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Tagg, Nikki. "The ecological cost of sexual reproduction." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400475.
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Alabi, Bimpe Omolara. "Effect of building materials cost on housing delivery towards sustainability." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2635.
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Thesis (MTech (Construction Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.The study investigates the predominant factors responsible for increase in the cost of building materials and the effect of this cost increase on housing delivery in Western Cape, South Africa. Sustainable housing is buildings produced to meet the present housing needs of people without conceding the ability of the future generation to meet their future needs. However, a significant increase in the cost of building materials has been a major constraint to the delivery of sustainable housings, as made evident in the literature, leading to project cost and time overruns or even project abandonment. However, building materials consume up to 65% of the total cost of construction. This factor on cost has, over the years, threatened the ability of the construction industry to deliver projects within budgeted cost, at stipulated time, and at satisfactory quality. This prompted the need to proffer solutions to these factors identified which are causing increases in the cost of building materials towards sustainable housing delivery in Western Cape. Based on this research study, housing is termed to be sustainable when it is available and affordable for the masses timely and at quality expected. The research study adopted a mixed methodological approach, involving the use of semi-structured qualitative interviews and closed-ended quantitative questionnaires administered to construction stakeholders (architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, construction managers, project managers, site supervisors and material suppliers) in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. SPSS version 24 software was used for analysing the quantitative data collected and ‘content analysis’ method was used to analyse the information collected through the qualitative interviews. The findings revealed that the major factors responsible for increasing the cost of building materials are inflation, wastages of building materials by labourers, cost of transportation and distribution of labour, design changes, client contribution to design change and change in government policies and regulation. Moreover, the research showed that fluctuation in the cost of construction and high maintenance costs due to poor workmanship also impact the cost increase of building materials for housing delivery. In addition, research findings affirmed that for optimum materials usage for the enhancement of sustainable construction, the following criteria should be considered in the selection of building materials: maintenance cost, energy consumption and maintainability. The adoption of these findings by construction stakeholders in the South African construction industry would enhance the delivery of affordable housing at reduced cost, at the required time and at the expected quality. Therefore, an adequate implementation of the framework presented in this study will enhance sustainable housing delivery.
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Echols, Stuart Patton. "Split-flow Stormwater Management Strategy Design Feasibility and Cost Comparison." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29776.
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This dissertation develops a new distributed split-flow stormwater management strategy and compares its site design feasibility and construction cost to existing stormwater management methods. The purpose of the split-flow strategy is to manage stormwater by preserving predevelopment flows in terms of rate, quality, frequency, duration and volume. This strategy emulates the predevelopment hydrology: it retains and infiltrates additional runoff volume created by development by using bioretention and paired weirs as proportional flow splitters connected to small infiltration facilities distributed throughout a site. Results show that 1) the distributed split-flow stormwater management strategy can provide a higher level of environmental protection at comparable construction cost to existing detention-based methods, 2) split-flow systems are less expensive to construct than current truncated hydrograph-based bioretention and infiltration systems and 3) non-point source water pollution-reduction objectives, currently achieved with either detention with first flush or comparable bioretention and infiltration systems, could be achieved in a more cost-effective manner using distributed split-flow stormwater management strategy.Ph. D.
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Cole, Rebecca J. "Ecological and socioeconomic aspects of restoring forest in a tropical agricultural landscape, southern Cost Rica /." Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2009. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Gregg, Tamara. "Predator-prey ecological and evolutionary dynamics: The cost of a counter-defense drives the evolutionary outcome." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103650.
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In this thesis I explore the co-evolutionary dynamics of defences and counter-defences in a predator-prey interaction. I hypothesize that the cost of defences and counter-defences result in the cycling of these traits under all circumstances: directional selection alternate between increasing and decreasing trait values (defense of the prey and counter-defense of the predator). Using Taricha granulosa and Thamnophis sirtalis as an example of a predator-dangerous prey system, I modeled the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of predator-prey interactions and analyzed the results from equations and simulations. The cost of counter-defence influenced evolutionary dynamics most: high or low values of cost stabilized the evolutionary dynamics to constant phenotypes; intermediate values of cost destabilized the equilibrium causing cycling or diversification. Contrary to what I hypothesized, under most parameter values the predator-prey system does not cycle. My study shows predator-dangerous prey coevolutionary dynamics are always mostly influenced by predator parameters.Dans cette thèse, j'explore les dynamiques évolutives de défense et contre-défense dans un système de prédateurs et proies. Je fais l'hypothèse que les coûts associés aux traits de défense et contre-défense ont pour conséquence des cycles évolutifs de ces traits dans tous les environnements : la sélection directionnelle fluctue pour augmenter et diminuer les valeurs de traits (défense de la proie et contre-défense du prédateur). En utilisant Taricha granulosa et Thamnophis sirtalis comme exemple de système des prédateurs-proies, j'ai modélisé leur dynamiques écologiques et évolutives et j'ai étudié le système de façon analytique et par des simulations. Le coût des contre-défenses est le facteur le plus important pour déterminer les dynamiques évolutives : des valeurs fortes ou faibles du coût stabilisent les dynamiques évolutives sur des phénotypes constants; des valeurs intermédiaires du coût déstabilisent l'équilibre en engendrant des cycles ou de la diversification. Contrairement à mon hypothèse de départ, le système de prédateurs et proies ne produit pas de cycle évolutif pour la plupart des valeurs de paramètres. Mon étude montre que les interactions entre les prédateurs et les proies dangereuses sont toujours surtout influencées par les paramètres du prédateur.
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Krueger, Timothy William. "An Alternative Planting Treatment for Turf Open Spaces in Conservation Subdivisions." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31925.
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As conservation subdivisions increase in popularity, large tracts of community open spaces are being created. The typical landscape treatment is usually reminiscent of the English Landscape School: acres of turf providing little wildlife habitat or environmental benefits. Many homeowners are sold on the idea of great expanses of turf similar to a golf course. The open spaces are generally left to the homeowners association to maintain. In some cases it is donated to local municipalities. Maintenance is often expensive and places a burden on local governments. This study will show that creating more sustainable open spaces can correct this problem. This can be accomplished through the use of an ecologically based planting design. The following thesis project focuses on an alternative landscape planting treatment for these large open spaces, a treatment that has a significant cost savings and offers a different experience.Master of Landscape Architecture
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暁輝, 王. "On the improvement of ecological compensation in Tibet, China : approaches of social cost internalization and ecosystem services valuation." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB10271469/?lang=0, 2008. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB10271469/?lang=0.
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Demaria, Federico. "Social metabolism, cost-shifting and conflicts. The struggles and services of informal waste recyclers in India." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/405364.
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La presente tesis contribuye a la comprensión del metabolismo social. Específicamente, analiza el rol de los residuos en el metabolismo. Primero, reflexiona sobre la relación existente entre el metabolismo social y los conflictos ambientales, examinando cómo diferentes estructuras metabólicas condicionan las dinámicas del conflicto; todo ello desde la perspectiva de la ecología política situada en el espacio y el tiempo. En segundo lugar, se investiga una parte olvidada, pero muy importante del metabolismo social que es el reciclaje informal de residuos. Para ello, se evalúa la contribución del reciclaje informal e investigo cómo el poder influye en las relaciones de la producción (o reciclado) de residuos, y cómo éstas desplazan los costos de la producción a los recicladores informales. Por último, se reconoce la importancia de los recicladores informales al contribuir en hacer más circular el metabolismo social; por lo que se propone que se indemnicen debidamente los servicios que prestan los recicladores a la sociedad, en lugar de que se les desposea de sus medios de producción, y se les traspasen los costos sociales de las empresas y los consumidores. Mis casos de estudio presentan una serie de experiencias empíricas, en la India especialmente, que ilustran cómo el medio ambiente se moldea, politiza y disputa.This thesis contributes to our understanding of social metabolism, and more precisely waste in social metabolism. First, I shed light in particular on the relationship between social metabolism and conflict, looking from a situated political ecology perspective, at how differences in the structure and nature of particular social metabolisms create different conflict dynamics. Second, I look at an often forgotten but very important part of social metabolism which is the informal recycling of waste. I evaluate the contribution of informal recycling, and I investigate how power influences the social relations of production (or recycling), and how these shift costs to informal recyclers. Then, I make a case for the recognition of the important contribution of informal recyclers in making social metabolism more circular, and I call for due compensation of the services they provide, instead of a dispossession from their means of production, and a shifting of social costs of enterprises and consumers to them. My case studies present a range of experiences, mostly in India, to inform theory on how environments are shaped, politicized and contested.
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Griffin, Caroline. "The ecological and economic analysis of beach management strategies in Scotland." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/26025.
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Coastlines are particularly susceptible to the necessary trade-offs which occur between different ecosystem services. Should the areas be managed for biodiversity or for people? Where sandy beaches are found there is usually a management decision to be made between managing for recreation or for biodiversity. Many popular tourist beaches (particularly those with a Beach Award) are often groomed with mechanical equipment to remove any stranded seaweed and associated litter which can get entangled in the wrack. This is likely to be having a negative impact on coastal biodiversity, with wide ranging implications for the entire habitat, including the intertidal zone, sand dunes and shorebirds. Beached wrack should be allowed to naturally decompose providing a habitat for numerous species of macro-invertebrates. These macro-invertebrate communities not only include many endemic species found exclusively along the strandline but they also provide a very rich source of food for shorebirds. The re-mineralised nutrients resulting from the decomposed macrophytes should then become available to provide a rich source of nutrients to dune, strandline and marine ecosystems populations of the strandline. In previous studies grooming has been shown to have a negative impact on the invertebrates of the strandline and this study reveals that tidal range has an effect on the impacts of grooming with a higher tidal range having a more negative impact on the invertebrates. A study to observe the impacts of grooming on both adult plant and seed bank communities of the sand dunes found that grooming is having a negative impact on these populations. Grooming is predominantly driven by beach managers who aspire to gain Beach Awards in order to attract tourists to their beaches. Using non-market valuation in the form of a stated preference choice experiment and a travel cost model, it was observed that Beach Awards are not valued by beach goers but are instead influenced to visit a particular beach by good bathing water quality, high levels of biodiversity and low levels of litter. It was also shown that stranded seaweed on the beach does not deter visitors. Future management suggestions include attempting to reduce the confusion arising from the presence of multiple beach awards by either removing them altogether or by making their criteria more clear and direct with consistency in their design and designation. Bathing water quality should be completely removed from the Beach Award system and real-time information in the form of electronic signage and a publicly available App should replace it.
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Alba, Menendez Annia. "Comparative biology of susceptible and naturally- resistant Pseudosuccinea columella snails to Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda) infection in Cuba : ecological, molecular and phenotypical aspects." Thesis, Perpignan, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PERP0055/document.
