Journal articles: 'Ebola virus disease – Africa, West'

1

Dash, Muktikesh. "Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa." Community Acquired Infection 2, no. 1 (2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2225-6482.153854.

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Weyer, Jaqueline, and Lucille Hellen Blumberg. "Ebola virus disease in West Africa: South African perspectives." South African Medical Journal 104, no. 11 (October 16, 2014): 754. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/samj.9045.

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Raji, T., N. Kilenga, and B. Djoudalbaye. "West Africa Ebola Virus Disease Epidemic: The Africa Experience." Savannah Journal of Medical Research and Practice 4, no. 1 (March 26, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sjmrp.v4i1.1.

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ADACHI, Takuya, Nobuhiro KOMIYA, and Yasuyuki KATO. "Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak Response in West Africa." Kansenshogaku Zasshi 89, no. 2 (2015): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi.89.223.

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Sementsova, A. O., V. G. Dedkov, V. A. Ternovoy, E. V. Chub, S. A. Pyankov, A. P. Agafonov, R. A. Maksyutov, V. V. Maleev, and A. Yu Popova. "IN VITRO DIAGNOSIS FOR EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE. A COMPARISON OF CURRENT TECHNIQUES AND DIAGNOSTIC ASSAYS." Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology 1, no. 3 (August 25, 2019): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2018-3-105-116.

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Ebola virus disease is dangerous viral infection, occurring in the form of hemorrhagic fever, characterized by acute clinical symptoms and high mortality rate due to multiple organ failure. Ebola virus natural foci are located in forested areas of the central and western parts of Africa. It was believed for many years, the incidence of Ebola virus disease has been sporadic and the burden of it is true only in endemic areas. However, the unprecedented Ebola epidemic caused by Zaire virus in 2013 — 2016, has significantly changed our understanding of this disease and the patterns of its distribution. We have also identified weaknesses in the organization of anti-epidemic measures, the effectiveness of which was not very effective at the onset of the epidemic, in particular due to weak development of in vitro diagnostics (IVD). However, during the elimination of the epidemic in West Africa, anti-epidemic system has been modified substantially, largely due to quickly developed IVD kits. This review is devoted to analysis of trends in IVD for Ebola virus disease based on the experience obtained in the course of the West-African epidemic in 2013 — 2016.

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O’Brien, D., M. K. O’Shea, and T. E. Fletcher. "Ebola Virus Disease - clinical manifestations, management and future therapies." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 105, no. 2 (2019): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-105-113.

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AbstractThe largest epidemic of Ebola Virus Disease in recorded human history occurred in West Africa in 2014 and resulted in significant morbidity and mortality. The causative pathogen, Ebola virus, is readily transmitted through contact with the body fluids of infected individuals and from the bodies of those who have died from the disease. In its early stages, the illness is characterised by non-specific symptoms that mimic many other endemic infectious diseases in countries with limited healthcare resources. These factors contributed to the rapid spread of the outbreak, which required an international response in which the UK Armed Forces played an important role. This review describes the clinical presentation, lessons learned from managing the West African outbreak, and potential future treatments.

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Haldar, Anima. "Ebola virus disease: A Global threat." Journal of Comprehensive Health 3, no. 1 (October 24, 2020): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.53553/jch.v03i01.001.

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Till 2013 occurrence of the diseases was restricted in Africa. In 2014 the cases also occurred in Europe and America. One Indian person died in Liberia due to Ebola Virus infection. At this moment the disease Ebola is not present in Asia but the Asians are at risk of acquiring the disease at any moment. Health department & health personnelâ€™s of all Asian countries are quite worried about occurrence of disease due to high case fatality rate. Ebola virus disease (EVD) was first identified in 1976 in an area of Sudan (now part of South Sudan), and in Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo). The disease typically occurs in outbreaks in tropical regions of sub-Saharan Africa.[1]Through 2013, the World Health Organization reported a total of 1,716 cases in 24 outbreaks[1]. The largest outbreak to date is the ongoing epidemic in West Africa, which is centered in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. As of 11 November 2014, this outbreak has 14,413 reported cases resulting in 5,504 deaths[1].

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Garg, Richa. "Inmazeb: new hope for Zaire Ebola virus disease." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 11, no. 3 (April 22, 2022): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20221047.

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Ebola virus disease first appeared in 1976 in Zaire (now democratic republic of Congo). Since then virus outbreaks occurred periodically in African countries. The cases notified in March 2014 in west Africa was largest outbreak till now. In 2020 there is ongoing outbreak of Zaire Ebola virus in democratic republic of Congo. Ebola virus is single stranded RNA virus which causes viral hemorrhagic fever in humans presenting as high fever, chills, loss of appetite, myalgia, headache. Till now there was no specific treatment, symptomatic treatment methods including infusion of electrolyte and/or antibiotics were mainly used. In October 2020 FDA approved the first treatment for Zaire Ebola virus disease in adult and pediatric patients, including neonates born to a mother who is RT-PCR positive for Zaire ebolavirus infection. The treatment is called Inmazeb, combination of three recombinant human IgG1κ monoclonal antibodies (Atoltivimab, Maftivimab, and Odesivimab-ebgn) each targeting the Zaire ebolavirus glycoprotein.

