Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ebola virus disease – Africa, West

Academic literature on the topic 'Ebola virus disease – Africa, West'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Ebola virus disease – Africa, West"

1

Dash, Muktikesh. "Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa." Community Acquired Infection 2, no. 1 (2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2225-6482.153854.

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Weyer, Jaqueline, and Lucille Hellen Blumberg. "Ebola virus disease in West Africa: South African perspectives." South African Medical Journal 104, no. 11 (October 16, 2014): 754. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/samj.9045.

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Raji, T., N. Kilenga, and B. Djoudalbaye. "West Africa Ebola Virus Disease Epidemic: The Africa Experience." Savannah Journal of Medical Research and Practice 4, no. 1 (March 26, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sjmrp.v4i1.1.

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ADACHI, Takuya, Nobuhiro KOMIYA, and Yasuyuki KATO. "Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak Response in West Africa." Kansenshogaku Zasshi 89, no. 2 (2015): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi.89.223.

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Sementsova, A. O., V. G. Dedkov, V. A. Ternovoy, E. V. Chub, S. A. Pyankov, A. P. Agafonov, R. A. Maksyutov, V. V. Maleev, and A. Yu Popova. "IN VITRO DIAGNOSIS FOR EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE. A COMPARISON OF CURRENT TECHNIQUES AND DIAGNOSTIC ASSAYS." Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology 1, no. 3 (August 25, 2019): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2018-3-105-116.

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Ebola virus disease is dangerous viral infection, occurring in the form of hemorrhagic fever, characterized by acute clinical symptoms and high mortality rate due to multiple organ failure. Ebola virus natural foci are located in forested areas of the central and western parts of Africa. It was believed for many years, the incidence of Ebola virus disease has been sporadic and the burden of it is true only in endemic areas. However, the unprecedented Ebola epidemic caused by Zaire virus in 2013 — 2016, has significantly changed our understanding of this disease and the patterns of its distribution. We have also identified weaknesses in the organization of anti-epidemic measures, the effectiveness of which was not very effective at the onset of the epidemic, in particular due to weak development of in vitro diagnostics (IVD). However, during the elimination of the epidemic in West Africa, anti-epidemic system has been modified substantially, largely due to quickly developed IVD kits. This review is devoted to analysis of trends in IVD for Ebola virus disease based on the experience obtained in the course of the West-African epidemic in 2013 — 2016.
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O’Brien, D., M. K. O’Shea, and T. E. Fletcher. "Ebola Virus Disease - clinical manifestations, management and future therapies." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 105, no. 2 (2019): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-105-113.

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AbstractThe largest epidemic of Ebola Virus Disease in recorded human history occurred in West Africa in 2014 and resulted in significant morbidity and mortality. The causative pathogen, Ebola virus, is readily transmitted through contact with the body fluids of infected individuals and from the bodies of those who have died from the disease. In its early stages, the illness is characterised by non-specific symptoms that mimic many other endemic infectious diseases in countries with limited healthcare resources. These factors contributed to the rapid spread of the outbreak, which required an international response in which the UK Armed Forces played an important role. This review describes the clinical presentation, lessons learned from managing the West African outbreak, and potential future treatments.
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Haldar, Anima. "Ebola virus disease: A Global threat." Journal of Comprehensive Health 3, no. 1 (October 24, 2020): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.53553/jch.v03i01.001.

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Till 2013 occurrence of the diseases was restricted in Africa. In 2014 the cases also occurred in Europe and America. One Indian person died in Liberia due to Ebola Virus infection. At this moment the disease Ebola is not present in Asia but the Asians are at risk of acquiring the disease at any moment. Health department & health personnel’s of all Asian countries are quite worried about occurrence of disease due to high case fatality rate. Ebola virus disease (EVD) was first identified in 1976 in an area of Sudan (now part of South Sudan), and in Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo). The disease typically occurs in outbreaks in tropical regions of sub-Saharan Africa.[1]Through 2013, the World Health Organization reported a total of 1,716 cases in 24 outbreaks[1]. The largest outbreak to date is the ongoing epidemic in West Africa, which is centered in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. As of 11 November 2014, this outbreak has 14,413 reported cases resulting in 5,504 deaths[1].
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Garg, Richa. "Inmazeb: new hope for Zaire Ebola virus disease." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 11, no. 3 (April 22, 2022): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20221047.

