Academic literature on the topic 'Ecological conflict'
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Journal articles on the topic "Ecological conflict"
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Yaremak, Z. V. "Conflicts and collusions as legal contradictions in environmental law." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 2 (July 24, 2022): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.02.22.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of doctrinal approaches to the concepts of "legal collision" and "legal conflict" and their reflection in ecological law. In the context of it the theoretically legal characteristics of the category "legal conflict" were carried out. It is concluded that a broad understanding of this concept, which is proposed in the theory of law, covers a variety of legal phenomena and entails the threat of substitution by other concepts similar in content and functional loads.
For this purpose, a comparative analysis of legal collision and legal conflicts in a scientific publication which based on a general feature that is inherent in both phenomena, namely, legal contradictions. It is convincingly well-proven that it is not necessary to identify these concepts, because the plane of their functioning is different: legal collision operates in the system of positive law whereas legal conflict - in the legal sphere during the social interaction of concrete subjects.
In the context of this issue, the question of dialectical intercommunication is reflected between legal collision and legal conflict. This was facilitated by the analysis of legal conflict from the positions of legal theory. In the context of research of ecologically legal conflicts from position of environmental law theory has been installed the impact of environmental law norms on the emergence, development of conflict relations in the field of environmental protection and nature management. An estimation of the effectiveness was carried out of ecologically legal regulation of ecological conflict and the mechanism for resolving ecological conflicts. It is proved that high-quality legal regulation of ecological relations is an effective preventive mechanism of adjusting ecological conflicts, and, conversely, its imperfection complicates law enforcement practice.
It is concluded that in the case of legal collusion application, the existing contradictions between the norms of law will lead to a legal conflict as a contradiction between the subjects of legal relationships in connection with the realization of collision norms. At what such a determinant always generates rise to the actual ecologically legal conflicts, in contrast to other ecological conflicts, the preconditions for which may exist out of limits of ecological law.
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Zhang, Jing, Yan Chen, Xinming Chen, Congmou Zhu, Bingbing Huang, and Muye Gan. "Identification of Potential Land-Use Conflicts between Agricultural and Ecological Space in an Ecologically Fragile Area of Southeastern China." Land 10, no. 10 (September 26, 2021): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10101011.
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In the context of ensuring national food security, high-intensity agricultural production and construction activities have aggravated the conflicts between agricultural and ecological spaces in ecologically fragile areas, which have become one of the most important factors hindering regional sustainable development. This study took Lin’an District, a typical hilly region of southeastern China, as an example. By constructing a landscape ecological risk evaluation model, land-use conflicts between agricultural and ecological spaces were identified, spatial autocorrelation and topographic gradient characteristics were analyzed, and land-use conflict trade-off mechanisms were proposed. During 2008 and 2018, the degree of land-use conflict in Lin’an District displayed an increasing trend, and the proportion of severe conflicts increased obviously. Slope is the main factor affecting land-use conflicts in a hilly region and shows a negative correlation, mainly because areas with flat terrain are more conducive to human activities. Based on the characteristics of land-use conflicts in Lin’an District, conflict trade-off mechanisms were proposed to provide a theoretical basis and practical support for land-use conflict management. Our study provides scientific evidence for sustainable land-use planning and ecological management in ecologically fragile areas.
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Dong, Guanglong, Zhonghao Liu, Yuanzhao Niu, and Wenya Jiang. "Identification of Land Use Conflicts in Shandong Province from an Ecological Security Perspective." Land 11, no. 12 (December 3, 2022): 2196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11122196.
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Accurate identification of land use conflicts is an important prerequisite for the rational allocation of land resources and optimizing the production–living–ecological space pattern. Previous studies used suitability assessment and landscape pattern indices to identify land use conflicts. However, research on land use conflict identification from the perspective of ecological security is insufficient and not conducive to regional ecological, environmental protection, and sustainable development. Based on ecological security, this study takes Shandong Province as an example and comprehensively evaluates the importance of ecosystem service function and environmental sensitivity. It identifies the ecological source, and extracts ecological corridors with a minimum cumulative resistance model from which ecological security patterns are constructed. It identifies land use conflicts through spatial overlay analysis of arable land and construction land. The results show that: (1) Shandong Province has formed an ecological security pattern of “two ecological barriers, two belts, and eight cores” with an area of 15,987 km2. (2) The level of arable land–ecological space conflict is low, at 39.76%. The proportions of serious and moderate conflicts are 13.44% and 26.97%, respectively, distributed primarily on the Jiaodong Peninsula and the low hill areas of Ludong. (3) Construction land–ecological space conflict is reasonably stable and controllable, at 76.39%, occurring mainly around urban construction land, with serious and moderate conflict concentrated in the eastern coastal areas, mainly between rural settlements and ecologically safe space in the region. This study has important theoretical and practical reference values for identifying land use conflicts, protecting regional ecological security, and optimizing land use patterns.
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Cao, Ji, Weidong Cao, Xianwei Fang, Jinji Ma, Diana Mok, and Yisong Xie. "The Identification and Driving Factor Analysis of Ecological-Economi Spatial Conflict in Nanjing Metropolitan Area Based on Remote Sensing Data." Remote Sensing 14, no. 22 (November 19, 2022): 5864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14225864.
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The rapid socio-economic development of the metropolitan area has led to the continuous deterioration of the ecological environment. This leads to intense competition and conflict between different spatial use types. Spatial conflict research is essential to achieve ecological-economic coordination and high-quality development. However, existing studies lack comprehensive and direct ecological-economic spatial conflicts, especially those on the spatial-temporal evolution and potential drivers of spatial conflict. In this study, we identified the ecological-economic spatial conflicts in the Nanjing metropolitan area in 2010, 2015, and 2020. This study used the random forest to analyze the factors that influenced the change of spatial conflict. Results show that: (1) From 2010 to 2020, the ecological-economic spatial conflict in the Nanjing metropolitan area changed significantly. (2) Land use change has an important effect on spatial conflicts, which are easily triggered by uncontrolled urban expansion, but ecological land can mitigate spatial conflicts. (3) Relevant driving factors of spatial conflicts show multi-level features, so the development of conflict reconciliation countermeasures needs to be tailored to local conditions. This study provides a significant foundation for the high-quality development of the Nanjing metropolitan area and provides a reference for the planning and management of the territorial space.