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Pseudosuccinea columella est un des principaux hôtes intermédiaires de Fasciola hepatica, un trématode cosmopolite infectant l’Homme et les animaux domestiques et sauvages, et transmis par des mollusques d’eau douce. L’existence exclusive à Cuba de populations de P. columella qui sont sensibles et naturellement résistantes (encapsulation hémocytaire du parasite) à l’infection par F. hepatica offre un modèle Mollusque-Trématode très intéressant en termes de biologie évolutive, de santé humaine et de stratégies de contrôle vectorielle. L’étude des aspects écologiques, moléculaires et phénotypiques est essentielle pour comprendre les particularités de ce système. Ainsi, nos résultats ont montré que les mollusques sensibles et résistants partagent des exigences écologiques similaires mais chez les résistants la distribution est limitée aux localités avec des eaux acides et peu dures (pH/dureté totale (DT), 6-6.5/4°-10°d) et une richesse des communautés de mollusques très faible, ceci semblant indiquer coût élevé à la résistance. La comparaison de traits d’histoire de vie en laboratoire a permis de confirmer une haute tolérance aux variations de pH/DT de l’eau chez les mollusques résistants mais a montré également une diminution du potentiel reproductif des souches résistantes par rapport aux sensibles. Sur la base de ces observations, des approches «omiques» comparatives ont été entreprises entre souches sensibles et résistantes. Ce travail de thèse nous a aidé à comprendre les particularités de ce modèle hôte-parasite, mais présente également une avancée en termes d’utilisation de la résistance de P. columella à des fins de contrôle de la transmission parasitairePseudosuccinea columella is one of the main intermediate hosts of Fasciola hepatica, a cosmopolitan snail-borne trematode that affects humans, livestock and wildlife. The occurrence in Cuba of susceptible and naturally-resistant populations of this species to F. hepatica infection (host’s hemocytes encapsulate the parasite upon penetration) offers an interesting Mollusca - Trematoda model with applications on evolutionary biology, health sciences and vector control strategies. Thus, here we explored different ecological, molecular and phenotypical aspects of this system to better understand P. columella resistance. We determined that while susceptible and resistant snails share similar ecological requirements, resistant populations occurred only at low pH (6.5-6.5) and total hardness (TH; 4°-10°d) waters, with low snail species richness, suggesting a high ecological cost of resistance. Comparison of life history traits between susceptible and resistant snails, experimentally-reared at low or common pH/TH conditions, showed that resistant populations display higher tolerance to pH/TH variations and a lower reproductive potential. To gain more insights on the molecular bases of the features associated to resistance in P. columella, we performed comparative “omics” approaches on naïve snails from both phenotypes at whole snail level (RNAseq) and at the albumen gland level (2D-electrophoresis). This thesis presents the latest efforts to broadly characterize this model, which constitute building steps for the comprehension of P. columella resistance and for its application to tackle parasite transmission
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VERSCHLEISSER, ROBERTO. "THE USE OF STRUCTURES MADE OF BAMBOO FOR THE DESIGN OF OBJECTS: HOW TO BUILD LOW COST, RESISTANT, LIGHT AND ECOLOGICAL OBJECTS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2008. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=12258@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROAté hoje a maioria das construções empregam técnicas materiais e processos inadequados, resultando em enorme perda de energia e pouco ganho na relação custo/benefício. A grande maioria das pessoas envolvidas com problemas de construção não se conscientizou ainda do fato que construímos de maneira errada, consumindo materiais e energia em excesso em relação aos resultados obtidos. Ao longo de toda a história da construção conhecida, o homem se serviu da força da Gravidade para conseguir a estabilidade das suas estruturas. Nas grandes obras antigas e atuais os materiais empregados: pedra, tijolo, ferro, cimento são de pouca eficácia construtiva quando consideramos a relação resistência/peso. Tomando por base as teorias e experiências com a técnica tensegrity de se montar estruturas, desenvolvidas por Keneth Snelson e Richard Buckminster Fuller, e partindo dos estudos com estruturas empregando bambu como elemento comprimido que vêm sendo desenvolvidos à 20 anos pelo LILD/PUC- Laboratório de Investigação de Living Design (antigo LOTDP), além de aplicar os princípios físicos da Tensegrity como técnica de construção, propõe-se aqui o desenvovimento de objetos físicos inéditos para utilização em áreas remotas ou de Proteção Ambiental. Estas estruturas são feitas em material natural reciclável e biodegradável, de fácil manejo, e utilizam tecnologia de baixa complexidade para a sua montagem. Elas são pouco invasivas porque, sendo auto-portantes, dispensam fundações pesadas para existir e resistir.
Till our days most of the constructions of buildings make use of very inadequate and obsolete materials resulting in a huge waste of energy and little gain in the relation cost/benfit. However, many people involved with construction problems, did not realize the fact that we build the wrong way consuming materials and energy in excess in relation to the desired goals. Along the known history of construction men served themselves only of the force of Gravity to obtain the stability of their structures. In all great, ancient and actual constructions, the materials employied, such as: stone, brick, iron, concrete, are of low building efficiency if we consider the relation strength/weight. Taking into account the theories and experiences with tensegrity techniques developed by Keneth Snelson and Richard Buckminster Fuller, and, starting from the studies with bambu structures, where bambu is the only compressed element, which is in course for 20 years now in the LILD- PUC-Rio (Laboratory of Living Design (former LOTDP), and applying the physical principles of Tensegrity as a building technique, our goal here is to develop real objects to be used in remote areas or National Parks. These structures, because of the reciclable materials of which they are made, are very easy to manipulate and need very low technology for the constructions made with them. Finally these structures are harmless to the environment because they are self suporting exempting the need of heavy foundations to exist and resist.
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Gouriveau, Fabrice. "Constructed farm wetlands (CFWs) designed for remediation of farmyard runoff : an evaluation of their water treatment efficiency, ecological value, costs and benefits." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3806.
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Farmyard runoff, i.e. the effluent generated by the rain falling over farmyards, tracks and roofs, is a significant and overlooked source of nutrients and pathogens which degrades aquatic ecosystems through eutrophication, siltation and wildlife poisoning, raises public health concerns, and incurs considerable costs for society. Among other Best Management Practices implemented to address agricultural water pollution and help achieve compliance with the Water Framework Directive, Constructed Farm Wetlands (CFWs), i.e. shallow surface flow wetlands comprising several vegetated cells in series, are being recommended for remediation of farmyard runoff, due to their capacity to remove or store pollutants. Investigation is therefore needed of their long-term water treatment efficiency and ecological value to optimize their design and cost-effectiveness and minimize their negative externalities. The main aims of this study were to: 1) evaluate the treatment performance of CFWs and the link between design, hydrology and efficiency; 2) assess their ecological value and the influence of water quality and design on wetland ecology; 3) identify their costs, benefits and the way they are perceived by farmers; and 4) inform guidelines for the design, construction and aftercare of sustainable CFWs. Research focused on two CFWs in south-east Scotland, one at a dairy farm and one at a mixed beef-arable farm, which receive runoff from yards and roofs, field drainage and septic tank overflow. From February 2006 to June 2008, rainfall, evaporation, water levels and flow at the CFWs were monitored, and their treatment efficiency was assessed from water samples collected manually regularly or with automatic samplers during storm events, and analysed using standard methods. In addition, their ecological value was assessed twice a year from vegetation and aquatic macroinvertebrate surveys. Finally, semi-structured interviews with eight farmers and a farm advisor and discussions with three CFW designers in Scotland and Ireland allowed collection of technical and economic data on farm practices, CFW construction and maintenance, and helped assess CFW cost-effectiveness and acceptance by farmers. Both CFWs reduced pollutant concentrations between inlet and outlet, with efficiencies at CFW1 and CFW2 respectively of 87% and < 0% for five-day biochemical oxygen demand, 86% and 83% for suspended solids, 68% and 26% for nitrate/nitrite, 42% and 34% for ammonium, and 12% and 31% for reactive phosphorus. Nevertheless, the concentration of all pollutants at the outlet of CFW1, and concentration of nitrate/nitrite at the outlet of CFW2 frequently exceeded river water quality standards. Water treatment efficiency varied seasonally, being significantly lower in winter, mainly due to lower temperatures, increased volume of inputs and reduced residence time. The ecological value of the two CFWs differed greatly. At CFW1 and CFW2 respectively, 14 and 22 wetland plant species and 24 and 46 aquatic macroinvertebrate species (belonging to 13 and 27 BMWP scoring families respectively) were recorded, illustrating the greater biodiversity conservation value of CFW2, which was one year older, larger, cleaner, comprised several ponds with a combination of open water and densely vegetated areas, and was subsequently more structurally diverse. The socio-economic study revealed that, despite significant costs associated with their construction (£20 000-£50 000 ha-1) and maintenance (£900-£1500 ha-1 yr-1), CFWs may still represent a more cost-effective alternative than conventional methods. However, their adoption, implementation and sustainable use by farmers were conditioned by land availability and suitability, existing farm infrastructure, detailed information on limitations and maintenance requirements, and adequate financial support for both construction and aftercare. To ensure a long-term, consistent and efficient water treatment, and to enhance biodiversity and landscape, well-maintained, large, vegetated, multi-cell CFWs with shallow overflows are recommended. Their size should be adapted to local precipitation patterns and catchment characteristics. Keywords: agriculture, best management practice (BMP), biodiversity, constructed farm wetland (CFW), costs, farmyard runoff, water pollution, water treatment.
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Tacconi, Luca Economics & Management Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "The process of forest conservation in Vanuatu : a study in ecological economics." Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of Economics and Management, 1995. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38725.
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The objective of this thesis is to develop an ecological economic framework for the assessment and establishment of protected areas (PAs) that are aimed at conserving forests and biodiversity. The framework is intended to be both rigorous and relevant to the decision-making process. Constructivism is adopted as the paradigm guiding the research process of the thesis, after firstly examining also positivist philosophy and ???post-normal??? scientific methodology. The tenets of both ecological and environmental economics are then discussed. An expanded model of human behaviour, which includes facets derived from institutional economics and socioeconomics as well as aspects of neoclassical economics, is outlined. The framework is further developed by considering, from a contractarian view point, the implications of intergenerational equity for biodiversity conservation policies. The issues of intragenerational distribution and allocation are then considered. In this regard, cost-benefit analysis (CBA), as applied to the valuation of forests, PAs, and biodiversity, is critically reviewed. A participatory approach to decision-making, which may also include CBA, is then proposed. The resulting ecological economic framework may be thus summarised: (a) ecosystem use patterns should be chosen on the basis of their sustainability, distributional, and efficiency aspects; (b) systems of PAs should be established in order to achieve minimal intergenerational equity; (c) intragenerational equity requires the correction of the asymmetrical distribution of the costs and benefits arising from the establishment of PAs; (d) the institutional features relevant to the environmental-economic issues being analysed should be considered; and (e) the decision-making process should be participatory and action oriented. The framework is applied to two case studies in Vanuatu. These applications detail (a) stakeholders??? views and trade-offs faced in relation to forest management (b) modes of participatory research and decision-making, (c) forms of compensation that may be adopted in correcting asymmetrical distributions of the costs and benefits of PAs, and (d) institutional influences on ecosystems use and implications for conservation projects. The institutional arrangements developed for the establishment of the PAs are presented. The application of this ecological economic framework has resulted in the formal establishment of one PA and the identification and assessment of five other PAs.
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Mutavchi, Viacheslav. "Solid waste management based on cost-benefit analysis using the WAMED model." Doctoral thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, NV, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-17329.
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Efficient waste management enables the protection of human health, reducing environmental pollution, saving of natural resources, and achieving sustainable and profitable management of energy. In many countries, the general guidelines for waste management are set by national or local waste management plans. Various models provide local authorities with decision-making tools in planning long-term waste management scenarios.This study aims at providing a special model framework for the evaluation of ecological–economic efficiency (ECO-EE) of waste management. This will serve as an information support tool for decision making by actors of a solid waste management (SWM) scheme, primarily at the municipal and regional levels. The objective of this study is to apply the waste management’s efficient decision (WAMED) model along with the company statistical business tool for environmental recovery indicator (COSTBUSTER) model to SWM and municipal solid waste (MSW) schemes in general in order to evaluate and improve their ECO-EE. COSTBUSTER is a mathematical indicator for the size and extent of implementation costs of a certain SWM scheme, compared with the total size of the average financial budget of a SWM actor of a certain kind. In particular, WAMED is proposed for evaluating the suitability to invest in baling technology. Baling of solid waste is an emerging technology which is extensively used worldwide to temporarily store waste for either incineration or recovery of raw materials. The model for efficient use of resources for optimal production economy (the EUROPE model) is for the first time applied to emissions from baling facilities. It has been analysed how cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and full cost accounting (FCA) can facilitate environmental optimisation of SWM schemes. The effort in this work represents a continuation of such ambitions as an enlargement of the research area of CBA based modelling within SWM. In the thesis, certain theoretical and economic aspects of SWM were analysed as case studies. A shift of viewpoints within the field of waste management is presented. This shift is in accordance with the prevailing concept of sustainable development, as commonly understood. It is concluded that in the practical SWM context, the findings of the study point at the possibilities to modify the common CBA- and FCA-based methods by WAMED, COSTBUSTER, and EUROPE. Therefore, it can be said that estimations in a SWM scheme can be carried out by using certain economic model, if properly modified in a logical and plausible way. New principles for cost allocation to SWM residual products are presented in the current work. They imply strong industrial cost saving incentives through promoting the introduction of new and improved processing technologies for rest-waste. Such incentives then strongly promote investments that are likely to improve both the environment and the corporate profitability. Thereby, the occurrence of non-commercialised, and hence not utilized, wastes is reduced. This improves the short term corporate economy through saving raw materials such as solid waste fuel, spending less time for administrating waste flows, and less wear and tear of the plant machinery. Additional environmental advantages which affect the balance sheets in a favourable way are related to the long-term business economy and extended environmental goodwill. This is due to the recently introduced way of considering solid waste as regular goods in financial terms - the equality principle. If waste is seen as goods, and not wasted in landfills, the environment will improve. This, in turn, leads to an improved quality of life. Based on the current study, it is recommended to apply WAMED to SWM schemes in order to evaluate their ECO–EE to justify decision making and investments. Also, it is recommended to apply COSTBUSTER, based on the current WAMED outcome, to SWM schemes to determine their relative size and extent. It is recommended to apply EUROPE to the emissions in case of accidental burning, treatment of leachate, andabatement with odours at any SWM scheme, based on the induced economic incentives, in order to reduce unwanted substances and phenomena.
