obtidos para o sistema português mostram um pequeno impacto de ineficiências variáveis no tempo, e definem o setor com uma eficiência de custo geral que é metade do score apresentado pela empresa mais eficiente no panel. No que concerne a Itália, a análise detetou um impacto maior dos fatores variáveis no tempo na eficiência geral de custo do setor, que, em média, é cerca de um terço da eficiência da melhor entitade.