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Ebola virus disease first appeared in 1976 in Zaire (now democratic republic of Congo). Since then virus outbreaks occurred periodically in African countries. The cases notified in March 2014 in west Africa was largest outbreak till now. In 2020 there is ongoing outbreak of Zaire Ebola virus in democratic republic of Congo. Ebola virus is single stranded RNA virus which causes viral hemorrhagic fever in humans presenting as high fever, chills, loss of appetite, myalgia, headache. Till now there was no specific treatment, symptomatic treatment methods including infusion of electrolyte and/or antibiotics were mainly used. In October 2020 FDA approved the first treatment for Zaire Ebola virus disease in adult and pediatric patients, including neonates born to a mother who is RT-PCR positive for Zaire ebolavirus infection. The treatment is called Inmazeb, combination of three recombinant human IgG1κ monoclonal antibodies (Atoltivimab, Maftivimab, and Odesivimab-ebgn) each targeting the Zaire ebolavirus glycoprotein.
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Toner, Eric, Amesh Adalja, and Thomas Inglesby. "A Primer on Ebola for Clinicians." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 9, no. 1 (October 17, 2014): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2014.115.

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AbstractThe size of the world’s largest Ebola outbreak now ongoing in West Africa makes clear that further exportation of Ebola virus disease to other parts of the world will remain a real possibility for the indefinite future. Clinicians outside of West Africa, particularly those who work in emergency medicine, critical care, infectious diseases, and infection control, should be familiar with the fundamentals of Ebola virus disease, including its diagnosis, treatment, and control. In this article we provide basic information on the Ebola virus and its epidemiology and microbiology. We also describe previous outbreaks and draw comparisons to the current outbreak with a focus on the public health measures that have controlled past outbreaks. We review the pathophysiology and clinical features of the disease, highlighting diagnosis, treatment, and hospital infection control issues that are relevant to practicing clinicians. We reference official guidance and point out where important uncertainty or controversy exists. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1-5)
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Gatherer, Derek. "The 2014 Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa." Journal of General Virology 95, no. 8 (August 1, 2014): 1619–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.067199-0.

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On 23 March 2014, the World Health Organization issued its first communiqué on a new outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD), which began in December 2013 in Guinée Forestière (Forested Guinea), the eastern sector of the Republic of Guinea. Located on the Atlantic coast of West Africa, Guinea is the first country in this geographical region in which an outbreak of EVD has occurred, leaving aside the single case reported in Ivory Coast in 1994. Cases have now also been confirmed across Guinea as well as in the neighbouring Republic of Liberia. The appearance of cases in the Guinean capital, Conakry, and the transit of another case through the Liberian capital, Monrovia, presents the first large urban setting for EVD transmission. By 20 April 2014, 242 suspected cases had resulted in a total of 147 deaths in Guinea and Liberia. The causative agent has now been identified as an outlier strain of Zaire Ebola virus. The full geographical extent and degree of severity of the outbreak, its zoonotic origins and its possible spread to other continents are sure to be subjects of intensive discussion over the next months.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ebola virus disease – Africa, West"

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Leigh, Laurasona. "Behavioral and Environmental Attributes of Ebola Epidemic in West Africa and United States Emergency Nurses’ Motivation to Protect Themselves against Ebola Infection." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1470411786.

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Martinez-Soto, Eduan E. "Understanding the Role of Health Care Workers in a Trade-off Model between Contact and Transmission for Ebola Virus Disease." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1467993935.

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Beyer, Molly. "The Public Health Response to an Ebola Virus Epidemic: Effects on Agricultural Markets and Farmer Livelihoods in Koinadugu, Sierra Leone." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1538797/.

