Journal articles on the topic 'Eckernförde, Battle of, 1848'
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Nørgaard, Anne Engelst. "Times of Democracy." Contributions to the History of Concepts 14, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/choc.2019.140202.
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Democracy became a popular and highly contested concept in the Danish-speaking parts of the Danish monarchy in 1848. For a brief time, it went from being an occasional guest in political language to a popular concept in the constitutional struggle of 1848–1849. This article argues democracy became attached to an equally popular concept of the time, movement, when introduced into everyday political communication in Denmark. In this context, democracy became a name for the movement observed in Europe and in the Danish monarchy. The article identifies three main interpretations of democracy that occurred in the Danish constitutional struggle of 1848–1849 and argues the battle over the constitution was essentially a battle over how one interpreted the past, the present, and the future. Democracy became a key term in this battle in 1848 Denmark.
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Škokić, Tea. "Battle Over the Ruins." Etnološka tribina 53, no. 46 (December 20, 2023): 229–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15378/1848-9540.2023.46.09.
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U tekstu se analiziraju tri lokacije u Bihaću s napuštenim objektima u kojima su se formalno ili neformalno zadržavali ili se još uvijek zadržavaju migranti. Riječ je o građevinama koje su nekoć bile dio industrijske ili urbane infrastrukture, da bi njihovim napuštanjem i devastacijom postale ruine, a dolaskom migranata i skloništa. Cilj je rada propitati njihovo fizičko i diskurzivno zaposjedanje, metaforičke borbe nad time kome pripadaju, tko ima pravo njihova korištenja i što one znače zajednici u kontekstu afektivnog odnosa spram gradske prošlosti i budućnosti. Rad se temelji na višednevnom boravku u Bihaću u jesen 2022. godine, terenskim bilješkama i fotografijama te na pregledu medijskih napisa vezanih za bihaćke slučajeve.
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Gimadeev, Timur. "Battle of Lipany in Czech Historiography (1848–1948)." Slavic World: Commonality and Diversity, no. 2019 (2019): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2619-0869.2019.1.5.
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Sondhaus, Lawrence. "Mitteleuropa zur See? Austria and the German Navy Question 1848–52." Central European History 20, no. 2 (June 1987): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900012577.
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The German navy of 1848–52 was born in the stormy sessions of the Frankfurt Parliament and died amid equally acrimonious debates in the diet of the restored German Confederation. Denmark's blockade of the North Sea and Baltic ports during the Schleswig-Holstein war inspired this first attempt to create a German battle fleet, and the temporary resolution of German-Danish differences, combined with the Confederation's unwillingness to assume responsibility for the warships, brought it to an early end. The scant scholarly literature on the first German navy tends to view it purely as a north German concern, but on this question, as in all other activities of the Frankfurt Parliament and German Confederation, Austria had a considerable voice in determining the outcome. During its four years of existence the fleet became a pawn in the greater Austro-Prussian struggle for hegemony over Germany.
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Nørgaard, Anne Engelst. "”Hvoraf kommer det, at vi alle ere saa demokratiske som vi ere?” - Demokratisk-monarkiske bondevenner i den danske grundlovskamp." Slagmark - Tidsskrift for idéhistorie, no. 69 (March 9, 2018): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/sl.v0i69.104323.
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The article studies the rhetoric of ’Bondevennernes Selskab’, an organized peasant movement, in the constitutional battle of 1848-49. Through an analysis of speeches held on the constitutional assembly by members of the peasant movement, the article concludes that the movement’s call for democracy was supported with a rhetoric that used the absolutist king as a legitimizing figure. Through the principle of popular sovereignty, the concept of democracy was connected to the concept of ‘people’ and ideas of a strong monarch. This rhetoric was used to legitimize the status of the peasant movement as speaking on behalf of the people and in claiming political agency for the peasantry.
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Ilina, Kira. "Battle for “Donat”: а discussion about the old and new classical philology in Russia (1847–1848)." St. Tikhons' University Review 117 (April 30, 2024): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15382/sturii2024117.39-51.