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Mahdian, Adrian. "ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF STORMWATER MANAGEMENT : Case study: Cost-effectiveness evaluation of Proposition O projects." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-52945.
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Stormwater Management (SWM) or Best management practices (BMPs) treat the stormwater runoff that carries pollutants. Pollutants in the waters and in the stormwater, negatively impact the environment, the ecology, and natural resources. Stormwater Control Measures (SCM) are used in different projects to improve water quality and quantity. This thesis aims to understand the connection between SWMs, the economy, and environmental sustainability. This thesis evaluates the cost-effectiveness of SWMs in Mediterranean climates. The research aims to guide the next project managers to choose better SWMs based on cost-effectiveness, socio-economic, and environmental implications. Various studies suggest that the terms SWM, SWM, and SCM are used interchangeably. The research methodology uses a mix of qualitative and quantitative data analysis The research was conducted in Los Angeles at the request of UCLA. Therefore, it focused on water quality improvement projects in Los Angeles. The costs for the projects, areas, and whatSWMs are used will be acquired through data gathering and personal communication with experts. This thesis compares several projects which include different SWMs. It calculates the cost-effectiveness with two different methods, firstly, the cost per drainage area, and secondly, the cost per pollutant removed. Data is gathered from the city of LA and other secondary data sources to calculate the cost-effectiveness. The calculation results showed that the Glenoaksproject and the Machado lake project were the most cost-effective. Glenoaks utilizes infiltration wells and grass swales, and the Machado lake is a large wetland. Based upon these facts, generally, wetlands and grass swales can be recommended for Mediterranean climates. The expensive total costs of SWMs or their inability to remove pollutants can strongly affect the cost-effectiveness of some projects, and produce a negative impact on the economy. Quantitative assessment of study investigates cost-effectiveness of SWMs and for highlighting its economic impact. For qualitative assessment thematic analysis of 14 sample studies related to stormwater management (SWM) was carried out. Findings reveal that 78% of sample studies reflect the themes associated with the positive economic impact of SWMs. Additionally, the sample studies confirm a 76% positive impact of SWMs on the environment and ecology of the region. Further research with better data and more accurate calculations are needed. It would be beneficial if other factors such as recreation and unquantifiable factors such as the aesthetic improvements and community benefits were incorporated into or considered together with the cost-effectiveness for future projects.
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Flores, Espinoza Javier. "ROBINS, Nicholas A. Mercury, Mining, and Empire. The Human and Ecological Cost of Colonial Silver Mining in the Andes. Bloomington/Indianápolis: Indiana University Press, 2011, xvi + 299 pp., ilustr." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/121904.
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Zetterberg, Andreas. "Network Based Tools and Indicators for Landscape Ecological Assessments, Planning, and Design." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Arkitektur och samhällsbyggnad, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-10011.
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McConnachie, Matthew Morgan. "On the implementation effectiveness and efficiency of ecological interventions in operational contexts : the case of Working for Water." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001956.
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There is little understanding of the implementation efficiency and effectiveness of restoring plant invaded landscapes within operational contexts. South Africa's Working for Water (WfW) programme is arguably the most ambitious alien plant control programme in the world, yet little is known about its cost-effectiveness and the challenges it faces in linking poverty and environmental objectives. My first aim was to assess the cost-effectiveness of invasive plant removal, and the factors that underpin its effectiveness over large spatial and temporal scales. The second aim was to compare the accuracy of evidence-based findings with managers' experience-based beliefs, and to assess whether managers are willing to change their beliefs after being exposed to it. The third aim was to assess the costs and benefits of removal versus removal followed by active native re-vegetation. My final aim is to assess the challenges and lessons learnt by managers linking ecological restoration with poverty alleviation objectives, specifically within the public works model. My study area was focused primarily on two WfW river catchment projects in the western region of the Eastern Cape province. I adopted an interdisciplinary approach drawing from a range of methods such as observational studies, statistical modelling and interviews with managers. The key findings were that control efforts in the two catchment projects are largely inadequate owing to many sites being re-invaded and not enough resources being allocated to the catchments. It would take between 54 and 695 years to clear the respective catchments. In terms of cost-effectiveness, my results exceeded previous estimates by 1.5 to 8.6 times for each catchment project. After being exposed to the evidence-based findings, the managers did not change their beliefs when it came to forecasting the future effectiveness. I found that active native re-vegetation after removal of invasive plants is very costly and that priority should be given to understanding the effectiveness of the removal treatments on native species recovery. The managers cited significant challenges in effectively and efficiently meeting the programmes dual objectives. Based on a broader review of the public works literature I recommend WfW re-examine the type of public works they currently use.
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FALCÃO, Hiram Marinho. "Plasticidade de atributos fisiológicos e eficiência energética em espécies de plantas numa cronosequência de floresta tropical seca: estádio sucessional X disponibilidade hídrica." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/20054.
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CAPES
Para o estabelecimento de populações vegetais em ambientes que são heterogêneos no tempo e no espaço, como florestas que passam por processo de regeneração natural, é fundamental a capacidade de apresentar respostas plásticas em atributos funcionais foliares em resposta às variações ambientais. Plantas pioneiras apresentam estratégias ecofisiológicas distintas de plantas de estádios sucessionais tardios, ocupando posições opostas no espectro de economia foliar. No entanto algumas plantas conseguem se estabelecer, ao mesmo tempo, em áreas em diferentes momentos do processo sucessional. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a variação nos atributos funcionais de três espécies de diferentes hábitos, numa cronosequência (inicial (22 anos), intermediária (44 anos), e tardia (+ 60 anos)) de floresta tropical sazonalmente seca em três estações chuvosas consecutivas. As espécies selecionadas foram: Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.) L.P. Queiroz (Fabaceae), arbórea; Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. (Lamiaceae), herbácea; e Sida galheirensis Ulbr. (Malvaceae), subarbustiva. As duas primeiras são encontradas nos três estádios sucessionais, e a última apenas nos estádios inicial e tardio. Todas as coletas foram realizadas no período chuvoso, no mês de abril, entre os anos de 2012 e 2015. Foram mensuradas as trocas gasosas, o potencial hídrico foliar, o conteúdo e a eficiência no uso dos nutrientes, a área foliar específica, o conteúdo de compostos fenólicos, o custo de construção foliar e o tempo de compensação. As respostas ecofisiológicas das plantas foram influenciadas tanto pelo estádio sucessional quanto pela precipitação entre os anos. De um modo geral, as plantas do estádio tardio apresentaram maiores taxas de trocas gasosas, potencial hídrico, eficiência no uso dos nutrientes e investimento em defesa, especialmente em 2014, o ano mais chuvoso. Além disso, um maior custo de construção foliar e um menor tempo de compensação foram observados nas plantas da área tardia, evidenciando que em áreas preservadas as plantas são mais eficientes no uso da energia. No entanto a variação nos atributos foliares foi mais intensa entre os anos de coleta. Dentre os atributos funcionais, o potencial hídrico apresentou a maior capacidade de aclimatação à variação ambiental, seguido da eficiência no uso dos nutrientes e da área foliar específica. O atributo com a menor capacidade de resposta plástica foi o custo de construção foliar. No entanto esse atributo foi mostrou-se como um dos mais importantes na classificação das plantas de acordo com o estádio sucessional. Os resultados mostram que a água é o principal filtro ambiental que coordena as respostas ecofisiológicas na floresta tropical sazonalmente seca brasileira. No entanto as diferentes espécies captam e utilizam a água disponível de forma distinta, evidenciando uma diferenciação de nicho com relação ao uso da água. A variação nos atributos funcionais em função do estádio sucessional sugere que as espécies analisadas têm a capacidade de ajustar o seu espectro de economia foliar, utilizando-se de estratégia de captação ou de conservação de recursos de acordo com as exigências do ambiente.
For establishing plant populations in environments that are heterogeneous in time and space, as forests that pass through natural regeneration process, it is essential the ability to present plastic responses in leaf functional traits in response to environmental variations. Pioneer plants have different ecophysiological strategies in comparison plants of late successional stages, occupying opposite positions in the leaf economics spectrum. However some plants can be established, at the same time, in areas at different stages in succession process. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the changes in the functional attributes of three species of different habits, in a chronosequence (early (22 years), intermediate (44 years) and late ( + 60 years)) of a seasonally tropical dry forest in three consecutive rainy seasons. The species selected were: Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.) L.P. Queiroz (Fabaceae), a tree; Hyptis Suaveolens (L.) Poit. (Lamiaceae), a herb; and Sida galheirensis Ulbr. (Malvaceae), a subshrub. The first two are found in the three successional stages, and the last one only in the early and late stages. All samples were collected in the rainy season, in April, between the years 2012 and 2015. The gas exchange, leaf water potential, the content and the nutrient use efficiencies, specific leaf area, the content of phenolics, the leaf construction cost and payback time, were measured. Ecophysiological responses of plants were influenced both by the successional stage as the rainfall between years. In general, plants from late stage had higher rates of gas exchange, leaf water potential, nutrients use efficiency and investment in defense, especially in 2014, the wettest year. Furthermore, a higher leaf construction cost and a shorter payback time were observed in late area, showing that, in preserved areas, plants are more efficient in energy use. However the variation in leaf traits was more intense between the years of collection. Among the functional traits, the water potential presented the highest acclimatization capacity to environmental variation, followed by the nutrient use efficiencies and specific leaf area. The leaf trait with the lowest plastic response was the leaf construction cost. However, this trait was one of the most important in classifying the plants according to successional stage. The results showed that water is the main environmental filter that coordinates the ecophysiological responses in the Brazilian seasonally tropical dry forest. However the different species capture and utilize the available water separately, showing a niche differentiation related to water use. The variation in functional traits as a function of the succession stages, suggests that the species in this study have the ability to adjust its leaf economics spectrum economy, by using a resource capture or a conservative strategy according to the requirements of the environment.
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Шишова, Юлія Григорівна, Юлия Григорьевна Шишова, and Yuliia Hryhorivna Shyshova. "Механізми управління вартістю підприємства в умовах екологоорієнтованого розвитку (на прикладі машинобудівних підприємств)." Thesis, СумДУ, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35863.
