Journal articles: 'Eco-Friendly insulating gas'

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Guney, Ezgi, and Okan Ozgonenel. "An Eco-Friendly Gas Insulated Transformer Design." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 21, 2021): 3698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123698.

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Electricity companies around the world are constantly seeking ways to provide electricity more safely and efficiently while reducing the negative impact on the environment. Mineral oils have been the most popular transformer insulation, having excellent electrical insulating properties, but have many problems such as high flammability, significant cleaning problems, and are toxic to fish and wildlife. This paper presents an alternative approach to mineral oil: a transformer design that is clean and provides better performance and environmental benefits. A 50 kVA, 34.5/0.4 kV gas insulated distribution transformer was designed and evaluated using the COMSOL Multiphysics environment. R410A was used as insulation material. R410A is a near-azeotropic mixture of difluoromethane (CH2F2, called R-32) and pentafluoro ethane (C2HF5, called R-125), which is used as a refrigerant in air conditioning applications. It has excellent properties including environmentally friendly, no-ozone depletion, low greenhouse effect, non-explosive and non-flammable, First, the breakdown voltage of the selected gas was determined. The electrostatic and thermal properties of the R410A gas insulated transformer were investigated in the COMSOL environment. The simulation results for the performance of oil and SF6 gas insulated transformers using the same model were compared. The gas-insulated transformer is believed to have equivalent performance and is an environmentally friendly alternative to current oil-based transformers.

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Deng, Jiayan, Min Peng, Zhanyang Gao, Yi Wang, Baoshan Wang, Wenjun Zhou, Ruichao Peng, and Yunbai Luo. "Synthesis and dielectric properties of the eco-friendly insulating gas thiazyl trifluoride." RSC Advances 10, no. 5 (2020): 2740–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra09256k.

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Zhang, Lei, Ruichao Peng, Yanjun Huang, Guangsen Song, and Yi Wang. "Toxic Study on the New Eco-Friendly Insulating Gas Trifluoromethanesulfonyl Fluoride: A Substitute for SF6." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 5239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095239.

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It has been proven that the gas trifluoromethanesulfonyl fluoride (CF3SO2F) has good dielectric performance and the potential to replace the potent greenhouse gas sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), which is the most commonly used insulating gas in high-voltage electrical equipment. However, there are many key biochemical properties, such as toxicity, that the new eco-friendly insulating gas will need to obtain. It could protect the operator and equipment and help the chemical engineering development of this gas in the power grid industry. In this study, according to Horn’s method, an acute toxic gas inhalation test was carried out. The results showed that the lethal concentration of 50% (LC50) for female rats was 27.1 g/m3, and that for male rats was 23.3 g/m3. The behavioral and vital sign changes in the rats were recorded. Pathological sections of the main organs revealed that the heart, lungs, spleen, and eyes suffered the most damage from the gas. This research also provides scientific suggestions for the protection of electrical workers exposed to the insulating gas CF3SO2F.

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Choi, Eun-Hyeok. "UHF High-sensitivity Diagnostic Sensor Design for Eco-friendly Insulating Gas." Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers 36, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5207/jieie.2022.36.2.022.

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Alassaad, Farjallah, Karim Touati, Daniel Levacher, and Nassim Sebaibi. "Thermal behavior of light earth used for building insulation: Insight on PCM introduction impact." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2069, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012120.

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Abstract To reduce building significant contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, architects and engineers are seeking eco-friendly construction solutions. Among investigated options, building’s thermal insulation and heat storage can be cited. In this regard, earth-based materials are attracting particular interest. These last years, there is a renewed interest in these eco-friendly building materials and techniques. This is due to many advantages that they present: excellent humidity regulation ability and high thermal inertia. Present study aims to improve light earth thermal properties. Specifically, this research work focuses on the development of an insulating and heat storing material. To achieve this, phase change materials (PCM) are incorporated in soil-natural fiber mixtures. In fact, different light earth samples are first prepared. Then, thermally characterized to highlight the impact of PCM on the light earth thermal insulating, heat storing properties and thermal response to changing boundary conditions. The incorporation of PCM showed an interesting improvement of the light earth thermal properties namely on thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, and thermal comfort time.

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Li, Yi, Shuangshuang Tian, Linlin Zhong, Geng Chen, Song Xiao, Yann Cressault, Yuwei Fu, et al. "Eco-friendly gas insulating medium for next-generation SF₆-free equipment." iEnergy 2, no. 1 (March 2023): 14–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ien.2023.0001.

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Wu, Dong, Wengui Chen, and Zelin Ji. "Simulation Analysis of Arc-Quenching Performance of Eco-Friendly Insulating Gas Mixture of CF3I and CO2 under Impulse Arc." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2024 (May 18, 2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/8604095.

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Due to its superior insulating qualities, SF6 gas is extensively used in the power sector. However, because of its poor environmental protection properties, finding ecologically acceptable insulating gas has become a critical challenge in the power sector in the context of pursuing green electricity. This work simulates the arc-quenching performance of a gas mixture of CF3I and CO2, which is thought to be a workable substitute for SF6 gas. The COMSOL software is used to build a two-dimensional model of a single-pipe arc-quenching chamber based on the concepts of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) theory. The lightning impulse current is made by applying electrical stimulation to pure CO2 gas, gas mixtures with 10% CF3I and 90% CO2, and gas mixtures with 30% CF3I and 70% CO2 in the single-pipe arc-quenching chamber. During the first stage of arc formation, the results show that CF3I/CO2 gas mixtures with 10% and 30% CF3I have lower electrical conductivity than pure CO2 gas. An 8/20 μs lightning impulse current waveform with a magnitude of 4 kA is used for this observation. The highest airflow velocity for pure CO2 is 1744 m/s, but the mixture of 10%/90% CF3I/CO2 has a maximum airflow velocity of 1593 m/s. The 30%/70% CF3I/CO2 mixture has the highest maximum airflow velocity at 1840 m/s. Airflow velocity increases and the overpressure in the arc-quenching chamber is prolonged when there is a greater concentration of CF3I gas in the gas mixture. Consequently, these factors greatly reduce the duration of the arc-extinguishing time. The arc-quenching chamber’s overpressure is extended when the amount of CF3I gas in the gas mixture is increased, which increases the velocity of the airflow. As a result, these factors significantly decrease the duration of the arc-extinguishing time.

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Masson, J. F., S. Bundalo-Perc, and P. Mukhopadhyaya. "Measurement of thermal conductivity of building insulation foams by modulated differential scanning calorimetry — Critical review & observations." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/irase.3.2012.2.9.

