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Journal articles on the topic 'Eco-friendly surface treatment'
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1
Frone, Adriana, Denis Panaitescu, Ioana Chiulan, Cristian Nicolae, Angela Casarica, Augusta Gabor, Roxana Trusca, et al. "Surface Treatment of Bacterial Cellulose in Mild, Eco-Friendly Conditions." Coatings 8, no. 6 (June 14, 2018): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8060221.
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Wu, Jindan, Guoqiang Cai, Jinqiang Liu, Huayun Ge, and Jiping Wang. "Eco-friendly surface modification on polyester fabrics by esterase treatment." Applied Surface Science 295 (March 2014): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.01.019.
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Bassyouni, Mohamed, Mohamed Sh Zoromba, Mohamed H. Abdel-Aziz, and Ibrahim Mosly. "Extraction of Nanocellulose for Eco-Friendly Biocomposite Adsorbent for Wastewater Treatment." Polymers 14, no. 9 (April 30, 2022): 1852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14091852.
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In the present study, nanocellulose was extracted from palm leaves to synthesize nanocellulose/chitosan nanocomposites for the removal of dyes from textile industrial wastewater. Nanocellulose is of interest in water purification technologies because of its high surface area and versatile surface chemistry. Following bleach, alkali, and acid treatments on palm leaves, nanocellulose is obtained as a white powder. The produced nanocellulose was investigated. The adsorption capacity of chitosan, nanocellulose, and novel synthetic nanocellulose/chitosan microbeads (CCMB) for direct blue 78 dye (DB78) removal was studied. A series of batch experiments were conducted in terms of adsorbent concentration, mixing time, pH, dye initial concentration, and nanocellulose concentration in synthetic microbeads. The CCMB was characterized by using physicochemical analysis, namely Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscope (SEM), zeta potential analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It was found that the surface area of synthetic CCMB is 10.4 m2/g, with a positive net surface charge. The adsorption tests showed that the dye removal efficiency increases with an increasing adsorbent concentration. The maximum removal efficiencies were 91.5% and 88.4%, using 14 and 9 g/L of CCMB-0.25:1. The initial dye concentrations were 50 and 100 mg/L under acidic conditions (pH = 3.5) and an optimal mixing time of 120 min. The equilibrium studies for CCMB-0.25:1 showed that the equilibrium data were best fitted to Langmuir isothermal model with R2 = 0.99. These results revealed that nanocellulose/chitosan microbeads are an effective eco-adsorbent for the removal of direct blue 78 dye and provide a new platform for dye removal.
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Kim, Ji-Hye, Sung-Yoon Park, Dong-Hyuk Lim, So-Young Lim, Jonghoon Choi, and Hyung-Jun Koo. "Eco-Friendly Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Water-Electrolytes and Chlorophyll." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 2150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092150.
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Organic solvents used for electrolytes of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are generally not only toxic and explosive but also prone to leakage due to volatility and low surface tension. The representative dyes of DSSCs are ruthenium-complex molecules, which are expensive and require a complicated synthesis process. In this paper, the eco-friendly DSSCs were presented based on water-based electrolytes and a commercially available organic dye. The effect of aging time after the device fabrication and the electrolyte composition on the photovoltaic performance of the eco-friendly DSSCs were investigated. Plasma treatment of TiO2 was adopted to improve the dye adsorption as well as the wettability of the water-based electrolytes on TiO2. It turned out that the plasma treatment was an effective way of improving the photovoltaic performance of the eco-friendly DSSCs by increasing the efficiency by 3.4 times. For more eco-friendly DSSCs, the organic-synthetic dye was replaced by chlorophyll extracted from spinach. With the plasma treatment, the efficiency of the eco-friendly DSSCs based on water-electrolytes and chlorophyll was comparable to those of the previously reported chlorophyll-based DSSCs with non-aqueous electrolytes.
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Yeom, Junseok, Woo Sun Shim, and Nae Gyu Kang. "Eco-Friendly Silica Microcapsules with Improved Fragrance Retention." Applied Sciences 12, no. 13 (July 4, 2022): 6759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136759.
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Microcapsules are employed extensively in various applications; however, most are composed of synthetic plastics. Thus, substitution of their component materials is essential to prevent environmental problems associated with primary microplastics. Herein, we report the synthesis of eco-friendly silica core–shell microcapsules for fragrance retention. The silica shell was prepared via oil/water emulsion template synthesis using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), which was added to the immature silica microcapsules prior to complete formation of primary silica shells to promote seeded growth for further reaction of silica. The thickness of the silica shell increased from 42.29 to 70.03 nm, while the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area and internal pore area decreased from 155.16 and 30.08 m2/g to 92.28 and 5.36 m2/g, respectively. The silica microcapsules with lower surface areas retained fragrance for more than 80 days, even in a harsh environment of 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate at 60 °C, whereas the fragrance compound in those without additional TEOS treatment was completely released within seven days. Practical qualitative evaluation of fragrance was also performed for application in fragrance delivery because of the enhanced long-term fragrance retention ability. Our findings show the widespread potential of microcapsules synthesized from eco-friendly materials in industrial applications.
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Back, So-Ra, Won-Jae Youe, Tae-Ju Lee, and Hyoung-Jin Kim. "Development of Packaging Material by Surface coating Treatment of Eco-friendly Composite Resins." Journal of Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry 50, no. 5 (October 31, 2018): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7584/jktappi.2018.10.50.5.55.
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Amin, Sylbialin, Robert Thomas Bachmann, and Soon Kong Yong. "Oxidised Biochar from Palm Kernel Shell for Eco-friendly Pollution Management." Scientific Research Journal 17, no. 2 (August 25, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v17i2.10001.
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Oil palm plantations produce palm kernel shell (PKS) that can be converted into biochar for environment-friendly soil remediation and water treatment. Oxidation with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) may enhance surface characteristics and the quality of low-rank PKS biochar as a sorbent for environmental decontamination. This study aims to determine the effect of oxidation on the surface characteristics (i.e., specific surface area, surface charge, and chemical properties) of PKS biochar, and compared with that of PKS activated carbon. The surface area for the oxidised PKS biochar was similar to that of PKS biochar, indicating that oxidation did not remove the pore blocking material from the surface area of the PKS biochar. However, oxidation has increased the amount of negatively charged oxygen functional groups in PKS biochar, as indicated by the analyses of the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The CEC value of raw and activated PKS biochar were similar and 4.6 and 2.6 times lower for PKS biochar and oxidised PKS biochar, respectively. Oxidation caused enlargement of pores on PKS biochar and caused a reduction of specific surface area. More research is required to establish the process conditions to create a greater surface area and sorption capacity.
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YASIN, SOHAIL, MASSIMO CURTI, NEMESHWAREE BEHARY, ANNE PERWUELZ, STEPHANE GIRAUD, GIORGIO ROVERO, JINPING GUAN, and GUOQIANG CHEN. "PROCESS OPTIMIZATION OF ECO-FRIENDLY FLAME RETARDANT FINISH FOR COTTON FABRIC: A RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY APPROACH." Surface Review and Letters 24, no. 08 (December 2017): 1750114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x17501141.