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Дисертація присвячена розвитку теоретико-методичних положень удосконалення методичного забезпечення вартісного управління на підприємствах. У дисертації обґрунтовано об’єктивну необхідність врахування екологічного фактору при здійсненні фінансового управління на підприємствах. Ключовим напрямом сучасного фінансового менеджменту визначено вартісну концепцію. Запропоновано її впровадження в умовах екологоорієнтованого розвитку на основі методу вартісних розривів. Сформульовано визначення поняття «вартісний розрив». Розвинено науково-методичний інструментарій до його використання на промислових підприємствах. Запропоновано та обґрунтовано науково-методичний підхід до оцінки та прогнозування розриву за індикаторами вартості та рентабельності капіталу. Удосконалено структурно-логічну схему формування додаткової вартості підприємства в результаті здійснення ним екологоорієнтованої діяльності, що на відміну від існуючих передбачає виявлення зони ідентифікації вартісного розриву на основі обґрунтування ланцюга «ефекти-важелі-вартість», що є основою для вибору механізму (механізмів) управління вартістю. Упроваджено процес розроблення, прийняття та реалізації вартісної концепції управління за методом вартісних розривів на ПАТ "СУМСЬКИЙ ЗАВОД «НАСОСЕНЕРГОМАШ».
При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35863Диссертация посвящена развитию теоретико-методических положений усовершенствования методического обеспечения стоимостного управления на предприятиях. В диссертации обосновано объективную необходимость реализации экологоориентированной деятельности как факторы повышения капитализации предприятия на основании стоимостного управления методом стоимостного разрыва. Ключевым направлением современного финансового менеджмента определено стоимостню концепцию. Предложено ее внедрение в условиях экологоориентированнного развития на основании метода стоимостного разрыва. Сформулировано понятие "стоимостной разрыв", под которым подразумевается потеря потенциального увеличения стоимости и определяется как разница между индикаторами стоимости, оцененными как лучшие в отрасли и фактическими индикаторами стоимости предприятия. Получило дальнейшее развитие научно-методическое обеспечение использования стоимостного разрыв на промышленных предприятиях. предложено и обосновано научно-методический подход к оцениванию и прогнозированию разрыва по индикатору стоимости и рентабельности капитала. Предложен научно-методический подход к оценке разрыва стоимости капитала, который основывается на оценке параметра, который обеспечивает равность интегрального экономического эффекта проекта и приведенных потерь стоимости, обусловленных экологическими характеристиками проекта. При цитировании документа, используйте ссылку http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35863
Dissertation is sanctified to development of theoretical and methodical positions of improvement of the methodical providing of cost management on enterprises. In dissertation the objective necessity of realization of environmentally friendly activity as factors of increase of capitalization of enterprise is reasonable on the basis of cost management by the method of cost break. Value conception is certain the key trend of modern financial management. Her introduction is offered in the conditions of environmentally friendly development on the basis of method of cost break. A concept "Digging up a cost", under that the loss of potential increase of cost is implied and determined as a difference between the indicators of cost, appraised as the best in industry and by the actual indicators of cost of enterprise, is set forth. The scientifically-methodical providing of the use got further development cost digging up on industrial enterprises. the scientifically-methodical going is offered and reasonable near an evaluation and prognostication of break on the indicator of cost and profitability of capital. The scientifically-methodical going is offered near the estimation of break of cost of capital, that is base on estimation of parameter, that provides equity of integral economic effect of project and the brought losses over of cost, conditioned by ecological descriptions of project. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35863
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Witter, Mark Stephen. "The ecological costs of being fat." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357884.
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Proaktor, Gil. "Costs of reproduction invertebrates : an ecological and evolutionary approach." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444064.
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Ward, Gillian. "Statistics in ecological modeling : presence-only data and boosted mars /." May be available electronically:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Newton, Ian Paul. "Recent transformations in West-Coast Renosterveld: patterns, processes and ecological significance." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8396_1263521893.
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This
thesis
examines
the
changes
that
have
occurred
within
West-Coast Renosterveld within
the
last 350 years, and assesses
the viability of
the
remaining fragments.
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Lang, Kathryn J. "Caledonian Coast: Ecological Transformation and Conservation of Scottish Waters and Shores." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1565966934020467.
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McKinney, Steven B. "Substitute costs a method for determining ecological service values in stormwater management /." Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2009p/mckinney.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009.Additional advisors: Robert Angus, Paul D. Blanchard, Sarah Culver, Alan Shih. Description based on contents viewed June 3, 2009; title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 48-51).
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Arumugam, Anandkumar. "Ecological risk assessment of the Miri coast, Sarawak, Borneo: A biogeochemical approach." Thesis, Curtin University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/698.
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Ecological risk assessment was made along the Miri coast based on trace element concentrations (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, Zn) in the seawater, sediments, and aquatic biota (fish, shrimp, crabs, and bivalves). Prevailing major geochemical processes were identified. Contamination and risk assessment indices were estimated. Sediments were contaminated by Cu and Zn, but in the marine life the remaining metals were within the permissible limits set by international and national guidelines.
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Iribarren, Nadal Mariona. "Dones, cos i ecologia. Dona arbre." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/662679.
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The thesis presented is a study of some women's movements which claim a recovery of the female body from a feminist and ecologist standpoint and which are currently spreading their influence. It provides a summary of the different aspects that embrace these international movements and their growing influence in Catalonia. It is intended to reflect on the ambivalence, but also the potential of these resistance movements in the corrent medical, educational and socioeconomic model. The many interviews that are part of the text set different shades to complete the mosaic portrait of this reality. It is a qualitative analysis which gives voice to different women involved in some aspects of the moviment studied in this thesis, either as professionals or as users: the female body, the menstrual cycle, women's circles and motherhood. The results obtained highlight the fact that the link between environmentalism, feminism and corporeality not only involves changes towards new practices at individual and family levels but also claims a global economic decline in order to achieve greater attention to life and its cycles. If these new attitudes are not favored from the environment, the result may be a source of physical and psychological exhaustion for some women.La tesi que es presenta constitueix un estudi d'alguns moviments de dones que s'estan difonent actualment i que reclamen recuperar el cos femení des d'una perspectiva feminista i ecologista. S'ofereix un compendi dels diferents aspectes que abracen aquests moviments d'abast internacional i de creixent influència a Catalunya. Així, es pretén reflexionar sobre les ambivalències, però també les potencialitats d'aquests moviments de resistència a l'actual model mèdic, educatiu i socioeconòmic. Les múltiples entrevistes que formen part del text estableixen diferents matisos i completen el mosaic del retrat d'aquesta realitat. Es tracta d'una anàlisi qualitativa en què es dóna veu a diferents dones que participen en alguns dels aspectes del moviment que s'estudien en aquesta tesi, ja sigui com a professionals o com a usuàries: cos femení, cicle menstrual, cercles de dones i maternitat. Els resultats que s'han obtingut subratllen la vinculació entre l'ecologisme, el feminisme i la corporalitat que no només passa per canvis en noves pràctiques a nivell individual i familiar sinó també per una proposta global de decreixement econòmic per una major atenció a la vida i als seus cicles, ja que si des de l'entorn no s'afavoreixen, aquestes actituts poden arribar a suposar una font d'esgotament físic i psicològic per a algunes dones.
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Gaol, Mangadas Lumban. "Ecological study of plant species at Sandford Rocks Nature Reserve (SRNR)." Thesis, Curtin University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/234.
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The ecology of plant species at Sandford Rocks Nature Reserve (SRNR) was studied. The study site is an important nature reserve that contains relatively undisturbed natural vegetation. It has a mosaic of exposed granite rocks, scrublands and woodlands. The study involved: a description of the structure and composition of the vegetation; the population characteristics of selected Acacia species; aspects of reproduction in Acacia; germination and seedling characteristics of some Acacia and grass species that dominate the reserve; the effect of seed size on germination and seedling characteristics; and, the relationship of seed size to seed coat thickness in selected Acacia species. Five different areas were studied using the point centered quarter method to sample the woody perennial species. Thirteen Acacia species were examined for reproduction characteristics; and in 2 selected Acacia species, the effects of phyllode and/or inflorescence removal on reproduction was investigated. Germination tests were conducted to identify germination characteristics in 8 Acacia and 7 grass species dominant at SRNR. The possible effects of variation in seed size on germination; seedling characteristics; and, seed coat thickness were investigated in Acacia fauntleroyi and Acacia prainii. A total of 85 species from 20 families of woody perennials were collated. All areas were dominated by the Myrtaceae, Mimosaceae and Proteaceae families. There was considerable variability in the structure and composition of vegetation. Most species were present in particular sites and the composition of communities appears to be related to the heterogeneity of the habitat within the reserve. In areas of shallow or rocky soil, vegetation types present include Allocasuarina huegeliana woodland, Grevillea paradoxa low scrubland and Acacia neurophylla medium shrubland.In a seasonally wet area, vegetation types present include low open grassland; Eucalyptus capillosa (wandoo) woodland; and, Acacia saligna thicket. In deep, dry sandy soil, vegetation types include Phebalium tuberculosum shrubland, Acacia acuminata and Acacia coolgardiensis thickets. On relatively flat areas that gain water from adjacent large granite hills, the vegetation consists mainly of tall, open woodlands of Eucalyptus species. Vegetation types include: medium tall Eucalyptus salmonophloia woodland with Kunzea pulchella shrubland at the periphery of the Eucalyptus woodland. At rock areas, vegetation types present include dense Leptospermum erubescens thicket, low open Acacia prainii and Dodonaea viscosa shrubland. Of the Acacia populations studied, in A. lasiocalyx no recent seedling establishment was observed. It is hypothesised that recruitment occurs in particular periods. As the plants are associated with rock and soils are generally shallow, it appears that recruitment depends on run-off water from the rocks in winter. Continuous recruitment seems to be the pattern in A. prainii with both seedlings and saplings represented. A. fauntleroyi forms relatively small populations; apparently long drought periods (>l00 d) result in mass death and limit its population size. In A. hemiteles, no seedling stage was found, root competition (for water) from associated Eucalyptus species presumably limits its recruitment. Reproductive success of Acacia is affected by rainfall. A wet winter is required to induce flowering and further rain is required after flowering to promote pod development and good seed set.All Acacia species suffer from drought in the reproduction season, however they differ in their degree of susceptibility. Leaflessness and tree shape also affect Acacia fecundity. Plants bearing more phyllodes produce more flowers and pods, and branches in the upper part of the crown bear heavier inflorescences. In 1998, all Acacia species at SRNR produced mature seed of low weight, with many immature and diseased seed, which gave poor germination. A late spring frost in 1998 is believed to be responsible for limited seed development. In two selected Acacia species, removal of phyllodes reduced the number of pods produced. Presumably, phyllode removal reduces photosynthate produced, therefore the competition among inflorescences (or pods) for resources is more intense and subsequent abortions are likely to occur. All Acacia species studied showed best germination in the cool winter temperature range. Apparently, seeds are adapted to germinate in winter when seasonal moisture is more likely to be available. The best temperature however, varied slightly between species. The grass species dominant in the reserve, except for Aristida contorta, also had more germination in cooler rather than warmer temperatures. The flora of SRNR is similar to typical vegetation of the Southwest. Generally, Acacia species are present only in particular sites, presumably were habitat moisture allows. Seedlings of Acacia species growing in naturally dry areas have greater root: shoot masses than those growing in seasonally wet areas. Biomass partitioning is an apparent strategy to conserve water. Of the 7 grass species, Amphipogon strictus appears to have fastest growth.Eriachne ovata has greater root than shoot mass, while in all other species, shoot mass is greater than root mass; a characteristic of species that grow well in moist habitats. The longest shoots and roots are in Austrostipa elegantissima, an understorey species of eucalypt woodland. In A. fauntleroyi, the degree of hard-seededness varies between seed sizes. There is a higher proportion of soft seed in smaller seed. Seed of different sizes show some responses to different pre-treatments and incubation temperatures for germination. Larger seeds generally germinate in greater numbers after higher treatment temperatures. The best treatment for small seeds is pre-treatment at 75°C and incubated at 15°C. For medium and large seed, best pre-treatment is at 75°C with incubation at 30°C or soaking in boiling water and incubation at either 15 or 3°C. In A. prainii, seed size; pre-treatment; incubation; and, their interaction all affected germination; larger seeds are more viable. The best treatment to promote germination of A. prainii is soaking in boiling water and incubation at 25°C. In both A. fauntleroyi and A. prainii, larger seeds produce larger seedlings. Seedlings from large seeds have the potential for more rapid pre-photosynthetic growth. Larger, heavier seed has a thicker seed coat. The seed coat of A. prainii is thicker than in A. fauntleroyi; the difference in seed coat thickness is reflected by more soft seed in A. fauntleroyi (35%) than in A. prainii (6%).