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Toner, Eric, Amesh Adalja, and Thomas Inglesby. "A Primer on Ebola for Clinicians." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 9, no. 1 (October 17, 2014): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2014.115.

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AbstractThe size of the world’s largest Ebola outbreak now ongoing in West Africa makes clear that further exportation of Ebola virus disease to other parts of the world will remain a real possibility for the indefinite future. Clinicians outside of West Africa, particularly those who work in emergency medicine, critical care, infectious diseases, and infection control, should be familiar with the fundamentals of Ebola virus disease, including its diagnosis, treatment, and control. In this article we provide basic information on the Ebola virus and its epidemiology and microbiology. We also describe previous outbreaks and draw comparisons to the current outbreak with a focus on the public health measures that have controlled past outbreaks. We review the pathophysiology and clinical features of the disease, highlighting diagnosis, treatment, and hospital infection control issues that are relevant to practicing clinicians. We reference official guidance and point out where important uncertainty or controversy exists. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1-5)

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10

Gatherer, Derek. "The 2014 Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa." Journal of General Virology 95, no. 8 (August 1, 2014): 1619–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.067199-0.

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On 23 March 2014, the World Health Organization issued its first communiqué on a new outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD), which began in December 2013 in Guinée Forestière (Forested Guinea), the eastern sector of the Republic of Guinea. Located on the Atlantic coast of West Africa, Guinea is the first country in this geographical region in which an outbreak of EVD has occurred, leaving aside the single case reported in Ivory Coast in 1994. Cases have now also been confirmed across Guinea as well as in the neighbouring Republic of Liberia. The appearance of cases in the Guinean capital, Conakry, and the transit of another case through the Liberian capital, Monrovia, presents the first large urban setting for EVD transmission. By 20 April 2014, 242 suspected cases had resulted in a total of 147 deaths in Guinea and Liberia. The causative agent has now been identified as an outlier strain of Zaire Ebola virus. The full geographical extent and degree of severity of the outbreak, its zoonotic origins and its possible spread to other continents are sure to be subjects of intensive discussion over the next months.

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Weyer, Jacqueline, Lucille Hellen Blumberg, and Janusz T. Paweska. "Ebola virus disease in West Africa – an unprecedented outbreak." South African Medical Journal 104, no. 8 (July 25, 2014): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/samj.8672.

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ARIMA, Yuzo, and Tomoe SHIMADA. "Epidemiological situation of Ebola virus disease in West Africa." Uirusu 65, no. 1 (2015): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2222/jsv.65.47.

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Brown, Colin, Paul Arkell, and Sakib Rokadiya. "Ebola virus disease: the ‘Black Swan’ in West Africa." Tropical Doctor 45, no. 1 (December 18, 2014): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049475514564269.

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Jacob, Shevin T., Ian Crozier, John S. Schieffelin, and Robert Colebunders. "Priorities for Ebola virus disease response in west Africa." Lancet 384, no. 9957 (November 2014): 1843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61609-3.

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Ogunbanjo, Gboyega. "Ebola virus disease in West Africa: outbreak or epidemic?" South African Family Practice 56, no. 3 (May 4, 2014): (i). http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20786190.2014.954367.

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Galadima, M. A., J. Ali, and K. Garba. "Menace of Ebola Virus Disease: A Review." UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR) 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2162.018.

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Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) a deadly disease that affect human and apes like gorilla, chimpanzee antelopes and so on. The causative virus is found mostly in Africa. It had been uncovered first in mid 1970s on the brink of the River of Ebola village. Since from the primary inception of the strange disease in Democratic Republic of Congo, there has been a periodic outbreak of the disease in some African countries, affecting many people within the region. A systematic review was conducted using Google search Engine, Cochrane database systemic review (CDSR), Centre for Disease Control and prevention and World Health Organization EVD report Databases. The 2014-2016 Ebola outbreaks in West Africa were the most important and most complex, which began in Guinea and spread to Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. Before the disease is contained, it kills about 11,000 people and quite 28,000 people being affected from it first mid 1970s detection to late 2016. The virus is transmitted from fruit bat in touch of with other animals and passes on the infection to humans through handling infected, dead or sick animals found within the forest or through direct contact with bats. Human to human transmission occurs through direct contact with the blood, secretions and other body fluids. Symptoms of the virus are: sudden onset of fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headache, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, impaired kidney and liver function, and bleeding from body openings. Recent advancements have been carried out in the form of effective Ebola Virus Vaccine Inmazeb and Ebanga for Zaire Ebola Virus and anti-Ebola virus drug rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo). However, the rapid geographic propagation, non-specific clinical presentation, lack of adequate vaccine and specific diagnostic assay are the possible challenges to combat the dreaded public health menace of Ebola Virus Disease. Key Words: Ebola Virus, Disease, Transmission, Treatment, Vaccine

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Broadhurst, M. Jana, Tim J. G. Brooks, and Nira R. Pollock. "Diagnosis of Ebola Virus Disease: Past, Present, and Future." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 29, no. 4 (July 13, 2016): 773–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00003-16.