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In the 1830–40s (time of the transformation of classical philology into a scientific discipline) during discussions in the Ministry of Public Education and in the public sphere, norms for teaching classical disciplines were developed and the number of ancient languages textbooks were rapidly increased. The article focuses on the reconstruction of the discussion about the Latin language textbook “Donat”, prepared by Moscow University professor Karl Hofman. The heterogeneity of the disciplinary community of classical philologists and rival systems of values, arguments, and authorities are traced in this discussion. On the one hand, A. M. Kubarev followed traditional pedagogical methods and textbooks of grammatical authorities associated with the history of Russian classical philology of the 18th century and approved by the Ministry of Public Education. On the other hand, K. Hofman and his disciples considered it necessary for a classical philologist to know the current level of development of classical philology, as well as to appeal to modern philologists and to change the methods of teaching Latin. Critical publications in thick literary magazines (“Otechestvennye zapiski”, “Sovremennik”, “Moskvityanin”) and archival materials from the Manuscript Department of the Russian State Library and from the Central State Archive of Moscow were used as historical sources. Public opinions, ways of the discussion, evaluation practices, ethically (un)acceptable statements identify are found in published sources. Unpublished and unknown to ordinary people part of the discussion, as well as the historical contexts of the debate and biography nuances of its participants can be detected in office documents, personal correspondence, a draft of an unpublished article. The research methodology is based on a combination of traditional historical methods and approaches developed in the framework of the history of science, the history of disciplines and the sociology of literature.
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Miller, Richard W. "Democracy and Class Dictatorship." Social Philosophy and Policy 3, no. 2 (1986): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500000303.
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Clearly, Marx thought he was promoting democratic values. In the Manifesto, the immediate goal of socialism is summed up as “to win the battle of democracy.” Marx sees the reduction of individuality as one of the greatest injuries done by a system in which most people buy and sell their labor power on terms over which they have little control. As they supervised translations and re-issues of the Manifesto, Marx and Engels singled out just one point as a major topic on which their view in 1848 had been superseded. The forms of government needed to be changed to give people more control over the state, a change in structure pioneered by the Paris Commune.
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Momen, Moojan. "Millennialist Narrative and Apocalyptic Violence." Journal of the British Association for the Study of Religion (JBASR) 20 (September 21, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18792/jbasr.v20i0.24.
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The Babi movement of Iran came to a society in the nineteenth century that had a set millennialist narrative, which included an apocalyptic battle between the forces of good (led by the Imam Mahdi) and evil. Its founder, the Bab, at first appeared to claim to be just the intermediary for the Imam Mahdi, but later claimed to be the Imam Mahdi himself. This set in train expectations that the apocalyptic narrative of violence would begin. The writings and actions of the Bab were provocative, but there was nothing in them to suggest an initiation of violence. Indeed, he specifically held back from calling for a jihad, which the Imam Mahdi was expected to do. Over a period of time, however, the Islamic clerics escalated matters, calling on the state to intervene to halt the spread of the movement. This led eventually to violent confrontations in three locations in Iran in 1848-1850 and an attempted assassination of the Shah in 1852. This paper looks at the events of 1848-50 and describes how the apocalyptic narrative played out. It frames the events that occurred within the theoretical schema of assaulted, fragile and revolutionary millennialist groups suggested by Wessinger and examines the stages in the escalation of the conflict, the narratives that informed this, and specifically at those factors that increased the likelihood of violence. It also examines developments after 1852 that moved the focus of the religion, now called the Baha'i religion, from catastrophic millennialism (pre-millennialism) to progressive millennialism (post-millennialism).
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Walsh, Stephen A. "Liberalism at High Latitudes: The Politics of Polar Exploration in the Habsburg Monarchy." Austrian History Yearbook 47 (April 2016): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237816000084.
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In the autumn of 1874, Austrian popular society seemed ablaze with talk of ice. The Habsburg monarchy's first major polar expedition was returning, and, as the German geographer August Petermann put it, “No field commander, returning home with his army victorious from battle, could be received more magnificently and enthusiastically than this small band of twenty- two men.” The first published narrative of the expedition was released in Vienna around 24 September and had sold out of its print run of forty-five thousand copies by 27 September. This figure, however, is dwarfed by contemporary estimates of the multitude that turned up to welcome the explorers to Vienna on 25 September: around a quarter million, or approximately one-fourth of the city's entire population. Although such figures should be taken with a grain of salt, the festivities that greeted the explorers involved possibly the largest crowds seen on the streets of Vienna between the revolutions of 1848–49 and the mass marches of the Social Democratic Party in support of universal male suffrage around the turn of the century.