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Chan, Anne. "Best practices of outstanding mentors in psychology : an ecological, relational, and multicultural model /." May be available electronically:, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Pham, Vivian G. "Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Content in the Hatillo River, Costa Rica." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/571.
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Rivers all around the world have become increasingly polluted with heavy metals, largely due to industrialization and urbanization. Organisms exposed to high concentrations of heavy metals have shown evidence of biotoxicity and physical deformities. With biomagnification in mind, the possibility that this contamination may soon directly affect humans is a real concern, and policies in manufacturing industries worldwide may have to be reformed. In this study, we measured the concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) in the Hatillo River and compared these values to those measured in the Tarcoles River, a highly polluted river, and Terciopelo Creek, a relatively clean river. The results showed that the Hatillo River had significantly lower levels of most detected heavy metals than both the Tarcoles and Terciopelo. Overall, sediments in all rivers showed high levels of heavy metal content--especially in chromium, copper, nickel, and lead--which could build up and affect organisms over a long period of time.
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Jolliffe, Alistair S. "Ecological role of herbivory on coral reefs of the Saudi Arabian Gulf coast." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1997. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/50543/.
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This study examined the ecological role of herbivory on coral reefs of the Saudi Arabian Gulf coast. Herbivory is a ubiquitous process and important in regulating benthic marine communities. Three reef sites were studied over a 12-month period; one on an inshore fringing reef (1.5 m depth), and two on the fringing reef surrounding an offshore island (3 m and 11 m depth). The inshore site experienced greatest extremes in temperature, salinity and sedimentation. The ecological role of herbivory was determined from algal settlement plates and their selective exclusion from herbivores. The inshore site was naturally dominated by filamentous algae, while both offshore sites supported a higher proportion of crustose forms. Location (i. e. distance from shore) appeared to be more important than seasonality in determining the structure and composition of the epilithic algal community. At the inshore site herbivorous fish (dominated by Siganus spp. ) imposed a uniform, wide-ranging grazing pressure of intermediate intensity. Herbivorous echinoids (Echinometra mathaei) imposed an intensive but localised grazing pressure. At the shallow offshore site, only herbivorous fish (dominated by Scarus sp. ) appeared responsible for grazing impacts, which were also intensive. At the deep offshore site both herbivorous fish (dominated by Pomacentrus spp. ) and echinoids (Diademo setosum) were responsible for limiting algal growth, although other factors (e. g. light penetration) may also inhibit algal productivity at this site. An experiment assessing the effects of extreme perturbations (i. e. removal of the algal community), showed that seasonal life-history strongly affected generic succession and rate of re-colonisation. Perturbation effects were temporary and did not precipitate permanent alternative stable communities. An important secondary effect of herbivory is bioerosion. The mean erosion rate by E. mathaei was comparable to rates recorded elsewhere. Behavioural studies revealed that burrow defence and fidelity were positively correlated with burrow complexity, and that the frequency of agonistic behaviour was low. Foraging range was negatively correlated with burrow complexity. In addition, the risk of mortality by finfish predators at the inshore site was estimated to be very low. The study has shown that Saudi Arabian Gulf reef communities may be particularly vulnerable to the depletion of herbivores, for example by overfishing. Management plans should therefore safeguard the herbivorous community, in order to maintain natural bioerosion rates and other reef processes.
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Gallaher, Joanne. "Ecotourism as a Social-Ecological System: A Case Study in Guanacaste, Costa Rica." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195835.
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Despite the dramatic increase in ecotourism as a sustainable development strategy over the last two decades (Honey 2008; Yunis 2000), theoretical models to interpret and evaluate ecotourism—as well as the broader field of tourism—are lacking (Farrell and Twining-Ward 2003; Weaver and Lawton 2007). Farrell and Twining-Ward (2003) call for a reconceptualization of tourism study that incorporates social-ecological systems (SES) theory. This dissertation responds by assessing ecotourism as an SES in a dryland setting, addressing the question: "What key characteristics of ecotourism increase social-ecological resilience?" The study site is Santa Rosa National Park and surrounding communities in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Higham and Lück (2008) cite sustainability as the "ultimate goal of ecotourism" (Higham and Lück 2008, p 124); however sustainability itself proves to be a difficult concept to measure and evaluate (Cater and Lowman 1994; Dernbach 2002; Weaver 2001a). SES theory recognizes sustainability as a process rather than an end goal and identifies resilience as a key attribute (Berkes, Colding, and Folke 2003). With ecotourism as an economic strategy of nearly every developing country since the early 1990s and an increasing economic strategy in rural areas worldwide (Valaoras, Pistolas, and Sotiropoulou 2002; Honey 2008), this study investigates ecotourism through the lens of social-ecological resilience for increased sustainability. Based on a 12-month survey conducted in Santa Rosa National Park and the surrounding area, this study identifies characteristics of ecotourism that can cause different levels of resilience using indicators of increasing biodiversity, economic diversity and social capital. These relationships are represented by linked and continually changing social and ecological systems, diagramed by Holling‘s adaptive renewal cycle (Berkes, Colding, and Folke 2003; Gunderson and Holling 2002). Three research papers are included as part of this dissertation: 1) Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Parque Nacional Santa Rosa Ecotourism Study: Final Survey Results, Analysis and Recommendations; 2) Ecotourism‘s Contribution to Social-ecological Resilience: A Case Study Analysis of Rural, Dryland Ecotourism in Guanacaste, Costa Rica; and 3) Barrier-free Ecotourism? The Costa Rican Approach. Findings of this study include recommendations for ecotourism programs to increase social-ecological resilience and contribute to the sustainability of linked SESs.
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O'keefe, Kim Bonniwell. "A multiscale study of the ecological and evolutionary response of spermophilus armatus to climate change /." May be available electronically:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Gaol, Mangadas Lumban. "Ecological study of plant species at Sandford Rocks Nature Reserve (SRNR)." Curtin University of Technology, Department of Environmental Biology, 2002. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=13955.
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The ecology of plant species at Sandford Rocks Nature Reserve (SRNR) was studied. The study site is an important nature reserve that contains relatively undisturbed natural vegetation. It has a mosaic of exposed granite rocks, scrublands and woodlands. The study involved: a description of the structure and composition of the vegetation; the population characteristics of selected Acacia species; aspects of reproduction in Acacia; germination and seedling characteristics of some Acacia and grass species that dominate the reserve; the effect of seed size on germination and seedling characteristics; and, the relationship of seed size to seed coat thickness in selected Acacia species. Five different areas were studied using the point centered quarter method to sample the woody perennial species. Thirteen Acacia species were examined for reproduction characteristics; and in 2 selected Acacia species, the effects of phyllode and/or inflorescence removal on reproduction was investigated. Germination tests were conducted to identify germination characteristics in 8 Acacia and 7 grass species dominant at SRNR. The possible effects of variation in seed size on germination; seedling characteristics; and, seed coat thickness were investigated in Acacia fauntleroyi and Acacia prainii. A total of 85 species from 20 families of woody perennials were collated. All areas were dominated by the Myrtaceae, Mimosaceae and Proteaceae families. There was considerable variability in the structure and composition of vegetation. Most species were present in particular sites and the composition of communities appears to be related to the heterogeneity of the habitat within the reserve. In areas of shallow or rocky soil, vegetation types present include Allocasuarina huegeliana woodland, Grevillea paradoxa low scrubland and Acacia neurophylla medium shrubland.In a seasonally wet area, vegetation types present include low open grassland; Eucalyptus capillosa (wandoo) woodland; and, Acacia saligna thicket. In deep, dry sandy soil, vegetation types include Phebalium tuberculosum shrubland, Acacia acuminata and Acacia coolgardiensis thickets. On relatively flat areas that gain water from adjacent large granite hills, the vegetation consists mainly of tall, open woodlands of Eucalyptus species. Vegetation types include: medium tall Eucalyptus salmonophloia woodland with Kunzea pulchella shrubland at the periphery of the Eucalyptus woodland. At rock areas, vegetation types present include dense Leptospermum erubescens thicket, low open Acacia prainii and Dodonaea viscosa shrubland. Of the Acacia populations studied, in A. lasiocalyx no recent seedling establishment was observed. It is hypothesised that recruitment occurs in particular periods. As the plants are associated with rock and soils are generally shallow, it appears that recruitment depends on run-off water from the rocks in winter. Continuous recruitment seems to be the pattern in A. prainii with both seedlings and saplings represented. A. fauntleroyi forms relatively small populations; apparently long drought periods (>l00 d) result in mass death and limit its population size. In A. hemiteles, no seedling stage was found, root competition (for water) from associated Eucalyptus species presumably limits its recruitment. Reproductive success of Acacia is affected by rainfall. A wet winter is required to induce flowering and further rain is required after flowering to promote pod development and good seed set.
All Acacia species suffer from drought in the reproduction season, however they differ in their degree of susceptibility. Leaflessness and tree shape also affect Acacia fecundity. Plants bearing more phyllodes produce more flowers and pods, and branches in the upper part of the crown bear heavier inflorescences. In 1998, all Acacia species at SRNR produced mature seed of low weight, with many immature and diseased seed, which gave poor germination. A late spring frost in 1998 is believed to be responsible for limited seed development. In two selected Acacia species, removal of phyllodes reduced the number of pods produced. Presumably, phyllode removal reduces photosynthate produced, therefore the competition among inflorescences (or pods) for resources is more intense and subsequent abortions are likely to occur. All Acacia species studied showed best germination in the cool winter temperature range. Apparently, seeds are adapted to germinate in winter when seasonal moisture is more likely to be available. The best temperature however, varied slightly between species. The grass species dominant in the reserve, except for Aristida contorta, also had more germination in cooler rather than warmer temperatures. The flora of SRNR is similar to typical vegetation of the Southwest. Generally, Acacia species are present only in particular sites, presumably were habitat moisture allows. Seedlings of Acacia species growing in naturally dry areas have greater root: shoot masses than those growing in seasonally wet areas. Biomass partitioning is an apparent strategy to conserve water. Of the 7 grass species, Amphipogon strictus appears to have fastest growth.
Eriachne ovata has greater root than shoot mass, while in all other species, shoot mass is greater than root mass; a characteristic of species that grow well in moist habitats. The longest shoots and roots are in Austrostipa elegantissima, an understorey species of eucalypt woodland. In A. fauntleroyi, the degree of hard-seededness varies between seed sizes. There is a higher proportion of soft seed in smaller seed. Seed of different sizes show some responses to different pre-treatments and incubation temperatures for germination. Larger seeds generally germinate in greater numbers after higher treatment temperatures. The best treatment for small seeds is pre-treatment at 75°C and incubated at 15°C. For medium and large seed, best pre-treatment is at 75°C with incubation at 30°C or soaking in boiling water and incubation at either 15 or 3°C. In A. prainii, seed size; pre-treatment; incubation; and, their interaction all affected germination; larger seeds are more viable. The best treatment to promote germination of A. prainii is soaking in boiling water and incubation at 25°C. In both A. fauntleroyi and A. prainii, larger seeds produce larger seedlings. Seedlings from large seeds have the potential for more rapid pre-photosynthetic growth. Larger, heavier seed has a thicker seed coat. The seed coat of A. prainii is thicker than in A. fauntleroyi; the difference in seed coat thickness is reflected by more soft seed in A. fauntleroyi (35%) than in A. prainii (6%).
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Silva, Sônia Maria Martins de Castro e. "Caracterização da pesca artesanal na costa do Estado do Ceará, Brasil." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2004. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/1722.