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SUMMARYLaboratory diagnosis of Ebola virus disease plays a critical role in outbreak response efforts; however, establishing safe and expeditious testing strategies for this high-biosafety-level pathogen in resource-poor environments remains extremely challenging. Since the discovery of Ebola virus in 1976 via traditional viral culture techniques and electron microscopy, diagnostic methodologies have trended toward faster, more accurate molecular assays. Importantly, technological advances have been paired with increasing efforts to support decentralized diagnostic testing capacity that can be deployed at or near the point of patient care. The unprecedented scope of the 2014-2015 West Africa Ebola epidemic spurred tremendous innovation in this arena, and a variety of new diagnostic platforms that have the potential both to immediately improve ongoing surveillance efforts in West Africa and to transform future outbreak responses have reached the field. In this review, we describe the evolution of Ebola virus disease diagnostic testing and efforts to deploy field diagnostic laboratories in prior outbreaks. We then explore the diagnostic challenges pervading the 2014-2015 epidemic and provide a comprehensive examination of novel diagnostic tests that are likely to address some of these challenges moving forward.

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Adesanya, Oluwafolajimi Adetoye. "COVID-19 Outbreak in Africa: Lessons and Insights from the West African Ebola Virus Disease Epidemics." International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health 8, no. 3 (July 25, 2020): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijtmgh.2020.17.

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Over the years, the African continent has had to battle several outbreaks of infectious diseases in different countries. Some of the most deadly were the Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks that occurred in West Africa between 2014 and 2016 affecting Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone and, more recently, from 2018 to 2020 in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). In the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important that as a continent, we draw lessons and insights from our past experiences to guide outbreak response strategies being deployed to curb the latest onslaught. The Ebola outbreaks have shown that disease outbreaks should not be seen only as medical emergencies, but as full blown humanitarian crises, because oftentimes, their socio-economic impacts are more devastating than the more obvious cost to life. In this mini-review, we explore the possible humanitarian costs of the COVID-19 pandemic on the African continent by looking through the lens of our past experiences with the EVD outbreaks, highlighting how the current pandemic could significantly affect the African economy, food security, and vulnerable demographics, like children and the sexual and reproductive health and rights of women and girls. We then proffer recommendations that could be instrumental in preventing a double tragedy involving the devastating health consequences of the virus itself and the deadly fallout from its multi-sectoral knock-on effects in African countries. Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Ebola Virus Disease, Coronavirus.

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Spengler, Jessica R., Elizabeth D. Ervin, Jonathan S. Towner, Pierre E. Rollin, and Stuart T. Nichol. "Perspectives on West Africa Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak, 2013–2016." Emerging Infectious Diseases 22, no. 6 (June 2016): 956–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2206.160021.

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Ohimain, Elijah Ige, and Daniel Silas-Olu. "The 2013–2016 Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa." Current Opinion in Pharmacology 60 (October 2021): 360–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2021.08.002.

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Chertow, Daniel S., Christian Kleine, Jeffrey K. Edwards, Roberto Scaini, Ruggero Giuliani, and Armand Sprecher. "Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa — Clinical Manifestations and Management." New England Journal of Medicine 371, no. 22 (November 27, 2014): 2054–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmp1413084.

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Taylor, Ian. "China’s Response to the Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa." Round Table 104, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00358533.2015.1005362.

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Kucharski, Adam J., and W. John Edmunds. "Case fatality rate for Ebola virus disease in west Africa." Lancet 384, no. 9950 (October 2014): 1260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61706-2.

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Salmon, Sharon, Mary-Louise McLaws, and Dale Fisher. "Community-based care of Ebola virus disease in west Africa." Lancet Infectious Diseases 15, no. 2 (February 2015): 151–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(14)71080-1.

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Aftab, Rabia. "Ebola." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 10, no. 4 (February 7, 2017): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738016689109.

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Ebola virus disease is responsible for a very high case fatality rate of around 50–90%; it presents as a severe, rapidly developing illness. Several outbreaks of Ebola virus disease have occurred in Central and recently West Africa. Infection is transmitted to humans from animals and spreads within the human population through direct contact with infected blood or bodily fluids. No curative treatment is yet available, but early supportive care with rehydration and symptomatic management improves the chance of survival. Community engagement is needed to control outbreaks. Control of outbreaks requires a package of interventions including case management, surveillance and contact tracing with a good laboratory service, safe burials and social mobilisation. An Ebola vaccination may become available in the near future. The very high case fatality rate and recent major outbreaks require GPs to be aware of the presentation and management of suspected Ebola virus disease.

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Luan, William Patrick, and Paul Reed. "La Palabre: A New Schema for Global Health." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 10, no. 4 (March 7, 2016): 541–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2015.191.

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AbstractThe Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa has led to a paradigm shift in the way the global community responds to outbreaks of disease. This new paradigm places even greater emphasis on collaboration in global health. Thepalabre,the traditional African practice of mediation and decision-making in the public sphere, offers a schema from which to view current and future global health engagement. This process of dialogue and exchange has many applications to global health exemplified recently by the West African Disaster Preparedness Initiative (WADPI), a follow-on activity to the Operation United Assistance (OUA) Ebola Response effort. WADPI, utilizing the structure of apalabre,seeks to catalyze and synergize constructive collaboration to set a foundation for disaster response in West Africa for years to come. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:541–543)

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Fasina, Folorunso Oludayo, Olubukola T. Adenubi, Samuel T. Ogundare, Aminu Shittu, Dauda G. Bwala, and Modupe M. Fasina. "Descriptive analyses and risk of death due to Ebola Virus Disease, West Africa, 2014." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 9, no. 12 (December 30, 2015): 1298–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.6484.