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Abstract The rise in energy prices, the need to conserve energy and the pressure to protect the environment promote the development of innovative eco-friendly thermal insulating foams for building applications. In this quest, a rapid and accurate method to measure the thermal conductivity of new foams is required during the research and product development stage. Temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) provides thermal conductivity values from heat capacity measurements on cylindrical samples less than about 20 mg in weight. This method is the basis of the ASTM E1952 standard method “Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivity by Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry”. In this work, the MDSC and the ASTM E1952 test methods are applied to thermal insulating foams used in construction applications. Measurements on polystyrene, polyurethane, and polyisocyanurate insulations demonstrate that MDSC possesses excellent repeatability, but its application through ASTM E 1952 provides inaccurate thermal conductivity values. Two sources of errors were identified, 1) the use of nitrogen as a purge gas, and 2) the use of an equation that inaccurately relates the measured heat capacity to thermal conductivity. Methods around these difficulties exist, but they remain untested with insulating foams.

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Wu, Peng, Yi Li, Song Xiao, Junyi Chen, Ju Tang, Dachang Chen, and Xiaoxing Zhang. "SnO2 nanoparticles based highly sensitive gas sensor for detection of C4F7N: A new eco-friendly gas insulating medium." Journal of Hazardous Materials 422 (January 2022): 126882. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126882.

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Castiñeira Suárez, Manuel, T. Ballweber, A. Moser, M. Schaak, and K. Ermeler. "Influence of Oxygen-containing Filling Gas Mixtures on the Interruption Capability of MV Load Break Switches." PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 10, no. 2 (August 31, 2023): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ppt.2023.2.107.

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Nowadays SF6 is commonly used as filling gas for medium voltage load break switches due to its outstanding insulating and arc-quenching properties. However, due to its high global warming potential the interrupting performance of alternative eco-friendly gases are investigated for such devices. This contribution investigates the thermal interruption capability of a medium voltage load break switch using two different oxygen-containing gas mixtures: dry air and a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide. The findings indicate an improved performance in comparison to pure nitrogen when considering an admixture of oxygen. In gas mixtures containing 80\% nitrogen, the addition of oxygen results in an enhanced thermal interruption capability compared to an equivalent proportion of carbon dioxide.

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Tan, Xiangyu, Zhimin Na, Ran Zhuo, Dibo Wang, Yifan Zhang, and Peng Wu. "Investigation of CrB as a Potential Gas Sensor for Fault Detection in Eco-Friendly Power Equipment." Chemosensors 11, no. 7 (July 3, 2023): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070371.

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With the development of two-dimensional materials such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), MXenes and MBenes, these materials have received extensive attention from scholars in the field of gas sensing due to their unique and superior properties. Based on first-principles calculations, the adsorption energy, charge transfer, density of states and deformation charge density of CrB, an MBene successfully synthesized under laboratory conditions, were investigated for the adsorption of the decomposition components (CF4, C3F6 and COF2) of an insulating medium, C4F7N. The calculation results revealed strong chemisorption with an adsorption energy as high as −3.336 eV between CrB and COF2, as well as physical adsorption with CF4 and C3F6. However, the excessive interaction strength makes it difficult for COF2 molecules to escape from the binding of the CrB substrate, making CrB more suitable as an adsorbent to remove COF2 gas. Compared with COF2 and CF4, CrB has appropriate adsorption energy and charge transfer for C3F6 adsorption, and its theoretical recovery performance is acceptable, indicating its potential as a sensor for detecting C3F6.

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Lee, Chanyong, Jaesung Bae, Yohan Noh, Han-Goo Cho, Young-Gi Hong, Hongsub Jee, and Jaehyeong Lee. "Automatic Pressure Gelation Analysis for Insulating Spacer of Gas Insulated Switchgear Manufactured by Bio-Based Epoxy Composite." Applied Sciences 12, no. 20 (October 11, 2022): 10202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122010202.

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In the case of the existing power equipment business, a variety of insulation and accessories is manufactured with petroleum-based epoxy resins. However, as petrochemical resources are gradually limited and concerns about the environment and economy grow, the power equipment industry has recently studied many insulating materials using bio-based epoxy to replace petroleum feedstock-based products in order to produce insulators using eco-friendly materials. In this paper, the simulation of the automatic pressure gelation process was performed by obtaining parameter values of curing kinetics and chemical rheology through physical properties analysis of bio-based epoxy complexes and applying them to Moldflow software. The simulation results were compared and analyzed according to the temperature control of each heater in the mold, while considering the total curing time, epoxy flow, and curing condition. A temperature condition of 140 °C/140 °C/135 °C/135 °C/130 °C/130 °C/120 °C/120 °C provided the optimal curing conditions. Based on the temperature conditions of the simulation results, the actual GIS spacer was manufactured, and x-ray inspection was performed to check the moldability.

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Li, Yalong, Yue Zhang, Yi Li, Feng Tang, Qishen Lv, Ji Zhang, Song Xiao, Ju Tang, and Xiaoxing Zhang. "Experimental Study on Compatibility of Eco-Friendly Insulating Medium C5F10O/CO2 Gas Mixture With Copper and Aluminum." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 83994–4002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2923015.

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Tian, Shuangshuang, Weihao Liu, Benli Liu, Fanchao Ye, Zhenjie Xu, Qianqian Wan, Yi Li, and Xiaoxing Zhang. "Mechanistic study of C5F10O-induced lung toxicity in rats: An eco-friendly insulating gas alternative to SF6." Science of The Total Environment 916 (March 2024): 170271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170271.

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Li, Yalong, Xiaoxing Zhang, Yalong Xia, Yi Li, Zhuo Wei, Yi Wang, and Song Xiao. "Study on the Compatibility of Eco-Friendly Insulating Gas C5F10O/N2 and C5F10O/Air with Copper Materials in Gas-Insulated Switchgears." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010197.