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The [Formula: see text]-methylol dimethyl phosphono propionamide (MDPA) flame retardant compounds are predominantly used for cotton fabric treatments with trimethylol melamine (TMM) to obtain better crosslinking and enhanced flame retardant properties. Nevertheless, such treatments are associated with a toxic issue of cancer-causing formaldehyde release. An eco-friendly finishing was used to get formaldehyde-free fixation of flame retardant to the cotton fabric. Citric acid as a crosslinking agent along with the sodium hypophosphite as a catalyst in the treatment was utilized. The process parameters of the treatment were enhanced for optimized flame retardant properties, in addition, low mechanical loss to the fabric by response surface methodology using Box–Behnken statistical design experiment methodology was achieved. The effects of concentrations on the fabric’s properties (flame retardancy and mechanical properties) were evaluated. The regression equations for the prediction of concentrations and mechanical properties of the fabric were also obtained for the eco-friendly treatment. The R-squared values of all the responses were above 0.95 for the reagents used, indicating the degree of relationship between the predicted values by the Box–Behnken design and the actual experimental results. It was also found that the concentration parameters (crosslinking reagents and catalysts) in the treatment formulation have a prime role in the overall performance of flame retardant cotton fabrics.
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Agrawal, Mohit, Rudresh Naik, Sneha Shetgar, and D. Purnima. "Surface treatment of jute fibre using eco-friendly method and its use in PP composites." Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019): 3268–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.203.
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He, Yu Long, and Chun Mei Xiong. "Environmental Impact of Waste Slurry in Pile Foundation Construction of High-Speed Railway Bridges and its Countermeasures." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 3690–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.3690.
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Slurry is a necessary material in high-speed railway pile foundation construction. A lot of waste slurry which is harmful to the eco-environment will be generated after the construction is finished. If the slurry isn’t disposed properly, it will cause serious pollutions to the environment. This paper analyses environmental impact of waste slurry through four aspects: surface water, crops, soil and wastewater treatment system etc. Finally, it gets the conclusion that there are four methods to reduce the environmental pollutions of waste slurry: the first one is using the environment-friendly slurry in pile foundation construction; the second one is raising the slurry use efficiency; the third one is decreasing the amount of slurry usage and the output of waste slurry; the last one is developing the more eco-friendly waste slurry treatment methods.
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Chauhan, Vanvirsinh, Jayashree Bijwe, and Ashish Darpe. "Functionalization of alumina particles to improve the performance of eco-friendly brake-pads." Friction 9, no. 5 (February 3, 2021): 1213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40544-020-0461-5.
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AbstractAbrasives, such as oxides of alumina (Al), silica (Si), zirconia (Zr), chromium (Cr) etc., are added to raise the friction level and also to remove the glaze on the disc so that surface will be rejuvenated continuously during braking and will contribute to maintain the desired friction level. However, these inorganic particles have less adhesion with the resin/binder and hence are easily dug out during wearing process contributing to higher wear. If efforts are made to enhance the filler-matrix adhesion, not only the wear of friction material (FM) should reduce, the particles may stay for a longer time on the tribo-surface of the pads to contribute fully towards controlling the coefficient of friction (μ). In the present study, alumina particles were selected for siloxane treatment to improve the filler-matrix adhesion. Two types of eco-friendly (free from asbestos and Cu) brake-pads were developed using alumina as a theme ingredient (treated and untreated) keeping all the parent formulation identical. An additional type of brake-pads without alumina particles was also developed to observe the effect of abrasive particles on the tribo-performance. The performance properties (physical, mechanical, and tribological) of brake-pads were compared when evaluated in identical conditions. The tribo-testing was done on full-scale brake inertia dynamometer following the procedure in Japanese automobile standard (JASO C 406). It was observed that siloxane treatment affected both friction and wear of brake-pads in a beneficial way. Wear resistance got increased 35% for siloxane treated pads. Worn surfaces were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) technique.
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Shih, Yeng Fong, Wan Ling Tsai, and Venkata Krishna Kotharangannagari. "Development of Eco-Friendly Flame-Retarded High Density Polyethylene Composites." Key Engineering Materials 847 (June 2020): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.847.55.
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The use of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and expanded graphite (EG) as a flame retardant for polymer generally requires a relatively high amount of addition to achieve a flame-retardant effect, and is liable to cause a decrease in strength of the material. Therefore, in this study waste diatomite was used as an eco-friendly flame-retardant for high density polyethylene (HDPE) to reduce the amount of APP and EG and can reach the flame-retardant level. Moreover, the waste diatomite was heat treatment and surface modified by silane coupling agent to improve its compatibility with HDPE. The results show that the tensile strength of the HDPE drops sharply after the addition of the APP and EG. However, replace some of the APP and EG by the modified diatomite can slow down the decline and maintain the basic physical properties of the material. The impact strength of HDPE was also decreased by the addition of APP, EG and untreated diatomite. However, the impact strength of HDPE was increased after adding the surface modified diatomite. It can be seen from the experimental results that the addition of the waste diatomite modified by the silane coupling agent can reduce the usage of the flame retardant such as APP and EG, and increase the strength by increasing the compatibility between the plastic and the inorganic material. Moreover, this eco-friendly formulation can reach the UL-94 HB level, and it can be applied to interior decoration or as building materials in the future. Thus, it can not only recycle the wastes, but also reduce the threat caused by fire.
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Abdel-Fattah, Tarek M., and Jon Derek Loftis. "Comparison of Electrochemical Polishing Treatments between Phosphoric Acid and a Deep Eutectic Solvent for High-Purity Copper." Sustainable Chemistry 3, no. 2 (May 19, 2022): 238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/suschem3020015.
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This study investigated and compared the acid-free electropolishing of copper with the state-of-the-art acidic electropolishing process. The acid-free medium used in this study is based on a deep eutectic solvent comprised of 2:1 ethylene glycol and choline chloride. The electrochemical study included voltammetry and chronoamperometry tests during the electropolishing process. The characterization techniques used were atomic force microscopy (AFM) and digital microscopy, and surface morphology comparisons summarized the electropolishing efficiency of phosphoric acid and acid-free deep eutectic solvent treatments for high-purity copper. Electropolishing copper with a deep eutectic solvent resulted in a mirror finish and a post-treatment surface that was 8× smoother than the original metal surface prior to electropolishing treatments with a smoothing efficiency of 91.1 ± 1.5%. This eco-friendly solution produced polished surfaces superior to those surfaces treated with industry standard acid electrochemistry treatments of 1 M H3PO4.
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Soula, Marie, Fabienne Samyn, Sophie Duquesne, and Véronic Landry. "Innovative Polyelectrolyte Treatment to Flame-Retard Wood." Polymers 13, no. 17 (August 27, 2021): 2884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172884.
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Fire protection has been a major challenge in wood construction for many years, mainly due to the high flame spread risk associated with wood flooring. Wood fire-retardancy is framed by two main axes: coating and bulk impregnation. There is a growing need for economically and environmentally friendly alternatives. The study of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) for wood substrates is in its infancy, but PECs’ versatility and eco-friendly character are already recognized for fabric fire-retardancy fabrics. In this study, a new approach to PEC characterization is proposed. First, PECs, which consist of polyethyleneimine and sodium phytate, were chemically and thermally characterized to select the most promising systems. Then, yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) was surface-impregnated under reduced pressure with the two PECs identified as the best options. Overall, wood fire-retardancy was improved with a low weight gain of 2 wt.% without increasing water uptake.
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Aflori, Magdalena, Maria Butnaru, Bianca-Maria Tihauan, and Florica Doroftei. "Eco-Friendly Method for Tailoring Biocompatible and Antimicrobial Surfaces of Poly-L-Lactic Acid." Nanomaterials 9, no. 3 (March 13, 2019): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9030428.