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Introduction: Since the first case of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in Guinea in 2013, major outbreaks have been reported in West Africa. Methodology: Cases and fatalities of EVD caused by Zaire Ebola virus (ZEBOV) were evaluated, and the risks of dying in the general population and in healthcare workers were assessed. Results: The case fatality rate estimated for EVD was 76.4% in 20 studies. Cumulative proportion of fatal cases in West Africa was 42.9%, 30.1%, and 64.2% in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea, respectively. The proportion of total deaths in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea was 42.5%, 35.8%, and 21.6%, respectively. Healthcare workers were at higher risk of dying compared with the general public, and the same applied to intense transmission countries and to countries with sufficient bed capacities. The declaration of a health emergency “out-of-control” situation by the World Health Organization on 8 August 2014 reduced the risk of death among patients. Factors including deplorable healthcare delivery infrastructure in war-ravaged regions of Africa, the impotence of governments to enforce public health regulations, and the loss of confidence in public healthcare delivery programs were key among others factors that enhanced the spread and magnitude of outbreaks. Conclusions: The findings underscore the need for an overall re-appraisal of the healthcare systems in African countries and the ability to cope with widespread epidemic challenges. Outbreaks like that of Ebola diseases should be handled not just as a medical emergency but also a socio-economic problem with significant negative economic impacts.

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Agarwal, Ayush, Omkar Singh, and VK Rastogi. "Letter-to-Editor II." Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 6, no. 2 (2014): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jsafog-6-2-x.

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ABSTRACT • Ebola virus disease (EVD), also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a severe, often fatal illness of human beings having a case fatality rate of up to 90%. • Ebola virus disease outbreaks occur primarily in remote Central and West Africa, near the tropical rainforests. • The virus is transmitted to humans from wild animals and spreads in the human beings through physical contact. • It does not transmit through vectors or air-borne droplets. • Severely ill patients require intensive supportive care. No specific treatment or vaccine is available for use.

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To, Kelvin K. W., Jasper F. W. Chan, Alan K. L. Tsang, Vincent C. C. Cheng, and Kwok-Yung Yuen. "Ebola virus disease: a highly fatal infectious disease reemerging in West Africa." Microbes and Infection 17, no. 2 (February 2015): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2014.11.007.

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Y, Nesradin. "Ebola Virus and its Public Health Significance: A Review." Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research 3, no. 3 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajvsr-16000165.

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Ebola virus disease is a severe, often - fatal, zoonotic viral disease in humans and Nonhuman primates (NHP) like monkeys, gorillas and chimpanzees. Ebola is RNA virus that belongs to the family filoviridae, genus Ebola virus. The viruses (EBOV) are enveloped, non - segmented, negative - sense, single - stranded RNA viruses. Ebola virus disease (EVD) was first described in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in 1976. The exact origin, locations and natural reservoir of Ebola virus remain unclear. People can be exposed to Ebola virus from direct contact with the blood and/or secretions of an in fected person. Hunting and butchering of wildlife (great apes and fruit bats) has been identified in previous outbreaks as a potential source of infection. The onset of Ebola virus disease is sudden and early symptoms includes; fever and headache, followed by vomiting and diarrhea. Patients in the final stage of disease die in the clinical picture of massive bleeding, severe dehydration, hypovolemic shock and multi - organ failure. Ebola virus infections can be diagnosed by detecting antigens with an antigen capture ELISA and by detecting viral RNA with Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT - PCR). No specific treatment has been demonstrated yet to be safe and effective for Ebola virus. Standard treatment currently consists of supportive therapy, i ncluding maintenance of blood volume and electrolyte balance, as well as standard nursing care. Prevention and control is mainly based on appropriate precautions to break ways of transmission. Despite the fact that no detection of the virus had been discov ered in Ethiopia so far, it is in medium risk country because of most people travelling from West Africa to South Africa travels via these countries. But, there is lack of updated information on Ebola virus and its zoonotic importance. All the necessary pr ecautions should be made to prevent the virus from entering the country and thus Ethiopian Airlines has been informing passengers on ways to reduce risking exposure and preventing the spread of the disease for those traveling to and from affected countries.

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Furuyama, Wakako, and Andrea Marzi. "Ebola Virus: Pathogenesis and Countermeasure Development." Annual Review of Virology 6, no. 1 (September 29, 2019): 435–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015708.

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Since its discovery in 1976, Ebola virus (EBOV) has caused numerous outbreaks of fatal hemorrhagic disease in Africa. The biggest outbreak on record is the 2013–2016 epidemic in west Africa with almost 30,000 cases and over 11,000 fatalities, devastatingly affecting Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. The epidemic highlighted the need for licensed drugs or vaccines to quickly combat the disease. While at the beginning of the epidemic no licensed countermeasures were available, several experimental drugs with preclinical efficacy were accelerated into human clinical trials and used to treat patients with Ebola virus disease (EVD) toward the end of the epidemic. In the same manner, vaccines with preclinical efficacy were administered primarily to known contacts of EVD patients on clinical trial protocols using a ring-vaccination strategy. In this review, we describe the pathogenesis of EBOV and summarize the current status of EBOV vaccine development and treatment of EVD.