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Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is widely used in the power industry because of its excellent insulation and arc extinguishing performance. However, the high greenhouse effect of this material is being restricted by many countries around the world, thereby discouraging its usage. As a potential alternative to SF6, the compatibility of C5F10O with conductive copper materials used in electrical equipment is of great significance in ensuring the safe and stable operation of environmentally friendly gas-insulated equipment. In this paper, the interaction among C5F10O/N2, C5F10O/air gas mixture, and copper was studied via experiments and simulations. When the C5F10O/N2 (or air) gas mixture comes in contact with copper at the gas–solid interface, a small portion of C5F10O is decomposed to form C3F6 (or C3F6 and C3F6O) at high temperatures. Meanwhile, at low temperatures (120 °C), the C5F10O/air gas mixture becomes more compatible with copper than with the C5F10O/N2 gas mixture. When the experiment temperatures range between 170 °C and 220 °C, the compatibility of the C5F10O/air gas mixture with copper is significantly inferior to its compatibility with copper. Under high temperatures, the C5F10O/air gas mixture shows severe corrosion on the copper surface due to the presence of O2, forms a thick cubic grain, and emits irritating gases. The simulations show that the carbonyl group in C5F10O is chemically active and can be easily adsorbed on the copper surface. An anti-corrosion treatment must be performed on copper materials in manufacturing equipment. The findings provide an important reference for the application of C5F10O gas mixture.

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Xiao, Song, Pu Han, Yi Li, Zhen Li, Fanchao Ye, Yalong Li, Ju Tang, Yalong Xia, and Xiaoxing Zhang. "Insulation Performance and Electrical Field Sensitivity Properties of HFO-1336mzz(E)/CO₂: A New Eco-friendly Gas Insulating Medium." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 28, no. 6 (December 2021): 1938–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2021.009720.

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Zhang, Xiaoxing, Yi Li, Xianjun Shao, Cheng Xie, Dachang Chen, Shuangshuang Tian, Song Xiao, and Ju Tang. "Influence of Oxygen on the Thermal Decomposition Properties of C4F7N–N2–O2 as an Eco-Friendly Gas Insulating Medium." ACS Omega 4, no. 20 (October 28, 2019): 18616–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b02423.

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Lee, Judong, Jinho Kim, and Seungjoo Lee. "Study of Recycled Spent Coffee Grounds as Aggregates in Cementitious Materials." Recent Progress in Materials 05, no. 01 (January 16, 2023): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/rpm.2301007.

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Most spent coffee grounds (SCGs), a byproduct of brewing coffee, are buried in landfill sites, and their decomposition produces significant greenhouse gases. As the recent warming of the Earth’s climate has made it imperative that industries reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the present study investigates the viability of recycling SCGs for use as a partial replacement of aggregates in concrete materials. Cement mortar samples with a fixed cement-to-water ratio and varying amounts of SCGs were fabricated and tested. Mechanical strength tests revealed that an appropriate amount of SCGs can improve compressive strength. However, since strength deterioration was also observed in samples with too much or too little SCG content, finding the optimal amount is necessary for implementation. The samples’ thermal conductivity decreased as the amount of SCGs increased, capturing the effective insulating substance of air within the SCGs’ porous structure. The increased insulating capacity of concrete materials resulting from the addition of SCGs could be beneficial in terms of a building’s lifecycle cost and carbon emissions. Thus, the SCGs once disposed of in landfills to emit greenhouse gases can be transformed into an appealing and eco-friendly building material if the proper concrete mix ratio is used.

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Li, Yi, Xiaoxing Zhang, Ji Zhang, Cheng Xie, Xianjun Shao, Ziling Wang, Dachang Chen, and Song Xiao. "Study on the thermal decomposition characteristics of C 4 F 7 N–CO 2 mixture as eco‐friendly gas‐insulating medium." High Voltage 5, no. 1 (February 2020): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/hve.2019.0032.

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Wu, Yuewei, De Ding, Xiaochun Bai, Pinghai Lv, Xiaobing Yu, and Yuhang Lei. "Research on Heat Dissipation Performance of Eco-friendly Gas insulated Transformer with i-C₄F₇N/CO₂ as the Insulation Medium." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2527, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2527/1/012011.

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Abstract Generally, the thermal conductivity of gas insulation medium is generally worse than that of liquid insulation medium. The heat dissipation problem is the key to developing large-capacity gas-insulated transformers. The traditional SF6 gas-insulated transformers are facing the challenge of upgrading and updating due to the strong greenhouse effect of SF6. As an ideal substitute gas for SF6, i-C4F7N/CO2 gas mixture is used as a new insulation medium to develop eco-friendly gas-insulated transformers. In this work, we described the structure and parameters of 10 kV GIT and measured the temperature and pressure by mounting sensors in different parts of 10 kV GIT. Further, we analyzed the heat dissipation performance of the Transformer based on the pressure and temperature data. The results show that the GNAN cooling mode may not be applicable to eco-friendly GITs with large capacities and high loads.

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Pan, Baofeng, Guoming Wang, Huimin Shi, Jiahua Shen, Hong-Keun Ji, and Gyung-Suk Kil. "Green Gas for Grid as an Eco-Friendly Alternative Insulation Gas to SF6: A Review." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7 (April 7, 2020): 2526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10072526.

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This paper deals with a review of the state-of-the-art performance investigations of green gas for grid (g3) gas, which is an emerging eco-friendly alternative insulation gas for sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) that will be used in gas-insulated power facilities for reducing environmental concerns. The required physical and chemical properties of insulation gas for high-voltage applications are discussed, including dielectric strength, arc-quenching capability, heat dissipation, boiling point, vapor pressure, compatibility, and environmental and safety requirements. Current studies and results on AC, DC, and lightning impulse breakdown voltage, as well as the partial discharge of g3 gas, are provided, which indicate an equivalent dielectric strength of g3 gas with SF6 after a proper design change or an increase in gas pressure. The switching bus-transfer current test, temperature rise test, and liquefaction temperature calculation also verify the possibility of replacing SF6 with g3 gas. In addition, the use of g3 gas significantly reduces theabovementioned environmental concerns in terms of global warming potential and atmosphere lifetime. In recent years, g3 gas-insulated power facilities, including switchgear, transmission line, circuit breaker, and transformer, have been commercially available in the electric power industry.

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Wang, Jingrui, Qingmin Li, Heng Liu, Xuwei Huang, and Jian Wang. "Theoretical and experimental investigation on decomposition mechanism of eco-friendly insulation gas HFO1234zeE." Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling 100 (November 2020): 107671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107671.

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Lim, Dong-Young, He-Rie Park, Eun-Hyeok Choi, Sang-Tae Choi, and Kwang-Sik Lee. "Surface Discharge Characteristics of Solid Dielectrics in N2/O2Mixture Gas for Eco-Friendly Insulation Design." Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers 26, no. 3 (March 31, 2012): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5207/jieie.2012.26.3.009.

