Journal articles on the topic 'Eccentric exercise'
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Jayaseelan, Dhinu J., John J. Mischke, and Raymond L. Strazzulla. "Eccentric Exercise for Achilles Tendinopathy: A Narrative Review and Clinical Decision-Making Considerations." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 4, no. 2 (June 5, 2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk4020034.
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Background: Achilles tendinopathy is a common health condition encountered in the orthopedic and sports medicine settings. Eccentric exercise is a common intervention in the management of pain and limited function for this patient population, although contemporary evidence suggests additional exercise methods may be effective as well. Study design: Narrative review: Methods: A literature review was performed using the electronic databases Pubmed and PEDRO for articles through February 2019. Randomized clinical trials integrating eccentric exercise, with or without co-interventions, were evaluated. Outcomes related to pain and/or function were considered. A patient case is provided to highlight decision making processes related to clinical prescription of eccentrics for Achilles tendinopathy. Results: After screening titles and abstracts, seven studies were included for full review. Two articles compared eccentric exercise to a control group, four compared eccentrics to the use of modalities, while one used eccentric exercise as part of a multimodal intervention. In each case, eccentric exercise was effective in reducing pain and improving function. In comparison to other forms of exercise or additional interventions, eccentric exercise was frequently not more effective than other options. Discussion: Eccentric exercise has been associated with clinical benefit in improving pain and function for patients with Achilles tendinopathy. Despite the available evidence reporting effectiveness of eccentrics, other options may be equally useful. Appropriate load modification and exercise prescription for patients with Achilles tendinopathy requires systematic clinical reasoning and incorporation of patient values to optimize outcomes.
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Lepley, Lindsey K., Steven M. Davi, Emily R. Hunt, Julie P. Burland, McKenzie S. White, Grace Y. McCormick, and Timothy A. Butterfield. "Morphology and Anabolic Response of Skeletal Muscles Subjected to Eccentrically or Concentrically Biased Exercise." Journal of Athletic Training 55, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 336–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-174-19.
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Context Long-term eccentric exercise is known to promote muscle growth better than concentric exercise, but its acute effect on muscle is not well understood because of misinterpreted modeling and in situ and in vitro stretch protocols. Knowing if the initial bout of eccentric exercise promotes muscle growth and limits damage is critical to understanding the effect of this mode of exercise. Objective To directly evaluate the immediate effects of eccentric and concentric exercises on untrained muscle when fiber strains were physiological and exercise doses were comparable. Design Controlled laboratory study. Setting Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants A total of 40 skeletally mature male Long-Evans rats (age = 16 weeks, mass = 452.1 ± 35.2 g) were randomly assigned to an eccentric exercise (downhill walking, n = 16), concentric exercise (uphill walking, n = 16), or control (no exercise, n = 8) group. Intervention(s) Rats were exposed to a single 15-minute bout of eccentric or concentric exercise on a motorized treadmill and then were euthanized at 6 or 24 hours postexercise. We harvested the vastus lateralis muscle bilaterally. Main Outcome Measure(s) The percentage increase or decrease in protein abundance in exercised animals relative to that in unexercised control animals was evaluated as elevated phosphorylated p70S6k relative to total p70S6k. Fiber damage was quantified using immunoglobulin G permeability staining. One-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey tests were performed. Results Rats exposed to eccentric exercise and euthanized at 24 hours had higher percentage response protein synthesis rates than rats exposed to eccentric exercise and euthanized at 6 hours (P = .02) or to concentric exercise and euthanized at 6 (P = .03) or 24 (P = .03) hours. We assessed 9446 fibers for damage and found only 1 fiber was infiltrated (in the concentric exercise group euthanized at 6 hours). Furthermore, no between-groups differences in immunoglobulin G fluorescent intensity were detected (P = .94). Conclusions Incorporating eccentric exercise is a simple, universally available therapeutic intervention for promoting muscle recovery. A single 15-minute dose of eccentric exercise to a novice muscle can better exert an anabolic effect than a comparable dose of concentric exercise, with very limited evidence of fiber damage.
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Chaudhry, Saira, Dylan Morrissey, Roger C. Woledge, Dan L. Bader, and Hazel R. C. Screen. "Eccentric and Concentric Exercise of the Triceps Surae: An in Vivo Study of Dynamic Muscle and Tendon Biomechanical Parameters." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 31, no. 2 (April 2015): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2013-0284.
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Triceps surae eccentric exercise is more effective than concentric exercise for treating Achilles tendinopathy, however the mechanisms underpinning these effects are unclear. This study compared the biomechanical characteristics of eccentric and concentric exercises to identify differences in the tendon load response. Eleven healthy volunteers performed eccentric and concentric exercises on a force plate, with ultrasonography, motion tracking, and EMG applied to measure Achilles tendon force, lower limb movement, and leg muscle activation. Tendon length was ultrasonographically tracked and quantified using a novel algorithm. The Fourier transform of the ground reaction force was also calculated to investigate for tremor, or perturbations. Tendon stiffness and extension did not vary between exercise types (P= .43). However, tendon perturbations were significantly higher during eccentric than concentric exercises (25%–40% higher,P= .02). Furthermore, perturbations during eccentric exercises were found to be negatively correlated with the tendon stiffness (R2= .59). The particular efficacy of eccentric exercise does not appear to result from variation in tendon stiffness or extension within a given session. However, varied perturbation magnitude may have a role in mediating the observed clinical effects. This property is subject-specific, with the source and clinical timecourse of such perturbations requiring further research.
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Friden, J., P. N. Sfakianos, and A. R. Hargens. "Muscle soreness and intramuscular fluid pressure: comparison between eccentric and concentric load." Journal of Applied Physiology 61, no. 6 (December 1, 1986): 2175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.61.6.2175.
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This study investigates the dynamic and resting intramuscular pressures associated with eccentric and concentric exercise of muscles in a low-compliance compartment. The left and righ leg anterior compartments of eight healthy males (ages 22–32 yr) were exercised by either concentric or eccentric contractions of the same load (400 submaximal contractions at constant rate, 20/min for 20 min at a load corresponding to 15% of individual maximal dorsiflexion torque). Tissue fluid pressures were measured with the slit-catheter technique before, during, and after the exercise. Average peak intramuscular pressure generated during eccentric exercise (236 mmHg) was significantly greater than during concentric exercise (157 mmHg, P less than 0.001). Peak isometric contraction pressure in the eccentrically exercised compartment was significantly higher both within 20 min postexercise and on the second postexercise day (P less than 0.001). Resting pressure 2 days postexercise was significantly higher on the eccentrically exercised side (10.5 mmHg) compared with the concentrically exercised (4.4 mmHg, P less than 0.05). The ability to sustain tension during postexercise isometric contractions was impaired on the “eccentric” side. Soreness was exclusively experienced in the eccentrically exercised muscles. We conclude that eccentric exercise causes significant intramuscular pressure elevation in the anterior compartment, not seen following concentric exercise, and that this may be one of the factors associated with development of delayed muscle soreness in a tight compartment.
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Sanz, David Rodriguez, Daniel Lopez-Lopez, Daniel Muñoz Garcia, Alfredo Soriano Medrano, Angel Morales Ponce, Cesar Calvo Lobo, and Irene Sanz Corbalan. "Effects of eccentric exercise in pressure pain threshold in subjects with functional ankle equinus condition." Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 65, no. 3 (March 2019): 384–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.65.3.384.
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SUMMARY Stretching exercises are widely used by the population before sporting activities. One of the most common technique is eccentric exercise. Here, we made a clinical examination of 98 subjects with equinus condition before activity and after 30 min of running (49 participants with previous eccentric exercise and 49 with no previously eccentric exercise). The clinical assessment of the Achilles tendon was based on the pressure pain threshold (PPT). We identified significant PPT changes between the previous eccentric stretching and the non-previous eccentric stretching group in the Achilles tendon evaluations. Based on our findings, we propose that subjects with equinus condition could use eccentric stretching in order to improve the Achilles tendon status.
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Kellis, Eleftherios, and Vasilios Baltzopoulos. "Isokinetic Eccentric Exercise." Sports Medicine 19, no. 3 (March 1995): 202–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199519030-00005.
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McNeill, Warrick. "About eccentric exercise." Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 19, no. 3 (July 2015): 553–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2015.05.002.