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In this study, a facile, eco-friendly route, in two steps, for obtaining of poly-L-lactic acid/chitosan-silver nanoparticles scaffolds under quiescent conditions was presented. The method consists of plasma treatment and then wet chemical treatment of poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) films in a chitosan based-silver nanoparticles solution (Cs/AgNp). The changes of the physical and chemical surface proprieties were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), small angle X-Ray scattering (SAXS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and profilometry methods. A certain combination of plasma treatment and chitosan-based silver nanoparticles solution increased the biocompatibility of PLLA films in combination with cell line seeding as well as the antimicrobial activity for gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The sample that demonstrated from Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDAX) to have the highest amount of nitrogen and the smallest amount of Ag, proved to have the highest value for cell viability, demonstrating better biocompatibility and very good antimicrobial proprieties.
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El-Ghobashy, Marwa A., Hisham Hashim, Moustafa A. Darwish, Mayeen Uddin Khandaker, Abdelmoneim Sulieman, Nissren Tamam, Sergei V. Trukhanov, Alex V. Trukhanov, and Mohamed A. Salem. "Eco-Friendly NiO/Polydopamine Nanocomposite for Efficient Removal of Dyes from Wastewater." Nanomaterials 12, no. 7 (March 27, 2022): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12071103.
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The rapid development of industries discharges huge amounts of wastewater that contain surface water. For this reason, we used NiO/polydopamine (NiO/PDA) nanocomposite as an efficient material for the removal of Methyl violet 2B from water. It was synthesized and then characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). The EDX analysis confirmed the presence of O, Ni, N, and C. The composite has an average particle size of 18 nm. Its surface area is 110.591 m2/g. It was found that the efficiency of dye removal by adsorption on NiO/PDA exceeded that of bare NiO. The adsorption capacity of NiO and NiO/PDA are 126 and 284 mg/g, respectively. The effects of adsorbent dose, dye concentration, and pH on the removal efficiency were examined. The efficiency increased with increasing the adsorbent dose and pH, but dropped from 85 to 73% within 30 min as the initial dye concentration was increased from 0.984 to 4.92 mg/L. Such a drop in the removal efficiency is due to the blocking of the surface-active sites of NiO/PDA, with the high population of dye molecules derived from the continuous increase in dye concentration. The adsorption results of the dye fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm. The reusability data showed that NiO/PDA was stable across three adsorption–regeneration cycles, thus it can be considered a good recyclable and efficient adsorbent. Because of these results, it can be considered that this method can be applied for the treatment of wastewater.
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Cichosz, Stefan, and Anna Masek. "Superiority of Cellulose Non-Solvent Chemical Modification over Solvent-Involving Treatment: Application in Polymer Composite (part II)." Materials 13, no. 13 (June 28, 2020): 2901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13132901.
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The following article debates on the properties of cellulose-filled ethylene-norbornene copolymer (EN) composites. Natural fibers employed in this study have been modified via two different approaches: solvent-involving (S) and newly developed non-solvent (NS). The second type of the treatment is fully eco-friendly and was carried out in the planetary mill without incorporation of any additional, waste-generating substances. Composite samples have been investigated with the use of spectroscopic methods (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), static mechanical analysis, and surface-free energy measurements. It has been proved that the possible filler-polymer matrix interaction changes may occur due to the performed modifications. The highest reinforcement was evidenced for the composite sample filled with cellulose treated via a NS approach—TS = (34 ± 2) MPa, Eb = (380 ± 20)%. Additionally, a surface free energy polar part exhibited a significant increase for the same type of modification. Consequently, this could indicate easier wetting of the material which may contribute to the degradation process enhancement. Successfully developed cellulose-filled ethylene-norbornene copolymer composite compromises the rules of green chemistry and sustainable development by taking an advantage of renewable natural resources. This bio-inspired material may become an eco-friendly alternative for commonly used polymer blends.
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Ritu and Rani Sudesh. "Vemicomposting of Different Organic Matters and its Effect on Growth of Mung Bean, Vigna radiata." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, no. 02 (2022): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i02.058.
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Vermicomposting is an eco-friendly technique used to produce organic compost, which is rich in NPK (Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) micronutrients and hence improve plant growth and reproduction. This study was carried out to produce vermicompost with five different organic wastes and observed its effect on the Mung bean crop (Vigna radiata). The study was designed with five treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5) having Five different kinds of organic wastes in a ratio of 1:2:1, as follows: T1 (soil+manure+Neem Leaves), T2 (soil+manure+hibiscus leaves), T3 (soil+manure+autumn leaves), T4 (soil+manure+sugarcane bagasse) and T5 (soil+manure+coconut husk). Each treatment having three replicates. Eisenia fetida earthworm was used as an experimental animal. Ten seeds of Vigna radiata were put in each treatment, and observed their germination percentage and growth. The results of the present study revealed higher N, C, and P content in the vermicompost under different treatment as compared to the garden soil sample. The highest per cent (100%) germination and growth of the Vigna radiata were observed in T5, while the minimum was inT1. This study support that vermicomposting of organic wastes is a safe and eco-friendly method by which rich nutrients organic compost can be obtained.
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Minarovičová, Katarína, and Dušan Dlhý. "Environmentally safe system for treatment of bio corrosion of ETICS." MATEC Web of Conferences 146 (2018): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814603005.
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Effects of microorganisms on building facades are responsible for aesthetic, bio-geophysical and biogeochemical deterioration. The process of cleaning of contaminated facades involves the removal and eradication of micro flora on the surface of insulation using chemical products, killing cells and eliminating all living mass, including organic ingredients. The removal of bio corrosion coating from ETICS structure by means of chemical and preservative substances (biocides) is currently the only effective and most used technology. Uncontrolled leaching of the used biocides is unacceptable. Meantime, new technology for environmentally safe maintenance of ETICS is needed. Scientists have been working on replacement the biocides currently used in facades treatment with eco-friendly biocides that have no negative effects on the environment or human beings. While the eco- treatment will be available, safe dewatering of chemicals being leached from the surface of the facade could be provided by e.g. special drain systems adjusted to the building type, use and age. The paper gives an overview of the problem in context of Slovakia and examples of leaching systems designed for new and renovated buildings.
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Li, Shue, Bin Mu, Xiaowen Wang, Yuru Kang, and Aiqin Wang. "Fabrication of Eco-Friendly Betanin Hybrid Materials Based on Palygorskite and Halloysite." Materials 13, no. 20 (October 18, 2020): 4649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13204649.
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Eco-friendly betanin/clay minerals hybrid materials with good stability were synthesized by combining with adsorption, grinding, and heating treatment using natural betanin extracted from beetroot and natural 2:1 type palygorskite or 1:1 type halloysite. After incorporation of clay minerals, the thermal stability and solvent resistance of natural betanin were obviously enhanced. Due to the difference in the structure of palygorskite and halloysite, betanin was mainly adsorbed on the outer surface of palygorskite or halloysite through hydrogen-bond interaction, but also part of them also entered into the lumen of Hal via electrostatic interaction. Compared with palygorskite, hybrid materials prepared with halloysite exhibited the better color performance, heating stability and solvent resistance due to the high loading content of betanin and shielding effect of lumen of halloysite.
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Mahy, Julien G., Louise Lejeune, Tommy Haynes, Stéphanie D. Lambert, Raphael Henrique Marques Marcilli, Charles-André Fustin, and Sophie Hermans. "Eco-Friendly Colloidal Aqueous Sol-Gel Process for TiO2 Synthesis: The Peptization Method to Obtain Crystalline and Photoactive Materials at Low Temperature." Catalysts 11, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11070768.