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Cao, Yuee, Yunlu Jiang, Lin Feng, Ge Shi, Haotian He, and Jianjun Yang. "Identification of Territorial Spatial Pattern Conflicts in Aksu River Basin, China, from 1990 to 2020." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 11, 2022): 14941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214941.
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The change in land use leads to territorial spatial conflict. Territorial spatial conflicts mainly show that the boundaries of agricultural space, urban space, and ecological space overlap each other and interfere with each other’s functions, which will have a negative impact on regional high-quality development. The Aksu River, the most principal source of the Tarim River, the largest instream river in China, is a key area for maintaining ecological security in Northwestern China. It is highly significant to identify the spatial conflict characteristics of land use in this region to promote the sustainable use of regional land resources, optimization of spatial patterns, and the balance between economic construction and ecological environmental protection in mountainous areas. This paper takes the Aksu River Basin as the research area. Using Arcgis 10.8 software, Yaahp software, and SPSSAU software, it builds a land use spatial conflict measurement model based on a quantitative analysis of land use changes from 1990 to 2020 and explores the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of land use conflicts in the Aksu River Basin. The results show that: (1) From 1990 to 2020, the spatial conflict pattern of the study area was dominated by ecological spatial conflicts. The spatial conflict area shows dynamic changes, but the overall trend is decreasing. (2) The spatial conflict pattern of territorial space in the Aksu River Basin has basically formed, and the three types of spatial conflicts are closely related to the level of local economic development. (3) Ecological spatial conflicts are mainly distributed in high-altitude mountains, river valleys, and oasis-to-desert transition areas. Urban spatial conflicts are mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Aksu River plain oasis. Agricultural spatial conflicts are scattered but large in scale, with small differences in the proportion of conflict distribution among the counties.
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Yaremak, Z. "Institutional principles of concordance of interests in legal environmental conflict." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 71 (August 25, 2022): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.71.34.
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The theoretically-legal analysis of institutional principles of ecological law, which are basis of the legal mechanism for resolving legal environmental conflict, is conducted in the article. The research of doctrine approaches interests concordance is carried out. In this context, the concept interests balance based on the “hierarchy” of interests, in which the public interest is a priority, and the concept of human rights priority are analyzed.
Extrapolating these conceptions in the plane of ecological law, their application possibility is analyzed with the aim interests concordance and achievement of consensus in an legal environmental conflict. It is substantiated that the institutional mechanism of balancing interests in ecological relations is based on the principle of sustainable development, which is based on the concept of harmonization of ecological, economic and social interests of society and the principle of ecological priority interests. The systematic analysis of ecological legislation and ecologically-legal doctrine has given chance to identify and investigate the priority principle of public ecological interest in interest balancing which are realizing subjects in ecologically legal business. At the same time, investigational, that modern anthropocentric conception of ecological law, its humanistic orientation provides for the legislative consolidation and principle of human rights priority - right on safe environment for life and health as an inalienable absolute right of personality. It is proved that despite the legislative enshrinement of both principle of public priority ecological interest and principle of belonging to the right of safety for life and health of the environment, the conflict of legal regulation is absence. This is due to the fact that the right to safety for the life and health of the environment is based on the private ecological interest in ensuring the proper state of the natural environment, which ultimately coincides with the public ecological interest.
It is concluded that the institutional principles of interests concordance determine the general orientation of public policy and serve only as a prerequisite for achieving a balance of interests and finding a compromise in legal environmental conflicts.
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Ye, Qingqing, Rong Wei, and Peipei Zhang. "A Conflict Identification Method of Urban, Agricultural and Ecological Spaces Based on the Space Conversion Matrix." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (September 29, 2018): 3502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103502.
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In China, disordered development and utilization of land space usually lead to serious conflicts between urban, agricultural, and ecological spaces. The identification of these conflicts is an important basis for scientific zoning of the three types of spaces and has important theoretical and practical significance for the sustainable use of land space. In this study, a conflict identification method based on the space conversion matrix is proposed to provide a reference for scientific zoning of urban, agricultural, and ecological spaces. The method constructs several land space change indices, including overall conflict degree, type stability degree, and type conflict degree, to evaluate and identify the overall conflict degree, main functions, and main conflict types of evaluation units, respectively. This study used Hubei Province in China as an example to verify the method. Results showed that the main types of land space conflicts in Hubei Province in 2010–2016 were the occupations of agricultural space by urban space and ecological space by agricultural space. Moreover, high conflict areas were mainly concentrated in the central and eastern plains, especially the urban areas of prefectural-level cities. By comparing data between 2010–2013 and 2013–2016, the two major conflict types showed weakening and fragmenting trends. The land space conflict identification method proposed in this study demonstrates several advantages over previous methods. These advantages include the ability to evaluate conflict degree and identify conflict types simultaneously, the low requirement of data condition, and simple and intuitive representation of identification results.
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Jing, Wenli, Kanhua Yu, Lian Wu, and Pingping Luo. "Potential Land Use Conflict Identification Based on Improved Multi-Objective Suitability Evaluation." Remote Sensing 13, no. 12 (June 20, 2021): 2416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13122416.