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Kim, Sung-Wook. "Identification of Partial Discharge Defects based on Back-Propagation Algorithm in Eco-friendly Insulation Gas." Journal of information and communication convergence engineering 21, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.56977/jicce.2023.21.3.233.

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Tang, Nian, Jia Nie, Jie Liu, Dongwei Sun, Li Li, Zhenguo Liu, Manjun Zhang, Feng Wang, Zhe Qu, and Yuzhu Hu. "Study on the decomposition mechanism and insulation stability of HFO-1336mzz(E)/air mixtures as a new environment-friendly insulation medium under AC voltage." AIP Advances 13, no. 4 (April 1, 2023): 045007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0134818.

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As one of hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), HFO-1336mzz(E) is regarded as a promising eco-friendly alternative insulation medium to Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) owing to its excellent environmental effect and insulation property. To study the decomposition mechanism and insulation stability, the decomposition experiment of a 0.5 MPa mixture containing 8% HFO-1336mzz(E) and 92% air was performed under AC breakdown conditions. The results indicated that the main decomposition products were CF4, C2F6, C3F8, CF3H, CF3C=CH, CF3CH=CHF(E), CF3CHF2, CF3CH=CH2, CF2=CFH, CF2=CH2, CH≡CH, C4H2F6O, CF3O3CF3, etc. Among them, the generation of C3F8, CH≡CH, and C4H2F6O was relatively more difficult than others. Thus, these three compounds can be considered typical decomposition products. New elements, namely C, F, and N, appeared on the electrode surface after breakdowns compared to the state before breakdowns. It can be concluded that some complex chemical reactions were triggered between the electrode material and gas mixture under the action of breakdown discharge. Additionally, the breakdown voltage of the HFO-1336mzz(E)/air mixture almost remained unchanged, showing that the gas mixture still exhibited an excellent insulation stability after multiple breakdowns.

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Wang, Guoming, Jiahua Shen, Demao Liu, Sung-Wook Kim, and Gyung-Suk Kil. "Green gas for grid as an eco-friendly alternative insulation gas to SF6: From the perspective of PD initiated by metallic particles under DC." Journal of Electrical Engineering 71, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2020-0006.

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AbstractThis paper dealt with characteristics of partial discharge (PD) initiated by metallic particles under DC voltage in green gas for grid (g3), which is an emerging and promising eco-friendly alternative insulation gas to SF6. Experimental setup was configured to simulate PD under DC in gas-insulated power facilities. Two types of particle, namely rectangle particle and sphere particle were used. The results indicated that the discharge inception voltages in g3 gas were 90.1-92.5% of that in SF6. In two particles, PD occurred with higher average apparent charge and discharge repetition rate in g3 compared with those in SF6 gas. The time-resolved partial discharge presented similar characteristics in g3 and SF6 gas. The time interval between two successive discharge pulses were 0.1 ms-10 ms and 5 ms-15 ms in the rectangle particle and sphere particle, respectively. Results from this paper are expected to provide fundamental material for the development of SF6 -free gas-insulated power apparatus.

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Zhuo, Ran, Qi Chen, Dibo Wang, Mingli Fu, Ju Tang, Juntai Hu, and Yanlei Jiang. "Compatibility between C6F12O–N2 Gas Mixture and Metal Used in Medium-Voltage Switchgears." Energies 12, no. 24 (December 6, 2019): 4639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12244639.

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C6F12O has been introduced as the potential alternative gas to SF6 because of its excellent insulation properties and great eco-friendly performance. Considering that C6F12O may react with the internal materials of switchgears in practical applications, its compatibility with metal materials must be tested to evaluate its long-term application possibilities. In this work, the compatibility of C6F12O–N2 gas mixtures with aluminum and copper was tested at different temperatures by setting up a heat-aging reaction platform between the gas and each metal. The metal surface morphology and gas composition before and after the reaction were compared and analyzed. The results show that the surface color of the copper sheet changed considerably, and the corrosion degree of the surface deepened with the increase of temperature. The decomposition of C6F12O was also promoted. In contrast, aluminum did not react severely with the gas mixture. The compatibility of the gas mixture with aluminum was generally better than that of copper.

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Rabie, Mohamed, and Christian M. Franck. "Assessment of Eco-friendly Gases for Electrical Insulation to Replace the Most Potent Industrial Greenhouse Gas SF6." Environmental Science & Technology 52, no. 2 (January 3, 2018): 369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03465.

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Wang, Guoming, Woo-Hyun Kim, Gyung-Suk Kil, Sung-Wook Kim, and Jae-Ryong Jung. "Green Gas for a Grid as An Eco-Friendly Alternative Insulation Gas to SF6: From the Perspective of Partial Discharge Under AC." Applied Sciences 9, no. 4 (February 15, 2019): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9040651.

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This paper deals with the characteristics of partial discharge (PD) in green gas for a grid (g3), which is thought to be a promising eco-friendly alternative to substitute SF6 used in electrical power facilities and to reduce the greenhouse effect. g3 gas with 4% NOVECTM 4710/96% CO2 was used and electrode systems including a protrusion on conductor (POC) and a protrusion on enclosure (POE) were fabricated to simulate PD in a gas-insulated structure. PD characteristics in terms of partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV), pulse parameters in time and frequency, and the phase-resolved partial discharge (PRPD) pattern in SF6 and g3 were compared. From the results, the PDIVs of g3 were 76%–81% of that of SF6 in the POC and were 78%–84% of that of SF6 in the POE, depending on the gas pressure. Rising time, pulse width, and relative amplitude in the frequency domain of PD pulses in g3 gas were greater than those in SF6. In addition, the PRPD patterns indicated that both the average apparent charge and pulse count of PD in g3 were higher compared with those in SF6. The results from this paper are expected to provide fundamental material for the green manufacturing of gas-insulated power apparatus.

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Li, Haoluan, Nabila Zebouchi, Manu Haddad, Alistair Reid, and Egbert Ekkel. "Development of Future Compact and Eco-Friendly HVDC Gas Insulated Systems: Test Verification of Shape-Optimized DC Spacer Models." Energies 15, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 8563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228563.