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Previous issue date: 2004-03-25Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos
The present work has as objectives: (a) to characterize the artisanal fisheries in Ceará State s continental shelf, through a complete description of boat types, gear designs and used fishing methods; (b) to analyze the fish fauna of Camocim, Paracuru, Fortaleza, Caponga and Fortim fishing locations, as concerns composition, space and time distribution, abundance, frequency of occurrence, dominance, diversity, equitability, richness of species and similarity, referring to the rainy and dry seasons; and (c) to address some relative aspects to the ecology of those species. A total of 3,947 boats make up the artisanal fleet (sailboat fleet) of Ceará state, from which 1,831 are small rafts, 1,177 canoes, 410 sailboats, 340 large rafts and 189 sailcrafts. Catching is performed mainly through the use of hand-lines and gillnets. A total of 183,530 captured individuals were classified into 124 species, 50 families and 14 orders, prevailing the order Perciformes, with predominance of the Carangidae, Haemulidae and Sciaenidae families. Out of 124 species, 91 were found to occur in more than one of the studied fishing locations and 97 were observed both in the rainy and dry seasons. The majority of species presented the following characteristics: they inhabit only one of the following fishing areas on the continental shelf: costa (nearshore fishing grounds), risca (intermediate fishing grounds) and alto (distant-water fishing grounds); they live on or close to the sea bottom, especially on rocky substrates; they do not form shoals; they do not migrate; they are more frequently fished for during daytime and yield larger catches in hook-and-line fisheries. Yellowtail snapper (Lutjnaus chrysurus) was considered the most important specie, representing 18.18% of the biomass and 12.32% of the individuals total. Out of 124 species, only 9 were dominant, what contributed to the high diversity indices recorded in all counties but Fortim, because of the high dominance of white grunt (Haemulon plumieri). The Camocim fishing location presented the largest species richness and an outstanding participation in the biomass (59.95%) and the individuals total (50.89%). The smallest similarity index values were observed when Camocim and Paracuru fishing locations were compared to Fortaleza, Caponga and Fortim. Furthermore, a greater evenness was observed between fishing locations of the western coast (Camocim and Paracuru) and those of the eastern coast (Caponga and Fortim), including Fortaleza, which is the cornerstone of Ceará state s coastline. Given the relevance of the artisanal fisheries and the richness of the fish fauna that make up their commercial catches, it is highly desirable for ecological studies to be pursued in relation to such resources, to the effect that knowledge is obtained and directed to a better understanding of that ecosystem and to a sound management of its exploitation.
O presente trabalho tem como objetivos: (a) caracterizar as pescarias artesanais realizadas na costa do Estado do Ceará, por meio de uma completa descrição dos tipos de embarcação e dos aparelhos e técnicas de pesca utilizados; (b) analisar a ictiofauna das localidades pesqueiras de Camocim, Paracuru, Fortaleza, Caponga e Fortim quanto à composição, distribuição espacial e sazonal, abundância, freqüência de ocorrência, dominância, diversidade, equiitabilidade, riqueza de espécies e similaridade, referentes aos períodos chuvoso e seco; e (c) abordar alguns aspectos relativos à ecologia dessas espécies. Um total de 3.947 embarcações constituem a frota artesanal do Estado do Ceará, sendo 1.831 paquetes, 1.177 canoas, 410 botes a vela, 340 jangadas e 189 botes a remo. As pescarias são realizadas, principalmente, com linhas e redes de espera. No período deste estudo, os peixes capturados, perfazendo um total de 183.530 indivíduos, foram classificados em 124 espécies, 50 famílias e 14 ordens, predominando a ordem Perciformes, com destaque para as famílias Carangidae, Haemulidae e Sciaenidae. Das 124 espécies, 91 ocorreram em mais de uma das localidades estudadas e 97 foram registradas tanto no período chuvoso quanto no seco. A maioria das espécies apresentou as seguintes características: habitam um só pesqueiro (costa, risca ou alto); vivem no fundo ou próximo ao mesmo, especialmente em fundos de pedra; não formam cardume; não migram; e apresentam maior capturabilidade no período diurno e em pescarias com linha. A guaiúba, Ocyurus chrysurus foi considerada a espécie de peixe mais importante, representando 18,18% da biomassa total e 12,32% do número total de indivíduos. Das 124 espécies identificadas, apenas 9 foram dominantes, o que contribuiu para os altos valores de diversidade estimados, exceto no Fortim, tendo em vista a elevada dominância da biquara (Haemulon plumieri) nessa localidade. Camocim destacou-se por apresentar a maior riqueza de espécies e expressiva participação na biomassa (59,95%) e no total de indivíduos (50,89%). Os menores valores de similaridade foram observados quando comparadas as localidades de Camocim e Paracuru às localidades de Fortaleza, Caponga e Fortim. Verificou-se uma maior semelhança entre as localidades situadas no litoral oeste do estado (Camocim e Paracuru), do mesmo modo quando comparadas as localidades do litoral leste (Caponga e Fortim), incluindo-se Fortaleza, marco divisor do litoral cearense. Dada a importância da pesca artesanal na costa do Estado do Ceará e a riqueza da ictiofauna objeto dessas pescarias, é fundamental que se aprofundem os estudos ecológicos nessa região, no sentido de fornecer subsídios para um melhor entendimento desse ecossistema e garantir um gerenciamento adequado de sua explotação.
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Kleiner, Kevin James. "A satellite derived map of ecological systems in the East Gulf Coast plain, USA." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/07M%20Theses/KLEINER_KEVIN_36.pdf.
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Snider, Gary B., P. J. Daugherty, and Alvin L. Medina. "An Ecological Economic Approach for Analyzing the Costs and Benefits of Riparian Restoration Projects." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296487.
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Kay, Matthew Curry 1973. "Ecological patterns in the development, settlement and recruitment of archaeogastropods from the Oregon coast." Thesis, Thesis (M.S.)--University of Oregon, 2001, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/9902.
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Typescript.
Includes vita and abstract.
Bibliography: Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-132).
Description: xiii, 132 leaves : ill. (some col.), charts ; 29 cm.Larvae of the limpets Lottia digitalis and LOffia asmi, as well as larvae of the flat abalone Halioits walallensis. develop into lecithotrophic veliger larvae and settle into benthic habitat after a breif planktonic stage. Larvae of 1. digitalis settled and metamorphosed upon rocky substrata, as well as the barnacle P. polymerus, collected from an adult habitat high in the rocky intertidal. In contrast, substrata from mid and low intertidal zones failed to induce settlement and metamorphosis in larvae of L. digitalis. These results suggest that recruitment into high intertidal habitat is driven by settlement rather than post settlement processes. New recruits within an adult habitat were most abundant low within the adult range and upon north-facing slopes of rocks. Larvae ofH walallensis that experienced a five-day extension of their competence period exhibited accelerated rates of metamorphosis, as well as accelerated juvenile growth rates, relative to larvae that were presented with settlement surfaces at initial competence.
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Galindo, Heather Michelle. "Traveling into the unknown : using genes to track marine larval dispersal across ecological and evolutionary timescales /." May be available electronically:, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Oliveira, Ana Flora Sarti de. "Aspectos biológicos e ecológicos de zoantídeos zooxantelados em costões rochosos do sul e sudeste do Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2014. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/129313.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Florianópolis, 2014Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-05T20:56:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 328594.pdf: 2447185 bytes, checksum: 5003d2c1aa71fd6b45aceaf0044e6a5a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Zoantídeos zooxantelados são organismos muito abundantes na costa brasileira. Esses organismos habitam recifes rasos e, devido a sua representatividade, desempenham um importante papel na comunidade bentônica. Palythoa caribaeorum, Palythoa variabilis e o gênero Zoanthus são os zoantídeos mais comumente observados. Dados sobre biologia e ecologia destes animais estão geralmente relacionados a P. caribaeorum, uma espécie que exibe altas taxas de crescimento e que chega a recobrir dezenas de metros em recifes rasos. Palythoa caribaeorum, Palythoa variabilis e o gênero Zoanthus também habitam costões rochosos na região Sudeste e Sul do Brasil, um local de transição entre ambientes tropicais e temperados e que representa o limite sul de distribuição desses animais. A TSM média é maior na região Sudeste que na região Sul. Essa condição poderia causar uma variação na abundância destes organismos. O ajuste de um modelo polinomial de segunda ordem indicou que temperatura é uma variável importante para determinar cobertura total de zoantídeos zooxantelados nessa escala de observação. Além disso, outros fatores também são importantes como complexidade e inclinação do substrato.
Abstract: Zooxanthellate zoanthids are well represented along the Brazilian coast. These organisms inhabit shallow-water reefs and, due to their conspicuous presence in these environments, they play an important role amongst benthic community processes. Palythoa caribaeorum, Palythoa variabilis and the genus Zoanthus are the most conspicuous zoanthids in Brazil. Data on biology and ecology about these animals frequently relates to P. caribaeorum, a species that exhibits high growth rates and that can reach tens of meters of benthic cover on shallow-water reefs. Palythoa caribaeorum, Palythoa variabilis and the genus Zoanthus also inhabit rocky shores in southeastern and southern Brazil. The region is a transition between tropical and temperate environments and also configures the southern limit of distribution of these animals. The average TSM were higher in southeastern than in southern Brazil. This condition could lead to a variation in the abundance of zoanthids. The fit of a second order polynomial model indicated that temperature was an important factor to determine the total coverage of zooxanthellate zoanthids on this scale of observation. In addition, other factors were also important, such as substrate complexity and slope.
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Cavalcante, Carlos Costa. "O uso de habitats costeiros como berçário de peixes no Ceará." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2014. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/14931.
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CAVALCANTE, C. C. Uso de habitats costeiros como berçário de peixes no Ceará Fortaleza, 2014. 71 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Marinhas Tropicais) - Instituto de Ciências do mar, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2014.Submitted by Geovane Uchoa (geovane@ufc.br) on 2016-01-25T15:39:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_cccavalcante.pdf: 14730475 bytes, checksum: 570f4bee5030e99be280c1fe32e6ba31 (MD5)
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Coastal habitats used by juvenile fish are essential to the life cycle of these species. Some of these species remain near coastal habitats until adulthood, while others only use these habitats as nurseries, then migrating, for example, to reef areas in deeper waters. The present study aimed to evaluate the use of coastal habitats as nursery areas for fish. A survey of studies on fish populations conducted in coastal habitats on the coast of Ceará State, northeastern Brazil was performed. Due to the lack of previous studies in habitats of seagrass beds and sandy beaches in the region, these habitats were sampled in the shallow waters of the Icapui city coast. In the seagrass bed, after 43 hauls conducted during one year, 460 specimens of fish, belonging to 21 species and 13 families were collected, with emphasis on species Lutjanus analis and Ulaema lefroyi, both in relation to the abundance and the frequency of occurrence. On the sandy beach, ten trawls were conducted between March and June 2013, capturing 518 fish belonging to 30 species and 20 families, with emphasis on the species Larimus breviceps and Anchoviella lepidentostole for its high relative abundances and on the species Polydactylus oligodon and Menticirrhus littoralis for their high frequencies of occurrence. In both habitats, the vast majority of fish caught were juveniles. The present study included also the list of species occurring in the young phase in estuarine habitats, mangrove roots and tide pools of the region obtained from previous studies. A total of 100 juvenile fish species were identified in these coastal habitats occurring in the state of Ceará. The largest number of species in the juvenile stage was found in the estuary, with 49 species, followed by the sandy beach with 27 species, tide pools with 21 species, seagrass beds with 18 species and mangrove proproots with 15 species. Cluster analysis showed greater similarity between the fish fauna composition from mangrove proproots and tide pools, corresponding mostly to juvenile reef fish. These results highlight the importance of coastal habitats as nursery areas for reef fish.