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Accurately identifying potential land use conflicts (LUCs) is critical for alleviating the ever-intensifying contradictions between humans and nature. The previous studies using the method of suitability analysis did not take full advantage of the current land use and multi-function characteristics of land resources. In this study, an improved model of suitability analysis was realized. In order to explore the LUCs status, including the types, intensity and distribution, a multi-objective suitability evaluation model was constructed from the perspective of production-living-ecological functions. And it was applied to Hengkou District, a typical region of the Qin-Ba mountainous area in the central part of China. The results show that the suitability distribution of living- production-ecological functions vary widely from the center to the periphery with altitude in Hengkou District; 22.03% of the land is at a risk of land use conflict. Among them, the high potential conflict areas account for 55.32%, and the conflicts between production and ecological lands (L2P1E1, L3P1E1) are the largest, which are located at the fringe of the central urban and ecologically dominant area. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt effective strategies to achieve a balance between the differential demands of land use. This research could better reflect the true situation of land use in ecologically sensitive mountainous areas and would provide theoretical and methodological support for the identification and prevention of potential LUCs.
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Froese, Rebecca, Claudia Pinzón, Loreto Aceitón, Tarik Argentim, Marliz Arteaga, Juan Sebastian Navas-Guzmán, Gleiciane Pismel, et al. "Conflicts over Land as a Risk for Social-Ecological Resilience: A Transnational Comparative Analysis in the Southwestern Amazon." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (May 26, 2022): 6520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116520.
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People in the department of Madre de Dios/Peru, the state of Acre/Brazil, and the department of Pando/Bolivia experience similar conflicts over land, land use, and access to resources. At the same time, each conflict reveals distinct characteristics and dynamics, arising from its history, legal regulation, institutional (in-)capacities, and culturally diverse local populations. The aim of this paper is to better understand the main drivers of social-ecological conflicts over land in and around three protected areas in this transboundary region, known as MAP, and to analyze how (environmental) institutions influence these drivers. The paper is based on a literature review and expert interviews; it focuses on conflicts around (1) gold mining in Madre de Dios, (2) extensive cattle ranching in Acre, and (3) access to communal land in Pando. Using theories of conflict research, expanded by a political ecology perspective and insights from stakeholder and expert interviews, we find that the major conflict drivers are (1) land tenure and access to land and natural resources, (2) identity and lifestyle driven transformations, (3) state and market driven agendas, and (4) networked illegal and criminal activities. Through a comparative conflict analysis, we develop four recommendations to strengthen the creation of reflexive institutions that may be able to foster social-ecological resilience in the region: (1) The clarification of responsibilities between governance institutions and their financing; (2) the awareness raising for existing power structures and opening spaces for enhanced local participation; (3) the breaking of corruptive cycles while developing economically, ecologically, and socially sustainable livelihood opportunities; and (4) taking the continuous reproduction of illegal activities into account while clarifying responsibilities, raising awareness, and breaking corruptive cycles. The results of our research therefore not only contribute to a better understanding of conflicts in the MAP region and the wider scientific literature on social-ecological conflicts and governance, but it is also the first paper that identifies entry points and prerequisites for the transformation from reactive to reflexive institutions in Amazonian societies.
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Lin, Gang, Dong Jiang, Jingying Fu, Chenglong Cao, and Dongwei Zhang. "Spatial Conflict of Production–Living–Ecological Space and Sustainable-Development Scenario Simulation in Yangtze River Delta Agglomerations." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 11, 2020): 2175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062175.
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Production–living–ecological space (PLES) is a recent research hotspot on land planning and regional sustainable development in China. Taking the Yangtze River Delta agglomerations as a case study, this paper establishes a spatial-conflict index to identify the PLES conflicts, and then builds a cellular-automaton (CA) Markov model to simulate the PLES pattern in 2030 and to evaluate the influence on PLES conflicts under two scenarios. Results showed that the ecological space (ES) and the living–productive space (LPS) of the Yangtze River Delta agglomerations showed a descending tendency in 2010–2015, whereas ecological–productive space (EPS) and productive–ecological space (PES) reflected a small increase. EPS and PES had squeezed ES and LPS with urbanization and industrial development in this region. Meanwhile, the spatial conflicts of PLES worsened during the period, with the average of the spatial-conflict index (SCI) shifting from 0.283 to 0.522, and seemed to gain momentum. On the basis of scenario analysis for 2030, it was concluded that the “ecological red line policy”, appropriate restriction of urban expansion, and ecological management of the bank of the Yangtze River are helpful in alleviating PLES conflicts, and contribute to spatial structure and harmonizing. The results of this study are expected to provide valuable implications for spatial planning and sustainable development in the Yangtze River delta agglomerations.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ecological conflict"
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Сабадаш, Віктор Володимирович, Виктор Владимирович Сабадаш, and Viktor Volodymyrovych Sabadash. "The basic approaches to ecological conflict determination." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2007. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8360.
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As for EC its subject is the problem of natural resource (ecological value) possession or controlling it, that can cause certain benefits (not obligatory financial) to one or more individuals. EC object is a natural resource or ecological value which due to certain circumstances are on the interests crossing of different social or economical individuals which aspire to possession or controlling it. Thus, ecological conflict is opposition on governmental and/or intergovernmental levels, caused by incompatible or hostile interests of one or more individuals and by their fight for the natural resources ownership, use (distributing) or their controlling right, accompanied by possible using of violent methods for the aim achievement.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8360
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Brown, S. L. "Predators and fisheries : an ecological evaluation of conflict." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.516865.
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Yoon, Jong-Han. "Ecological Sustainability and Peace: The Effect of Ecological Sustainability on Interstate and Intrastate Environmental Conflict." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc30531/.