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Hannibal, Joseph T., and Lorraine Schnabel. "Cockeysville marble: a heritage stone from Maryland, USA." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 486, no. 1 (2020): 229–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp486-2019-1.
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AbstractBy virtue of its use in iconic monuments and historic buildings in the USA, Cockeysville marble, a dolomitic to calcitic lower Paleozoic (Cambrian/Ordovician) marble quarried in Baltimore County and adjacent areas in Maryland, is proposed as a potential Global Heritage Stone Resource. The most important use of this stone was for the Washington Monument in Washington, DC whose construction began in 1848; the second most important use was for the 108 columns of the United States Capitol's wings, completed in 1868. It was also used for two of the oldest major marble monuments in the USA, Baltimore's Battle Monument (dedicated in 1827) and Washington Monument (completed in 1829), as well as Baltimore's City Hall, Buffalo's Adkins Art Museum, Detroit's Fisher Building and parts of St Patrick's Cathedral in New York City. During the nineteenth century white Cockeysville was most desired, but a colourful variety, Mar Villa marble, was also used in the first decades of the twentieth century. Cockeysville marble is no longer quarried for dimension stone. All Cockeysville used outdoors has weathered to a lesser or great extent, but early testing indicating that the dolomitic marble would be more durable has proved to be true.
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Aaslestad, Katherine, and Karen Hagemann. "1806 and Its Aftermath: Revisiting the Period of the Napoleonic Wars in German Central European Historiography." Central European History 39, no. 4 (December 2006): 547–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906000185.
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If the French faced the 200th anniversary of the Napoleonic Empire with some trepidation about how to commemorate the infamous Corsican, the British celebrated the Battle of Trafalgar as an enduring national victory. A grand exhibit in the National Maritime Museum in London, “Nelson and Napoleon,” observed this event in 2005. In contemporary Germany, however, the commemoration of 1806 has occurred mainly among small circles of specialists and remained largely absent from popular historical consciousness. In recent times, besides the exhibition on the Holy Roman Empire in the German Historical Museum in Berlin, only small local exhibits and substantial articles in magazines like Die Zeit and Der Spiegel recall 1806. Past momentous occasions such as 1848, 1914–1919, 1933–1945, and 1949 clearly overshadow in contemporary historical memory the tumultuous decades that surrounded the Napoleonic Wars. This tendency to overlook and underestimate the significance of the early nineteenth century also remains evident among scholars who work on later periods of German history. In the shadow of World Wars and the Holocaust, the period of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars between 1792 and 1815 seems distant to the contemporary audience. But why do historians also tend to disregard the importance of this era of warfare and domestic, social, and economic transformation—a period so rich in complexity—and its enduring consequences for nineteenth- and twentieth-century Europe?
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Goncharova, Tatiana Nikolaevna. "The reception of Vernet’s Orientalist paintings by art criticism in the 1830s–1840s." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture, no. 4 (53) (December 2022): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2022-4-142-149.
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Horace Vernet (1789–1863), one of the prominent French artists of his time, achieved his greatest success at the time of the July Monarchy (1830–1848), thanks to the patronage of King Louis-Philippe. Like many of his contemporaries, H. Vernet was fascinated by the exotic of the East. Fast every year one or more of his Orientalist paintings were exposed at the Salons. His battle canvases, commissioned by the King, recorded not only various stages of the French conquest of Algeria, but also the realities of life in North Africa. Vernet’s fascination for Eastern culture was reflected in his treatment of biblical subjects and genre scenes as well. This article is devoted to the study of perception of Vernet’s Orientalist paintings by art critics. It bases on the texts of critical reviews of the Salons. Well-known writers, poets, such as T. Gautier, P. Mérimée, Ch. Baudelaire and others functioned as critics. Many of them were warm supporters of romanticism, while classicism remained in demand, among others. The eclecticism inherent in the creative method of H. Vernet, which can be perceived as an expression of the «juste milieu» in the arts, was often met with disdain by reviewers of the Salons. At the same time, H. Vernet’s innovative techniques, including the Arabization of the Bible, ran into frank misunderstanding.
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Szögi, László. "Az egyetemi és akadémiai ifjúság politikai szerepvállalása 1830–1880 között." Gerundium 9, no. 2 (March 13, 2019): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.29116/gerundium/2018/2/4.