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Arias-Buría, José L., Sebastián Truyols-Domínguez, Raquel Valero-Alcaide, Jaime Salom-Moreno, María A. Atín-Arratibel, and César Fernández-de-las-Peñas. "Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Electrolysis and Eccentric Exercises for Subacromial Pain Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/315219.
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Objective. To compare effects of ultrasound- (US-) guided percutaneous electrolysis combined with an eccentric exercise program of the rotator cuff muscles in subacromial pain syndrome.Methods. Thirty-six patients were randomized and assigned into US-guided percutaneous electrolysis (n=17) group or exercise (n=19) group. Patients were asked to perform an eccentric exercise program of the rotator cuff muscles twice every day for 4 weeks. Participants assigned to US-guided percutaneous electrolysis group also received the application of galvanic current through acupuncture needle on each session once a week (total 4 sessions). Shoulder pain (NPRS) and disability (DASH) were assessed at baseline, after 2 sessions, and 1 week after the last session.Results. The ANOVA revealed significant Group∗Time interactions for shoulder pain and disability (all,P<0.01): individuals receiving US-guided percutaneous electrolysis combined with the eccentric exercises experienced greater improvement than those receiving eccentric exercise alone.Conclusions. US-guided percutaneous electrolysis combined with eccentric exercises resulted in small better outcomes at short term compared to when only eccentric exercises were applied in subacromial pain syndrome. The effect was statistically and clinically significant for shoulder pain but below minimal clinical difference for function. Future studies should investigate the long-term effects and potential placebo effect of this intervention.
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Vogt, Michael, and Hans H. Hoppeler. "Eccentric exercise: mechanisms and effects when used as training regime or training adjunct." Journal of Applied Physiology 116, no. 11 (June 1, 2014): 1446–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00146.2013.
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The aim of the current review is to discuss applications and mechanism of eccentric exercise in training regimes of competitive sports. Eccentric muscle work is important in most sports. Eccentric muscle contractions enhance the performance during the concentric phase of stretch-shortening cycles, which is important in disciplines like sprinting, jumping, throwing, and running. Muscles activated during lengthening movements can also function as shock absorbers, to decelerate during landing tasks or to precisely deal with high external loading in sports like alpine skiing. The few studies available on trained subjects reveal that eccentric training can further enhance maximal muscle strength and power. It can further optimize muscle length for maximal tension development at a greater degree of extension, and has potential to improve muscle coordination during eccentric tasks. In skeletal muscles, these functional adaptations are based on increases in muscle mass, fascicle length, number of sarcomeres, and cross-sectional area of type II fibers. Identified modalities for eccentric loading in athletic populations involve classical isotonic exercises, accentuated jumping exercises, eccentric overloading exercises, and eccentric cycle ergometry. We conclude that eccentric exercise offers a promising training modality to enhance performance and to prevent injuries in athletes. However, further research is necessary to better understand how the neuromuscular system adapts to eccentric loading in athletes.
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Liu, Xiao-Guang, Lin Cheng, and Ji-Mei Song. "Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy and Eccentric Exercises in the Treatment of Patellar Tendinopathy." International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/785386.
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The study aims to investigate if low-level laser therapy (LLLT) combined with eccentric exercises could more effectively treat patellar tendinopathy than LLLT alone and eccentric exercises alone. Twenty-one patients with patellar tendinopathy were randomized to three groups: laser alone, exercise alone, or laser plus exercise, with seven in each group. Laser irradiations were administered at the inferior pole of the patella and the two acupoints of Extra 36 (Xiyan) with the intensity of 1592 mW/cm2. Eccentric training program consisted of three sets of 15 repetitions of unilateral squat on level ground. All patients received six treatments per week for four weeks. Knee pain and function and quadriceps muscle strength and endurance were evaluated at baseline and the end of treatment. After the 4-week intervention, all groups showed significant improvements in all the outcomes (P<0.01). The laser + exercise group had significantly greater improvements in all the outcomes than the other two groups (P<0.05), except nonsignificant difference in pain relief between the laser + exercise group and the laser group. In conclusion, LLLT combined with eccentric exercises is superior to LLLT alone and eccentric exercises alone to reduce pain and improve function in patients with patellar tendinopathy.
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Hemmatzade Bedovli, Tohid, Maryam Nourshahi, Rana Fayaz Milani, and Siavash Parvarde. "The effect of cold-water immersion after eccentric exercise on oxidative and inflammatory responses in skeletal muscle." Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences 43, no. 2 (May 23, 2021): 230–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/mj.2021.049.
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Background: Oxidative stress and inflammation increase after eccentric exercise. Cold-water immersion after exercise is common among athletes to accelerate recovery. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cold-water immersion after eccentric exercise on the oxidative and inflammatory responses in skeletal muscle. Methods: One hundred male Wistar rats (weight 285.11 ± 41.65) were randomly divided into control, eccentric exercise, eccentric exercise + normal water, and eccentric exercise + cold water groups. Half, 24, 48, 72, and 168 hours after eccentric exercise, EDL muscle was removed in sterile conditions. The eccentric exercise involves 90 minutes of interval running on the treadmill at a speed of 16 m/min and a -16-degree slope. Muscle reactive oxygen species (ROS) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were measured by DCFDA and immunohistochemical staining. Kolmogorov-Smirnov for normality test and repeated measure ANOVA and Tukey’s post-Hoc tests for compare groups were used with a significance level of P≤0.05. Results: After eccentric exercise, ROS and TNF-α levels significantly (P<0.05) increased in the three experimental groups. The peak of ROS increase in the eccentric exercise, eccentric exercise + normal water, and eccentric exercise + cold water groups were recorded significantly (P<0.001) half, 48, and 72 hours after eccentric exercise, respectively. Also, the peak of TNF-α increase was significantly higher in the eccentric exercise and eccentric exercise + normal water groups were at 48 hours and in the eccentric exercise + cold water groups was at 72 hours after eccentric exercise (P<0.001). Conclusion: Immersion in cold water causes an increase and delays the peak of ROS and TNF-α after eccentric exercise, which is probably related to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Therefore, after unaccustomed, eccentric, and damaging exercise, immersion in cold water is not recommended.
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Park, Jong-Yeon, and Ho-Seong Lee. "Effects of Bilateral and Unilateral Eccentric Exercise on Muscle Damage and Muscular Physiological Indices in Healthy Men." Exercise Science 31, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2022.00073.
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PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the effects of bilateral and unilateral eccentric exercises on muscle damage and muscular physiological indices in healthy men.METHODS: Using a randomized crossover design, nine adult males without musculoskeletal disorders were divided into a bilateral eccentric exercise group (BEG, n=9) and a unilateral eccentric exercise group (UEG, n=9). Bilateral and unilateral eccentric exercises involved five sets of six repetitions of the rhythm metronome speed eccentric contraction 3 seconds at 110% one repetition maximum (1RM) using bilateral of BEG and the dominant and non-dominant of UEG separated by four weeks, respectively. Muscle damage (flexed and extended ROM, CIR, and VAS) and muscular physiological indices (muscle activity, muscle fatigue, and muscle tone) were measured before, immediately after (0 hour), 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours following bilateral and unilateral eccentric exercises.RESULTS: The flexed ROM, CIR, VAS, muscle activity, and muscle tone were significantly increased after both bilateral and unilateral eccentric exercises (p<.05, respectively). Extended ROM and muscle activity significantly decreased after both bilateral and unilateral eccentric exercises (p<.05, respectively). However, there was no significant interaction between side (S) and time and side (T×S).CONCLUSIONS: These results showed that there was no difference in muscle damage and physiological indices after measuring and setting the 1RM muscle strength separated by bilateral and unilateral eccentric exercises.