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This study examines the relationship between ecological sustainability and violent conflict at both the interstate and intrastate level. In particular, this study explores the effect of ecological sustainability of a society on the initiation and the occurrence of violent conflict. By developing a theory, which is named "Eco-peace," this study hypothesizes that the more ecologically sustainable the socioeconomic system of societies, the less likely the society is to initiate interstate conflict. Regarding intrastate conflict, it is hypothesized that the more ecologically sustainable the mode of development pursued by the Third World society is, the more likely that society is to experience intrastate conflicts. To test the hypotheses, this study conducts cross-national time-series analyses for 97-127 countries. Negative binomial and Poisson models are used for interstate conflict during 1960-2001, and logit and rare event logit models are used for intrastate conflict during 1960-1999. Militarized interstate dispute dataset and Uppsala Armed Conflict Program dataset are employed for interstate and intrastate conflict. For ecological sustainability, Ecological sustainability factor index and Environmental sustainability index are used. Through the analyses, this study found the supports for the theoretical argument that the ecologically unsustainable modes of development cause the initiation of interstate conflict and the incidence of intra-state conflict in the Third World.
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Reynolds, Kyra. "Eco-nationalism, eco-conflict and eco-peace : the political ecological dimensions of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict." Thesis, Ulster University, 2017. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.744775.
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The ethno-nationalist conflict in Israel/Palestine has been the subject of significant academic interrogation. However, the political ecological dimensions of that conflict, despite their importance, have gone largely unnoticed. The natural environment, for example, is central to national identity constructs that have long been a source of contestation and friction in the region. The scarcity of vital natural resources (both land and water) needed to sustain nation-building efforts continue to occasion conflict. Access to and control of such resources is divisive and the environment has become a weapon through which to contest the ‘other’. Whilst there is a deep-rooted attachment and importance given to the environment, it has also been a victim to the conflict itself often being seconded to the ‘high political’ aspects prioritised at the governmental level At the opposite end of the spectrum, there are also numerous efforts which attempt to use the environment to promote cooperation/peacebuilding between actors in the conflict. This thesis attempts to unpack the often-overlooked political ecological dimensions of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. To do so, it focuses on a number of specific, localized and illustrating case studies in a series of three papers. The first analyses the impact of the Israeli West Bank separation barrier on Palestinian agricultural systems and processes. The second paper, analyses local attempts at Israeli-Palestinian ‘environmental cooperation’ and asserts the need for delving deeper into ‘cooperative’ interactions in order to determine their true nature and effectiveness. The third paper takes the same greater Bethlehem case studies and explores their possible peacebuilding contributions, before suggesting ways to improve their potential in that regard. As well as filling a significant vacuum in Israel/Palestine scholarship, the thesis has broader theoretical and practical relevance. It adds greatly to vibrant contemporary academic discussions, debates, and lines of enquiry pertaining to the relationships between the environment, conflict and peace. It also speaks to recent calls for geographers to research and contribute to ‘a geography of peace’. In a desire to employ a holistic lens (in this case a political ecological one), an inductive approach was pursued to facilitate the emergence of new ideas. That is, instead of having rigid, predefined theories to test, the approach, whilst including key ideas related to the broad conceptual framework, was to remain open-minded to what emerged in discussions with those involved in the scenarios, and through the analysis of a multitude of information sources. Key methods of primary data collection included semi-structured interviews and ethnographic observation. Primary data collection occurred remotely via ‘e-interviews’ between 2012 and 2013, and directly during a period of fieldwork to Israel/Palestine in 2014. A total of 40 interviews were completed. Ethnographic observation included partaking in tours and conducting site visits. The data collected was complemented by the consultation of secondary statistical sources, and visualisation using Geographic Information Systems. Qualitative content analysis was key in complementing the primary data.
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Gilleland, Amanda H. "Human-Wildlife Conflict Across Urbanization Gradients: Spatial, Social, and Ecological Factors." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3489.
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As suburban and exurban residential developments continue to multiply in urban areas, they encroach on wildlife habitats leading to increased human-wildlife interactions. The animals involved in direct conflict with homeowners are often relocated or exterminated by the homeowners. Often the homeowners contact state licensed wildlife trappers to eliminate the problem animal. In this study I examined how landscape, ecological, and social factors influence the incidence of human-wildlife conflict of thirty two residential areas in the Tampa, Florida metropolitan area. These residential areas, totaling over 300 km2, are part of the urban development gradient representing a range of urban land use from the urban core to exurban residential areas. This study consisted of four phases. In the first three phases, I investigated which landscape, ecological, and social factors contribute to homeowner conflict with wild animals on their property. In the last phase, I combine the significant factors contributing to human-wildlife conflict from the first three phases to build a more complete model.
A spatial analysis of the locations of human-wildlife conflict events recorded by licensed wildlife trappers showed the most significant development and landscape factors affecting human-wildlife conflict reporting in a residential area were human population density and total area of natural habitat immediately adjacent to the residential area. A survey of the relative abundance of conflict prone animals living near and in remnant patches of habitat in suburban residential areas revealed that greater abundance was not correlated with the reported conflict of that species within that residential area. Species that were social, omnivorous, and had some flexibility in home range size were involved most often in conflict in highly urbanized environments. Species that were less social, and were not omnivorous, were not significantly involved in human-wildlife conflict in highly urbanized residential areas. These species tended to be restricted to intermediately urbanized areas like suburban and exurban residential areas.
Several social factors were also significant contributors to human-wildlife conflict as revealed through personal interviews with suburban homeowners in Hillsborough and Pasco counties. Interviews confirmed that most people have positive attitudes toward wildlife, but some form of conflict was reported by thirty four percent of suburban residents, although only seventeen percent of those perceived it as a problem worth spending money to solve. Analysis of the attitudes of residents who reported having experienced problems associated with wildlife on their property, revealed significant negative correlations with statements of environmental concern and concern for the treatment of animals.
Using all the significant variables from the physical landscape, ecological evaluation, and the human attitude study in the suburbs, I developed a statistical model of human-wildlife conflict across the urbanization gradient. While the model has marginal success in terms of practical application for prediction, it is quite valuable for defining the importance of these variables in relation to conflict with certain types of species across the gradient. This set of papers collectively defines relationships between variables existing in urban, suburban, and exurban residential areas and human-wildlife conflict. These factors should be considered when planning new residential areas to minimize human-wildlife conflict while maximizing the residents’ enjoyment of natural areas and species within the residential area.