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Spacers for the HVDC GIS/GIL play an important role in mechanically supporting conductors and separating compartments. At the same time, their insulation performance affects the stability and safety of system operation. Design rules and knowledge specific to AC spacers do not apply to those of DC spacers. Considering the shape influence on the surface electric field intensity of the spacer under HVDC applied voltage, as determined in our previous work, an optimized shape of a spacer model based on finite element electric field calculations and using standard HVAC alumina filled epoxy material and two novel types of materials were studied. The simulation’s results show that the DC shape optimization of the spacers can effectively reduce the electric field magnitudes along the spacer under different temperature gradients. To verify practically these findings, this paper presents the reduced scale gas insulated prototype that was constructed, the optimized DC spacers that were fabricated and the DC testing results using SF6-free surrounding gas: C4-Perfluoronitrile (C4-PFN, 3MTM NovecTM 4710)/CO2 and Trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I)/CO2. The results show that the shape-optimized spacer models made of conventional HVAC filled epoxy material have successfully passed the tests up to the maximum applicable ±123 kV DC exceeding thus ±119 kV DC that corresponds to the nominal voltage ±500 kV DC of the full scale.

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Dima, Cristina, Alina Badanoiu, Stefania Stoleriu, and Diana Luca. "Influence of Various Types of Waste on the Main Properties of Gypsum Based Composites for Thermal Insulations." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 5 (June 15, 2019): 1750–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.5.7208.

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In the last decade numerous research studies were performed in the attempt to recycle several types of industrial waste. This study has as main objective the obtaining and characterization of gypsum based composite materials with various amounts of industrial wastes (flue gas desulfurization gypsum and recycled rubber). The main properties assessed for these materials were setting time, compressive strength, apparent density and thermal conductivity. The gypsum binder was partially replaced with thermally treated flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDgp_t) without an important negative impact on the compressive strength; if the replacement amount is up to 40 wt.% the resulted binder still meets the requirements imposed for this property by specific norm for gypsum plaster - EN 13279-1. The substitution of gypsum plaster with FGDgp_t shortens the setting time, therefore it was compulsory to use also sodium citrate as retarder addition. The addition of 5 wt.% rubber waste has a positive effect on the thermal conductivity of composite materials based on gypsum binder with/without FGDgp_t. Consequently, these materials could be used for the manufacture of low cost, eco-friendly thermal insulation materials.

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Zebouchi, Nabila, Haoluan Li, and Manu A. Haddad. "Development of Future Compact and Eco-Friendly HVDC Gas-Insulated Systems: Shape Optimization of a DC Spacer Model and Novel Materials Investigation." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 26, 2020): 3288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123288.

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Testing and validating the electrical insulation performance of full-size compact high-voltage direct current (HVDC) gas-insulated systems, gas-insulated transmission lines (GIL) and gas-insulated switchgears (GIS) is very costly and take long time. Therefore, a reduced scale system was designed and constructed to study thoroughly the spacer’s performance when subjected to higher electric fields under HVDC with different shapes, made of new advanced materials, and housed in new SF6-free gas environment. Since the stationary DC electric field distribution along the spacer is controlled by spacer material conductivity and strongly depends upon its shape, this, the first part of two articles, proposes in a first step based on electric field calculations with COMSOL Multiphysics software, an optimized shape of a spacer model using a standard high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) alumina-filled epoxy material. Then, two novel types of materials were introduced and investigated: (i) modified filled epoxy material with a lower temperature-dependent conductivity than that of the standard HVAC material, which is interpreted by a lower thermal activation energy; and (ii) nonlinear resistive field grading material with a low nonlinearity coefficient, with and without the presence of a temperature gradient which occurs under operating service load. The numerical results show that, despite that the DC optimized profile of the spacer made of standard HVAC, alumina-filled epoxy is very effective in relaxing the electric field magnitudes along the spacer under uniform temperature—its distribution is significantly affected by the presence of a high temperature gradient causing the maximum electric field shifts along the spacer surface towards the earthed flange. Under this condition, the modified filled epoxy material with a weaker temperature-dependent conductivity results in a significant reduction of the electric field enhancement, representing thus a relevant key solution for HVDC GIL/GIS applications. Nonlinear resistive field grading material is also effective but seems unnecessary. The optimized DC spacer models are being fabricated for tests verification with C4-Perfluoronitrile (C4-PFN, 3MTM NovecTM 4710)/CO2 and Trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I)/CO2 gas mixtures in the reduced scale gas-insulated test prototype.

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Barragán-García, Alberto, Miguel Fernández-Muñoz, and Efrén Díez-Jiménez. "Lightweight Equipment Using Multiple Torches for Fast Speed Asphalt Roofing." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 2, 2020): 2216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092216.

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In this work, we describe the design and test of a new piece of equipment, developed in order to enhance speed, gas consumption and safety during the manual asphalt roofing process. The novelty of the equipment is based on the use of a set of five parallel gas burners located in front of the roll to maximize heat transfer. The equipment is light and can be used by any worker on any type of roof. It also includes a thermal insulation cover to significantly reduce gas consumption and, thus, to reduce CO2, SO2, and other non-eco-friendly emissions. In this paper, we present the mechanical and thermal design and analysis of the equipment, Computer Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations for heat transfer calculation, a description of the manufacturing and assembly, a preliminary thermal test, and an operational test. The results demonstrate an installation speed of 1.75 m2/min, for 3 kg/m2 rolls, which translates to around 700–735 m2 per person per day, more than twice the usual manual roofing rate. Nevertheless, some issues need to be resolved, such as the nonuniform heat distribution and the low heat transfer at the end of the roll installation.

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Chen, Junhong, Peng Sun, Jinshu Li, Wendong Li, Yuan Li, Junbo Deng, Shengchang Ji, and Guan-Jun Zhang. "Surface discharge pattern of C₄F₇N/CO₂ mixture under negative impulse voltages." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 17 (October 24, 2022): 171602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0117535.

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Due to the excellent properties, C4F7N/CO2 mixture is the most concerned eco-friendly SF6 alternative gas. For a better understanding of the surface discharge characteristics, the surface discharge pattern of C4F7N/CO2 mixture under negative impulse voltages is investigated in this work. The morphology of the surface discharge is obtained by an optical method and a dust figure method. The structure of the surface discharge is established, which from the outside to the inside consists of electron cloud, streamer, streamer stem, and leader. The propagation pattern of the surface discharge in C4F7N/CO2 mixture under negative impulse follows the stepwise expansion pattern. The structure of the surface discharge in C4F7N/CO2 mixtures with different ratios and SF6 has no obvious difference, and the propagation pattern is also the same. The results of this work can help to better understand the surface discharge phenomenon and the insulation characteristics of C4F7N/CO2 mixture.