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Souza, Maria Verônica de, Carlos Henrique Osório Silva, Micheline Ozana da Silva, Marcela Bueno Martins da Costa, Raul Felipe Dornas, Andréa Pacheco Batista Borges, and Antônio José Natali. "Achilles tendon of wistar rats treated with laser therapy and eccentric exercise." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 21, no. 5 (October 2015): 332–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220152105144256.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Both laser therapy and eccentric exercises are used in tendon injuries. However, the association of these physiotherapeutic modalities is yet little investigated. Objective: To evaluate the effect of low-level laser therapy associated to eccentric exercise (downhill walking) on Achilles tendinopathy of Wistar rats. Method: Eighteen Achilles tendon from 15 adult male Wistar rats were used. Tendons were distributed in six groups (laser, eccentric exercise, laser and eccentric exercise, rest, contralateral tendon, and healthy tendon). Unilateral tendinopathy was surgically induced by transversal compression followed by scarification of tendon fibers. The treatments laser therapy (904 nm, 3J/cm²) and/or eccentric exercise (downhill walking; 12 m/min; 50 min/day; 15o inclination treadmill) began 24 hours after surgery and remained for 20 days. Clinical and biomechanical analyzes were conducted. Achilles tendon was macroscopically evaluated and the transversal diameter measured. Euthanasia was performed 21 days after lesion induction. Tendons of both limbs were collected and frozen at -20°C until biomechanical analysis, on which the characteristic of maximum load (N), stress at ultimate (MPa) and maximum extension (mm) were analyzed. Results: Swelling was observed within 72 hours postoperative. No fibrous adhesions were observed nor increase in transversal diameter of tendons. Animals with the exercised tendons, but not treated with laser therapy, presented lower (p=0.0000) locomotor capacity. No difference occurred be-tween groups for the biomechanical characteristics maximum load (p=0.4379), stress at ultimate (p=0.4605) and maximum extension (p=0.3820) evaluated, even considering healthy and contralateral tendons. Conclusion: The concomitant use of low-level laser and the eccentric exercise of downhill walking, starting 24 hours after surgically induced tendinopathy, do not result in a tendon with the same biomechanical resistance or elasticity as a healthy tendon. On the other hand, it also does not influence negatively the structure and function of the Achilles tendon.
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Souza, Rafael Virgínio, and Vanessa Lara Araújo. "Eficácia do treinamento excêntrico no reparo tecidual de indivíduos com tendinopatia de Aquiles: uma revisão bibliográfica." Manual Therapy, Posturology & Rehabilitation Journal 14 (December 27, 2016): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.17784/mtprehabjournal.2016.14.378.
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Introduction: The tendinopathy is a common dysfunction in athletes, and the number of tendinopathies has increased in the last few years. Regarding tendon lesions, the Achilles tendinopathy is one of the most commons, specially among runners. There are several techniques to treat tendon lesions, such as the eccentric exercise. This exercise is widely used and discussed in the literature. Goal: To carry out a literature review in order to investigate the short and long term effects of eccentric exercise on tendon vascularization and structure in patients with Achilles tendinopathy. Methods: A literature search was performed in the PubMed, Scielo, Lilacs and PEDro databases Results: 13 studies that measure the effects of eccentric exercises in the tendon structure were selected. Conclusion: The studies suggest that eccentric exercise can modify tendon structure in short and long term, reestablishing its healthy structure conditions.
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Cruz, Joana, and Chris Burtin. "Eccentric Exercise in COPD." Chest 159, no. 2 (February 2021): 467–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.10.021.
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Butterfield, Timothy A. "Eccentric Exercise In Vivo." Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 38, no. 2 (April 2010): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jes.0b013e3181d496eb.
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Elmer, Steven J., Dakota J. Anderson, Ryan J. Vanlandschoot, Lydia L. M. Lytle, Jennifer L. Dannenbring, and Matthew A. Kilgas. "Upper-Extremity Eccentric Exercise." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48 (May 2016): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000486426.57202.fb.
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Harris-Love, Michael O., Jared M. Gollie, and Justin W. L. Keogh. "Eccentric Exercise: Adaptations and Applications for Health and Performance." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 6, no. 4 (November 24, 2021): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6040096.
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The goals of this narrative review are to provide a brief overview of the muscle and tendon adaptations to eccentric resistance exercise and address the applications of this form of training to aid rehabilitative interventions and enhance sports performance. This work is centered on the author contributions to the Special Issue entitled “Eccentric Exercise: Adaptations and Applications for Health and Performance”. The major themes from the contributing authors include the need to place greater attention on eccentric exercise mode selection based on training goals and individual fitness level, optimal approaches to implementing eccentric resistance exercise for therapeutic purposes, factors that affect the use of eccentric exercise across the lifespan, and general recommendations to integrate eccentric exercise in athletic training regimens. The authors propose that movement velocity and the absorption or recovery of kinetic energy are critical components of eccentric exercise programming. Regarding the therapeutic use of eccentric resistance training, patient-level factors regarding condition severity, fitness level, and stage of rehabilitation should govern the plan of care. In athletic populations, use of eccentric exercise may improve movement competency and promote improved safety and performance of sport-specific tasks. Eccentric resistance training is a viable option for youth, young adults, and older adults when the exercise prescription appropriately addresses program goals, exercise tolerability, and compliance. Despite the benefits of eccentric exercise, several key questions remain unanswered regarding its application underscoring the need for further investigation.
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Perentis, Panagiotis A., Evgenia D. Cherouveim, Vassiliki J. Malliou, Nikos V. Margaritelis, Panagiotis N. Chatzinikolaou, Panayiotis Koulouvaris, Charilaos Tsolakis, Michalis G. Nikolaidis, Nickos D. Geladas, and Vassilis Paschalis. "The Effects of High-Intensity Interval Exercise on Skeletal Muscle and Cerebral Oxygenation during Cycling and Isokinetic Concentric and Eccentric Exercise." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 6, no. 3 (July 16, 2021): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6030062.
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The aim of the present study was to study the effects of cycling and pure concentric and pure eccentric high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on skeletal muscle (i.e., vastus lateralis) and cerebral oxygenation. Twelve healthy males (n = 12, age 26 ± 1 yr, body mass 78 ± 2 kg, height 176 ± 2 cm, body fat 17 ± 1% of body mass) performed, in a random order, cycling exercise and isokinetic concentric and eccentric exercise. The isokinetic exercises were performed on each randomly selected leg. The muscle and the cerebral oxygenation were assessed by measuring oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, total hemoglobin, and tissue saturation index. During the cycling exercise, participants performed seven sets of seven seconds maximal intensity using a load equal to 7.5% of their body mass while, during isokinetic concentric and eccentric exercise, they were performed seven sets of five maximal muscle contractions. In all conditions, a 15 s rest was adopted between sets. The cycling HIIE caused greater fatigue (i.e., greater decline in fatigue index) compared to pure concentric and pure eccentric isokinetic exercise. Muscle oxygenation was significantly reduced during HIIE in the three exercise modes, with no difference between them. Cerebral oxygenation was affected only marginally during cycling exercise, while no difference was observed between conditions. It is concluded that a greater volume of either concentric or eccentric isokinetic maximal intensity exercise is needed to cause exhaustion which, in turn, may cause greater alterations in skeletal muscle and cerebral oxygenation.
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Banzet, Sébastien, Mounir Chennaoui, Olivier Girard, Sébastien Racinais, Catherine Drogou, Hakim Chalabi, and Nathalie Koulmann. "Changes in circulating microRNAs levels with exercise modality." Journal of Applied Physiology 115, no. 9 (November 1, 2013): 1237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00075.2013.
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Here, we studied muscle-specific and muscle-related miRNAs in plasma of exercising humans. Our aim was to determine whether they are affected by eccentric and/or concentric exercise modes and could be biomarkers of muscle injuries or possible signaling molecules. On two separate days, nine healthy subjects randomly performed two 30-min walking exercises, one downhill (high eccentric component) and one uphill (high concentric component). Perceived exertion and heart rate were higher during the uphill exercise, while subjective pain and ankle plantar flexor strength losses within the first 48-h were higher following the downhill exercise. Both exercises increased serum creatine kinase and myoglobin with no significant differences between conditions. Plasma levels of circulating miRNAs assessed before, immediately after, and at 2-, 6-, 24-, 48-, and 72-h recovery showed that 1) hsa-mir-1, 133a, 133b, and 208b were not affected by concentric exercise but significantly increased during early recovery of eccentric exercise (2 to 6 h); 2) hsa-mir-181b and 214 significantly and transiently increased immediately after the uphill, but not downhill, exercise. The muscle-specific hsa-mir-206 was not reliably quantified and cardiac-specific hsa-mir-208a remained undetectable. In conclusion, changes in circulating miRNAs were dependent on the exercise mode. Circulating muscle-specific miRNAs primarily responded to a downhill exercise (high eccentric component) and could potentially be alternative biomarkers of muscle damage. Two muscle-related miRNAs primarily responded to an uphill exercise (high exercise intensity), suggesting they could be markers or mediators of physiological adaptations.