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Logue, Christopher H., Suzanna M. Lewis, Amber Lansley, Sara Fraser, Clare Shieber, Sonal Shah, Amanda Semper, et al. "Case study: design and implementation of training for scientists deploying to Ebola diagnostic field laboratories in Sierra Leone: October 2014 to February 2016." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1721 (April 10, 2017): 20160299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0299.

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As part of the UK response to the 2013–2016 Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic in West Africa, Public Health England (PHE) were tasked with establishing three field Ebola virus (EBOV) diagnostic laboratories in Sierra Leone by the UK Department for International Development (DFID). These provided diagnostic support to the Ebola Treatment Centre (ETC) facilities located in Kerry Town, Makeni and Port Loko. The Novel and Dangerous Pathogens (NADP) Training group at PHE, Porton Down, designed and implemented a pre-deployment Ebola diagnostic laboratory training programme for UK volunteer scientists being deployed to the PHE EVD laboratories. Here, we describe the training, workflow and capabilities of these field laboratories for use in response to disease epidemics and in epidemiological surveillance. We discuss the training outcomes, the laboratory outputs, lessons learned and the legacy value of the support provided. We hope this information will assist in the recruitment and training of staff for future responses and in the design and implementation of rapid deployment diagnostic field laboratories for future outbreaks of high consequence pathogens. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The 2013–2016 West African Ebola epidemic: data, decision-making and disease control’.

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Kiselev, O. I., L. M. Tsybalova, E. G. Deeva, V. V. Tsvetkov, G. S. Golobokov, I. I. Tokin, and T. V. Sologub. "Clinical and epidemiological features of the disease caused by the Ebola virus, at the present stage: pathogenetic basis of therapy." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases 20, no. 1 (February 15, 2015): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/eid40848.

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Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever is severe acute infectious diseases accompanied by the development of severe systemic inflammatory response followed by the addition of disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiple organ failure. Since 1976 in Africa regularly observed disease outbreaks among humans caused by different types of Ebola virus. Modern epidemic in West Africa began in Guinea in February 2014 and is still going on, coming out of the country and distributed in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Nigeria. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) on December 14, 2014 recorded 18,603 cases of them confirmed EVD 11807, fatal 6915. From July 2014 to currently registered sporadic cases EVD among health care workers caring for patients, as well as among tourists returning from countries affected by the epidemic is already outside of West Africa. Due to the limited use of specific antiviral therapy with special attention to the management ofpatients with EVD should be paid to the intensive and timely pathogenetic therapy. Today, the only way to reduce morbidity and mortality among people from EVD is awareness on the risk factors of infection and the use ofpersonal protective measures.

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Rojek, Amanda M., and Peter W. Horby. "Offering patients more: how the West Africa Ebola outbreak can shape innovation in therapeutic research for emerging and epidemic infections." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1721 (April 10, 2017): 20160294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0294.

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Although, after an epidemic of over 28 000 cases, there are still no licensed treatments for Ebola virus disease (EVD), significant progress was made during the West Africa outbreak. The pace of pre-clinical development was exceptional and a number of therapeutic clinical trials were conducted in the face of considerable challenges. Given the on-going risk of emerging infectious disease outbreaks in an era of unprecedented population density, international travel and human impact on the environment it is pertinent to focus on improving the research and development landscape for treatments of emerging and epidemic-prone infections. This is especially the case since there are no licensed therapeutics for some of the diseases considered by the World Health Organization as most likely to cause severe outbreaks—including Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Marburg virus, Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever and Nipah virus. EVD, therefore, provides a timely exemplar to discuss the barriers, enablers and incentives needed to find effective treatments in advance of health emergencies caused by emerging infectious diseases. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The 2013–2016 West African Ebola epidemic: data, decision-making and disease control’.

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Yazdanpanah, Yazdan, Peter Horby, Johan van Griensven, France Mentre, Vinh-Kim Nguyen, Jean Marie Denis Malvy, Jake Dunning, Daouda Sissoko, Jean-Francois Delfraissy, and Yves Levy. "Drug assessment in the Ebola virus disease epidemic in west Africa." Lancet Infectious Diseases 15, no. 11 (November 2015): 1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(15)00344-8.

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Ogunbanjo, Gboyega. "Ebola virus disease epidemic in West Africa: a fast moving target!" South African Family Practice 56, no. 4 (July 4, 2014): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20786190.2014.990226.

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Wang, Ligui, Guang Yang, Leili Jia, Zhenjun Li, Jing Xie, Peng Li, Shaofu Qiu, et al. "Epidemiological features and trends of Ebola virus disease in West Africa." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 38 (September 2015): 52–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2015.07.017.

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Lee, Hyojung, and Hiroshi Nishiura. "Recrudescence of Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa, 2014–2016." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 64 (November 2017): 90–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2017.09.013.