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Wang, Chenyu, Hu Shi, Xin Wang, Lei Song, and Yuan Hu. "Alginate-sepiolite-ammonium polyphosphate ternary hybrid gels for firefighting in grain and cotton reserves." JUSTC 52, no. 3 (2022): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.52396/justc-2021-0181.

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An eco-friendly and bio-based ternary hybrid gel consisting of alginate, sepiolite, and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was fabricated via a facile one-pot method. Rheological tests showed that this ternary hybrid hydrogel exhibited shear-thinning behavior. Firefighting experiments showed that a burning cotton bale extinguished by using water re-ignited, whereas the ternary hybrid gel effectively prevented smoldering and re-ignition of the cotton bale because of the firm adhesion of the hybrid gel to the surface of the cotton bale. Firefighting experiments also showed that the hybrid gel only covered the upper layer of a rice pile after firefighting efforts, whereas water ruined the grains completely, making them inedible and suitable for use only as a feed or for discard with the burnt grains. The firefighting mechanism of this hybrid gel involved multiple modes of action: volatilization of the large amount of water in the gel absorbed much heat (cooling the combustion zone), APP decomposed into non-flammable ammonia when heated (dilution of flammable volatiles and oxygen), and APP and sepiolite were conducive to forming a continuous and dense char layer (insulation of the exchange of combustible gas, heat, and oxygen). This work provides an environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and bio-based hybrid gel for firefighting in grain and cotton reserves.

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Lim, Dong-Young, Gyeong-Jun Min, He-Rie Park, Eun-Hyeok Choi, Sang-Tae Choi, Won-Zoo Park, and Kwang-Sik Lee. "A Study on the Surface Discharge Characteristics by Dielectric Constant and Diameter of Solid Dielectrics to Improve Surface Dielectric Strength in Eco-Friendly Insulation Gas." Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers 27, no. 1 (January 31, 2013): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5207/jieie.2013.27.1.085.

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Moayedi, Farzaneh, Noor Amila Wan Abdullah Zawawi, and Mohd Shahir Liew. "Life Cycle Analysis of Operational Energy in Office Projects Toward Sustainability Practices in the Malaysian Construction Industry." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.7 (July 4, 2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.7.16203.

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Global warming mitigation is used as a requisite key to promote approaches and sustainable policies in developing countries that aim to minimize the level of carbon emission in built environment. In the past few years, energy demand has grown enormously in Malaysia. CO2 emission from energy consumption, mainly from electricity is a stark condemnation of commercial sector. Building operational energy particularly the thermal aspect, is the dominant factor that used to be highlighted and investigated due to the fact that it is the main proportion of operational energy consumption in buildings. The rate of energy dissipation in building components depends on design and environmental conditions. Accordingly, actions need to be taken in order to promote the quality of buildings in terms of heat exchanges, which can lead to a signiﬁcant energy saving. Using of appropriate thermal insulation is effective way to diminish greenhouse gas emissions by reducing energy consumption. Therefore, the aim of the study is to investigate and determine the total amount of energy consumption from an office building. For reliability purposes, energy consumption from operation of baseline building was compared with the eco-friendly existing office building. Results show that, after implementation of sustainable solutions in the case study, operational energy consumption was successfully reduced to a grate extend.

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Putra, Aldyanto H., Y. Mariana, Nina T. Lestari, and Tubagus A. Dwinandana. "Enhancing Indoor Well-being: A Multifunctional Approach to Indoor Living with Plants and Pegboards." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1324, no. 1 (April 1, 2024): 012040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1324/1/012040.

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Abstract In recent times, there has been a noticeable trend towards increased indoor living, driven by the allure of convenience. However, this trend has raised concerns about heightened exposure to indoor pollutants, which significantly impact air quality and contribute to stress. Indoor plants are renowned for their air-purifying and stress-reducing qualities, serving as natural solutions to enhance indoor air quality. Nevertheless, many people struggle to care for them due to time constraints or a lack of expertise. This research endeavors to bridge the gap between the benefits of indoor plants and the hurdles of their maintenance. Furthermore, it acknowledges the significance of decluttering indoor spaces to alleviate stress, with pegboards emerging as a popular organizational choice. The primary objective of this study is to introduce an innovative solution: a modular, magnetic pegboard system featuring purpose-built modules. This multifunctional pegboard system serves a dual purpose. Firstly, it streamlines organization, effectively reducing the stress induced by desk clutter. Secondly, it fosters an environment conducive to indoor plant care, making it accessible to all, including those with limited horticultural knowledge. Additionally, strategically placed indoor plants can offer natural shade and insulation, potentially reducing the need for excessive heating or cooling in indoor spaces. This, in turn, can lead to lower energy consumption and decreased greenhouse gas emissions, aligning with sustainable material use. Pegboards constructed from sustainable materials, such as wood, can indeed be eco-friendly choices that contribute to the overall reduction of the environmental footprint in living spaces. The primary focus of this study centers on the design, development, and implementation of this user-friendly pegboard system, underscored by its adaptability and positive impact on indoor well-being, air quality, and sustainability. By means of this innovation, the research aspires to elevate indoor spaces, fostering healthier and more harmonious living and working environments, well-being, and air quality.

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Sapna, A. P. Asha, and C. Anbalagan. "Towards a better living environment-compressive strength and water absorption testing of mini compressed stabilized earth blocks and fired bricks." Scientific Temper 14, no. 04 (December 27, 2023): 1251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.58414/scientifictemper.2023.14.4.28.

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The escalating demand for eco-friendly and energy-efficient building materials underscores a pivotal shift towards sustainable development catalyzed by heightened public consciousness. Leveraging community production optimizes local resources and curtails transportation overheads, fostering broader access to superior housing solutions. Emphasizing less-intensive construction techniques enhances material strength, insulation, and thermal attributes while significantly shrinking carbon footprints and waste generation. Particularly vital during crises, these methods invigorate local employment and champion environmental conservation. This study juxtaposes the performance metrics of Mini Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (MCSEB) and fire-burned clay bricks, focusing primarily on their compressive strength. The conventional production of fire-burned clay bricks poses notable challenges, especially regarding energy consumption and pollution. Their manufacturing, anchored in coal utilization, directly exacerbates greenhouse gas emissions. Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEBs) emerge as a promising alternative in this context. Crafted by pressure on soil, their production eschews the need for coal or other combustibles, resulting in a significantly reduced carbon and energy footprint. When benchmarked against traditional fire-burned bricks, CSEBs, if demonstrating analogous compressive strengths, emerge as a viable replacement. A pivotal element in assessing compressive strength lies in factoring in the specimen’s dimensions, with platen restraint effects as a crucial metric. This research harnesses the platen test to comprehensively compare the compressive strengths of Fire Burnt Clay Bricks and Mini Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks. This correlation suggests that Mini Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks, when adjusted for size, can be deemed comparable in strength to Fire fire-burnt clay Bricks, making them a promising sustainable alternative in construction.