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Rodriguez-Miguelez, Paula, Elena Lima-Cabello, Susana Martínez-Flórez, Mar Almar, María J. Cuevas, and Javier González-Gallego. "Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 modulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelial nitric oxide synthase induced by eccentric exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 118, no. 8 (April 15, 2015): 1075–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00780.2014.
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The present study investigated the effects of acute and chronic eccentric exercise on the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α activation response and the concomitant modulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression in rat skeletal muscle. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three experimental groups: rested control group, acutely exercised group after an intermittent downhill protocol for 90 min, and acutely exercise group with a previous eccentric training of 8 wk. HIF-1α activation, VEGF and eNOS gene expression, protein content, and promoter activation were assessed in vastus lateralis muscle biopsies. Acute eccentric exercise induced a marked activation of HIF-1α and resulted in increased VEGF and eNOS mRNA level and protein concentration. The binding of HIF-1α to the VEGF and eNOS promoters, measured by a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, was undetectable in rested rats, whereas it was evident in acutely exercised animals. Acute exercise also increased myeloperoxidase, toll-like receptor-4, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β protein content, suggesting a contribution of proinflammatory stimuli to HIF-1α activation and VEGF overexpression. All of these effects were partially abolished by training. Moreover, training resulted in an increased capillary density. In summary, our findings indicate that eccentric exercise prompts an HIF-1α response in untrained skeletal muscle that contributes to the upregulation of VEGF and eNOS gene expression and is attenuated after an eccentric training program.
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Wen, Dennis Y., Brian J. Schultz, Bob Schaal, Scott T. Graham, and Byung Sung Kim. "Eccentric Strengthening for Chronic Lateral Epicondylosis." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 3, no. 6 (June 1, 2011): 500–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738111409690.
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Background: Effective treatments for chronic lateral epicondylosis have not been studied adequately. Eccentric overload exercises have been used with success for other chronic tendinopathy, mainly Achilles and patellar. Hypothesis/Purpose:: To compare a wrist extensor eccentric strengthening exercise program with a wrist extensor stretching/modality program for the treatment of chronic lateral epicondylosis. The authors hypothesized that the eccentric strengthening program would produce more favorable results than a stretching/modality program. Study Design: Prospective randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty-eight adults with lateral epicondylosis of greater than 4 weeks’ duration were randomized to an eccentric strengthening group or a stretching group. Exercises were taught by a physical therapist, and participants performed most of the exercises on their own at home. Pain scores with visual analog scale from 0 to 100 were obtained at baseline and then at 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks after the start of the exercise program. Results: Both groups improved their pain scores from baseline to the 4-week time point, followed by nonsignificant further decreases in pain scores thereafter. No statistically significant differences were found between the eccentric strengthening group and stretching groups at any follow-up time point. Conclusions: Despite previous reports documenting favorable results with eccentric exercises for other tendinopathy, the authors were unable to show any statistical advantage to eccentric exercises for lateral epicondylosis during these periods compared with local modalities and stretching exercises.
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Porrati-Paladino, Guillermo, and Rubén Cuesta-Barriuso. "Effectiveness of Plyometric and Eccentric Exercise for Jumping and Stability in Female Soccer Players—A Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Pilot Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010294.
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Hamstring muscle injury is common in female soccer players. Changes affecting eccentric strength, flexibility, and the quadriceps–hamstring contraction cycle are risk factors associated with this type of injury. Methods: Seventeen soccer players were randomized to two groups: experimental (plyometric and eccentric exercises without external loads) and control (eccentric exercises without external loads). Eighteen sessions were scheduled over 6 weeks. The exercise program included three plyometric exercises (single-leg squat and lunge, 180 jump, and broad jump stick landing) and three eccentric exercises (Nordic hamstring exercise, diver, and glider). Dependent variables were jumping height (My Jump 2.0 App) and anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral lower limb stability (Y-Balance test). Results: Following intervention, improvements were found in anterior and posteromedial stability (p = 0.04) in the experimental group. Posterolateral stability improved in athletes included in the control group (p = 0.02). There were differences in the repeated measures analysis for all variables, with no changes in group interaction (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Eccentric exercises, either combined with plyometric exercises or alone, can improve lower limb stability. No changes in jump height were noted in either group. There were no differences between the two groups in the variables studied. Future studies should analyze the effect of external loads on jumping stability and height in the performance of plyometric exercises.
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Ritter, Ophélie, Laurie Isacco, Mark Rakobowchuk, Nicolas Tordi, Davy Laroche, Malika Bouhaddi, Bruno Degano, and Laurent Mourot. "Cardiorespiratory and Autonomic Nervous System Responses to Prolonged Eccentric Cycling." International Journal of Sports Medicine 40, no. 07 (May 20, 2019): 453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0783-2581.
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AbstractOffering large muscle benefits despite low metabolic demand, continuous eccentric exercise appears to be an interesting alternative to concentric exercise. Nevertheless, further knowledge is needed about prolonged eccentric exercise. This work sought to investigate the cardiovascular responses to prolonged constant-load eccentric compared to concentric cycling. Ten healthy males performed two 45-min exercise sessions of either concentric or eccentric cycling separated by a month and matched for heart rate during the first 5 min of exercise. Cardiorespiratory, autonomic nervous system and vascular responses were assessed at rest, and during exercise and recovery. During cycling, oxygen uptake, cardiac output and systolic blood pressure were similar but heart rate and diastolic blood pressure were greater whereas stroke volume was lower during eccentric than concentric cycling (118±21 vs. 104±10 bpm; 77±9 vs. 65±8 mmHg; 122±12 vs. 135±13 mL). Baroreflex and noradrenaline concentration were altered during eccentric cycling, and after eccentric exercise, vascular tone was greater than after concentric cycling. We observed increased cardiovascular strain and altered baroreflex activity during eccentric compared with concentric exercise, suggesting eccentric cycling triggers greater sympathetic activity.
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Lieber, R. L., M. C. Schmitz, D. K. Mishra, and J. Friden. "Contractile and cellular remodeling in rabbit skeletal muscle after cyclic eccentric contractions." Journal of Applied Physiology 77, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 1926–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.4.1926.
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The time course of muscle contractile and cellular properties was studied in rabbit ankle flexor muscles after injury produced by eccentric exercise. Cyclic eccentric exercise was produced by increasing the tibiotarsal angle of the rabbit while activating the peroneal nerve by use of transcutaneous electrodes. Muscle properties were measured 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after exercise to define the time course of muscle changes after injury. A control group receiving only isometric contraction was used to study the effect of cyclic activation itself. The magnitude of the torque decline after 1 day was the same with use of isometric or eccentric exercise, but eccentric exercise resulted in a further decrease in torque after 2 days, at which time isometrically exercised muscles had fully recovered. The most prominent morphological changes in the injured muscle fibers were the loss of antibody staining for the desmin cytoskeletal protein and deposition of intracellular fibronectin, even when the injured muscle fibers retained their normal complement of contractile and enzymatic proteins. The presence of fibronectin inside the myofibers indicated a loss of cellular integrity. Invasion by inflammatory cells was apparent on the basis of localization of embryonic myosin. Thus eccentric exercise initiates a series of events that results in disruption of the cytoskeletal network and an inflammatory response that could be the mechanism for further deterioration of the contractile response.
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Lepley, Lindsey K., and Riann M. Palmieri-Smith. "Cross-Education Strength and Activation After Eccentric Exercise." Journal of Athletic Training 49, no. 5 (October 1, 2014): 582–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.24.