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Woolaston, Katie M. "Legal Responses to Human-Wildlife Conflict: Individual Autonomy vs Ecological Vulnerability." Thesis, Griffith University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/392407.
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This thesis employs socio-legal critical analysis to deconstruct the problem of human-wildlife conflict. Biodiversity is in crisis, and a large part of the crisis is the relationship that people have with wildlife. The current species extinction rate is one hundred times higher than it would be without human occupation of the planet. Human-wildlife conflict is a primary contributor to global biodiversity loss because it is a manifestation of the destructive relationship that humans have with wildlife. It is considered that human-wildlife conflict is a cause of biodiversity loss because it usually ends in wildlife being killed, but also because the long term effects of negative interaction with wildlife are detrimental to a conservation ethic in people at the forefront of the conflict. Traditionally, the study of human-wildlife conflict focused on problematising wildlife and managing their behaviour, movements, population size and density, and genetics, combined with measuring the values and attitudes of people towards wildlife so that the most acceptable wildlife management techniques could be employed. By critically analysing the problem of human-wildlife conflict and it’s representations in law and policy, this thesis aims to transform the way in which human-wildlife conflict is viewed and managed.
While many wildlife managers and ecologists are conducting studies on differing human values and attitudes towards wildlife and management practices, and are moving toward interdisciplinary collaboration, the studies are often conducted without an adequate understanding of the philosophy surrounding human relationships with each other, society, and the greater environment. Without an adequate conceptual framework that discusses and theorises the different dimensions of the human side of the conflict, there is little hope of uniting stakeholders and implementing a consistent, cohesive outcome to situations of conflict. A theoretical understanding of the role society and relationships play in the conflict is necessary to formulate an effective model of action that addresses the greater societal influence over human attitudes to wildlife.
This thesis utilises Martha Fineman’s theory of vulnerability, together with social eco-feminism to provide an account of the dynamic natural relationship between humans and wildlife and outline how current management strategies deviate from that dynamic yet natural state. It posits that humans and wildlife have individual and interconnected vulnerabilities that are not accounted for by current management policies. Instead, legal institutions ensure separation through the promotion of false individual liberal autonomy. Furthermore, that autonomy is not universally attributed to all humans. Instead, autonomy is something that is considered relevant to those that already hold the power over the concept itself, are most likely to benefit from it, and are already considered to have it (although as this thesis will demonstrate, no-one can ever be autonomous).
This thesis concludes that legal institutions structurally deny human-wildlife conflict around the world, whilst simultaneously exacerbating conflict by promoting values consistent with individual autonomy. The way to rectify this paradox and return the human-wildlife relationship to its natural state is to promote State responsiveness to the interconnected vulnerabilities of people and wildlife, by shifting institutional focus from autonomy to eco-vulnerability. Methods of achieving this shift include establishing the relevance of non-human vulnerability to the problem of conflict, acknowledging all interconnected oppressions with a conflict scenario, their historical bases and barriers to recovery, implementing community collaboration and some devolution of state decision-making power, increasing positive wildlife experiences and emotional connections, and finally, promoting the leadership of alternate epistemological communities, such as local and indigenous groups.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Law School
Arts, Education and Law
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Shahar, Dan Coby, and Dan Coby Shahar. "Conflict, Conciliation, and the Future of the Planet." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625463.
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At the heart of liberal political theory is a formula for enabling diverse groups to coexist peacefully in spite of their differences. This formula involves seeking broad consensus on certain key political institutions as well as on moral norms against imposing views on others. In recent centuries, this formula has been highly successful. However, it is now under attack from green theorists who claim liberal societies will systematically fail to protect the environment, precipitating a global ecological crisis. The radical societal transformations advocated by these greens diverge from traditional liberal arrangements and seek to entrench green ideas in the foundations of the political order. In this dissertation, I examine how liberals can rebut such proposals without simply dismissing greens and their beliefs. I argue that the most promising route to a satisfactory liberal response is pragmatic in nature, showing that greens have little to gain from radicalism and more to gain from a continued commitment to liberalism. I develop this argument in two complementary ways, demonstrating first that greens have overestimated the likely benefits of their transformational proposals and second that a conciliatory approach in the spirit of liberalism offers great promise for achieving green goals. Ultimately, I contend that even for those who see a crisis on the horizon and worry that liberal societies will not respond appropriately, liberalism remains the best available approach to political life.
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COSTA, DONATIEN. "FROM THE STRUGGLES FOR LAND TO THE STRUGGLES FOR TERRITORY: STEPS TOWARD A GRAMMAR OF ECOLOGICAL CONFLICTS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/900492.