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Wang, Ke, Chuan Liu, Wenxi Xie, Yihan Ke, Xiaoyong You, Binghao Jing, and Yongqian Shi. "Effects of Ammonium Polyphosphate and Organic Modified Montmorillonite on Flame Retardancy of Polyethylene Glycol/Wood-Flour-Based Phase Change Composites." Molecules 28, no. 8 (April 14, 2023): 3464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28083464.

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With the depletion of fossil fuel energy and both the slow development and low utilization rate of new eco-friendly energy, finding new ways to efficiently store energy has become a research hotspot. Presently, polyethylene glycol (PEG) is an excellent heat storage material, but it is a typical solid-liquid phase change material (PCM) with a risk of leakage during phase transition. A combination of wood flour (WF) and PEG can effectively eliminate the risk of leakage after the melting of PEG. However, WF and PEG are both flammable materials, which impedes their application. Therefore, it is of great significance to expand their application by forming composites from among PEG, supporting mediums, and flame-retardant additives. This will improve both their flame retardancy and phase change energy storage performance, and will also lead to the preparation of excellent flame-retardant phase change composite materials with solid-solid phase change characteristics. To address this issue, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), organic modified montmorillonite (OMMT), and WF were blended into PEG in specific proportions to prepare a series of PEG/WF-based composites. Both thermal cycling tests and thermogravimetric analysis results demonstrated that the as-prepared composites had good thermal reliability and chemical stability. In addition, during differential scanning calorimetry tests, the PEG/WF/8.0APP@2.0OMMT composite presented the highest melting latent heat (176.6 J/g), and its enthalpy efficiency reached more than 98.3%. The PEG/WF/8.0APP@2.0OMMT composite also exhibited superior thermal insulation performance when compared to the pure PEG/WF composite. Furthermore, the PEG/WF/8.0APP@2.0OMMT composite exhibited a significant 50% reduction in peak heat release rate as a result of the synergistic effect between OMMT and APP in the gas and condensed phases. This work offers a useful strategy for the fabrication of multifunctional phase-change material, which is expected to broaden its industrial applications.

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Aniekan Akpan Umoh, Adedayo Adefemi, Kenneth Ifeanyi Ibewe, Emmanuel Augustine Etukudoh, Valentine Ikenna Ilojianya, and Zamathula Queen Sikhakhane Nwokediegwu. "GREEN ARCHITECTURE AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY: A REVIEW OF INNOVATIVE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES." Engineering Science & Technology Journal 5, no. 1 (January 24, 2024): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/estj.v5i1.743.

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Green architecture and energy efficiency have become imperative considerations in contemporary construction practices, driven by the escalating global concern over environmental degradation and energy consumption. This paper provides a comprehensive review of innovative design and construction techniques employed in green architecture to enhance energy efficiency. The study delves into the integration of sustainable design principles, emphasizing the importance of minimizing the ecological footprint of buildings. Various strategies such as passive design, green roofs, and efficient insulation systems are explored to create structures that harness natural resources intelligently. These techniques not only reduce energy consumption but also contribute to a healthier indoor environment. Innovative construction materials play a pivotal role in green architecture, with a focus on utilizing recycled and locally sourced materials. The paper scrutinizes emerging technologies like bio-concrete and self-healing materials, which not only enhance structural resilience but also embody eco-friendly attributes. Furthermore, the utilization of advanced building systems, such as smart grids and energy-efficient HVAC systems, is discussed for optimizing energy performance throughout the lifecycle of a building. The review also highlights the significance of renewable energy sources, with an emphasis on incorporating solar panels, wind turbines, and other sustainable energy solutions into architectural designs. The integration of these technologies not only promotes energy self-sufficiency but also contributes to the overall reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. In conclusion, this paper encapsulates a comprehensive exploration of the symbiotic relationship between green architecture and energy efficiency. By examining cutting-edge design and construction techniques, the study seeks to provide insights that can inform and inspire future practices in the construction industry, fostering a sustainable approach that addresses both environmental concerns and the growing demand for energy-efficient infrastructure. Keywords: Energy, Green Architecture, Construction Technique, Innovative Design, Review.

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42

Zhang, Boya, Jiayu Xiong, Mai Hao, Yuyang Yao, Xingwen Li, and Anthony B. Murphy. "Pulsed Townsend measurement of electron swarm parameters in C₄F₇N–CO₂ and C₄F₇N–N₂ mixtures as eco-friendly insulation gas." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 3 (January 21, 2022): 033304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0083021.

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Xiao, Song, Yijiang Chen, Mingjun Tang, Shuangshuang Tian, Haoran Xia, Yifan Wang, Ju Tang, Yi Li, and Xiaoxing Zhang. "Characteristics of perfluoromethyl vinyl ether: A new eco‐friendly alternative gas for SF₆." High Voltage, May 17, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/hve2.12454.

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AbstractThe exploration of eco‐friendly insulating gas to substitute the most potent greenhouse gas sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) has consistently garnered significant attention. Herein, the authors evaluated the feasibility of utilising perfluoromethyl vinyl ether (PMVE, C3F6O) as a new branch of eco‐friendly insulating gas for the first time. The primary dielectric and stability characteristics of PMVE regarding AC breakdown, partial discharge, dielectric recovery, and decomposition properties were revealed under various gas pressure and electrical field conditions. It was found that PMVE demonstrated superior dielectric strength, with the AC breakdown and PD inception voltage (PDIV) 1.10 and 1.14 times that of pure SF6. Furthermore, the dielectric strength of PMVE exhibits stability even after undergoing 100 cycles of AC breakdowns, and there is no observable formation of solid precipitation on the electrode surface. The discharge decomposition of PMVE mainly generates fluorocarbon (CF4, C2F6, C3F6, C3F8, etc.) and CO. Overall, the exceptional insulation stability and no absence of solid precipitation features endow PMVE to be utilised as a new eco‐friendly gas for SF6‐free gas‐insulated equipment.

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Cheng, Shucan, Yanpu Zhao, Bin Hu, and Kejia Xie. "Numerical Computation of Temperature Rise of Gas‐Insulated Transmission Lines Considering Thermal Properties of Insulating Gas." IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering, August 7, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tee.23886.