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This work reviews an eco-friendly process for producing TiO2 via colloidal aqueous sol–gel synthesis, resulting in crystalline materials without a calcination step. Three types of colloidal aqueous TiO2 are reviewed: the as-synthesized type obtained directly after synthesis, without any specific treatment; the calcined, obtained after a subsequent calcination step; and the hydrothermal, obtained after a specific autoclave treatment. This eco-friendly process is based on the hydrolysis of a Ti precursor in excess of water, followed by the peptization of the precipitated TiO2. Compared to classical TiO2 synthesis, this method results in crystalline TiO2 nanoparticles without any thermal treatment and uses only small amounts of organic chemicals. Depending on the synthesis parameters, the three crystalline phases of TiO2 (anatase, brookite, and rutile) can be obtained. The morphology of the nanoparticles can also be tailored by the synthesis parameters. The most important parameter is the peptizing agent. Indeed, depending on its acidic or basic character and also on its amount, it can modulate the crystallinity and morphology of TiO2. Colloidal aqueous TiO2 photocatalysts are mainly being used in various photocatalytic reactions for organic pollutant degradation. The as-synthesized materials seem to have equivalent photocatalytic efficiency to the photocatalysts post-treated with thermal treatments and the commercial Evonik Aeroxide P25, which is produced by a high-temperature process. Indeed, as-prepared, the TiO2 photocatalysts present a high specific surface area and crystalline phases. Emerging applications are also referenced, such as elaborating catalysts for fuel cells, nanocomposite drug delivery systems, or the inkjet printing of microstructures. Only a few works have explored these new properties, giving a lot of potential avenues for studying this eco-friendly TiO2 synthesis method for innovative implementations.
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Boey, Jet Yin, Siti Baidurah Yusoff, and Guan Seng Tay. "A review on the enhancement of composite’s interface properties through biological treatment of natural fibre/lignocellulosic material." Polymers and Polymer Composites 30 (January 2022): 096739112211036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09673911221103600.
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Natural fibre or lignocellulosic fibres have aroused the attention of scientists in the polymer industry, given their eco-friendly, low density, and biodegradability. Nevertheless, the major obstacle to wide commercial applications is the incompatibility between polar natural plant fibres with non-polar polymer matrix due to different chemical constitutions. Therefore, surface treatment of natural fibres before they are implemented to prepare fibre-reinforced composites is considered. Chemical and physical treatments are not preferred as it involves hazardous chemicals and high energy consumption. This review article provides an overview of various environmentally friendly approaches, such as introducing bacterial nanocellulose, pre-treatment with bacterial cellulase, fungal treatment, and enzymatic treatments aimed to treat natural fibres. The implications of working mechanisms on the characteristics of fibre itself and polymer composites with reinforcement are reviewed. The application of treated fibres reinforced composites and comparison of biological treatment with other treatments are discussed in this article. It is evidenced that fibre that undergoes biological modifications facilitates better fibre-matrix interfacial adhesion, has stronger mechanical bonding with the matrix, along with the reduction of water uptake of the composites.
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Sfameni, Silvia, Tim Lawnick, Giulia Rando, Annamaria Visco, Torsten Textor, and Maria Rosaria Plutino. "Functional Silane-Based Nanohybrid Materials for the Development of Hydrophobic and Water-Based Stain Resistant Cotton Fabrics Coatings." Nanomaterials 12, no. 19 (September 28, 2022): 3404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12193404.
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The textile-finishing industry, is one of the main sources of persistent organic pollutants in water; in this regard, it is necessary to develop and employ new sustainable approaches for fabric finishing and treatment. This research study shows the development of an efficient and eco-friendly procedure to form highly hydrophobic surfaces on cotton fabrics using different modified silica sols. In particular, the formation of highly hydrophobic surfaces on cotton fabrics was studied by using a two-step treatment procedure, i.e., first applying a hybrid silica sol obtained by hydrolysis and subsequent condensation of (3-Glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxy silane with different alkyl(trialkoxy)silane under acid conditions, and then applying hydrolyzed hexadecyltrimethoxysilane on the treated fabrics to further improve the fabrics’ hydrophobicity. The treated cotton fabrics showed excellent water repellency with a water contact angle above 150° under optimum treatment conditions. The cooperative action of rough surface structure due to the silica sol nanoparticles and the low surface energy caused by long-chain alkyl(trialkoxy)silane in the nanocomposite coating, combined with the expected roughness on microscale due to the fabrics and fiber structure, provided the treated cotton fabrics with excellent, almost super, hydrophobicity and water-based stain resistance in an eco-sustainable way.
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Wardhono, Endarto, Hadi Wahyudi, Sri Agustina, François Oudet, Mekro Pinem, Danièle Clausse, Khashayar Saleh, and Erwann Guénin. "Ultrasonic Irradiation Coupled with Microwave Treatment for Eco-friendly Process of Isolating Bacterial Cellulose Nanocrystals." Nanomaterials 8, no. 10 (October 20, 2018): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8100859.
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The isolation of crystalline regions from fibers cellulose via the hydrolysis route generally requires corrosive chemicals, high-energy demands, and long reaction times, resulting in high economic costs and environmental impact. From this basis, this work seeks to develop environment-friendly processes for the production of Bacterial Cellulose Nanocrystals (BC-NC). To overcome the aforementioned issues, this study proposes a fast, highly-efficient and eco-friendly method for the isolation of cellulose nanocrystals from Bacterial Cellulose, BC. A two-step processes is considered: (1) partial depolymerization of Bacterial Cellulose (DP-BC) under ultrasonic conditions; (2) extraction of crystalline regions (BC-NC) by treatment with diluted HCl catalyzed by metal chlorides (MnCl2 and FeCl3.6H2O) under microwave irradiation. The effect of ultrasonic time and reactant and catalyst concentrations on the index crystallinity (CrI), chemical structure, thermal properties, and surface morphology of DP-BC and BC-NC were evaluated. The results indicated that the ultrasonic treatment induced depolymerization of BC characterized by an increase of the CrI. The microwave assisted by MnCl2-catalyzed mild acid hydrolysis enhanced the removal of the amorphous regions, yielding BC-NC. A chemical structure analysis demonstrated that the chemical structures of DP-BC and BC-NC remained unchanged after the ultrasonic treatment and MnCl2-catalyzed acid hydrolysis process.
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Singh, Arun K. "Oil/Water Separation Using Waste-Derived Functional Materials with Special Wetting Behavior." Resources 11, no. 10 (September 26, 2022): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources11100083.
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The separation of both emulsified and immiscible oil/water mixtures using materials with special wetting behavior (hydrophobic-oleophilic or hydrophilic-oleophobic and switchable wettability) has attracted significant research attention in recent years. Among various materials with special wetting behavior, waste material-mediated surfaces have gained more interest because of their various advantages such as fluorine-free and specific surface structural properties, vast availability, flexibility in chemical/structural modification to improve the desired surface properties and eco-friendly nature. This review article describes the oil/water separation application by the waste materials-based special wettable surfaces from different resources. The special wettable surfaces preparation method, treatment effect, efficiency and oil/water separation mechanism are discussed. Moreover, unresolved issues and potential challenges associated with all waste-derived special wettable materials have been highlighted for future development.
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Dong, Yue, Xiaodi Ji, Fenglong Li, Tat Thang Nguyen, Zhanhua Huang, and Minghui Guo. "A self-cleaning surface based on heat treatment of g-C3N4-coated wood prepared by a rapid and eco-friendly method." Holzforschung 73, no. 4 (April 24, 2019): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0118.