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Nagata, Takashi, Alan K. Lefor, Manabu Hasegawa, and Masami Ishii. "Favipiravir: A New Medication for the Ebola Virus Disease Pandemic." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 9, no. 1 (December 29, 2014): 79–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2014.151.

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AbstractThe purpose of this report is to advocate speedy approval and less stringent regulations for the use of experimental drugs such as favipiravir in emergencies. Favipiravir is a new antiviral medication that can be used in emerging viral pandemics such as Ebola virus, 2009 pandemic influenza H1N1 virus, Lassa fever, and Argentine hemorrhagic fever. Although favipiravir is one of the choices for the treatment of patients with Ebola virus, several concerns exist. First, a clinical trial of favipiravir in patients infected with the Ebola virus has not yet been conducted, and further studies are required. Second, favipiravir has a risk for teratogenicity and embryotoxicity. Therefore, the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Labor of Japan has approved this medication with strict regulations for its production and clinical use. However, owing to the emerging Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa, on August 15, 2014, the Minister of Health, Welfare and Labor of Japan approved the use of favipiravir, if needed. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1-3)

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Oleribe, Obinna O., Babatunde L. Salako, M. Mourtalla Ka, Albert Akpalu, Mairi McConnochie, Matthew Foster, and Simon D. Taylor-Robinson. "Ebola virus disease epidemic in West Africa: lessons learned and issues arising from West African countries." Clinical Medicine 15, no. 1 (February 2015): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.15-1-54.

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Brett-Major, David, and James Lawler. "Catching Chances: The Movement to Be on the Ground and Research Ready before an Outbreak." Viruses 10, no. 8 (August 19, 2018): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10080439.

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After more than 28,000 Ebola virus disease cases and at least 11,000 deaths in West Africa during the 2014–2016 epidemic, the world remains without a licensed vaccine or therapeutic broadly available and demonstrated to alleviate suffering. This deficiency has been felt acutely in the two, short, following years with two Ebola virus outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and a Marburg virus outbreak in Uganda. Despite billions of U.S. dollars invested in developing medical countermeasures for filoviruses in the antecedent decades, resulting in an array of preventative, diagnostic, and therapeutic products, none are available on commercial shelves. This paper explores why just-in-time research efforts in the field during the West Africa epidemic failed, as well as some recent initiatives to prevent similarly lost opportunities.

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Schafer, Adam, Han Cheng, Charles Lee, Ruikun Du, Julianna Han, Jasmine Perez, Norton Peet, Balaji Manicassamy, and Lijun Rong. "Development of Potential Small Molecule Therapeutics for Treatment of Ebola Virus Disease." Current Medicinal Chemistry 25, no. 38 (January 7, 2019): 5177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666171010141416.

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Ebola virus has caused 26 outbreaks in 10 different countries since its identification in 1976, making it one of the deadliest emerging viral pathogens. The most recent outbreak in West Africa from 2014-16 was the deadliest yet and culminated in 11,310 deaths out of 28,616 confirmed cases. Currently, there are no FDA-approved therapeutics or vaccines to treat Ebola virus infections. The slow development of effective vaccines combined with the severity of past outbreaks emphasizes the need to accelerate research into understanding the virus lifecycle and the development of therapeutics for post exposure treatment. Here we present a summary of the major findings on the Ebola virus replication cycle and the therapeutic approaches explored to treat this devastating disease. The major focus of this review is on small molecule inhibitors.

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Veljkovic, Veljko, Marco Goeijenbier, Sanja Glisic, Nevena Veljkovic, Vladimir R. Perovic, Milan Sencanski, Donald R. Branch, and Slobodan Paessler. "In silico analysis suggests repurposing of ibuprofen for prevention and treatment of EBOLA virus disease." F1000Research 4 (May 1, 2015): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.6436.1.

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The large 2014/2015 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa points out the urgent need to develop new preventive and therapeutic approaches that are effective against Ebola viruses and can be rapidly utilized. Recently, a simple theoretical criterion for the virtual screening of molecular libraries for candidate inhibitors of Ebola virus infection was proposed. Using this method the ‘drug space’ was screened and 267 approved and 382 experimental drugs as candidates for treatment of the Ebola virus disease (EVD) have been selected. Detailed analysis of these drugs revealed the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen as an inexpensive, widely accessible and minimally toxic candidate for prevention and treatment of EVD. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism underlying this possible protective effect of ibuprofen against EVD is suggested in this article.

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Dembek, Zygmunt F., Kierstyn T. Schwartz-Watjen, Anna L. Swiatecka, Katherine M. Broadway, Steven J. Hadeed, Jerry L. Mothershead, Tesema Chekol, Akeisha N. Owens, and Aiguo Wu. "Coronavirus Disease 2019 on the Heels of Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa." Pathogens 10, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 1266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10101266.