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During the 2013/16 Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa, numerous restrictions were placed on the movement and public gathering of local people, regardless of if the area had active Ebola cases or not. Specifically, the district of Koinadugu, Sierra Leone, preemptively enforced movement regulations before there were any cases within the district. This research demonstrates that ongoing regulations on movement and public gathering affected the livelihoods of those involved in agricultural markets in the short-term, while the outbreak was active, and in the long-term. The forthcoming thesis details the ways in which the Ebola outbreak international and national response affected locals involved in agricultural value chains in Koinadugu, Sierra Leone.
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Bosworth, A. J. "Characterising the host response to the emerging Ebola virus, Makona variant, from West Africa." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2018. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3028485/.

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West Africa was in the grips of an Ebola Virus Disease outbreak, caused by the emerging Makona variant of Ebola virus. High resolution molecular methods including transcriptomics and proteomics were utilised to profile the host response to the emergent Makona variant from West Africa, and compare this response with that induced by infection with other ebolaviruses, in order to identify host factors potentially important in host pathology. A comparison between Makona and other well characterised variants of Ebola virus showed that induced differences in the host response were not significant (Chapter 3) and that the transcriptomic changes were very similar to previously characterised isolates. To evaluate the importance of interferon to the lifecycle of the Makona variant, in vitro comparisons with Reston virus were performed to highlight important changes in the antiviral state of multiple cell lines during infection, this showed an effective interferon response was not a major determinant of successful ebolavirus infection (Chapter 4). The pro-inflammatory response to the Makona variant and Reston virus were compared in a relevant inflammatory cell type (Chapter 5). Analysis indicated that a highly active NFκB response may be required for efficient virus replication, indicating a potent inflammatory response is essential for the virus lifecycle (Chapter 6). The Makona variant of Ebola virus was hypothesised to induce distinctive transcriptional and proteomic changes in infected cells. In this thesis, evidence is presented that infection with the Makona variant does not induce significantly different patterns of host response from that observed in other ebolaviruses, and presents the first longitudinal transcriptomic analysis of patient infected with the Ebola virus, Makona variant. Furthermore, this study has revealed the critical role of NFκB in the lifecycle of the ebolaviruses.
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Mbala-Kingebeni, Placide. "Virus Ebola à l’interface homme – faune sauvage et réservoir animal des virus Ebola en République Démocratique du Congo." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT035.

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Chaque épidémie de la maladie à virus Ebola résulte très probablement d'événements zoonotiques indépendants. Plus de quatre décennies après la première identification du virus Ebola, son réservoir demeure encore inconnu. Nous avons montré dans ce travail que la prévalence du virus Ebola dans la faune sauvage était très faible avec une présence d’anticorps anti-virus Ebola (Zaïre et/ou Sudan) chez moins de 1% des chauves-souris testées de la RDC, Guinée et Cameroun ; et de 0% chez les primates non humains de la RDC, Cote d’Ivoire et Cameroun, en période inter-épidémique. Aucun anticorps n’a été détecté dans les échantillons prélevés en période épidémique en RDC. La recherche de l’ARN du virus Ebola, au cours de ces études, était négative. Néanmoins, nous avons confirmé et caractérisé chez l’homme, les nouveaux variants du virus Ebola responsables des récentes épidémies de 2018 en RDC. Le séquençage génomique précoce et continu a permis d'orienter les interventions en matière de santé publique.Ainsi, malgré la présence d'anticorps du virus Ebola, le rôle des chauves-souris en tant qu'espèce réservoir reste flou, car la détection de l'ARN viral est encore rare. Les anticorps anti-virus Ebola sont très rares chez les primates non humains, ce qui confirme que les PNH ne sont pas des espèces réservoirs. Les efforts pour retrouver le réservoir de ce virus doivent continuer car c’est le seul moyen qui nous permettra de prévenir efficacement les prochaines épidémies
Every Ebola outbreak is most likely the result of independent zoonotic events. More than four decades after the first identification of the Ebola virus, its reservoir remains unknown. We have shown in this work that the prevalence of Ebola virus in wildlife was very low with antibodies against Ebola virus (Zaire and / or Sudan) detected in less than 1% of bats tested in the DRC, Guinea and Cameroon; and 0% in non-human primates from the DRC, Cote d'Ivoire and Cameroon, during inter-epidemic period. No antibodies were detected in samples collected during the epidemic period in the DRC, and the search for Ebola RNA in these studies was negative. Nevertheless, we have confirmed and characterized in humans, new variants of the Ebola virus which caused the recent outbreaks of 2018 in the DRC. Early and ongoing genomic sequencing has been used to guide public health interventions.Thus, despite the presence of antibodies to the Ebola virus, the role of bats as a reservoir species remains unclear, as the detection of viral RNA is still rare. Ebola virus antibodies are very rare in non-human primates, confirming that PNH are not reservoir species. Efforts to recover the reservoir of this virus must continue because it is the only way that will allow us to effectively prevent future outbreaks
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Sangare, Oumou. "Molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus in West Africa." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23010.