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Context After injury, eccentric exercise of the injured limb is often contraindicated. Cross-education training, whereby the uninvolved limb is exercised, is an alternative that may improve quadriceps muscle strength and activation in the unexercised limb. Objective To determine the effect of eccentric exercise on quadriceps strength and activation gains in the unexercised limb. Patients or Other Participants Eighteen healthy individuals were randomly assigned to an eccentric training group or a control group. Intervention(s) Quadriceps strength and activation measures were collected at preintervention, midintervention, and postintervention. Eccentric training participants exercised their dominant limb with a dynamometer in eccentric mode at 60°/s, 3 times per week for 8 weeks. Main Outcome Measure(s) Quadriceps strength was quantified at 30° and 60°/s in concentric and eccentric modes. Quadriceps activation was assessed using the burst superimposition technique and quantified via the central activation ratio. A 2 × 3 repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to detect the effects of group and testing session on quadriceps strength and activation. Where appropriate, post hoc Bonferroni multiple-comparisons procedures were used. Results We found greater eccentric strength in the unexercised limbs of eccentric training participants between preintervention and midintervention and between preintervention and postintervention (preintervention to midintervention: 30°/s P = .05; preintervention to postintervention: 30°/s P = .02, 60°/s P = .02). No differences were noted in concentric strength (P > .05). An overall trend toward greater quadriceps activation in the unexercised knee was detected between preintervention and postintervention (P = .063), with the eccentric training group demonstrating a strong effect (Cohen d = 0.83). Control strength did not change (P > .05). Conclusions Exercising with eccentric actions resulted in mode-specific and velocity-specific gains in quadriceps strength in the unexercised limb. A trend toward greater quadriceps activation in the unexercised knee was noted, suggesting that strength gains may have occurred because of enhanced neural activity. This type of therapy may be a useful addition to rehabilitation programs designed to improve quadriceps strength.
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MacIntyre, D. L., W. D. Reid, D. M. Lyster, I. J. Szasz, and D. C. McKenzie. "Presence of WBC, decreased strength, and delayed soreness in muscle after eccentric exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 80, no. 3 (March 1, 1996): 1006–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.80.3.1006.
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The purposes of this study were to assess the presence of 99mTc-labeled white blood cells (WBC) in exercised muscle compared with nonexercised muscle over time and to determine the time course of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and eccentric torque in 10 female subjects. A pretest was followed by 300 eccentric repetitions of the right quadriceps. DOMS and eccentric torque were measured at 2, 4, 20, 24, 48, and 72 h postexercise. Eccentric torque was also tested at 0 h. Radionuclide images of both quadriceps were taken at 2, 4, 20, and 24 h postexercise. The presence of 99mTc-WBC in the exercised muscle was significantly greater (P < 0.001) than in the nonexercised muscle. Eccentric torque declined at 0 and 24 h postexercise. DOMS peaked at 24 h postexercise. The presence of 99mTc-WBC in the exercised muscle in the first 24 h suggests that acute inflammation occurs as a result of exercise-induced muscle injury. The bimodal pattern of eccentric torque supports the hypothesis that more than one mechanism is involved.
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Widrick, J. J., D. L. Costill, G. K. McConell, D. E. Anderson, D. R. Pearson, and J. J. Zachwieja. "Time course of glycogen accumulation after eccentric exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 72, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): 1999–2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.72.5.1999.
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This study examined the time course of glycogen accumulation in skeletal muscle depleted by concentric work and subsequently subjected to eccentric exercise. Eight men exercised to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer [70% of maximal O2 consumption (VO2max)] and were placed on a carbohydrate-restricted diet. Approximately 12 h later they exercised one leg to subjective failure by repeated eccentric action of the knee extensors against a resistance equal to 120% of their one-repetition maximum concentric knee extension force (ECC leg). The contralateral leg was not exercised and served as a control (CON leg). During the 72-h recovery period, subjects consumed 7 g carbohydrate.kg body wt-1.day-1. Moderate soreness was experienced in the ECC leg 24–72 h after eccentric exercise. Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis of the ECC and CON legs revealed similar glycogen levels immediately after eccentric exercise (40.2 +/- 5.2 and 47.6 +/- 6.4 mmol/kg wet wt, respectively; P greater than 0.05). There was no difference in the glycogen content of ECC and CON legs after 6 h of recovery (77.7 +/- 7.9 and 85.1 +/- 4.9 mmol/kg wet wt, respectively; P greater than 0.05), but 18 h later, the ECC leg contained 15% less glycogen than the CON leg (90.2 +/- 8.2 vs. 105.8 +/- 8.9 mmol/kg wet wt; P less than 0.05). After 72 h of recovery, this difference had increased to 24% (115.8 +/- 8.0 vs. 153.0 +/- 12.2 mmol/kg wet wt; P less than 0.05). These data confirm that glycogen accumulation is impaired in eccentrically exercised muscle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Costill, D. L., D. D. Pascoe, W. J. Fink, R. A. Robergs, S. I. Barr, and D. Pearson. "Impaired muscle glycogen resynthesis after eccentric exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 69, no. 1 (July 1, 1990): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.69.1.46.
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Eight men performed 10 sets of 10 eccentric contractions of the knee extensor muscles with one leg [eccentrically exercised leg (EL)]. The weight used for this exercise was 120% of the maximal extension strength. After 30 min of rest the subjects performed two-legged cycling [concentrically exercised leg (CL)] at 74% of maximal O2 uptake for 1 h. In the 3 days after this exercise four subjects consumed diets containing 4.25 g CHO/kg body wt, and the remainder were fed 8.5 g CHO/kg. All subjects experienced severe muscle soreness and edema in the quadriceps muscles of the eccentrically exercised leg. Mean (+/- SE) resting serum creatine kinase increased from a preexercise level of 57 +/- 3 to 6,988 +/- 1,913 U/l on the 3rd day of recovery. The glycogen content (mmol/kg dry wt) in the vastus lateralis of CL muscles averaged 90, 395, and 592 mmol/kg dry wt at 0, 24, and 72 h of recovery. The EL muscle, on the other hand, averaged 168, 329, and 435 mmol/kg dry wt at these same intervals. Subjects receiving 8.5 g CHO/kg stored significantly more glycogen than those who were fed 4.3 g CHO/kg. In both groups, however, significantly less glycogen was stored in the EL than in the CL.
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Apostolopoulos, Nikos C., Ian M. Lahart, Michael J. Plyley, Jack Taunton, Alan M. Nevill, Yiannis Koutedakis, Matthew Wyon, and George S. Metsios. "The effects of different passive static stretching intensities on recovery from unaccustomed eccentric exercise – a randomized controlled trial." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 43, no. 8 (August 2018): 806–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2017-0841.
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Effects of passive static stretching intensity on recovery from unaccustomed eccentric exercise of right knee extensors was investigated in 30 recreationally active males randomly allocated into 3 groups: high-intensity (70%–80% maximum perceived stretch), low-intensity (30%–40% maximum perceived stretch), and control. Both stretching groups performed 3 sets of passive static stretching exercises of 60 s each for hamstrings, hip flexors, and quadriceps, over 3 consecutive days, post-unaccustomed eccentric exercise. Muscle function (eccentric and isometric peak torque) and blood biomarkers (creatine kinase and C-reactive protein) were measured before (baseline) and after (24, 48, and 72 h) unaccustomed eccentric exercise. Perceived muscle soreness scores were collected immediately (time 0), and after 24, 48, and 72 h postexercise. Statistical time × condition interactions observed only for eccentric peak torque (p = 0.008). Magnitude-based inference analyses revealed low-intensity stretching had most likely, very likely, or likely beneficial effects on perceived muscle soreness (48–72 h and 0–72 h) and eccentric peak torque (baseline–24 h and baseline–72 h), compared with high-intensity stretching. Compared with control, low-intensity stretching had very likely or likely beneficial effects on perceived muscle soreness (0–24 h and 0–72 h), eccentric peak torque (baseline–48 h and baseline–72 h), and isometric peak torque (baseline–72 h). High-intensity stretching had likely beneficial effects on eccentric peak torque (baseline–48 h), but likely had harmful effects on eccentric peak torque (baseline–24 h) and creatine kinase (baseline–48 h and baseline–72 h), compared with control. Therefore, low-intensity stretching is likely to result in small-to-moderate beneficial effects on perceived muscle soreness and recovery of muscle function post-unaccustomed eccentric exercise, but not markers of muscle damage and inflammation, compared with high-intensity or no stretching.
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Jo, Hyeon-deok, Choun-sub Kim, and Maeng-kyu Kim. "Effects of Transdermal Methylsulfonylmethane on Muscle Damage and Recovery Following Eccentric Exercise." Exercise Science 30, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2021.30.2.158.