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The thesis begins with an actual ecological fact: the current ecological crisis goes hand in hand with the proliferation of ecological conflicts. This fact is attested by the vast literature in the social sciences. This led to the search for a grammar of conflict appropriate to these struggles. To do so, an environmental history of the grammars of conflict inherited from modern political philosophy is undertaken. Three general grammars are reviewed: the grammar of Having, which includes wars of land appropriation (Hobbes), struggles for distribution and collective appropriation (Babeuf); the grammar of Being, which includes the struggle for recognition (Hegel); and the grammar of Action, which includes land use conflicts (Fichte). Although these grammars were elaborated in close connection with the question of land, the argument put forward is that they remain inadequate to account for those struggles that are bearers of an ecology of territorial attachments. More especially, three pitfalls are encountered: they did not overcome the alternative between detachment and rootedness; they defined relations with land exclusively in terms of appropriation; and their internal structure remains inadequate to a grammar of attachment. However, hope in philosophical discourse is not lost. In particular, the political philosophy of territorialities elaborated by Deleuze and Guattari lays the foundation of a grammar of attachment. Mille Plateaux is revisited in which an philosophical concept of territory is articulated with a theory of territorial conflicts between social formations. Finally, we test this model through the empirical data provided by the ethnography of ecological conflicts in the low lands of Ecuador.Dans cette thèse, nous partons d'un fait écologique actuel: la crise écologique va de pair avec la prolifération des conflits environnementaux. Ce fait attesté par une vaste littérature en sciences sociales nous conduit à chercher une grammaire du conflit adéquate à ces formes spécifiques de luttes. Pour ce faire, nous retraçons l'histoire environnementale des grammaires du conflit héritées de la philosophie sociale et politique moderne. Nous distinguons ainsi trois grammaires générales du conflit: la grammaire de l'Avoir comprend les guerres d'appropriation (Hobbes), les luttes pour la distribution et l'appropriation collective des terres (Babeuf); la grammaire de l'Être comprend les luttes pour la reconnaissance (Hegel); la grammaire de l'Action comprend les conflits d'usage (Fichte). Bien que ces grammaires aient été élaborées dans un rapport étroit avec la question de la terre, elles se révèlent à l'analyse inaptes à rendre compte adéquatement de ces luttes porteuses d'une écologie des attachements. Elles ont notamment rencontré trois écueils: elles n'ont pas su dépasser l'alternative entre arrachement et enracinement; elles ont défini les rapports à la terre exclusivement en termes d'appropriation; leur structure reste inadéquate à toute grammaire de l'attachement. Dès lors, la lecture de récents travaux en anthropologie portant sur les conflits écologiques nous conduit vers une grammaire des attachements territoriaux. Loin de désespérer de tout discours philosophique, nous décelons les linéaments théoriques d'une telle grammaire du conflit dans la philosophie politique des territorialités élaborée par Deleuze et Guattari. Nous nous proposons alors de relire Mille Plateaux, texte qui articule un concept philosophique de territoire à une théorie des conflits territoriaux entre les formations sociales. Nous mettons enfin ce modèle à l'épreuve des données fournies par l'ethnographie des conflits écologiques dans les basses terres de l'Équateur.
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Holst, Joshua. "Development and Conflict at the Ecological Margins: Grassroots Approaches to Democracy and Natural Resources." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/581409.
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How can politically and ecologically vulnerable groups come to productively govern the development process? The current environmental crisis is felt most intensely by marginalized groups whose livelihoods, food security, and health are threatened as development-driven environmental problems increase. This study looks at the intersection between the state, the economy, and the grassroots as key decision-makers shape the development trajectory: environmental factions of the rebels-turned-politicians in Aceh, Indonesia, the pro-autonomy indigenous movement in the Ecuadorian Amazon, and pro-democracy insurgents in the United States. The subsequent chapters track and analyze the varied fates of insurgents in each site as they attempt to democratize the state and acquire control over local ecologies. The conclusion explores these movements as the tip of a much deeper iceberg of conflict between extractive development and anti-colonialism.
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Crowley, Sarah Louise. "Ecological politics and practices in introduced species management." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/28758.
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The surveillance and control of introduced species has become an increasingly important, yet often controversial, form of environmental management. I investigate why and how introduced species management is initiated; whether, why and how it is contested; and what relations and outcomes emerge ‘in practice’. I examine how introduced species management is being done in the United Kingdom through detailed social scientific analyses of the processes, practices, and disputes involved in a series of management case studies. First, I demonstrate how some established approaches to the design and delivery of management initiatives can render them conflict-prone, ineffective and potentially unjust. Then, examining a disputesurrounding a state-initiated eradication of monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus), I show why and how ‘parakeet protectors’ opposed the initiative. I identify the significance of divergent evaluations of the risks posed by introduced wildlife; personal and community attachments between people and parakeets; and campaigners’ dissatisfaction with central government’s approach to the issue. By following the story of an unauthorised (re)introduction of Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber) to England, I show how adiverse collective has, at least temporarily, been united and empowered by a shared understanding of beavers as ‘belonging’ in the UK. I consider how nonhuman citizenship is socio-politically negotiated, and how the beavers have become enrolled in a ‘wild experiment’. Finally, through a multi- sited study of grey squirrel (Sciuruscarolinensis) control initiatives, I find important variations in management practitioners’ approaches to killing squirrels, and identify several ‘modes of killing’ that comprise different primary motivations, moral principles, ultimate aims, and practical methods. I identify multiple ways in which people respond and relate to introduced wildlife, and demonstrate how this multiplicity produces both socio-political tensions and accords. Furthermore, throughout this thesis I make a series of propositions for re-configuring the management of introduced species in ways that explicitly incorporate inclusive, constructive, and context-appropriate socio-political deliberations into its design and implementation.
Books on the topic "Ecological conflict"
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The double-crested cormorant: Symbol of ecological conflict. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2012.
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Alier, Juan Martínez. Metabolic profiles of countries and ecological distribution conflict. Delhi: Institute of Economic Growth, 2005.
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Douglas, Leo Ricardo. Social and Ecological Underpinnings of Human Wildlife Conflict on Dominica. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2011.
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Bächler, Günther. Conflict and cooperation in the light of global human-ecological transformation. Zurich: Center for Security Studies & Conflict Research, 1993.
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Shiva, Vandana. The violence of the green revolution: Ecological degradation and political conflict in Punjab. Dehra Dun: Research Foundation for Science and Ecology, 1989.
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Beck, Ulrich. Ecological politics in an age of risk. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002.
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Guha, Ramachandra. State forestry and social conflict in British India: A study in the ecological bases of agrarian protest. Bangalore: Indian Institute of Science, Centre for Ecological Sciences, 1988.
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Crisis, conflicto y resistencia en América Latina: Miradas desde Tepoztlán. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Investigaciones sobre América Latina y el Caribe, 2016.