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The economy of West African countries is dependent mainly on agriculture. Livestock production is a vital source of providing dietary protein for the rapidly growing human population and it is therefore important to define strategies for controlling infectious diseases that are undermining the livestock industry. Although the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus causes one of the most devastating economical diseases, it has been mainly ignored in West Africa due to low mortality rates in the face of other diseases that cause significant mortalities. This may explain the lack of interest for studying FMD infections in the region. However, the eradication of other diseases such as Rinderpest together with an increase in the number of outbreaks of FMD in recent years has caused a renewed interest in understanding the epidemiology of the disease. Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. The causative agent, FMD virus, has a high rate of genetic variation in its single-stranded RNA genome. The genetic characterization of the surface capsid protein gene, VP1, is the most informative technique for studying the molecular epidemiology of FMD. The genetic profile of different serotypes of FMDV isolated across West Africa was investigated in this study using manual and automated nucleotide sequencing. A total number of 21 type O isolates from Ghana, Burkina Faso and South Africa (1992-2000), 23 SAT-1 viruses from Niger and Nigeria (1975-1981) and 30 SAT-2 viruses from Mali, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Liberia, Senegal and Gambia (1974-1991) were investigated. The sequence data was used to establish the phylogenetic relationships between the west African strains and those previously characterized from East, central and southern Africa as well as other regions of the world in the case of serotype O. Viruses from West Africa formed a single genotype while the isolates from South Africa clustered with the Pan-Asian topotype (Bangladesh 1997&Japan 2000). Sequence identity of 99 % and 95 % were found between Ghana-Burkina Faso and South Africa-Bangladesh type O viruses, respectively. Within SAT-2, the viruses characterized were isolated over 27 years from seven countries in West Africa and two indigenous topotypes (> 97 % sequence identity in the cluster) were identified. Of interest was the clustering of viruses Nigeria from 1982 and Eritrea in 1998, which has provided the first evidence of virus transmission between West and East Africa. For SAT-1, two distinct lineages (I-II) were identified. Lineage I consisted of viruses isolated between 1975-1976 from neighboring countries Niger and Nigeria, while lineage II was composed of viruses recovered from outbreaks between 1979-1981 in Nigeria. Furthermore, viruses from the latter lineage shared > 98 % sequence identity across the VP1 gene providing a clear indication of a long circulation of virus in the field in West Africa. For the serotypes investigated in this study viz. serotypes O, SAT-2 and SAT-1, it was shown that the year of isolation is more important in the epidemiology of FMD in West Africa than country of origin. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that viruses from each serotype grouped according to year of isolation rather than their geographical origin. This is in contrast of what was reported previously for FMDV strains in southern Africa. Results further revealed that FMD viruses from West Africa are evolving independently from viruses elsewhere on the continent and clustered in discrete genotypes. The genetic distinctiveness of west African FMD isolates is likely to be reflected antigenically and has implications in the selection of regionally appropriate field strains for use in vaccines to assist in the control of the disease.
Thesis (PhD (Veterinary Tropical Diseases))--University of Pretoria, 2002.
Veterinary Tropical Diseases
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Hohnstein, Nicole M. "Determining the Reservoir Species of Zaire Ebola Virus: A Proposed Epidemiological Survey." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1394.