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AbstractA self-cleaning surface treatment has been developed, which is prepared by an eco-friendly and effective two-step method. First, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was deposited on the wood surface by vacuum impregnation, followed by heat treatment. The morphology, weight change, dimensional stability, crystal and micro structure, and elemental composition of the wood samples were determined by photography, weighting, swelling rate determination, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDXA). Moreover, contact angle measurements and photocatalytic degradation experiments were carried out with Rhodamine B as the target. It was demonstrated that g-C3N4is successfully deposited on the wood surface, which lowers the heat treatment temperature and renders photocatalytic properties to the coating. The heat treatment at around 210°C strengthened the immobility of g-C3N4and increased the surface hydrophobicity. Moreover, the better photocatalytic ability of the surface is accompanied with self-cleaning effects.
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da Costa, Romeu RC, Eduardo S. Sato, Marcelo L. Ribeiro, Ricardo de Medeiros, André FC Vieira, Rui M. Guedes, and Volnei Tita. "Polyurethane derived from castor oil reinforced with long cotton fibers: Static and dynamic testing of a novel eco-friendly composite material." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 22 (March 17, 2020): 3125–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320911984.
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A novel eco-friendly composite material made of polyurethane derived from castor oil reinforced with long cotton fibers was developed. A set of comparative analyses comprising static and dynamic tests was established using specimens made of castor oil-based polyurethane reinforced by glass fibers, and epoxy reinforced by glass and cotton fibers. The manufacturing method and estimation of fiber volume fraction of the specimens were described in detail. Tensile and flexural tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical performance of the novel laminate. Fractographic post-mortem examinations assessed the quality of the fiber–matrix interaction and allowed direct observation of the failure modes. Surface treatment of natural fibers appears necessary to improve the adhesion of the natural fibers to the matrix. Dynamic responses are discussed, considering natural frequencies and modal damping coefficients. In this context, the potentialities and the limitations of using the novel eco-friendly composite material as structural parts are discussed.
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Begum, Setara, Jindan Wu, Carrington M. Takawira, and Jiping Wang. "Surface Modification of Polyamide 6,6 Fabrics with an Alkaline Protease – Subtilisin." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 11, no. 1 (March 2016): 155892501601100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501601100110.
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Subtilisin treatment is feasible in benign conditions, and yields a clean, dynamic approach for Polyamide 6,6 (PA 6,6) modification. In this study, the water contact angle (WCA) method, capillary height and moisture regain were used measure hydrophilicity. To characterization the modification, the scanning electron microscope (SEM), amino group quantification and x-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) were used. Fabric burst strength and hand properties were characterized. Optimum conditions for subtilisin treatment were found to be 55oC, neutral pH with 10% (owf) enzyme concentration for a fixed 90 min treatment period. X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) results showed that carboxyl groups were produced on the modified fiber surface. The modified fibers showed much improved hydrophilicity as indicated by reduced wicking time, improved capillary height and moisture regain percentage. The creation of carboxylic acid group sand increased number of amino groups detected on the fabric surface may positively influence hydrophilicity. In comparison to harsh alkali modification, the enzyme treatment led to smaller weight loss. In general, enzymatic treatments- a more eco-friendly alternative to alkaline treatments, resulted in a significant improvement in surface properties of PA 6,6 fabrics.
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Spasova, Mariya, Olya Stoilova, Nevena Manolova, Iliya Rashkov, and Mladen Naydenov. "Electrospun Eco-Friendly Materials Based on Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and TiO2 with Antifungal Activity Prospective for Esca Treatment." Polymers 12, no. 6 (June 20, 2020): 1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061384.
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Esca is a type of grapevine trunk disease that severely affects vine yield and longevity. Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (P. chlamydospora) is one of the main fungi associated with esca. The aim of the present study was to obtain eco-friendly materials with potential antifungal activity against P. chlamydospora based on biodegradable and biocompatible poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), nanosized TiO2-anatase (nanoTiO2), and chitosan oligomers (COS) by conjunction of electrospinning and electrospraying. One-pot electrospinning of a suspension of nanosized TiO2 nanoparticles in PHB solution resulted in materials in which TiO2 was incorporated within the fibers (design type “in”). Simultaneous electrospinning of PHB solution and electrospraying of the dispersion of nanosized TiO2 in COS solution enabled the preparation of materials consisting of PHB fibers on which TiO2 was deposited on the fibers’ surface (design type “on”). Several methods including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and water contact angle were utilized to characterize the obtained materials. The incorporation of nanoTiO2 in the PHB fibers, as well as nanoTiO2 deposition onto the surface of the PHB fibers resulted in increased roughness and hydrophobicity of the obtained composite fibrous materials. Moreover, TiO2-on-PHB fibrous material exhibited complete inhibition of fungal growth of P. chlamydospora. Therefore, the obtained eco-friendly fibrous materials based on PHB and nanoTiO2 are promising candidates for protection against esca in agriculture.
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Waskow, Alexandra, Lorenzo Ibba, Max Leftley, Alan Howling, Paolo F. Ambrico, and Ivo Furno. "An In Situ FTIR Study of DBD Plasma Parameters for Accelerated Germination of Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 21 (October 26, 2021): 11540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111540.
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Current agricultural practices are not sustainable; however, the non-thermal plasma treatment of seeds may be an eco-friendly alternative to alter macroscopic plant growth parameters. Despite numerous successful results of plasma-seed treatments reported in the literature, the plasma-treatment parameters required to improve plant growth remain elusive due to the plethora of physical, chemical, and biological variables. In this study, we investigate the optimal conditions in our surface dielectric barrier discharge (SDBD) setup, using a parametric study, and attempt to understand relevant species in the plasma treatment using in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy. Our results suggest that treatment time and voltage are key parameters for accelerated germination; however, no clear conclusion on causative agents can be drawn.
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Kim, Sangmo, and Chung Wung Bark. "Effect of Surface Treatment by Chemical-Mechanical Polishing for Transparent Electrode of Perovskite Solar Cells." Energies 13, no. 3 (January 27, 2020): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030585.
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Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are usually fabricated by using the spin coating method. During the fabrication process, the surface status is very important for energy conversion between layers coated in the substrate. PSCs have multilayer-stacked structures, such as the transparent electrode layer, the perovskite layer, and a metal electrode. The efficiency and uniformity of all layers depend on the surface status of the transparent electrode coated on the glass substrate. Until now, etching methods by chemical processes have been introduced to make the substrate surface smooth and uniform by decreasing surface roughness. However, highly reactive chemical treatments can be harmful to the environment. In this study, we employed an eco-friendly chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) process to ensure the fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate is treated with a smooth surface. Before the perovskite layer and electron transport layer (ETL) are applied, the TiO2 layer is coated with the FTO substrate, and the surface of the FTO substrate is polished using CMP. As a result, the CMP-treated surface of the FTO substrate showed a smooth surface, and the PSCs with CMP treatment did not require conventional TiCl4 treatment.
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Gareeb, Rehab Yassin, Mohamed Salah Elnouby, Moauyed Aziz Hasan, Simona Ticu (Cotorcea), Amorin Popa, Simona Bungau, and Elsayed Elsayed Hafez. "New Trend for Using the Reduced Graphene Oxide as Effective and Eco-friendly Nematicide." Materiale Plastice 56, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.19.1.5123.