Os habitats costeiros utilizados por peixes juvenis são de fundamental importância para o ciclo de vida dessas espécies. Algumas dessas espécies permanecem nesses ambientes próximos à costa até a vida adulta, enquanto outras utilizam tais habitats apenas como berçário, migrando em seguida, por exemplo, para zonas recifais mais afastadas da costa. O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal avaliar a utilização dos habitats costeiros como áreas de berçário de peixes. Foi realizado um levantamento dos estudos sobre ictiofauna realizados em habitats costeiros no litoral do estado do Ceará, nordeste do Brasil. Devido à ausência de estudos prévios nos habitats de gramíneas marinhas e praia de fundo arenoso na região foram realizadas amostragens nesses habitats em águas rasas do litoral do município de Icapuí. No banco de gramíneas marinhas, após 43 arrastos realizados trimestralmente durante um ano, foram coletados 460 espécimes de peixes, pertencentes a 21 espécies e 13 famílias, com destaque às espécies Ulaema lefroyi e Lutjanus analis, tanto em relação à abundância quanto à frequência de ocorrência. Na praia de fundo arenoso, durante dez arrastos realizados nos meses de março e junho de 2013, foram coletados 518 peixes, pertencentes a 30 espécies e 20 famílias, com destaque às espécies Larimus breviceps e Anchoviella lepidentostole por suas grandes abundâncias relativas e às espécies Polydactylus oligodon e Menticirrhus littoralis por suas altas frequências de ocorrência. Em ambos os habitats, a grande maioria dos peixes capturados eram juvenis. À essa lista de peixes juvenis obtidas nos levantamentos realizados no presente estudo foi acrescentada a lista de espécies com ocorrência na fase jovem obtida de pesquisas realizadas nos habitats de estuário, raízes de mangue e poças de maré da região. Um total de 100 espécies de peixes juvenis foram identificadas com ocorrência nesses habitats costeiros no estado do Ceará. O maior número de espécies encontradas com exemplares na fase juvenil foi no estuário com 49 espécies, seguido pela praia arenosa com 27, poças de maré com 21, banco de gramíneas marinhas com 18 e raízes de mangue com 15 espécies. A análise de agrupamento mostrou maior similaridade entre a composição de peixes juvenis em raízes de mangue e poças de maré, correspondendo, em sua maioria, a peixes recifais juvenis. Diante dos resultados obtidos, é possível perceber a importância dos habitats costeiros como áreas de berçário de peixes.
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Garcia, Tatiane Martins. "Ecologia do mesozooplâncton de um estuário semiárido tropical." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2012. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/11377.
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GARCIA, T. M. Ecologia do mesozooplâncton de um estuário semiárido tropical. 2012. 107 f. Tese (doutorado em Ciências Marinhas Tropicais) - Instituto de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2012.Submitted by Nadsa Cid (nadsa@ufc.br) on 2015-04-15T17:47:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_tmgarcia.pdf: 1990236 bytes, checksum: 39e3a8cebd18b560c052b4fe1dfa0bde (MD5)
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Estuary is a semi-closed coastal region, whose main characteristics are the constant mixing of fresh and salt water and the dominance of fine sediment that forms the mud banks. Among the organisms that inhabit this environment, there is zooplankton, a vital part of the food web of coastal and ocean waters, and the link between primary producers and secondary consumers. The present study aimed to study the mesozooplankton community in the estuary of the semiarid River Pacoti (Brazil, Ceará), highlighting the ecological, production and copepods bioindicators. Zooplankton was collected in spring tides (ebb, low, high and flood tides), during rainy (March, April and May 2008) and dry seasons (September, October and November 2008). Sampling was carried out at a distance of approximately 3 km from the mouth of the estuary Pacoti through subsurface horizontal hauls (300 µm), coupled with General Oceanics flowmeter, samples were immediately fixed on board with 4% formalin, buffered tetraborate Sodium (5 gL-1). In the estuary Pacoti, the mesozooplankton proved resilient. However, we cannot say that this condition is commonly found in semi-arid conditions, because few studies have been conducted under this approach. The production of copepods studied, considering the different tides, showed no patterns or trends. The existing variations are due to the influence of abiotic parameters that influence the occurrence of the species in the estuary. Despite the occurrence of several species habitats, we can infer that the region where the study was conducted, about 3 km from the mouth, there is a strong marine influence, because there were a few species of limnetic and low densities, even during the rains. Thus, the zooplankton community Pacoti River estuary can be defined as marine euryhaline. Mesozooplankton bioindicators showed efficiency with the origin of the water masses: freshwater, estuarine or marine. Signs of eutrophication can be verified across species Acartia lilljeborgii, Euterpina acutifrons, Oithona spp., Oithona oswaldocruzi and Oikopleura dioica.
Estuário é uma região costeira semifechada, que tem como principais características a constante mistura das águas doce e salgada e a dominância de sedimento fino que forma os bancos de lama. Dentre os organismos que habitam este ambiente, destaca-se o Zooplâncton, parte vital na teia alimentar de águas costeiras e oceânicas, sendo elo entre os produtores primários e os consumidores secundários. O presente estudo teve como objetivo estudar a comunidade do mesozooplâncton no estuário semiárido do Rio Pacoti (Brasil, Ceará), destacando aspectos ecológicos, produção de copépodes e bioindicadores. O zooplâncton foi coletado nas marés de sizígias vazante, baixa-mar, enchente e preamar diurnas, durante os períodos de chuva (março, abril e maio de 2008) e de estiagem (setembro, outubro e novembro de 2008). A amostragem foi realizada a uma distância aproximada de 3 km da foz do Estuário do Rio Pacoti, através de arrastos horizontais subsuperficiais (300 µm), acopladas com fluxômetro General Oceanics, As amostras foram imediatamente fixadas a bordo com formalina 4%, tamponada com tetraborato de sódio (5 g.L-1). No estuário do rio Pacoti, o mesozooplâncton mostrou-se resiliente. No entanto, não é possível afirmar que esta condição é comumente encontrada em condições semiáridas, pois poucos estudos foram realizados sob este enfoque. A produção dos copépodes estudados, considerando as diferentes marés, não apresentou padrões ou tendências. As variações existentes são decorrentes da influência dos parâmetros abióticos que condicionam a ocorrência das espécies no estuário. Apesar da ocorrência de espécies de vários habitats, é possível inferir que na região onde o estudo foi realizado, cerca de 3 km da foz, existe forte influência marinha, pois foram encontradas poucas espécies de origem límnica e com baixas densidades, mesmo no período de chuvas. Desta forma, a comunidade zooplanctônica do estuário do Rio Pacoti pode ser definida como marinha eurialina. As espécies bioindicadoras do mesozooplâncton mostraram com eficiência a origem das massas d´água: água doce, estuarina ou marinha. Indícios de eutrofização pode ser verificada através das espécies Acartia lilljeborgii, Euterpina acutifrons, Oithona spp., Oithona oswaldocruzi e Oikopleura dioica.
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Matthews, Phillip Michael. "Ecological and taxonomic studies on larval Digenea infecting Littorina spp. on the Co. Down coast." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.258730.
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Anbar, Hasan A. "Studies on the natural recovery of the intertidal infauna of the Saudi Arabian coast following the 1991 Gulf war oil spill." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1308.
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Salles, Ana Carolina Ribeiro. "Ecologia trófica do extrato juvenil de peixes carangídeos do infralitoral raso da enseada de Caraguatatuba, São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21131/tde-29042010-164412/.
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Este trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo dos hábitos alimentares de três espécies de peixes da família Carangidae, da zona de surf da enseada de Caraguatatuba, São Paulo. Amostras de Selene setapinnis, Selene vomer e Oligoplites saliens foram obtidas com rede de arrasto de porta, mensalmente, entre maio de 2003 e outubro de 2004, em duas áreas previamente selecionadas na enseada, com profundidade variando entre 1 e 5 metros. Foram medidos e pesados 3022 exemplares, e 1367 estômagos foram retirados para a análise de conteúdo estomacal. A composição da dieta foi analisada por meio das frequências de ocorrência, numérica, gravimétrica, e volumétrica, e de índices alimentares. Todos os exemplares eram jovens e a sua dieta foi composta principalmente por Crustacea. Outros grandes grupos presentes foram Chaetognatha e Teleostei. Dentre os crustáceos, destacaramse as larvas de Decapoda, os misidáceos, os camarões Acetes americanus e os copépodes calanóides Labidocera fluviatilis e Acartia lilljeborgii. As variações intraespecíficas da dieta, bem como as relações interespecíficas, foram avaliadas através de análises de agrupamento. Foi observada uma tendência de aumento do tamanho da presa com o aumento do tamanho do peixe. Embora A. americanus tenha sido importante na dieta em todos os tamanhos, nas três espécies, houve maior destaque desse item nos peixes maiores, enquanto Lucifer faxoni e larvas de Decapoda foram mais importantes nos menores. Avaliando-se o comportamento alimentar, há indicações de que as três espécies tendem a ser generalistas e a explorar o hábitat de maneira semelhante. Em relação à variabilidade temporal, as espécies diferiram entre si: S. vomer, não apresentou diferença intra-anual significativa, ao contrário de S. setapinnis e O. saliens.The purpose of this work was to study the food habits of three Carangidae juvenile fish species, from the surf zone in Caraguatatuba sound, São Paulo. Samples were taken monthly, with an otter trawl, from May 2003 to October 2004, in two areas previously selected in the bay, between 1 and 5 meters deep. Weight and length of 3002 specimens were taken, and 1367 stomach contents were examined. The diet composition was analyzed through frequencies of occurrence, number, weight and volume, and feeding indexes. The main food item was Crustacea, particularly Decapoda larvae, Mysidae, the shrimp Acetes americanus, and the calanoid copepods Labidocera fluviatilis and Acartia lilljeborgii. Chaetognatha and Teleostei were also present. Seasonal and ontogenetic variations of the diet and interspecific interactions were performed by similarity measures. Ontogenetic changes in diet were recognized; smaller fish consumed smaller prey, and the prey size increased with the body size. Though Acetes americanus were the main item of all sizes, it was more important in bigger fish, while Lucifer faxoni and Decapoda larvae were more important in smaller ones. Selene setapinnis and Oligoplites saliens showed temporal food variability, but Selene vomer did not. The three species were considered as generalists showed similarity in feeding habits.
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Serralheiro, Ana Sofia Ramos. "Ecologia da germinação de sementes de espécies de charcos temporários mediterrânicos: implicações para a conservação." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/18396.
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Devido às inúmeras ameaças que se fazem sentir sobre este habitat protegido – os
charcos temporários mediterrânicos (CTM) – a recoleção de germoplasma e os
estudos da reprodução podem contribuir para a sua preservação. As espécies
características dos CTM germinam em condições hidrológicas e climatológicas muito
variáveis de ano para ano e que se verificam apenas durante um período de tempo
curto. No entanto, o conhecimento sobre a ecologia da germinação das suas espécies
mais emblemáticas é escasso, em particular após um período de conservação ex situ,
durante o qual pode ocorrer dormência ou diminuição da sua viabilidade. É por isso
crucial obter este conhecimento de modo a poder planificar com sucesso a utilização
destas sementes para efeitos de recuperação de CTM.
Os principais objetivos deste trabalho são determinar qual a viabilidade das sementes
recolhidas e quais as condições de luz e temperatura mais adequadas à maximização
da germinação de cada uma das espécies estudadas. A experimentação foi efetuada
em ambiente controlado – câmara de germinação sob um fotoperíodo de 12h e
temperaturas constantes de 15ºC, a simular as condições de temperatura que se
verificam no centro do charco no outono e primavera, ou alternadas de 20 e 10ºC, a
simular as condições de temperatura que se verificam na periferia do charco nos
períodos diurno e noturno, respetivamente. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir
que a viabilidade inicial dos lotes de semente colhida era elevada o que os torna
adequados para a conservação ex situ. De um modo geral, a luz favoreceu a
germinação das sementes, tal como a temperatura alternada; Germination ecology of seeds from species of Mediterranean
temporary ponds – implications for conservation
Abstract:
Considering the numerous threats to the protected habitat Mediterranean Temporary
Ponds (MTP), collecting germplasm and performing reproduction studies could
contribute to its preservation. The characteristics species of MTP germinate in variable
hydrological and climatological conditions each year during a short period of time.