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The Political Involvement of the University- and Academic Youth between 1830 and 1880. The institutional network of the higher education in Hungary was very diverse on the turn of the 18th and 19th century and in the first part of the 19th century. In the multi-national and multi-confessional country, 88 institutions provided higher than medium level education. Most of these institutions were related to the historical denomination but besides them several state higher educational institutions existed. We reported about the student movements of these schools in this paper. In the first part of the 19th century the Holy Alliance’s system prohibited the foundation of student movements, although, in most of the institutions, reading circles and literature student associations were formed in which the leaders of the future national movements played an important role. The period of the revolution and the fight for freedom of 1848–1849 was significant regarding the student movements as well, because at most universities the studentry listed their requests aiming not only the reform of student life but the social changes as well. After the defeat of the freedom fight it was not possible to form student associations for ten years. But from the 1860s the battle for the national language of higher education marked the Hungarian youth movements. After the Austro- Hungarian Compromise, the studentry’s activity decreased, although they spoke in some political questions. For example, in 1867–1877, during the time of the Russian-Turkish war, the students in Pest and Cluj- Napoca stood against the Russians and not the Turks. This action produced that the university youth got back 36 valuable medieval codices from the Turks which were stolen in 1526 from the Royal Library in Buda.
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Albin, Maurice S. "In praise of anesthesia: Two case studies of pain and suffering during major surgical procedures with and without anesthesia in the United States Civil War-1861–65." Scandinavian Journal of Pain 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2013): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpain.2013.07.028.
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AbstractBackgroundThe United States Civil War (1861–1865) pitted the more populous industrialized North (Union) against the mainly agricultural slaveholding South (Confederacy). This conflict cost an enormous number of lives, with recent estimates mentioning a total mortality greater than 700,000 combatants [1]. Although sulfuric ether (ETH) and chloroform (CHL) were available since Morton’s use of the former in 1846 and the employment of the latter in 1847, and even though inhalational agents were used in Crimean war (1853–1856) and the Mexican-American War (1846–1848), the United States Civil War gave military surgeons on both sides the opportunity to experience the use of these two agents because of the large number of casualties.MethodsResearch of historic archives illustrates the dramatic control of surgical pain made possible with introduction of two general anesthetic and analgesic drugs in 1846 and 1847.ResultsAn appreciation of the importance of anesthesia during surgical procedures can be noted in the poignant and at times hair raising cases of two left arm amputations carried out under appalling circumstances during the United States Civil War. In the first-case the amputation was delayed for nearly five days after the wounding of Private Winchell who served in an elite sharpshooter brigade and was captured by the Confederate Army during battle. The amputation was performed without anesthesia and the voice of the Private himself narrates his dreadful experience. The postoperative course was incredible as he received no analgesia and survived a delirious comatose state lying on the ground in the intense summer heat.Thomas Jonathan “Stonewall” Jackson was a famous ascetic Confederate General who helped defeat the Union forces at the Battle of Chancellorsville on May 2, 1863. In the ensuing near-darkness, Jackson was fired upon by his own friendly troops where he suffered multiple gunshot wounds on his right hand as well as a ball in the upper humerus of the left arm similar to that of Private Winchell. Transported to a field hospital about thirty miles away, the evacuation was carried out under artillery fire and the General dropped from the stretcher at least twice before arriving at the field hospital. There, a team of surgeons operated on “Stonewall”, using open drop chloroform, the surgery taking 50 min, anesthesia times of one hour with General Jackson awake and speaking with clarity shortly after the termination of the anesthesia. A brief explanation of the use of anesthetics in the military environment during the Crimean, Mexican American and the United States Civil War is also presented.Conclusion and implicationsTwo case stories illustrate the profound improvement in surgical pain made possible with ether and chloroform only 160 years ago. Surgeons and patients nowadays have no ideas what these most important improvements in modern medicine means, unless “reliving” the true hell of pain surgery was before ether and chloroform.
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Kinzer, Bruce L. "John Stuart Mill and the Catholic Question in 1825." Utilitas 5, no. 1 (May 1993): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820800005537.