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Ebola virus (EBOV) is a re-emerging zoonotic virus (it is transmitted between animals and humans) that causes acute hemorrhagic fever and a high fatality rate in humans. First reported in 1976 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire), the virus is transmitted between humans through direct contact with body fluids of an infected person, causing fever, weakness, diarrhea, abdominal pain, cramping, nausea and vomiting in those affected. There is neither a licensed vaccine nor an approved treatment for Ebola virus in human patients. The reservoir species for Ebola virus is similarly unknown, as many studies have attempted yet failed to isolate living virus from potential candidates. The widely accepted and circulated hypothesis based on preliminary findings of outbreaks past is that bat species, specifically the fruit bat species Hypsignathus monstrosus, Epomops franqueti and Myonycteris torquata are potential reservoirs. Recent reports, especially concerning findings from the 2014 Ebola outbreak, have determined that insectivorous bats could similarly be reservoir species. Successful isolation of a live virus from a bat species found through a widened sampling of a variety of bat species would confirm the hypothesis that bats, either fruit or insectivorous, are the reservoir species for Ebola virus.
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Mun, Elena. "SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS AND THE 2014-16 EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE OUTBREAK IN GUINEA, LIBERIA, AND SIERRA LEONE." 2017. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/iph_theses/539.

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SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS AND THE 2014-16 EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE OUTBREAK IN GUINEA, LIBERIA, AND SIERRA LEONE INTRODUCTION: Ebola virus disease (EVD) is an infectious disease transmitted by close contact with an estimated case fatality rate fluctuating around 50%. The most affected countries by the 2013-16 West African Ebola outbreak were Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. These countries reported a total of 28616 probable, suspected and confirmed cases. However, we are still learning about the sociodemographic factors that contributed to the outbreak characteristics at the subnational level. METHODS: Data were collected from the World Health Organization, Demographic Health Surveys, and Global Data Lab for 37 districts (8 for Guinea, 15 for Liberia, and 14 for Sierra Leone). The outcome of interest was epidemic size at the district level for Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone (cumulative number of EVD patient confirmed and probable cases). Socio-demographic predictors included household density, sanitation level, mobility, and wealth status. We also controlled for the timing of the start of the outbreak across districts. Pearson’s correlation and multiple linear regression were employed in our analyses. Model building was informed by a review of the relevant literature. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the impact of potential outliers. RESULTS: In the final multivariable regression model, wealth status and household density were positively associated with the epidemic size while sanitation level and the difference in the outbreak start dates were negatively associated with the outcome. These results did not change in the sensitivity analyses. The regression model explained 57% of the variance in epidemic size (Adj R-Sq=0.57), with the largest contribution from the international wealth index (semi-partial R-square=0.22). CONCLUSION: District sociodemographic characteristics such as household density, wealth and sanitation levels contributed to the EVD outbreak in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, which is in agreement with recent studies. However, further research should consider other sociodemographic indicators as well as the role of migration and connectivity among regions.
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"Rumors: evolution, influencing factors, and response during the 2014-2016 ebola virus disease (EVD) pandemic In West Africa." Tulane University, 2020.

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"Consequences of Short Term Mobility Across Heterogeneous Risk Environments: The 2014 West African Ebola Outbreak." Doctoral diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.49363.

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abstract: In this dissertation the potential impact of some social, cultural and economic factors on Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) dynamics and control are studied. In Chapter two, the inability to detect and isolate a large fraction of EVD-infected individuals before symptoms onset is addressed. A mathematical model, calibrated with data from the 2014 West African outbreak, is used to show the dynamics of EVD control under various quarantine and isolation effectiveness regimes. It is shown that in order to make a difference it must reach a high proportion of the infected population. The effect of EVD-dead bodies has been incorporated in the quarantine effectiveness. In Chapter four, the potential impact of differential risk is assessed. A two-patch model without explicitly incorporate quarantine is used to assess the impact of mobility on communities at risk of EVD. It is shown that the overall EVD burden may lessen when mobility in this artificial high-low risk society is allowed. The cost that individuals in the low-risk patch must pay, as measured by secondary cases is highlighted. In Chapter five a model explicitly incorporating patch-specific quarantine levels is used to show that quarantine a large enough proportion of the population under effective isolation leads to a measurable reduction of secondary cases in the presence of mobility. It is shown that sharing limited resources can improve the effectiveness of EVD effective control in the two-patch high-low risk system. Identifying the conditions under which the low-risk community would be willing to accept the increases in EVD risk, needed to reduce the total number of secondary cases in a community composed of two patches with highly differentiated risks has not been addressed. In summary, this dissertation looks at EVD dynamics within an idealized highly polarized world where resources are primarily in the hands of a low-risk community – a community of lower density, higher levels of education and reasonable health services – that shares a “border” with a high-risk community that lacks minimal resources to survive an EVD outbreak.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Applied Mathematics 2018
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Books on the topic "Ebola virus disease – Africa, West"