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Reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) was synthesized chemically and it was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The results revealed that the product r-GO is nano-sheets with non-smooth surface; the size of the obtained nano-sheets ranged from 20 to 100 nm. The well characterized nano-sheets were subjected to cytotoxicity test; results demonstrated that the nano-sheets show low cytotoxicity on the human cell line compared with the chemical nematicide. The r-GO was tested against the nematode during their life span and it was observed that the r-GO is capable to reduce the nematode gall number and egg mass of 94% and 99%, respectively. Moreover, the toxicity of the r-GO against the Juvenile (J2) root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) was also examined either in laboratory or under the greenhouse conditions. On the other hand, the treatment with the r-GO under greenhouse conditions showed higher mortality of the J2 of 98.5% compared with nematicidal treatment of 96% in a soil infested with M. incognita. Also, the same treatment was sufficient in inducting the growth of tomato plants: fresh weight of the shoot system increased with 30% and of the root system increased up to 285%; dry weight of the shoot system increased with 128% and of the root system increased up to 480%. r-GO has a high nematicidal activity and it is safe for human. The r-Go could be used as safe nematocide because it is safe, cheep, could be produced at large scale, and it is a good additive for the soil.
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Fiore, V., T. Scalici, and A. Valenza. "Effect of sodium bicarbonate treatment on mechanical properties of flax-reinforced epoxy composite materials." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 8 (July 11, 2017): 1061–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317720009.
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This paper deals with the evaluation of the effect of an eco-friendly and cost-effective surface treatment based on the use of sodium bicarbonate on the mechanical properties of flax-reinforced epoxy composites. To this aim, unidirectional fabrics were soaked for five days in 5 and 10% in weight of sodium bicarbonate solution at 25℃. Quasi-static and dynamic mechanical tests were performed and the fracture surfaces of the composites were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy. Results evidenced that this treatment improves the fiber–matrix adhesion thus increasing the performances of the composites. Treating the fabrics with 10% w/w of bicarbonate solution leads to improvements of ∼20 and ∼45% in tensile strength and modulus of the composites, respectively, compared to untreated ones. Furthermore, by increasing the concentration, negligible changes in the glass transition temperature and reductions in the tanδ peak heights were found. The observation of the fracture surfaces confirmed the beneficial effect of the proposed treatment.
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Serrano-González, Lorena, Daniel Merino-Maldonado, Andrea Antolín-Rodríguez, Paulo C. Lemos, Alice S. Pereira, Paulina Faria, Andrés Juan-Valdés, Julia García-González, and Julia Mª Morán-del Pozo. "Biotreatments Using Microbial Mixed Cultures with Crude Glycerol and Waste Pinewood as Carbon Sources: Influence of Application on the Durability of Recycled Concrete." Materials 15, no. 3 (February 3, 2022): 1181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15031181.
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Two eco-friendly healing bioproducts generated from microbial mixed cultures (MMC) for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) were used as surface treatments, with two residual materials used as the substrates, namely crude glycerol and pinewood bio-oil. Their ability to improve the durability of concrete samples containing recycled aggregates was assessed. To determine this protective capacity, 180 samples were analyzed using different tests, such as water penetration under pressure, capillary absorption, freeze–thaw and water droplet absorption test. Three types of conditions were used: outdoor–indoor exposure, re-application of biopolymers and application in vertical exposure conditions. The results showed reductions of up to 50% in the water penetration test and a delay in the water droplet absorption test of up to 150 times relative to the reference. The surface application of these bioproducts significantly reduced the degree of water penetration in recycled concrete, increasing its useful lifespan and proving to be a promising treatment for protecting concrete surfaces.
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Ren, Yu, Tingyue Fan, Xiaona Wang, Yongyin Guan, Long Zhou, Li Cui, Meixian Li, and Guangyu Zhang. "In Situ Reduction of Silver Nanoparticles on the Plasma-Induced Chitosan Grafted Polylactic Acid Nonwoven Fabrics for Improvement of Antibacterial Activity." Coatings 11, no. 12 (December 9, 2021): 1517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121517.
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An eco-friendly approach for improvement of antibacterial properties of polylactic acid (PLA) nonwoven fabrics was obtained by in situ reduction of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma-induced chitosan grafted (DBD-CS-Ag NPs) PLA nonwoven fabrics. The surface morphology, surface element composition and the chemical state of silver of the PLA surfaces after the treatment were evaluated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The antibacterial activity of DBD-CS-Ag NPs treated PLA against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was tested. The uniform dispersion of silver nanoparticles on the DBD-CS-Ag NPs treated PLA surface were confirmed by SEM images. The results of XPS and XRD showed that the concentration of silver element on the surface of PLA nonwoven fabrics was significantly improved after DBD-CS-Ag NPs treatment. The DBD-CS-Ag NPs treated PLA nonwoven fabrics also exhibited excellent antibacterial properties.
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Joo, Young-Hee, Doo-Seung Um, and Chang-Il Kim. "Tunable physical properties of Al-doped ZnO thin films by O2 and Ar plasma treatments." Materials Research Express 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 126402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac3f0a.
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Abstract Al-doped ZnO (AZO) is a promising transparent conducting oxide that can replace indium tin oxide (ITO) owing to its excellent flexibility and eco-friendly characteristics. However, it is difficult to immediately replace ITO with AZO because of the difference in their physical properties. Here, we study the changes in the physical properties of AZO thin films using Ar and O2 plasma treatments. Ar plasma treatment causes the changes in the surface and physical properties of the AZO thin film. The surface roughness of the AZO thin film decreases, the work function and bandgap slightly increase, and the sheet resistance significantly decreases. In contrast, a large work function change is observed in the AZO thin film treated with O2 plasma; however, the change in other characteristics is not significant. Therefore, the results indicate that post-treatment using plasma can accelerate the development of high-performance transparent devices.
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Sfameni, Silvia, Giulia Rando, Alessia Marchetta, Cristina Scolaro, Simone Cappello, Clara Urzì, Annamaria Visco, and Maria Rosaria Plutino. "Development of Eco-Friendly Hydrophobic and Fouling-Release Coatings for Blue-Growth Environmental Applications: Synthesis, Mechanical Characterization and Biological Activity." Gels 8, no. 9 (August 23, 2022): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8090528.
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The need to ensure adequate antifouling protection of the hull in the naval sector led to the development of real painting cycles, which involve the spreading of three layers of polymeric material on the hull surface exposed to the marine environment, specifically defined as primer, tie coat and final topcoat. It is already well known that coatings based on suitable silanes provide an efficient and non-toxic approach for the hydrophobic and antifouling/fouling release treatment of surfaces. In the present work, functional hydrophobic hybrid silica-based coatings (topcoats) were developed by using sol-gel technology and deposited on surfaces with the “doctor blade” method. In particular, those organic silanes, featuring opportune functional groups such as long (either fluorinated) alkyl chains, have a notable influence on surface wettability as showed in this study. Furthermore, the hydrophobic behavior of this functionalized coating was improved by introducing an intermediate commercial tie-coat layer between the primer and the topcoat, in order to decrease the wettability (i.e., decreasing the surface energy with a matching increase in the contact angle, CA) and to therefore make such coatings ideal for the design and development of fouling release paints. The hereby synthesized coatings were characterized by optical microscopy, contact angle analysis and a mechanical pull-off test to measure the adhesive power of the coating against a metal substrate typically used in the nautical sector. Analysis to evaluate the bacterial adhesion and the formation of microbial biofilm were related in laboratory and simulation (microcosm) scales, and assessed by SEM analysis.