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This study utilized modeling and simulation to examine the effectiveness of current and potential future COVID-19 response interventions in the West African countries of Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. A comparison between simulations can highlight which interventions could have an effect on the pandemic in these countries. An extended compartmental model was used to run simulations incorporating multiple vaccination strategies and non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). In addition to the customary categories of susceptible, exposed, infected, and recovered (SEIR) compartments, this COVID-19 model incorporated early and late disease states, isolation, treatment, and death. Lessons learned from the 2014–2016 Ebola virus disease outbreak—especially the optimization of each country’s resource allocation—were incorporated in the presented models. For each country, models were calibrated to an estimated number of infections based on actual reported cases and deaths. Simulations were run to test the potential future effects of vaccination and NPIs. Multiple levels of vaccination were considered, based on announced vaccine allocation plans and notional scenarios. Increased vaccination combined with NPI mitigation strategies resulted in thousands of fewer COVID-19 infections in each country. This study demonstrates the importance of increased vaccinations. The levels of vaccination in this study would require substantial increases in vaccination supplies obtained through national purchases or international aid. While this study does not aim to develop a model that predicts the future, it can provide useful information for decision-makers in low- and middle-income nations. Such information can be used to prioritize and optimize limited available resources for targeted interventions that will have the greatest impact on COVID-19 pandemic response.

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Hartley, Caleb, J. Clay Bavinger, Sanjana Kuthyar, Jessica G. Shantha, and Steven Yeh. "Pathogenesis of Uveitis in Ebola Virus Disease Survivors: Evolving Understanding from Outbreaks to Animal Models." Microorganisms 8, no. 4 (April 20, 2020): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8040594.

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Ebola virus disease (EVD) and emerging infectious disease threats continue to threaten life, prosperity and global health security. To properly counteract EVD, an improved understanding of the long-term impact of recent EVD outbreaks in West Africa and the Democratic Republic of Congo are needed. In the wake of recent outbreaks, numerous health sequelae were identified in EVD survivors. These findings include joint pains, headaches, myalgias, and uveitis, a vision-threatening inflammatory condition of the eye. Retrospective and more recent prospective studies of EVD survivors from West Africa have demonstrated that uveitis may occur in 13–34% of patients with an increase in prevalence from baseline to 12-month follow-up. The clinical spectrum of disease ranges from mild, anterior uveitis to severe, sight-threatening panuveitis. Untreated inflammation may ultimately lead to secondary complications of cataract and posterior synechiae, with resultant vision impairment. The identification of Ebola virus persistence in immune privileged organs, such as the eye, with subsequent tissue inflammation and edema may lead to vision loss. Non-human primate models of EVD have demonstrated tissue localization to the eye including macrophage reservoirs within the vitreous matter. Moreover, in vitro models of Ebola virus have shown permissiveness in retinal pigment epithelial cells, potentially contributing to viral persistence. Broad perspectives from epidemiologic studies of the outbreak, animal modeling, and immunologic studies of EVD survivors have demonstrated the spectrum of the eye disease, tissue specificity of Ebola virus infection, and antigen-specific immunologic response. Further studies in these areas will elucidate the mechanisms of this highly prevalent disease with the potential for improved therapeutics for Ebola virus in immune-privileged sites.

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Upadhyay, Ranjit Kumar, and Parimita Roy. "Deciphering Dynamics of Recent Epidemic Spread and Outbreak in West Africa: The Case of Ebola Virus." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 26, no. 09 (August 2016): 1630024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812741630024x.

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Recently, the 2014 Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak in West Africa was the largest outbreak to date. In this paper, an attempt has been made for modeling the virus dynamics using an SEIR model to better understand and characterize the transmission trajectories of the Ebola outbreak. We compare the simulated results with the most recent reported data of Ebola infected cases in the three most affected countries Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. The epidemic model exhibits two equilibria, namely, the disease-free and unique endemic equilibria. Existence and local stability of these equilibria are explored. Using central manifold theory, it is established that the transcritical bifurcation occurs when basic reproduction number passes through unity. The proposed Ebola epidemic model provides an estimate to the potential number of future cases. The model indicates that the disease will decline after peaking if multisectorial and multinational efforts to control the spread of infection are maintained. Possible implication of the results for disease eradication and its control are discussed which suggests that proper control strategies like: (i) transmission precautions, (ii) isolation and care of infectious Ebola patients, (iii) safe burial, (iv) contact tracing with follow-up and quarantine, and (v) early diagnosis are needed to stop the recurrent outbreak.

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Kawuki, Joseph, Xiaojin Yu, and Taha Hussein Musa. "Bibliometric Analysis of Ebola Research Indexed in Web of Science and Scopus (2010-2020)." BioMed Research International 2020 (September 3, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5476567.

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Background. Within the past decade, Africa has faced several recurrent outbreaks of Ebola virus disease (EVD), including the 2014-2016 outbreak in West Africa and the recent 2018-2020 Kivu outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The study thus aimed at quantifying and mapping the scientific output of EVD research published within 2010-2020 though a bibliometric perspective. Methods. EVD-related publications from 2010 to 2020 were retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus databases by using the keywords ‘Ebola’, ‘Ebola Virus Disease’, ‘Ebolas’, and ‘ebolavirus’. Biblioshiny software (using R-studio cloud) was used to categorise and evaluate authors’, countries’ and journals’ contribution. VOSviewer was used for network visualisation. Results. According to the used search strategy, a total of 3865 and 3848 EVD documents were published in WoS and Scopus, respectively. The average citation per document was 16.1 (WoS) and 16.3 (Scopus). The results show an overall increase in the publication trend within the study period. The leading countries in EVD research were the USA and UK, with over 100 papers in both databases, including Nigeria and South Africa. NIAID and CDC-USA were the most influential institutions, while “Infectious Diseases” and “Medicine” were the most decisive research fields. The most contributing authors included Feldmann H and Qiu XG with over 60 papers in each database, while Journal of Infectious Diseases was the most crucial journal. The most cited article was from Aylward et al. published in 2014, while recent years displayed a keyword focus on “double-blind”, “efficacy”, “ring vaccination” and “drug effect”. Conclusion. This bibliometric analysis provides an updated historical perspective of progress in EVD research and has highlighted the role played by various stakeholders. However, the contribution of African countries and institutions is not sufficiently reflected, implying a need for increased funding and focus on EVD research for effective prevention and control.