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John Stuart Mill's connection with the Irish question spanned more than four decades and embraced a variety of elements. Of his writings on Ireland, the best known are his forty-three Morning Chronicle articles of 1846–47 composed in response to the Famine, the section of the Principles of Political Economy that treats the issue of cottier tenancy and the problem of Irish land, and, most conspicuous of all, his radical pamphlet England and Ireland, published in 1868. All of these writings take the land question as their paramount concern. The fairly absorbing interest in the subject disclosed by Mill during the second half of the 1840s arose from the fortuitous conjuncture of the disaster unfolding in Ireland and his engagement with the principles of political economy. Between 1848 and 1871 Mill's Principles went through seven editions (excluding the People's edition) and the substantive revisions he made in the section on Ireland from one edition to the next illumine both the essence and the accidentals of his bearing towards that country. Mill's cogent and controversial advocacy of fixity of tenure in England and Ireland constituted the heart of his answer to the Fenian challenge. The land question aside, Mill was drawn into the battle over the Irish university system in the 1860s largely through his friendship with John Elliot Cairnes, professor of jurisprudence and political economy at the Queen's College Galway. On this subject, however, Mill wrote almost nothing for publication. The longest single piece he ever drafted on Ireland was his first, an essay that predated the Morning Chronicle articles by two decades. In his own bibliography this essay is referred to as ‘An article on the Catholic Question which appeared in the Parliamentary Review for 1825’. Although the essay of 1825 could justly have borne the same title as the pamphlet of 1868, the particulars of course differ markedly. Ireland never ceased to pose a question during the course of the nineteenth century, but the dynamics shaping that question changed much between the mid-1820s and the late 1860s. Even so, the 1825 essay prefigures something of Mill's later involvement with the Irish question, and also invites examination as a quite remarkable piece of political journalism from the pen of a young man not yet twenty, who would subsequently establish himself as the most influential thinker of his generation.
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Serfőző, Szabolcs. "Az Erdélyi Udvari Kancellária bécsi palotájának magyar történeti tárgyú pannói, August Rumel művei 1756‒1758-ból." Művészettörténeti Értesítő 70, no. 2 (September 19, 2022): 235–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/080.2021.00013.
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The topic of the paper is a cycle of six large panneaux on Hungarian historical themes panted for the Vienna palace of the Transylvanian Court Chancellery. The series on Hun–Hungarian history from leaving behind the original habitat to the battle of Mohács is the earliest relic of Hungarian history painting, yet earlier researches only tangentially touched on it despite its salient importance.When the Principality of Transylvania became part of the Central European Habsburg Monarchy as a independent land in 1690, Leopold I founded the Transylvanian Court Chancellery in 1693 as the highest governing organ of Transylvania. Based in Vienna, the office functioned in diverse rented buildings for a long time, before the freshly appointed chancellor of Transylvania Gábor Bethlen (1712–1768) purchased a building in Vienna in 1755 for the office. He chose the Sinzendorf palace in Hintere Schenkenstrasse across from the Löwel bastion (later replaced by the Burgtheater) close to the palace of the Hungarian Chancellery. It functioned until it was demolished in 1880. In 1755–1759 the chancellor had a representative suite of rooms created on the second floor also including a dining room. Its walls were covered by six large (c. 325 x 310 cm) painted wall hangings or spalliers. It is known from a description by Mór Jókai that the cycle contained three scenes from the Hun–Hungarian prehistory and three from the history of the Christian Hungarian Kingdom. 1) Exodus of the Magyars from their original habitat bordering on China; 2) Pagan priest officiating a fire sacrifice and the Hun king Attila (?), 3) Prince of Moravia Svatopluk sells Pannonia to the chieftain of the Magyars Árpád for a white horse, 4) Saint Stephen converts the Magyars to Christianity, 5) King Matthias Hunyadi enters Vienna in 1486, 6) The battle of Mohács in 1526.In a study published in 1906 Piarist historian–archivist Sándor Takáts (1860–1932) adduced several data on the artists and artisans working on interior decoration of the chancellery palace including painters, presumably on the basis of the artists’ bills. These documents together with all the files of the Directorium in publicis et cameralibus perished in a fire that broke out in Vienna’s Justizpalast in 1927. The Hungarian historical panneaux were presumably painted by August Rumel (1715–1778) who features in the sources as Historienmaler and painter of the Viennese citizenry. On the basis of indirect information, the cycle can be tentatively dated to 1756–1758, as they were already included in the inventory of the chancellery in 1759.The Transylvanian Court Chancellery hardly used its first headquarters for one and a half decades after 1766. When in 1782 Joseph II merged the Transylvanian and Hungarian chancelleries, the Transylvanian office moved in 1785 next door to its sister institution, which had had a palace since 1747 a street further, in Vordere Schenkenstrasse, i.e. today’s Bankgasse. They moved in the one-time Trautson house. Parallel with that the treasury sold the former centre of the Transylvanian chancellery which was bought by imperial and royal chamberlain Count Mihály Nádasdy (1746–1826).As far as Jókai knew, the panneaux became court property in the 1780s and they were purchased at an auction in 1809 by Countess Rozália Bethlen (1754–1826) and transported to Transylvania. They can be identified in the chattels inventory for 1839 of the Jósika palace in Kolozsvár. Later the panneaux were inherited within the Jósika family. Elected minister a latere in 1895, Sámuel Jósika (1848–1923) had the cycle transported to Vienna and put them up in the “Hungarian house”, his official place, today the house of the Hungarian embassy. When his incumbency expired, the pictures went back to Transylvania and passed down in the Jósika family. In 1945 four of the pictures got lost. The two surviving pictures were purchased by the Hungarian State and hung up in the gala room of the Hungarian Embassy in Vienna in 2008 where they can still be seen.