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Kwon, Seokhun, Hyeokjoo Choi, Wonseok Choi, and Hyunil Kang. "Wettability of CNW/ITO Micro Structure for Modification of Surface Hydrophilicity." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010142.
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Although the carbon nanowall is a remarkable material in various fields, it generally shows near hydrophobicity. For modification of hydrophilicity, various modification techniques have been utilized, however, most of the techniques adopted a modification to carbon oxide by chemical processing and plasma treatment, which induce carbon lattice defects, causing the decline of the carbon nanowall quality. While we introduce an eco-friendly modification technique that causes non-defect of carbon lattice and maintains intrinsic carbon nanowall properties by depositing ITO on pristine-carbon nanowall for inducing hydrophilicity. The morphology of carbon nanowall (CNW)/ indium tin oxide (ITO) microstructure was examined by FE-SEM, and the functional group and oxygen components of ITO were investigated by analyzing XPS. The contact angles were measured for wettability analysis according to the surface thickness of ITO.
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Solanki, Praveen, Maitreyie Narayan, and R. K. Srivastava. "Effectiveness of domestic wastewater treatment using floating rafts a promising phyto-remedial approach: A review." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 1931–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i4.1468.
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Treatment of wastewater will lead to the problems again, if we will not use new more efficient alternative technologies/methods to avoid drawback of old technologies. Loss of water can be reduced through application of easy, inexpensive and eco-friendly technologies for wastewater treatment. Using Floating rafts to purify polluted wastewater is a process/method of ecological restoration at in-situ, as well as a complicated physical (attachment of pollutants to the root surface), chemical (degradation of metals into less toxic form) and biological process (microbial processes). Its core is utilizing aquatic plants such as Canna and Water lily and root attached microbes such as bac-teria, fungi and algae to absorb pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus, degrade organic matter and accumulates heavy metals in their biomass. Phytoremediation of polluted wastewater using the Floating rafts technique is an Eco-friendly method of wastewater treatment, which is economically effective to construct, requires little maintenance and increase the biodiversity as different types of plants are used. Floating rafts technique has been applied to some water pollution control projects at domestic and abroad. However, there are some factors such as plants, temperature, seasons, hydraulic retention time, coverage and initial concentration of pollutants etc. influenced to the pollutants removal efficiency of Floating rafts. In the future, the development orientation has been subjected to plant and its combinations, the transformation of Floating rafts structure and the utilization of aquatic plants, and probed the technology of Floating rafts building and management, to implement the win-win of landscape benefit and ecological function.
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Ong, Chang Chng, and Yen-Hui Chen. "Investigation on Cell Disruption Techniques and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Mortierella alpina Lipid." Foods 11, no. 4 (February 17, 2022): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11040582.
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Mortierella alpina, an oleaginous fungus, has been shown to be a potential source for arachidonic acid (ARA) production. The recovery of intracellular lipids from M. alpina is an important step for the downstream bioprocessing, and green extraction techniques with a focus on being efficient and eco-friendly have drawn much attention. In this study, different cell disruption techniques (mechanical: high-speed homogenization 10,000 rpm, ultrasonication 20 kHz, high-pressure process (HPP) 200–600 MPa; non- mechanical: acid treatment HCl) were investigated for lipid recovery from M. alpina, and process parameters (A. temperature, B. pressure, C. cosolvent ratio) of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) lipid extraction were studied by applying response surface methodology (RSM). Compared with Soxhlet extraction as a control group (100%), high-speed homogenization has the highest lipid recovery (115.40%) among mechanical disruption techniques. Besides, there was no significant difference between high-speed homogenization and 1 M HCl treatment (115.55%) in lipid recovery. However, lipid recovery decreased to 107.36% as the concentration of acid was increased to 3 M, and acid treatment showed a negative effect on the ARA ratio. In HPP treatment, the highest lipid recovery (104.81%) was obtained at 400 MPa, 1 time of treatment and water medium. In the response surface model of SC-CO2 extraction, results showed the major influence of the process parameters to lipid recovery was pressure, and there are interaction effects of AC (temperature and cosolvent ratio) and BC (pressure and cosolvent ratio). Lipid recovery of SC-CO2 extraction reached 92.86% at 201 bar, 58.9 °C and cosolvent ratio 1:15. The microbial lipid recovery process of this study could be used as a reference and an eco-friendly alternative for the future downstream bioprocessing of ARA production by M. alpina.
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Begum, Most Setara, Jin Dan Wu, and Ji Ping Wang. "Study of Hydrophilic Modification for Polyamide 6,6 and its Characterization." Key Engineering Materials 671 (November 2015): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.671.331.
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Polyamide 6,6 (PA 6,6) fiber is amongst the most substantial chemical fibers useful in a wide range of apparel and industrial applications. Overlooking the benefits, the poor hydrophilic nature of this fiber cause wet processing crucial and unsatisfactory ease of wearing for clothing. In this work, the surface modification of PA 6,6 fiber were studied by using Subtilisin and Alkali (NaOH). The effects of modification were investigated, including amino group determination by wool reactive dyeing, the surface morphology and chemical analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (SEM-EDS) and Attenuated Infra-Red (ATR-IR). The dye-bath exhaustion and color strength results confirmed the increased amount of amino groups formed after modifications. The increased oxygen content in SEM-EDS results indicates the possible formation of carboxyl group after modifications. Generally, both Subtilisin and alkali treatments resulted in improvement of hydrophilicity and other properties of PA 6,6 fabrics; although Subtilisin treatment considered as clean and eco-friendly treatment in regards of environmental matters.
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Zulu, Kelvin, and Kalambayi K. Mukendi. "An In-Depth Evaluation of Micro-Surfacing Treatment." Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 9 (September 30, 2018): 2242. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-03091154.
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Micro-surfacing since its formal introduction in 1980 has proved to be the number one treatment option for maintenance and preservation of pavements. This paper reviews the design and equipment practice, construction process, benefits, limitations and worldwide state of the practice of micro-surfacing. Two implemented project examples are also included to corroborate why micro-surfacing is a better preservation maintenance strategy. The general consensus from the literature is that micro-surfacing is a cost effective and eco-friendly treatment but more research needs to be done to validate and quantify the less environmental impacts and energy usage it offers unlike other treatments. Suggestions like standardization of the mixture design and whether rolling of the micro-surfacing surface adds value are future research topics that will greatly improve its effectiveness. It is my hope that through this review, more developing countries under strict budgetary constraints can take up this practice and enjoy the many benefits that micro-surfacing offers.
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Tabarsa, Masoud, and Bahman ZareNezhad. "An eco-friendly air–water plasma surface treatment technique for improving the stability of graphene oxide nanosheets in aqueous solutions." Materials Today Communications 26 (March 2021): 101940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101940.
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Park, Youngmi, and Kang Koo. "The eco-friendly surface modification of textiles for deep digital textile printing by in-line atmospheric non-thermal plasma treatment." Fibers and Polymers 15, no. 8 (August 2014): 1701–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-014-1701-y.
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Mohammed, S. "Utilizing industrial by-products as eco-friendly adsorbent for phosphate removal: An experimental approach." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 877, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/877/1/012050.