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PURPOSE:The present study aimed to investigate the effects of transdermal application of methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) on muscle damage and recovery following eccentric exercise in young men.METHODS: Eleven college-aged men without any cardiovascular or orthopedic disorders underwent two sessions consisting of a control session (CS) and an experimental session (ES) in a random order with at least 2 weeks of wash-out between the sessions. The participants performed 30 maximal eccentric exercises involving their non-dominant elbow flexors in each session. Circumference, muscle soreness, range of motion, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), and muscular echo intensity (EI) were measured to evaluate the changes in the level of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). All measurements were performed at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after exercise and also immediately before and after exercise.RESULTS:Transdermal application of MSM in ES attenuated muscle swelling and decreased MVIC after eccentric exercise when compared with CS. Muscle soreness and EI tended to increase less rapidly and decrease more rapidly in ES than in CS.CONCLUSIONS: Transdermal application of MSM may induce relatively positive effects on EIMD and recovery following eccentric exercise when compared with the treatment that has been widely used previously.
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Gepfert, Mariola, Robert Trybulski, Petr Stastny, and Michał Wilk. "Fast Eccentric Movement Tempo Elicits Higher Physiological Responses than Medium Eccentric Tempo in Ice-Hockey Players." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 7694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147694.
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Background: Resistance training is a significant part of ice-hockey players’ conditioning, where optimal loading should ensure strength development and proper recovery. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the acute physiological responses to fast and medium movement tempo resistance exercises in ice-hockey players. Methods: Fourteen ice-hockey players (26.2 ± 4.2 years; 86.4 ± 10.2 kg; squat one repetition maximum (1RM) = 130.5 ± 18.5) performed five sets of the barbell squat and barbell bench press at 80% 1RM until failure in a crossover design one week apart using either 2/0/2/0 or 6/0/2/0 (eccentric/isometric/concentric/isometric) tempo of movement. The blood samples to evaluate the concentration of cortisol, testosterone, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and growth hormone (hGH) were taken before exercise, 3 min after the last set of the squat exercise, 3 min after the last set of the bench press exercise, and after 30 min of recovery. Results: The 2/0/2/0 tempo resulted in a higher number of repetitions (p < 0.001) and lower time under tension (p < 0.001) in the squat and bench press exercises compared to the 6/0/2/0 movement tempo. The endocrine responses to exercise were significantly higher during the 2/0/2/0 compared to the 6/0/2/0 movement tempo protocol for IGF-1, hGH, and cortisol (p < 0.01). There were no differences in testosterone responses between exercises performed with fast and medium movement tempos. Conclusion: Fast eccentric tempo induced higher cortisol, IGF-1, and hGH responses compared to the medium tempo. Therefore, fast eccentric movement tempo seems to be more useful in eliciting training stimulus than medium eccentric tempo during resistance training in ice-hockey players. However, future studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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Nosaka, Kazunori, and Priscilla M. Clarkson. "Effect of eccentric exercise on plasma enzyme activities previously elevated by eccentric exercise." European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 69, no. 6 (December 1994): 492–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00239865.
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Jain, Kalpana. "Effectiveness of Full Can Exercise and Eccentric Training on Quality of Life in Patients with Shoulder Impingement Syndrome." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 12, no. 2 (February 16, 2022): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20220225.
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Background: The article is about effectiveness of full can exercise in shoulder impingement syndrome. The study was aimed to compare the effect of full can exercise and eccentric training along with conventional physiotherapy management in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS). The pain occurs because of compression and mechanical abrasion of the subacromial structures against the anterior undersurface of the acromion and coracoacromial ligament, especially during elevation of the arm. The supraspinatus tendon is usually the most affected structure in SIS due to its location just under the coracoacromial ligament. The aim of our study was to compare the effectiveness of full can exercise and eccentric training on quality of life in patients with SIS. Materials and Methods: In the study, both group A (full can exercise group) and group B (eccentric training group) consisted of 15 patients each with SIS. The participants of both the groups received conventional physiotherapy along with the specific exercises assigned to their groups. Treatment was given in the supervision of physiotherapist for 30 minutes a session, 5 days a week, for total 4 weeks duration in the both groups. Pre and Post assessment was done using Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS). Result: Before intervention, both the groups demonstrated similar OSS scores. After therapy, there was a statistically significant improvement in both the groups. There was a significant difference between the two groups in OSS scores after the exercise program. Conclusion: The study result reveals that full can exercise is more beneficial than eccentric training. Key words: Full can exercise, Eccentric training, Shoulder impingement syndrome.
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Doyle, J. A., W. M. Sherman, and R. L. Strauss. "Effects of eccentric and concentric exercise on muscle glycogen replenishment." Journal of Applied Physiology 74, no. 4 (April 1, 1993): 1848–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.4.1848.
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Eccentric contractions appear to reduce muscle glycogen replenishment during the 1- to 10-day period after exercise. The main purpose of this study was to determine whether consuming a large amount of carbohydrate (1.6 g.kg-1.h-1) during the 4 h after glycogen-reducing exercise would produce different patterns of glycogen replenishment in human muscle that had undergone either eccentric or concentric contractions approximately 2 or 48 h earlier. Subjects cycled for 75 min and undertook interval exercise to deplete glycogen on days 1 and 3. After cycling exercise on day 1 only, subjects performed 10 sets of 10 repetitions of either concentric or eccentric contractions in opposite legs. During the 4 h after exercise, subjects consumed 0.4 g carbohydrate/kg body wt every 15 min. Biopsies were obtained immediately before the feedings and 4 h later, and blood was sampled every 15 min. For days 1 and 3 combined, total integrated areas for the glucose and insulin response curves averaged 1,683 mumol.ml-1.240 min-1 and 21,450 microU.ml-1.240 min-1, respectively. For days 1 and 3 combined, muscle glycogen replenishment after concentric exercise averaged 10 mmol.kg-1.h-1. On day 1 glycogen replenishment was similar for subjects performing either concentric or eccentric contractions. On day 3, however, glycogen replenishment was 25% lower (P < 0.05) in muscle that had undertaken eccentric contractions 48 h earlier than in concentrically exercised muscle. In conclusion, glycogen replenishment can be stimulated to a high rate when a large amount of carbohydrate is consumed after glycogen-depleting concentric exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Oya-Casero, Antonio, Miguel Muñoz-Cruzado Barba, Manuel Madera-García, Rosario García-LLorent, Juan Alfonso Andrade-Ortega, Antonio I. Cuesta-Vargas, and Cristina Roldán-Jiménez. "Effect of Supervised over Self-Performed Eccentric Exercise on Lateral Elbow Tendinopathy: A Pilot Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 24 (December 15, 2022): 7434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11247434.
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Background: The efficacy of eccentric exercise self-performed by the patient has not been proved in the treatment of lateral elbow tendinopathy (LET). The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a programme of eccentric exercises applied by a physiotherapist to patients with LET through a structured manual programme compared to its self-performance, guided by an illustrated brochure. Method: A single-blind, pilot, randomised, controlled trial was conducted. Twenty patients were randomised. The intervention group carried out eccentric exercises applied directly by a physiotherapist (10 sessions). The control group carried out eccentric exercises that were self-performed by the patient (10 sessions). Both groups received simulated ultrasounds. Pain (visual analogue scale (VAS)), function (DASH questionnaire) and satisfaction (with a Likert scale) were measured at the beginning of the intervention, immediately after the intervention and 3 months after the intervention. Results: The mean age was 53.17 and 54.25 years old. The experimental group presented a greater tendency to improve function (DASH −15.91) and reduce pain (VAS −2.88) compared to the control group, although these differences were not significant (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Eccentric exercise, both performed by the physiotherapist and self-performed by the patient, improved function and pain in the patients with LET.
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Keskula, Douglas R. "Clinical Implications of Eccentric Exercise in Sports Medicine." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 5, no. 4 (November 1996): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.5.4.321.
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Returning an athlete to functional activity is the primary goal of the sports medicine practitioner. Eccentric exercise may be used throughout the rehabilitation program to improve muscle performance and restore normal function. The selection and progression of eccentric exercise are contingent on treatment goals and the individual's tolerance to activity. Basic concepts of eccentric muscle performance are discussed, and general treatment guidelines with an emphasis on specificity and intensity are presented, to enable the clinician to organize and implement relevant, prudent eccentric exercise within the restrictions of the clinical setting. The use of eccentric exercise in the management of tendinitis is briefly discussed.
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LaStayo, Paul, Robin Marcus, Lee Dibble, Fernando Frajacomo, and Stan Lindstedt. "Eccentric exercise in rehabilitation: safety, feasibility, and application." Journal of Applied Physiology 116, no. 11 (June 1, 2014): 1426–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00008.2013.