However, knowledge about the ecology of germination of its most emblematic species
is scarce, particularly after a period of ex situ conservation, during which dormancy or
decreased viability may occur. It is therefore crucial to acquire this knowledge in order
to successfully plan the use of these seeds in MTP recovery.
The main objectives of this study were to determine the viability of the collected seeds
and which were the light and temperature conditions best suited to maximize the
germination of each species studied. The experimentation was performed in a
controlled environment - a growth chamber under a photoperiod of 12 hours and
constant temperatures of 15ºC to simulate the temperature conditions of the pond
center) or alternating temperature of 20 and 10°C to simulate the temperature
conditions on the margins of the pond, during day and night, respectively. The results
allowed us to conclude that the initial viability of the collected seed batches was high
and thus adequate to ex situ conservation. We found that in general light enhanced
seed germination and that alternating temperature also favored seed germination.
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STRIGARO, DANIELE. "Management and protection of lake ecosystems by enabling data analytics based on a cost-effective, open and high-frequency monitoring system." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/11571/1469885.
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Medeiros, Macelly Correia. "A pesca artesanal na costa da Paraíba: um enfoque etnoictiológico." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2012. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/tede/jspui/handle/tede/1822.
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Previous issue date: 2012-02-28This study was conducted with a fishermen community in the shore of the Estuary of Paraíba do Norte River and in the coastline of Cabedelo, a town in Paraíba/Brazil, and aimed to characterize the socio-economic profile of fishermen, to describe the ways of catching fish and the use of fauna resources and to register the local ecological knowledge of fishermen of this community. To select the sample, it was used the snow-ball technique. In order to obtain the data, it was used the following techniques: direct observation, guided tours, interviews and structured and semistructured questionnaires. In data analysis, it was employed the usage value. Using the information obtained in the interviews with the fishermen, the screenplays were written for the semi-structured interviews in order to be applied with the most experienced fishermen, the key informants. Data collection occurred in the period of December 2010 to June 2011 in fortnightly visits to Cabedelo. The results obtained showed that the most fishermen are between 36 to 45 years, low educational attainment and low-income. 87 of these fishermen have fished in the above town and 90% of them have always been fishermen. 33 were reported as the most important species for household consumption and trade. The most representative families were Mugilidae, Lutjanidae, Carangidae and Scombridae. The most used families for marketing were Scombridae, Serranidae and Lutjanidae. Some techniques have been identified, including redes de espera and caçeio, tarrafa, facheado, siege, covo, espinhel, the hook and currais. The fishermen perceive the temporal distribution of resources and categorize them as: summer fish , winter fish and all year fish ; and concerning to the vertical distribution: bottom fish and surface fish . They also demonstrated extensive knowledge about the behavior and the trophic ecology and reproduction of the most exploited species. They relate the lunar cycles to the tides movement; recognize the types of winds and their directions. They also classified, identified and appointed the fish through morphological and behavioural criteria. The Cabedelo´s fishermen have presented detailed and consisted ethnoictiological knowledge with the scientific knowledge. The knowledge that these fishermen hold on the distribution of resources and its ecology is extremely important to the future management plans and by the cultural value that they represent.
Este estudo foi realizado com a comunidade de pescadores localizada a margem do Estuário do Rio Paraíba do Norte e da Costa litorânea do Município de Cabedelo e teve como objetivo caracterizar o perfil sócioeconômico dos pescadores, descrever as formas de captura e uso dos peixes e registrar o conhecimento ecológico local dos pescadores desta comunidade. Este trabalho teve seu enfoque teóricometodológico fundamentado na Etnoictiologia. Para a seleção da amostra foi utilizada a técnica bola-de-neve. Para a obtenção dos dados foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas: observação direta, turnês guiadas, entrevistas livres e questionários estruturados e semi-estruturados. Na análise dos dados foi empregado o valor de uso. Através das informações obtidas nas entrevistas com os pescadores foram elaborados roteiros para entrevistas semi-estruturadas para serem aplicadas com pescadores mais experientes, os informantes-chave. No geral foram entrevistados 80 pescadores e 10 informantes - chave. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de dezembro de 2010 a junho de 2011em visitas quinzenais ao município de Cabedelo. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a maioria dos pescadores tinha entre 36 a 45 anos, apresentou baixo nível de escolaridade, e baixa renda familiar. Desses pescadores, 87% sempre pescaram no Município e 90% sempre foram pescadores. Foram registradas 33 espécies como as mais importantes para o consumo familiar e o comércio. As famílias mais representativas foram Carangidae, Mugilidae, Lutjanidae, e Scombridae. As famílias mais utilizadas para a comercialização foram Lutjanidae, Scombridae, Serranidae. Foram identificadas algumas técnicas, incluindo as redes de espera e caçeio, tarrafa, cerco, facheado, covo, espinhel, anzol e os currais. Os pescadores demonstraram conhecimento sobre a distribuição temporal dos recursos faunísticos e os categorizaram em: peixes de verão , peixes de inverno e peixes de ano todo ; e quanto a distribuição vertical em: peixes de fundo e peixes da flor d água . Também demonstraram amplo conhecimento sobre o comportamento, ecologia trófica e reprodução das espécies mais exploradas. Relacionaram os ciclos lunares ao movimento das marés, reconheceram os tipos de ventos e suas direções. Classificaram, identificaram e nomearam os peixes através de critérios morfológicos e comportamentais. Os pescadores de Cabedelo apresentaram um conhecimento etnoictiológico detalhado e coerente com o conhecimento científico. O conhecimento que estes pescadores detêm sobre a distribuição dos recursos e sua ecologia é de extrema importância para futuros planos de manejo e pelo valor cultural que representam.
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Souza, Shirley Pacheco de. "Etnobiologia de cetáceos por pescadores artesanais da costa brasileira." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316350.
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Orientador: Alpina BegossiTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Este estudo registra e analisa o conhecimento ecológico dos pescadores artesanais da costa brasileira. O conhecimento dos pescadores é empírico, prático e contém registros em longo prazo sobre espécies e eventos ambientais, incluindo informações biológicas, ecológicas e culturais. Tendo a Ecologia Humana e a Etnobiologia como bases conceituais e metodológicas caracterizamos o conhecimento dos pescadores sobre a classificação, a nomenclatura e a ecologia dos cetáceos. Entrevistamos 171 pescadores artesanais de comunidades localizadas em Soure (Ilha do Marajó) na região norte, em Ponta Negra (Natal) na região nordeste, em São Sebastião (São Paulo) na região sudeste e em Pântano do Sul (Florianópolis) na região sul do Brasil. Os cetáceos fazem parte da megafauna impactada pela captura acidental na pesca. Cerca de metade das espécies existentes no Brasil está classificada pela Lista Vermelha da IUCN como espécies com dados insuficientes, devido à falta de informação sobre elas. Conforme os resultados desta pesquisa, os pescadores reconheceram 17 espécies de cetáceos e as agruparam em quatro etnogêneros e 37 etnoespécies. O conhecimento dos pescadores sobre as áreas de ocorrência, habitats preferenciais, sazonalidade, tamanhos de grupo e reprodução dos cetáceos forneceu informações para 16 espécies. O boto-cinza (Sotalia guianensis) e o golfinho-nariz-de-garrafa (Tursiops truncatus) foram as espécies mais citadas nas quatro áreas. Os tópicos mais conhecidos foram áreas de ocorrência e tamanhos de grupo, e o menos conhecido foi reprodução. Em relação às interações entre cetáceos e atividades pesqueiras, as informações obtidas indicaram os seguintes tipos de interações: competição (com os peixes e os pescadores), cooperação (com os pescadores) e predação (sobre as espécies-alvo da pesca ou como presa para outros predadores de topo). As espécies mais comuns em cada área (S. guianensis, T. truncatus, Inia geoffrensis, Stenella clymene, Pontoporia blainvillei e Eubalaena australis) são as mais conhecidas e as mais mencionadas como principais competidores ou cooperadores. A captura acidental de cetáceos foi a interação mais citada. Os pescadores conhecem detalhes sobre os hábitos alimentares de alguns cetáceos, descrevendo 28 tipos diferentes de comportamentos alimentares e listando 48 espécies de peixes, moluscos e crustáceos como presas preferenciais. Fatores culturais e ambientais, tais como variações oceanográficas nas áreas de estudo e variações no uso de recursos influenciaram o conhecimento dos pescadores. Comparando as informações dos pescadores sobre as espécies mais comuns de cetáceos com aquelas contidas na literatura científica encontramos grande concordância em relação aos aspectos ecológicos e às interações com a pesca. Apenas para duas espécies (Stenella clymene e Inia geoffrensis) o conhecimento dos pescadores foi discordante da literatura. Estes casos de inconsistência entre os dois tipos de conhecimento podem refletir alguma falta de conhecimento dos pescadores sobre estas espécies ou, por outro lado, podem sugerir novas linhas de pesquisa. O conhecimento dos pescadores sobre as interações envolvendo cetáceos são úteis ao manejo das capturas acidentais, fornecendo informações sobre áreas críticas de captura e sugerindo locais e designs alternativos para as redes de espera. Sugerimos que este conhecimento seja considerado nas estratégias de manejo pesqueiro, já que pode contribuir para minimizar as interações negativas entre os cetáceos e a pesca
Abstract: This study records and analyzes fishers' local ecological knowledge (LEK) on cetaceans in the Brazilian coast. Fishers' (LEK) is empirical, practical-oriented, embedded with long-term records on local species or environmental events, and includes important biological, ecological and cultural information. Choosing Human Ecology and Ethnobiology as methodological base and considering cultural and oceanographic variations in the studied areas, we present fishers' knowledge through Folk Taxonomy and Ethnoecology. We interviewed 171 fishers from communities situated in four areas in Brazil: Soure (at Marajó Island, northern coast), Ponta Negra (at Natal, northeastern coast), São Sebastião (at southeastern coast) and Pântano do Sul (at Florianópolis, southern coast). Cetaceans are among the megafauna impacted by bycatch in fisheries. Nearly half of the cetacean species occurring in Brazil are classified by the IUCN Red List as "data deficient" due to lack of information about them. We studied fishers' LEK on cetaceans' classification and nomenclature. Fishers recognized 17 cetacean species and included them in four folk genera and 37 folk species. We recorded fishers' knowledge on cetaceans' ecology. Fishers reported 112 occurrence areas, providing information on preferential habitats, seasonality patterns, group sizes and reproduction for cetacean species. The topics most known by the fishers are occurrence areas and group sizes, and the least known is reproduction. The Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) and the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) are the most cited species. Fishers' LEK on cetaceans' interactions with fisheries indicated the following kinds of interactions: competition (with local fish and fishers), cooperation (to the fishers), and predation (on fisheries' target species or as prey for other top predators). The most common species in each place (Sotalia guianensis, Tursiops truncatus, Inia geoffrensis, Stenella clymene, Pontoporia blainvillei and Eubalaena australis) are the most known by the fishers, and those mentioned as the main cooperators or competitors. As a result of these interactions some cetaceans are accidentally caught by gillnets used near the coast. Fishers know details about the feeding habits of some species, describing 28 different feeding behaviors and listing 48 species of fishes, mollusks and crustaceans as preferential prey. There were variations among fishers' LEK in the study areas, probably influenced by the level of communities' dependence on natural resources and by variations in oceanographic parameters. We compare fishers' knowledge on the most common species with the information in the scientific literature and we found great concordance in relation to cetaceans' occurrence areas, seasonality, group sizes, prey items and their interactions with fisheries except for two species (Stenella clymene and Inia geoffrensis), to which fishers' information was discordant. These cases of inconsistency between LEK and scientific literature could reflect the fishers' lack of knowledge on these species or, conversely, could suggest new lines of investigation. Fishers' knowledge on the cetaceans' feeding behavior and their interactions to fisheries can be helpful, through the indication of bycatch critical areas and alternative location for setting gillnets, as well as possible alterations in gillnets' designs. We suggest that fishers' knowledge should be considered in fisheries management plans, helping to minimize the negative interactions between cetaceans and fisheries
Doutorado
Ecologia
Doutor em Ecologia