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Abstract One of the widely present elements in the groundwater and surface water is phosphate due to two reasons; firstly, it is available at high concentrations in the soil, and secondly, it is widely available in wastewaters (industrial, agricultural and domestic wastewaters). Although phosphate causes many problems to the aquatic environment, eutrophication is the most severe problem due to its effects on water quality, economy, and health. Therefore, a number of studies have been made to evaluate the ability of different remedies to eliminate phosphates from wastewaters. Recently, phosphorus extraction may be achieved by filtering the contaminated solution. However, the cost of filtration materials is still high. Due to this reason, research to date has focused on employing inexpensive materials to reduce the cost of the filtering process. In this research, a by-product of steel manufacturing, kiln bottom ashes, was used to extract phosphates from polluted wastewater, considering the impacts of a number of operating parameters, such as to achieve the best possible extraction efficiency for the lowest possible cost. The findings of this study proved the excellent ability of the bottom ash in the extraction of phosphate from wastewater, where it removed more than 90% of 5 mg/L of phosphate after 40 minutes of treatment using 530 mg/L of bottom ash.
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Aarab, Nouh, Abdelilah Essekri, Mohamed Ait Haki, Hassan Kabli, Habiba Eljazouli, Maria Elamine, Rajae Lakhmiri, and Abdallah Albourine. "Removal of sodium salicylate from aqueous solution using spruce wood sawdust as an eco-friendly adsorbent." Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry 10, no. 4 (April 18, 2020): 335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.13171/mjc02004181260aa.
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This study reports the application of Spruce wood sawdust as a low-cost and eco-friendly adsorbent for the removal of sodium salicylate from aqueous solutions. The effects of physicochemical parameters on the sodium salicylate adsorption process such as initial pH, temperature, solid/liquid ratio, initial concentration, contact time, and ionic strength were investigated. The optimum adsorption conditions were found as: equilibrium time = 3h, adsorbent dosage = 0.5 g/L, pH= 6.5, initial sodium salicylate concentration = 10 mg/L and temperature = 25°C. The kinetic study shows that the pseudo-second-order model is suitable to describe the adsorption process. The adsorption isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and generalized) were tested to understand the adsorption mechanism of sodium salicylate onto wood sawdust surface. The adsorption of sodium salicylate follows the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum monolayer uptake capacity was found to be 99.01 mg/g. In addition, the temperature seems to have no noticeable effect on the adsorption of sodium salicylate. Finally, the thermodynamic parameters indicate that the adsorption is spontaneous (ΔG°˂ 0) and exothermic (ΔH°=-5.081 kJ/mol) in nature. Overall, Spruce wood sawdust can be used as a cost-effective and eco-friendly adsorbent for wastewater treatment applications.
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Pal, Sumit, Neelam Patel, Anushree Malik, Amrit Sharma, Upma Pal, Rosin K.G., and D. K. Singh. "Eco-friendly treatment of wastewater and its impact on soil and vegetables using flood and micro-irrigation." Agricultural Water Management 275 (January 2023): 108025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.108025.
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Abdel-Fattah, Tarek M., and J. Derek Loftis. "Comparison of Electropolishing of Aluminum in a Deep Eutectic Medium and Acidic Electrolyte." Molecules 25, no. 23 (December 3, 2020): 5712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235712.
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Research advances in electropolishing, with respect to the field of metalworking, have afforded significant improvements in the surface roughness and conductivity properties of aluminum polished surfaces in ways that machine polishing and simple chemical polishing cannot. The effects of a deep eutectic medium as an acid-free electrolyte were tested to determine the potential energy thresholds during electropolishing treatments based upon temperature, experiment duration, current, and voltage. Using voltammetry and chronoamperometry tests during electropolishing to supplement representative recordings via atomic force microscopy (AFM), surface morphology comparisons were performed regarding the electropolishing efficiency of phosphoric acid and acid-free ionic liquid treatments for aluminum. This eco-friendly solution produced polished surfaces superior to those surfaces treated with industry standard acid electrochemistry treatments of 1 M phosphoric acid. The roughness average of the as-received sample became 6.11 times smoother, improving from 159 nm to 26 nm when electropolished with the deep eutectic solvent. This result was accompanied by a mass loss of 0.039 g and a 7.2 µm change in step height along the edge of the electropolishing interface, whereas the acid treatment resulted in a slight improvement in surface roughness, becoming 1.63 times smoother with an average post-electropolishing roughness of 97.7 nm, yielding a mass loss of 0.0458 g and a step height of 8.1 µm.
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Ryu, Sang-Ryeoul, Jun-Man Lee, and Dong-Joo Lee. "EFFECTS OF SURFACE TREATMENTS AND SILICA SIZE ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SILICA-REINFORCED ELASTOMERIC COMPOSITES." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 87, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 264–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.87900.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The effect of surface treatments with atmospheric pressure flame plasma (APFP) and epoxy silane (ES) was studied experimentally to improve the mechanical properties of silica- (volume 40% and mean diameters of 2.2, 12.4, 26.6, and 110 μm) reinforced elastomeric composites. The tensile strength (TS) of the composites increased significantly with decreasing mean diameter. When the diameter was 2.2 μm, the TS of the composite was approximately 1.4 times higher than that of the matrix (2.52 MPa). In addition, the TS of the silica-reinforced composites treated with APFP and ES was increased by 8.8 to 13.3% and 9.9 to 12.5%, respectively, compared with that of the matrix. A larger particle size generally resulted in better surface treatment effects. When the diameter was 26.6 μm, the tensile modulus (TM) of the composite was increased approximately twofold compared with the matrix (0.88 MPa), and the TM of the silica-reinforced composites treated with APFP and ES was increased by 15.6 to 22.8% and 21.1 to 25.8%, respectively, compared with the matrix. Therefore, the importance of surface treatments increases with increasing filler particle size. A conventional silane-coupling agent treatment has few disadvantages, such as the use of organic solvents. Nevertheless, the APFP treatment is a fast, economic, and eco-friendly method for improving the mechanical properties.
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Kim, Hyun-Ah. "Water Repellency/Proof/Vapor Permeability Characteristics of Coated and Laminated Breathable Fabrics for Outdoor Clothing." Coatings 12, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12010012.
Full textAbstract:
This study examined the water repellency (WR), waterproof, and water vapor permeability (WVP) characteristics of twelve types of laminated and coated woven fabrics for outdoor clothing. These characteristics were compared with the fabric structural parameters, such as cover factor, thickness, and weight, and surface modification (finishing) factors, such as coating, laminating, and Teflon treatments. In addition, an eco-friendly process for surface modification was proposed followed by a summary. Superior waterproof-breathable characteristics with 100% water-repellency were achieved in specimen 3 in group A by treatment with a hydrophilic laminated finish using nylon woven fabric with a cover factor between 0.7 and 0.9 in a 2.5-layered fabric, which was the best specimen with waterproof-breathable characteristics. A high WVP in the coated and laminated fabrics was observed in the fabrics with a low weave density coefficient (WDC) and low thickness per unit weight of the fabric, whereas superior water repellency and waterproof characteristics were observed in the high-cover-factor (WDC) fabric with appropriate fabric thickness. The determination coefficient (R2) from regression analysis between the WVP and fabric structural parameters indicated a higher contribution of the fabric structural parameters than surface modification factors, such as coating and laminating to the WVP in the coated and laminated fabrics. Furthermore, the cover factor was the most important factor influencing the WVP of the waterproof-breathable fabrics. Of twelve coated and laminated fabrics, the laminated nylon and nylon/cotton composite fabrics showed superior WVP with high WR and waterproof characteristics. Accordingly, based on the WR, waterproof, and WVP characteristics of the coated and laminated breathable fabrics, the laminating method, as an eco-friendly process, is recommended to obtain better waterproof-breathable fabrics.