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Accurate temperature rise prediction of the gas‐insulated transmission lines (GIL) can help to lower the cost of equipment through optimization design. To investigate the temperature rise of GIL and the heat transfer efficiency of new eco‐friendly insulating gas, the electromagnetic‐thermal‐fluid field coupling method that considers the thermal properties of solid and gaseous media is proposed. The finite element method is applied to solve the eddy‐current field and obtain the Joule loss of the conductive rod and the enclosure accurately. The GIL temperature distribution of different insulating gases is computed based on their thermophysical parameters. The heat transfer efficiency is found to be positively correlated with gas density, constant pressure heat capacity and thermal conductivity. A parameter that characterizes the heat transfer efficiency of the insulating gas is defined, such that a larger value indicates a higher heat transfer efficiency. This parameter helps to quickly determine the heat transfer capacity of new eco‐friendly insulating gas, and facilitate the optimal design of GIL equipment. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

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Li, Yi, Yifan Wang, Song Xiao, Zhen Li, Nian Tang, Yongyan Zhou, Li Li, Yifan Zhang, Ju Tang, and Xiaoxing Zhang. "Partial discharge induced decomposition and by-products generation properties of HFO-1234ze(E)/CO2: a new eco-friendly gas insulating medium." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, March 1, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/acc03f.

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Abstract HFO-1234ze(E) is introduced as a new eco-friendly gas insulating medium to substitute SF6 for medium-voltage gas insulated equipment (MV-GIE). However, there are few reports on the partial discharge (PD) induced decomposition and gaseous, solid by-products generation characteristics of HFO1234ze(E)/CO2. Herein, the PD decomposition characteristics of HFO1234ze(E)/CO2 were explored based on a needle-plate electrode that simulates the metal protrusion defect in MV-GIE. The PDIV, PRPD of HFO-1234ze(E)/CO2 under different mixing ratio, PD intensity and duration time were obtained. Meanwhile, the PD induced decomposition and generation of gaseous, solid by-products of HFO1234ze(E)/CO2 gas mixture were analyzed. A three-zone model that describes the gas-solid metal interface interaction was proposed for the first time. It is found that the increase of HFO1234ze(E) content brings superior insulation performance of the gas mixture, while the precipitation of gaseous (CF4, C2F6, CHF3, C3HF7) and solid by-products gradually aggravated. In order to avoid the negative impact of PD-induced decomposition on the insulation and service life of MV-GIE, the optimal HFO1234ze(E) content of 30% is recommended. This work provides guidance for the development of HFO1234ze(E) based MV-GIE and helps understand the solid by-products precipitation mechanism of eco-friendly gas insulating medium.

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Xiao, Song, Yifan Wang, Chenhua Ren, Haoran Xia, Yue Zhao, Jingzi Qin, Xiaoxing Zhang, Yi Luo, and Yi Li. "Assessment on gas‐polyethylene terephthalate solid interface partial discharge properties of C₄F₇N/CO₂ gas mixture for eco‐friendly gas insulating transformer." High Voltage, January 28, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/hve2.12421.

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AbstractThe eco‐friendly insulating gas perfluoroisobutyronitrile (C4F7N) is potentially used in gas‐insulated transformers (GIT) to replace sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). However, evaluation of the long‐term insulation reliability and gas–solid interface discharge decomposition characteristics of the gas–solid film insulation structure in GIT is indispensable. The authors simulated the gas–solid film insulation structure in GIT and explored the interface partial discharge (PD) characteristics of C4F7N/CO2 gas mixture with polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The effect of gas pressure, mixing ratio on gas–solid interface gas decomposition, PET degradation was investigated, and the interaction mechanism was analysed. It is found that the interface PD generated three degradation regions on a PET film. The gas–solid interface reaction in the electrode contact region and the discharge development trace was significantly higher than that of halation region. The content of gas decomposition products decreases with the increase of gas pressure and the PD intensity of SF6‐PET is inferior to that of C4F7N/CO2 under the same condition. Relevant results provide reference for the development and application of C4F7N/CO2 based GIT.

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Xiao, Song, ShengYao Shi, Yi Li, Fanchao Ye, Yalong Li, Shuangshuang Tian, Ju Tang, and Xiaoxing Zhang. "Review on decomposition characteristics of eco-friendly gas insulating medium for high voltage gas insulated equipment." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, May 25, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac04e4.

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Tian, Shuangshuang, Xiaohan Li, Ying Zhang, Xiaoxing Zhang, Yuandong Jiang, Peng Liu, Wei Zhang, Min Yu, and Zian Yuan. "Partial Discharge Induced Decomposition and By-products Properties of Eco-friendly Insulating Gas HFO-1234ze(E)." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2023, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2023.3344691.

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Zhang, Boya, Sunsiqin Wang, Xingwen Li, Yanze Pang, Nian Tang, and Dongwei Sun. "Kinetic and Experimental Investigations on the Unimolecular Thermal Decomposition of an Eco-friendly Insulating Gas HFO-1336mzz(E)." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, November 21, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.3c03062.

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Jang, Joonho, Ku Hyun Jung, and Ki Chul Kim. "Development of computational design for reliable prediction of dielectric strengths of perfluorocarbon compounds." Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (April 29, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10946-x.

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AbstractThe development of robust computational protocols capable of accurately predicting the dielectric strengths of eco-friendly insulating gas candidates is crucial; however, it lacks relevant efforts significantly. Consequently, a series of computational protocols are employed in this study to enable the computational prediction of polarizability and ionization energy of eco-friendly, perfluorinated carbon-based candidates, followed by the equation-based prediction of their dielectric strength. The validation process associated with the prediction of the afore-mentioned variables for selected datasets confirms the suitability of the B3LYP-based prediction protocol for reproducing experimental values. Subsequently, the validation of dielectric strength prediction outlines the following three conclusions. (1) The referenced equation adopted from a previous study is incapable of predicting the dielectric strengths of 137 organic compounds present in our database. (2) Parameterization of the coefficients in the referenced equation leads to the accurate prediction of the dielectric strengths. (3) Incorporation of a novel variable, viz. molecular weight, into the referenced equation combined with the parameterization of the coefficients leads to a robust protocol capable of predicting dielectric strengths with high efficiencies even with a significantly smaller fitting dataset. This implies the development of a comprehensive solution capable of accurately predicting the dielectric strengths of a substantially large dataset.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Eco-Friendly insulating gas'

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