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Joanna, Endter-Wada, Lilieholm R. J, and Utah State University. College of Natural Resources., eds. Conflicts in natural resources management: Integrating social and ecological concerns. Logan, Utah: Utah State University, College of Natural Resources, 1995.
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The environmentalism of the poor: A study of ecological conflicts and valuation. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Ecological conflict"
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Matsuda, Hiroyuki, Umika Ohta, and Marko Jusup. "Management of Human–Bear Conflict." In Ecological Risk Management, 213–32. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6934-4_14.
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Reynolds, Joshua J. "Ecological Influences on Parent–Offspring Conflict." In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_3689-1.
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Reynolds, Joshua J. "Ecological Influences on Parent–Offspring Conflict." In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 2243–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_3689.
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Colao, Gabriella. "Environmental Damages and Armed Conflict." In Ecological Integrity in Science and Law, 253–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46259-8_21.
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Noss, Reed F. "Ecological Integrity and Sustainability: Buzzwords in Conflict?" In Environmental Science and Technology Library, 60–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0451-7_5.
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Karin-Frank, Shyli. "The Water Conflict in the Middle East: A Test Case for International Intervention." In Implementing Ecological Integrity, 319–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5876-3_21.
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Gupta, Devangana, and Manish Sharma. "Chances of Conflict on Account of Large-Scale Influx of Climate Refugees in India." In Social-Ecological Systems (SES), 179–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76247-6_9.
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Clark, Janine Natalya. "Thinking About Resilience as a Social-Ecological Concept." In Resilience, Conflict-Related Sexual Violence and Transitional Justice, 21–45. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003323532-2.
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Cummings, E. Mark, Christine E. Merrilees, Laura K. Taylor, and Christina F. Mondi. "Tier 3: Longitudinal Studies of Mediators, Moderators, and Multiple Social-Ecological Levels." In Political Violence, Armed Conflict, and Youth Adjustment, 57–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51583-0_6.
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Cummings, E. Mark, Christine E. Merrilees, Laura K. Taylor, and Christina F. Mondi. "Tier 2: Cross-Sectional Studies of Mediators, Process-Oriented Moderators, and Social-Ecological Contexts." In Political Violence, Armed Conflict, and Youth Adjustment, 35–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51583-0_5.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Ecological conflict"
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Oruwari, Humphrey Otombosoba. "Assessment of Conflict Management in Niger Delta and Implications for Sustainable Development of Oil and Gas in Nigeria." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208224-ms.
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Abstract Nigerian oil and gas industry have over the years witnessed incessant conflicts between the stakeholders, particularly the host communities in Niger Delta region and the oil and gas companies in partnership with the Federal Government. Conflict which is here defined as manifestation of disagreement between individual and groups arising from differing and mutually incompatible interests has both positive and negative effects depending on how it was managed. Managing conflicts is all about limiting the negative aspects. The study examined conflicts management in Nigeria oil and gas industry and how best the positive elements of conflicts can be maximally exploited for the mutual benefit of both oil and gas company and the host communities in Niger Delta. The study adopted the multidisciplinary approach, literature review, case study and relied on secondary sources using analytical method of data analysis. The study findings revealed that the major factors that precipitate conflicts between the oil and gas industry and host communities in Niger Delta include economic, social, political, and ecological factors. There are available strategies that can be used in conflict management. These include avoiding, accommodating, or smoothing, competing, or forcing, compromising, and collaborating. Any of these strategies can be used to manage conflict depending on the situation, the environment factor, and the nature of the conflict. The problem is that the oil and gas companies in partnership with the Nigerian government often adopted the wrong approach in dealing with the conflict with host communities, using avoiding or forcing strategies. The study recommends collaboration strategy which ensues long term-term solution to mutual benefits.
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van Paassen, M. M. (René), Joost Ellerbroek, Jan Comans, Clark Borst, and Max Mulder. "Ecological Interface Design for Aircraft Guidance and Conflict Avoidance." In ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2012-82977.
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Changes in Air Traffic Management, exemplified by the NextGen and SESAR projects, intend to achieve ATM systems with a higher capacity and also higher efficiency, through more direct routing. At the same time, air traffic safety should continue to increase. An important step in this process can be the partial or full transfer of responsibility for separation to the flight deck, using Airborne Separation Assurance Systems (ASAS). This paper discusses the development of interfaces for ASAS operations using Ecological Interface Design. Rather than focusing on the development and testing of the displays themselves, it addresses the parallels and differences between EID in the process control domain (from which EID originated) and EID in the air traffic domain.
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Van Dam, Stijn, Max Mulder, and M. M. van Paassen. "Ecological Interface Design of Airborne Conflict Support in Flexible Use Airspace." In AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2005-6471.
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Yakovlev, E., S. Chumachenko, A. Kodrik, V. Ermakov, A. Borysov, and V. Derman. "Methodological Bases for Monitoring the Ecological State of the Geological Environment in the Mine Flooding Zone of Donbas Under the Influence of Armed Conflict." In 16th International Conference Monitoring of Geological Processes and Ecological Condition of the Environment. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.2022580081.
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Guo, Lin, Hamed Zamanisabzi, Thomas M. Neeson, Janet K. Allen, and Farrokh Mistree. "Managing Conflicting Water Resource Goals and Uncertainties in a Dam-Network by Exploring the Solution Space." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-86018.
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In a multi-reservoir system, ensuring adequate water availability across reservoirs while managing conflicting goals under uncertainties are critical to making the social-ecological system sustainable. The priorities of multiple user-groups and availability of the water resource may vary with time, weather and other factors. Uncertainties such as variation in precipitation bring more complexity, which intensifies the discrepancies between water supply and water demand for each user-group. To reduce such discrepancies, we should satisfice conflicting goals, considering typical uncertainties. We observed that models are incomplete and inaccurate, which challenge the use of the single optimal solution to be robust to uncertainties. So, we explore satisficing solutions that are relatively insensitive to uncertainties, by incorporating different design preferences, identifying sensitive segments and improving the design accordingly. This work is an example of exploring the solution space to enhance sustainability in multidisciplinary systems, when goals conflict, preferences are evolving, and uncertainties add complexity.