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This nonexhaustive mini-review reports on the application of eccentric exercise in various rehabilitation populations. The two defining properties of eccentric muscle contractions—a potential for high muscle-force production at an energy cost that is uniquely low—are revisited and formatted as exercise countermeasures to muscle atrophy, weakness, and deficits in physical function. Following a dual-phase implementation, eccentric exercise that induces rehabilitation benefits without muscle damage, thereby making it both safe and feasible in rehabilitation, is described. Clinical considerations, algorithms of exercise progression, and suggested modes of eccentric exercise are presented.
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Moysi, Joaquin Sanchis, Jerónimo Carmelo Garcia-Romero, José Ramón Alvero-Cruz, Germán Vicente-Rodriguez, Ignacio Ara, Cecillia Dorado, and José A. L. Calbet. "Effects of Eccentric Exercise on Cycling Efficiency." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 30, no. 3 (June 1, 2005): 259–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h05-119.
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The aim of this study was to find out whether the efficiency of concentric muscle contraction is impaired by eccentric squatting exercise. The study involved 25 male physical education students in two experiments. In the first experiment 14 subjects undertook cycling exercise at 65% [Formula: see text]max until exhaustion on two occasions. During the experimental condition their cycling was interrupted every 10 min so they could perform eccentric squatting exercise, whereas in the control condition they rested seated on the bike during the interruptions. Eccentric squatting consisted of 10 series of 25 reps with a load equivalent to 150% of the subject's body mass on the shoulders. During the first experiment gross efficiency decreased (mean ± SE) from 17.1 ± 0.3 to 16.0 ± 0.4%, and from 17.2 ± 0.3 to 16.5 ± 0.4%, between the 2nd and 9th cycling bouts of the experimental and control conditions, respectively (both p < 0.05). The reduction in cycling efficiency was similar in both conditions (p = 0.10). Blood lactate concentration [La] was higher during the experimental than in the control condition (p < 0.05), but substrate oxidation was similar. MVC was decreased similarly (25-28%) in both conditions. The 11 subjects participating in the second experiment undertook 25 reps of eccentric squatting exercise only, each with a load equivalent to 95% of his maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), repeated every 3 min until exhaustion. One hour after the end of the eccentric squatting exercise series cycling, [Formula: see text] and gross cycling efficiency were comparable to the values observed before the eccentric exercise. Both experimental protocols with eccentric exercise elicited similar muscle soreness 2 days later; however, at this time cycling efficiency was similar to that observed prior to eccentric exercise. The interposition of cycling exercise between the eccentric exercise bouts accelerated the recovery of MVC. We conclude that eccentric exercise does not alter or has only a marginal effect on gross cycling efficiency even in presence of marked muscle soreness. Key words: performance, fatigue, muscle soreness, lactate, triathlon
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Thomas, Tom R., Ben R. Londeree, and Deborah A. Lawson. "Prolonged Recovery From Eccentric Versus Concentric Exercise." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 19, no. 4 (December 1, 1994): 441–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h94-036.
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In order to determine whether exercise mode affects recovery energy expenditure, 7 active men (average age 25 yrs) performed a control rest and three submaximal exercise bouts in counterbalanced order in separate weeks. The bouts, designed to involve three levels of eccentric muscular activity, included 60% [Formula: see text] jog (60 J), 60% downhill (−5%) jog (60 DH), 60% cycling (60 C), and a control session. Following a 24-hr period of regulated activity and diet, subjects exercised for 60 min. [Formula: see text] and RER were assessed during 48 hrs of regulated recovery. Total energy use was elevated following 60 C and 60 DH versus control, and fat energy use was elevated following 60 J, 60 DH, and 60 C versus control. For combined trials, the total energy use was higher at 1, 2, and 9 hrs postexercise. These results do not support the hypothesis that eccentric muscular activity affects the magnitude of recovery energy expenditure. Key words: energy expenditure, fat energy expenditure, excess postexercise oxygen consumption, exercise mode
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Tsatalas, Themistoklis, George Bellis, Evangeli Karampina, Charalampos Krommidas, Fotios Tsilfoglou, Athanasios Patas, Christos Fotos, Christos Kokkotis, Athanasios Z. Jamurtas, and Giannis Giakas. "Development and Usability of a Prototype Upper Extremities Lever-Driven Exercise System." BioMed 3, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 32–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomed3010003.
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The purpose of this paper is to present the design, construction, and technical aspects of a prototype upper extremities lever-driven exercise system, called FIT-WHEEL (Functional and Intelligent Training system for WHEELchair users), as well as the preliminary experimental measurements conducted to test the device’s usability in healthy individuals. FIT-WHEEL was developed to provide a training modality that combines the known benefits of eccentric exercise and lever-propelled wheelchairs. Eleven healthy male participants performed, seven days apart, a moderate intensity concentric and eccentric exercise protocol on FIT-WHEEL consisting of 30 trials of both upper extremities at 30% of peak concentric and peak eccentric force, respectively. At the end of each exercise bout, participants completed a number of valid and reliable instruments examining attitudes, intention and enjoyment during concentric or eccentric exercise on the FIT-WHEEL system as well as the usability of the two exercise protocols on the novel lever-driven exercise system. Statistical analyses revealed high scores in all the examined parameters (attitudes, intention, enjoyment, and usability) in both eccentric and concentric exercise protocols, without any significant differences emerging between them. Moreover, total mechanical work during eccentric exercise was 18.3% higher compared to concentric exercise performed on the FIT-WHEEL training system (p = 0.001). The preliminary experimental results discussed serve as an initial step to implement lever-driven eccentric exercise in wheelchair dependent populations in the future and evaluate the potential long-term benefits and limitations.
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Barroso, Renato, Hamilton Roschel, Carlos Ugrinowitsch, Rubens Araújo, Kazunori Nosaka, and Valmor Tricoli. "Effect of eccentric contraction velocity on muscle damage in repeated bouts of elbow flexor exercise." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 35, no. 4 (June 2010): 534–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h10-042.
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Eccentric exercise induces muscle damage, but controversy exists concerning the effect of contraction velocity on the magnitude of muscle damage, and little is known about the effect of contraction velocity on the repeated-bout effect. This study examined slow (60°·s–1) and fast (180°·s–1) velocity eccentric exercises for changes in indirect markers of muscle damage following 3 exercise bouts that were performed every 2 weeks. Fifteen young men were divided into 2 groups based on the velocity of eccentric exercise: 7 in the Ecc60 (60°·s–1) group, and 8 in the Ecc180 (180°·s–1) group. The exercise consisted of 30 maximal eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors at each velocity, in which the elbow joint was forcibly extended from 60° to 180° (full extension) on an isokinetic dynamometer. Changes in maximal voluntary isometric contraction strength, range of motion, muscle soreness, and plasma creatine kinase activity before and for 4 days after the exercise were compared in the 2 groups using a mixed-model analysis (group × bout × time). No significant differences between groups were evident for changes in any variables following exercise bouts; however, the changes were significantly smaller (p < 0.05) after the second and third bouts than after the first bout. These results indicate that the contraction velocity does not influence muscle damage or the repeated-bout effect.
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Gonzalez, Javier T., Martin J. Barwood, Stuart Goodall, Kevin Thomas, and Glyn Howatson. "Alterations in Whole-Body Insulin Sensitivity Resulting From Repeated Eccentric Exercise of a Single Muscle Group: A Pilot Investigation." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 25, no. 4 (August 2015): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0211.
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Unaccustomed eccentric exercise using large muscle groups elicits soreness, decrements in physical function and impairs markers of whole-body insulin sensitivity; although these effects are attenuated with a repeated exposure. Eccentric exercise of a small muscle group (elbow flexors) displays similar soreness and damage profiles in response to repeated exposure. However, it is unknown whether damage to small muscle groups impacts upon whole-body insulin sensitivity. This pilot investigation aimed to characterize whole-body insulin sensitivity in response to repeated bouts of eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors. Nine healthy males completed two bouts of eccentric exercise separated by 2 weeks. Insulin resistance (updated homeostasis model of insulin resistance, HOMA2-IR) and muscle damage profiles (soreness and physical function) were assessed before, and 48 h after exercise. Matsuda insulin sensitivity indices (ISIMatsuda) were also determined in 6 participants at the same time points as HOMA2-IR. Soreness was elevated, and physical function impaired, by both bouts of exercise (both p < .05) but to a lesser extent following bout 2 (time x bout interaction, p < .05). Eccentric exercise decreased ISIMatsuda after the first but not the second bout of eccentric exercise (time x bout interaction p < .05). Eccentric exercise performed with an isolated upper limb impairs whole-body insulin sensitivity after the first, but not the second, bout.