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Evans, David. The economic impact of the 2014 ebola epidemic: Short- and medium-term estimates for West Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank Group, 2014.

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United, States Congress House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Africa Global Health Global Human Rights and International Organizations. Combating the Ebola threat: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights, and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, second session, August 7, 2014. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2014.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights, and International Organizations. Global efforts to fight Ebola: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, and Global Human Rights, and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, second session, September 17, 2014. Washington: U.S. Government Publishing Office, 2015.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights, and International Organizations. Fighting Ebola: A ground-level view : hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, and Global Human Rights, and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, second session, November 18, 2014. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2014.

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The psychosocial aspects of a deadly epidemic: What ebola has taught us about holistic healing. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger/ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2016.

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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Ebola Epidemic in West Africa: Proceedings of a Workshop. National Academies Press, 2016.

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Health, Board on Global, Forum on Microbial Threats, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, and Carmen Mundaca-Shah. Ebola Epidemic in West Africa: Proceedings of a Workshop. National Academies Press, 2016.

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Health, Board on Global, Forum on Microbial Threats, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, and Carmen Mundaca-Shah. Ebola Epidemic in West Africa: Proceedings of a Workshop. National Academies Press, 2016.

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Health, Board on Global, Forum on Microbial Threats, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, and Carmen Mundaca-Shah. Ebola Epidemic in West Africa: Proceedings of a Workshop. National Academies Press, 2016.

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Oldstone, Michael B. A., and Madeleine R. Oldstone. Ebola's Curse: 2013-2016 Outbreak in West Africa. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2017.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ebola virus disease – Africa, West"

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Higgs, Elizabeth S., Sheri A. Dubey, Beth A. G. Coller, Jakub K. Simon, Laura Bollinger, Robert A. Sorenson, Barthalomew Wilson, Martha C. Nason, and Lisa E. Hensley. "Accelerating Vaccine Development During the 2013–2016 West African Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak." In Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 229–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/82_2017_53.

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Fan, Qinjin, Xiaobai A. Yao, and Anrong Dang. "Spatiotemporal Analysis and Data Mining of the 2014–2016 Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak in West Africa." In Geospatial Technologies for Urban Health, 181–208. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19573-1_10.

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Faregh, Neda, Alexis Tounkara, and Kemo Soumaoro. "The Role of Family and Culture in Extreme Adversity: Psychosocial Response to the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) Epidemic in Guinea, West Africa." In Family Systems and Global Humanitarian Mental Health, 143–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03216-6_10.

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Bausch, Daniel G. "West Africa 2013 Ebola: From Virus Outbreak to Humanitarian Crisis." In Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 63–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/82_2017_69.

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Kum, Fuein Vera, Saheed Olayiwola, and Njong Mom Aloysius. "The Impact of Ebola Virus Disease on Government Expenditure in Sierra Leone." In Socio-cultural Dimensions of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Africa, 75–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17474-3_6.

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Neequaye, J., G. Pizza, D. Viza, C. de Vinci, P. H. Levine, and F. K. Nkrumah. "Ebv-Specific Transfer Factor in the Treatment of Abdominal Burkitt’s Lymphoma in Ghana, West Africa." In Epstein-Barr Virus and Human Disease, 503–7. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4590-2_107.

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Kakaire, Charles, and Ida-Marie Ameda. "Complexity and Context of Ebola Virus Disease Preparedness and Response in Eastern and Southern Africa." In Communication and Community Engagement in Disease Outbreaks, 93–109. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92296-2_5.