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Banane, Mouad, and Abdessalam Belangour. "Shared Models and Open Infrastructures for the smart City Internet of Things based on the Semantic Web." In International Conference on the 4th Game Set and Match (GSM4Q-2019). Qatar University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/gsm4q.2019.0033.
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Contemporary cities face many challenges: energy, ecological, demographic or economic. To answer this, technological means are implemented in cities through the use of sensors and actuators. These cities are said to be smart. Currently, smart cities are operated by actors who share neither their sensor data nor access to their actuators. This situation is called vertical: each operator deploys its own sensors and actuators and has its own IT infrastructure hosting its applications. This leads to infrastructure redundancy and ad-hoc applications to oversee and control an area of the city. A trend is to move towards a so-called horizontal situation via the use of an open and shared mediation platform. Sensor data and access to the actuators are shared within this type of platform, allowing their sharing between the different actors. The costs of infrastructure and development are then reduced. This work is part of such a context of horizontalization, within an open and shared platform, in which we propose: 1) a layer of abstraction for control and supervision of the city, 2) a competition control mechanism handling conflict cases based on the RDF (Resource Description Framework) semantic Web standard, 3) a coordination mechanism promoting the reuse of actuators using ontology, 4) an implementation of our work by a proof of concept. The abstraction we propose is based on models from reactive systems. They aim to be generic and represent the invariant of the smart city: the physical elements. They allow applications to control and supervise the city. To facilitate the development of applications we standardize the interface of our models. Since these applications may have real-time constraints, especially those that have control objectives, we propose to take advantage of the distributed architecture of this type of platform. Given the sharing of the actuators, we have identified that conflicts can arise between applications. We propose a mechanism of competition control to deal with these cases of conflicts. We have also identified that a coordination mechanism must be offered to applications wishing to perform atomic control operations. Such a mechanism promotes the reuse of the actuators present in the city. Finally, we implemented our proposals around a proof of concept, including several use cases, to demonstrate our work.
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Deng, Xiaoguang, and Yong Zeng. "A Novel Framework for Product/Service Systems Using Environment-Based Design Methodology." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34302.
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The diversity of costumer’s needs requires manufacturers to provide a complex package of product and service. In contrast to traditional matured methods used for product design, Product/Service Systems (PSS) design still has a large room for development because of three following core research challenges: 1) development of a common shared structure to represent and understand PSS’s elements and their relations; 2) systematic modelling approaches to formulating design problems; and 3) holistic consideration of social, technological, economic and ecological elements. This paper aims to propose a novel framework for PSS design by addressing three issues above. The proposed framework is derived step-by-step from a natural language description of PSS environment using Environment-Based Design (EBD) methodology. The proposed framework attempts to accommodate the recursive scenarios in PSS design along with PSS lifecycle. The PSS environment will be firstly analyzed through a question-asking strategy. Besides, a set of graphical tools will be presented to support the development of framework, such as product-environment system, performance network, and conflict map. A case study, concerning the service design of intellectual property protection in collaborative product development, will be presented to illustrate the proposed framework.
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Segura Baró, Sílvia. "Planificar el llocs del rebuig: identificació de la invisibilitat del lloc a través del planejament per resoldre la problemàtica existent." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Facultad de Arquitectura. Universidad de la República, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6135.
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Els llocs del rebuig sorgeixen a partir de la tensa relació que s’estableix entre home i natura. Són llocs que acumulen rebuig i alhora són rebutjats per la comunitat, una dualitat explosiva que aflora una problemàtica existent. Cal buscar solucions des del planejament territorial al conflicte generat, ja que són territoris que han sofert una triple fractura econòmica, ecològica i social; des del desplaçament de la comunitat, augment de l’atur, presència de materials tòxics i contaminació, empobriment de la població, ...
Així doncs, el planejament ha d’establir estratègies per anticipar-se a la problemàtica del lloc i ha de tenir la capacitat de detectar i reconèixer allò intangible, allò que no es veu i allò que no es vol. El rebuig fa que el lloc esdevingui invisible, per la comunitat, per les autoritats, per les forces econòmiques. Cal identificar els valors d’aquest territori per fer-lo visible de nou, i el paisatge és l’eina que ens ofereix el planejament territorial per establir les noves pautes de recuperació, ja que té la sensibilitat suficient per analitzar de manera transversal els llocs del rebuig i per tant, aportar solucions a través de la planificació en aquests llocs. The rejection sites grow up from the strained relation between man and nature. They are sites that accumulate whatever we reject, like waste sites, and they are also rejected by the community, an explosive duality that shows a really existing problem. We have to look for measures from the regional development to the conflict produced, in the way that they are territories who have suffered a triple fracture, in the economical, ecological and social way; from the community moving, to the losing of employments, the big presence of toxic materials and pollution, impoverishment of the population, etc...
In this case, the regional development had to establish strategies to anticipate the trouble of the site and it has to have the capacity to detect and recognize whatever is intangible, whatever is invisible and whatever is unwanted. The rejection makes the site become invisible, for the community, for decision makers, for economical players. The territory values need to be identified in order to make it visible again. Landscape is the tool offered by territorial planning to establish new refurbishment procedures, as it possesses the sufficient sensibility to analyze transversally the rejection places, bringing along solutions through planning in these sites.
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Khilchevskyi, V. K., and K. V. Mezentsev. "Water conflicts and Ukraine: Donbas region." In 15th International Conference Monitoring of Geological Processes and Ecological Condition of the Environment. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20215k2004.
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Yang, Hua. "Conflicts Between Civilization and Barbarism： Cooper’s Ecological Ethics in The Pioneers." In Annual International Conference on Language, Literature and Linguistics. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-3566_l315.31.
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