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Spencer, April. "BOOK REVIEW: Edited by Nancy F. Cott. YOUNG OXFORD HISTORY OF WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES and John Demos. THE TRIED AND THE TRUE: NATIVE AMERICAN WOMEN CONFRONTING COLONIZATION and Jane Kamensky. THE COLONIAL MOSAIC: AMERICAN WOMEN 1600-1760 and Marylynn Salmon THE LIMITS OF INDEPENDENCE: AMERICAN WOMEN 1760-1800 and Michael Goldberg. BREAKING NEW GROUND: AMERICAN WOMEN 1800-1848 and Harriet Sigerman. AN UNFINISHED BATTLE: AMERICAN WOMEN 1848-1865 and Harriet Sigerman. LABORERS FOR LIBERTY: AMERICAN WOMEN 1865-1890 and Karen Manners Smith. NEW PATHS TO POWER: AMERICAN WOMEN 1890-1920 and Sarah Jane Deutsch. FROM BALLOTS TO BREADLINES: AMERICAN WOMEN 1920-1940 and Elaine Tyler May. PUSHING THE LIMITS: AMERICAN WOMEN 1940-1961 and William H. Chafe. THE ROAD TO EQUALITY: AMERICAN WOMEN SINCE 1962 and Harriet Sigerman. BIOGRAPHICAL SUPPLEMENT AND INDEX." NWSA Journal 11, no. 2 (July 1999): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/nws.1999.11.2.207.
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BURNARD, TREVOR, MICKI MCELYA, MICHAEL O'BRIEN, CHRISTOPHER PHELPS, and TREVOR BURNARD. "America the Good, America the Brave, America the Free: Reviewing the Oxford History of the United States - Robert Middlekauff, The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789 (rev. ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). - Gordon S. Wood, Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009). - Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007). - James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988). - David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999). - James T. Patterson, Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). - James T. Patterson, Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). - George C. Herring, From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008)." Journal of American Studies 45, no. 3 (August 2011): 407–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875811000508.
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Bényei, Péter. "„egy eltemetett világ halott dicsősége”." Studia Litteraria 50, no. 3–4 (July 1, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.37415/studia/2011/50/3989.
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In the recent past, the literary representations of traumatic experience have aroused the interest of social and literary studies in Hungary. The short story cycle Forradalmi- és csataképek (Pictures of Revolution and Battle), written by Mór Jókai shortly after the close of the Hungarian War of Independence of 1848-49, is well suited for analyses in the context of trauma discourse, since its rhetorical code, narrative strategies, composition and genre are all oriented towards the representation of collective trauma. The short stories also stage the successive phases of grieving: the mapping of the trauma that befell both individuals and the communal spirit, facing the loss, and the release of grief. My reading of the short stories identifies the various detraumatizing poetical actions that are most obviously detectable in the mourning process featured by the text. Collective trauma is not a directly tangible psychic wound: the major endeavour of literary narratives representing collective traumatization is to point out the very existence of the wounds affecting the communal psyche, and to remedy them in some way. Literary texts can obtain this ability primarily by merging them with the discursive spaces of plot structures, generic models offered by the tradition, and potentially evoked intertexts. Thus, my intention with the interpretation of the meta-discourses of Jókai’s short story cycle is to demonstrate the frames and media of the literary representation of trauma and the work of mourning.