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Alameldeen, Ahmed, and Jia Bainga Kangbai. "Role and strategies of international humanitarian organisations in handling the Liberia Ebola outbreak." International Journal of Ebola, AIDS, HIV and Infectious Diseases and Immunity 7, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ijeahii.15/vol7n218.

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In Early August 2014, the World Health Organisation declared an Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in the region of West Africa. The West African EVD outbreak was the largest, most severe, and complex in the nearly four-decade history of this disease. The management of EVD cases in Liberia was similar to the other affected West African countries. We reviewed the method and strategies used by some of the international humanitarian organisations in handling the 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak in Liberia. This report is a collection of personal field experiences in Liberia as well as personal interviews of healthcare personnel working for some of these international organisations working on the Ebola emergency in Liberia.Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) was the first humanitarian NGO to deploy medical staff to the field in Liberia during the 2013-2016 EVD outbreak. MSF staffs were already operating in Liberia even before the declaration of the outbreak in August 2014.The slow response by the international humanitarian organisations to lend their support in bringing the EVD outbreak to and exhibited the fear the international community have for deadly infectious diseases more than armed conflicts.We recommend regularly training in public health emergency preparedness for third world countries that are highly susceptible to health emergencies such as Ebola outbreak to help prepared them ahead of such outbreak.

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Makiala, Sheila, Daniel Mukadi, Anja De Weggheleire, Shino Muramatsu, Daisuke Kato, Koichi Inano, Fumio Gondaira, et al. "Clinical Evaluation of QuickNaviTM-Ebola in the 2018 Outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo." Viruses 11, no. 7 (June 28, 2019): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11070589.

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The recent large outbreaks of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) have highlighted the need for rapid diagnostic tests to control this disease. In this study, we clinically evaluated a previously developed immunochromatography-based kit, QuickNaviTM-Ebola. During the 2018 outbreaks in DRC, 928 blood samples from EVD-suspected cases were tested with QuickNaviTM-Ebola and the WHO-approved GeneXpert. The sensitivity and specificity of QuickNaviTM-Ebola, estimated by comparing it to GeneXpert-confirmed cases, were 85% (68/80) and 99.8% (846/848), respectively. These results indicate the practical reliability of QuickNaviTM-Ebola for point-of-care diagnosis of EVD.

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Schwartz, David A. "Maternal and Infant Death and the rVSV-ZEBOV Vaccine Through Three Recent Ebola Virus Epidemics-West Africa, DRC Équateur and DRC Kivu: 4 Years of Excluding Pregnant and Lactating Women and Their Infants from Immunization." Current Tropical Medicine Reports 6, no. 4 (November 26, 2019): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40475-019-00195-w.

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Abstract Purpose of Review Ebola virus infection has one of the highest overall case fatality rates of any viral disease. It has historically had an especially high case mortality rate among pregnant women and infants—greater than 90% for pregnant women in some outbreaks and close to 100 % in fetuses and newborns. The Merck recombinant vaccine against Ebola virus, termed rVSV-ZEBOV, underwent clinical trials during the 2013–2015 West Africa Ebola epidemic where it was found to be 100% efficacious. It was subsequently used during the 2018 DRC Équateur outbreak and in the 2018 DRC Kivu Ebola which is still ongoing, where its efficacy is 97.5 %. Pregnant and lactating women and their infants have previously been excluded from the design, clinical trials, and administration of many vaccines and drugs. This article critically examines the development of the rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine and its accessibility to pregnant and lactating women and infants as a life-saving form of prevention through three recent African Ebola epidemics—West Africa, DRC Équateur, and DRC Kivu. Recent Findings Pregnant and lactating women and their infants were excluded from participation in the clinical trials of rVSV-ZEBOV conducted during the West Africa epidemic. This policy of exclusion was continued with the occurrence of the DRC Équateur outbreak in 2018, in spite of calls from the public health and global maternal health communities to vaccinate this population. Following the onset of the DRC Kivu epidemic, the exclusion persisted. Eventually, the policy was reversed to include vaccination of pregnant and lactating women. However, it was not implemented until June 2019, 10 months after the start of the epidemic, placing hundreds of women and infants at risk for this highly fatal infection. Summary The historical policy of excluding pregnant and lactating women and infants from vaccine design, clinical trials, and implementation places them at risk, especially in situations of infectious disease outbreaks. In the future, all pregnant women, regardless of trimester, breastfeeding mothers, and infants, should have access to the Ebola vaccine.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ebola virus disease – Africa, West'

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