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Souza, Maria V. de, José do C. L. Moreira, Micheline O. da Silva, Júlio Crepaldi, Carlos Henrique Osório Silva, Silvana L. R. Garcia, and Antônio José Natali. "Histomorphometric analysis of the Achilles tendon of Wistar rats treated with laser therapy and eccentric exercise." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 35, suppl 1 (December 2015): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2015001300008.
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Abstract: Low-level laser therapy is recommended for the treatment of tendinopathies despite the contradictory results related to the ideal dose of energy, wavelength and time of application. This study aimed to assess the effects of laser therapy and eccentric exercise on tendinopathy of the Achilles tendon of Wistar rats. Forty-eight adult male rats were randomly distributed into four groups (L= laser; E= eccentric exercise; LE = laser and eccentric exercise; and R= rest). Laser therapy (904nm/3J/cm2) and/or eccentric exercise (downhill walking; 15o incline treadmill; 12m/min; 50min/day) was started 24h after induction of unilateral tendinopathy and remained for 20 days. At 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after lesion induction, three rats from each group were euthanized and the tendons were collected for histological and morphometric analyses. There was no difference among groups or among times for the characteristics hemorrhage (p=0.4154), fibrinous adhesion formation (p=0.0712), and organization of collagen fibers (p=0.2583) and of the connective tissue (p=0.1046). For these groups, regardless of the time, eccentric exercise led to epitenon thickening (p=0.0204), which was lower in the group treated with laser therapy. Histological analysis revealed differences (p=0.0032) in the number of inflammatory cells over time. They were more numerous in the group that only exercised. This result was confirmed by morphometric analysis, which showed a significant interaction (groups x time) for this characteristic. Eccentric exercise increased (p=0.0014) the inflammatory infiltrate over time (3 and 21 days). However, association with laser therapy reduced inflammatory reaction. On the other hand, the combination of the treatments increased angiogenesis in morphometric (p=0.0000) and histological (p=0.0006) analyses compared with the other groups, while the isolated application of low-level laser reduced this characteristic over time. Animals maintained at rest presented the lowest amount (p=0.0000) of fibroblasts, according to the morphometric analysis. However, histological evaluation showed a significant group x time interaction (p=0.0024). Greater amounts of fibroblasts were observed in groups E, L and LE on the 7th, 14th and 21st days, respectively. The animals that received laser therapy and were exercised showed a greater (p=0.0000) amount of collagen fibers over time. Laser therapy at a dose of 3J and at a wavelength of 904nm, starting 24h after surgical induction of tendinopathy in Wistar rats, is suitable for angiogenesis and prevention of tendon thickening, which can be associated with the intensity of inflammatory process. When associated with eccentric exercise, the therapy has the advantage of increasing the amount of collagen fibers, reducing fibrinous adhesions and inflammatory infiltrate, despite prolonging angiogenesis. Therefore, eccentric exercise performed concomitantly with laser therapy improves the histological properties of the injured tendon.
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Semmler, John G., Kylie J. Tucker, Trevor J. Allen, and Uwe Proske. "Eccentric exercise increases EMG amplitude and force fluctuations during submaximal contractions of elbow flexor muscles." Journal of Applied Physiology 103, no. 3 (September 2007): 979–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01310.2006.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of eccentric exercise on the ability to exert steady submaximal forces with muscles that cross the elbow joint. Eight subjects performed two tasks requiring isometric contraction of the right elbow flexors: a maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and a constant-force task at four submaximal target forces (5, 20, 35, 50% MVC) while electromyography (EMG) was recorded from elbow flexor and extensor muscles. These tasks were performed before, after, and 24 h after a period of eccentric (fatigue and muscle damage) or concentric exercise (fatigue only). MVC force declined after eccentric exercise (45% decline) and remained depressed 24 h later (24%), whereas the reduced force after concentric exercise (22%) fully recovered the following day. EMG amplitude during the submaximal contractions increased in all elbow flexor muscles after eccentric exercise, with the greatest change in the biceps brachii at low forces (3–4 times larger at 5 and 20% MVC) and in the brachialis muscle at moderate forces (2 times larger at 35 and 50% MVC). Eccentric exercise resulted in a twofold increase in coactivation of the triceps brachii muscle during all submaximal contractions. Force fluctuations were larger after eccentric exercise, particularly at low forces (3–4 times larger at 5% MVC, 2 times larger at 50% MVC), with a twofold increase in physiological tremor at 8–12 Hz. These data indicate that eccentric exercise results in impaired motor control and altered neural drive to elbow flexor muscles, particularly at low forces, suggesting altered motor unit activation after eccentric exercise.
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Valier, Alison R., Ryan S. Averett, Barton E. Anderson, and Cailee E. Welch Bacon. "The Impact of Adding an Eccentric-Exercise Component to the Rehabilitation Program of Patients With Shoulder Impingement: A Critically Appraised Topic." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 25, no. 2 (May 2016): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2014-0230.
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Clinical Scenario:Shoulder pain is a common musculoskeletal complaint and is often associated with shoulder impingement. The annual incidence of shoulder pain is estimated to be 7% of all injuries, and is the third-most-common type of musculoskeletal pain. Initial treatment of shoulder impingement follows a conservative plan and emphasizes rehabilitation programs as opposed to surgical interventions. Shoulder rehabilitation programs commonly focus on strengthening the muscles of the shoulder complex and, more specifically, the rotator cuff. The rotator cuff is a primary dynamic stabilizer of the glenohumeral joint, using both eccentric and concentric contractions. The posterior rotator cuff, including teres minor and infraspinatus, works eccentrically to decelerate the arm during overhead throwing. Exercises to strengthen the rotator cuff and the surrounding dynamic stabilizers of the shoulder girdle vary and include activities such as internal and external rotation, full-can lifts, and rhythmic stabilizations. Traditionally, shoulder rehabilitation programs have focused on isotonic concentric contractions. Common strengthening exercises typically involve movements that result in shortening the muscle length while simultaneously loading the muscles. However, recent attention has been given to eccentric exercises, which involve lengthening of the muscle during loading, for the treatment of a variety of different tendinopathies including those of the Achilles and patellar tendons. The eccentric, or lengthening, motion is thought to be beneficial for people who are involved in activities that place eccentric stress on their shoulder, such as overhead throwers. Based on studies related to the Achilles tendon, eccentric exercise may positively influence the tendon structure by increasing collagen production and decreasing neovascularization. The changes that occur as a result of eccentric exercises may improve function, strength, and performance and decrease pain more than concentric programs, producing better patient outcomes. Although eccentric strength training has been shown to provide strength gains, there are no clear guidelines as to the inclusion of this form of exercise training in shoulder rehabilitation programs for the purposes of improving function and decreasing pain.Focused Clinical Question:Does adding an eccentric-exercise component to the rehabilitation program of patients with shoulder impingement improve shoulder function and/or decrease pain?
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Herzog, Walter, and Heiliane de Brito Fontana. "Does eccentric exercise stimulate sarcomerogenesis?" Journal of Sport and Health Science 11, no. 1 (January 2022): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2021.10.001.
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Lorenz, Daniel. "Eccentric Exercise Interventions for Tendinopathies." Strength and Conditioning Journal 32, no. 2 (April 2010): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0b013e3181d5da47.
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SAXTON, JOHN M., PRISCILLA M. CLARKSON, ROBERT JAMES, MARY MILES, MICHAEL WESTERFER, SEAN CLARK, and ALAN E. DONNELLY. "Neuromuscular dysfunction following eccentric exercise." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 27, no. 8 (August 1995): 1185???1193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199508000-00013.
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STANISH, WILLIAM D., R. MITCHELL RUBINOVICH, and SANDRA CURWIN. "Eccentric Exercise in Chronic Tendinitis." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research &NA;, no. 208 (July 1986): 65???68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003086-198607000-00014.
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