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Munung, Nchangwi Syntia, Godfrey B. Tangwa, David Houeto, Awa Keita, J. Radeino Ambe, and Akin Abayomi. "Socio-cultural and Economic Concerns on Use of Convalescent Blood or Plasma for the Management of Ebola Virus Disease in Africa." In Socio-cultural Dimensions of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Africa, 61–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17474-3_5.

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Ayeni, Foluso, Sanjay Misra, and Nicholas Omoregbe. "Using Big Data Technology to Contain Current and Future Occurrence of Ebola Viral Disease and Other Epidemic Diseases in West Africa." In Advances in Swarm and Computational Intelligence, 107–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20469-7_13.

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Dervisevic, Samir. "Emergence of the Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa." In Examining the Role of Environmental Change on Emerging Infectious Diseases and Pandemics, 163–77. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0553-2.ch007.

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This chapter gives an overview on the recent outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa which has lasted for over seventeen months. The Ebola virus has been implicated as a causative agent of viral haemorrhagic fever occurring in Central Africa over the last thirty-nine years. However, the Ebola virus has not previously been recognised as an endemic virus causing outbreaks of viral illness in West Africa. The start of what was to become the largest Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in known history was first reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) on the 23rd of March 2014 and since then it has transformed into an unprecedented and severe epidemic affecting the three countries of West Africa (Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone). The emergence of this lethal virus in a setting of profound poverty, a dysfunctional public-health and a weak government infrastructure alarmed the wider world and caused dread from an uncontrollable spread.
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Conference papers on the topic "Ebola virus disease – Africa, West"

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Priest, Chad, and Doyle Groves. "Tweeting about Ebola: Analysis of Tweets from Africa, Europe and the United States During Two Months of the 2019 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) Epidemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo." In 2019 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Disaster Management (ICT-DM). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ict-dm47966.2019.9032979.

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Kunhipurayil, Hasna, Muna Ahmed, and Gheyath Nasrallah. "West Nile Virus Seroprevalence among Qatari and Immigrant Populations within Qatar." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0197.

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Background: West Nile virus (WNV) is one of the most widely spread arboviruses worldwide and a highly significant pathogen in humans and animals. Despite frequent outbreaks and endemic transmission being reported in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), seroprevalence studies of WNV in Qatar are highly lacking. Aim: This study aims to investigate the actual prevalence of WNV among local and expatriate communities in the Qatar using a large sample size of seemingly healthy donors. Method: A total of 1992 serum samples were collected from donors of age 18 or older and were tested for the presence of WNV antibodies. Serion enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) commercial microplate kits were used to detect the presence of the WNV IgM and IgG. The seropositivity was statistically analyzed using SPSS software with a confidence interval of 95%. Results: The seroprevalence of anti-WNV IgG and IgM in Qatar was 10.3% and 3.4%, respectively. The country-specific seroprevalence according to nationality for WNV IgG and IgM, respectively, were Sudan (37.0%, 10.0%), Egypt (31.6%, 4.4%), India (13.4%, 3.2%), Yemen(10.2%, 7.0%), Pakistan (8.6%, 2.7%), Iran (10.6%, 0.0%), Philippines (5.4%, 0.0%), Jordan(6.8%, 1.1%), Syria (2.6%, 9.6%), Palestine (2.6%, 0.6%), Qatar (1.6%, 1.7%), and Lebanon (0.9%, 0.0%). The prevalence of both IgM and IgG was significantly correlated with the nationality (p≤0.001). Conclusion: Among these tested nationalities, Qatar national has a relatively low burden of WNV disease. The highest prevalence of WNV was found in the Sub Saharan African nationalities like Sudan and Egypt. The seroprevalence of WNV is different from the previously reported arboviruses such as CHIKV and DENV, which was highest among Asian countries (India and Philippines). Further confirmatory tests such as viral neutralization assays are needed to confirm the IgM seropositivity in these samples since these samples could be a source of viral transmission through blood donation.
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Desmyter, J. "AIDS 1987." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644751.

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AIDS virus (HIV) transmission by transfusions and blood products has been essentially halted in industrialized countries which haye introduced systematic anti-HIV screening of donations in 1985. New anti-HIV screening assays, based in part on the replacement of disrupted HIV virions by defined DNA recombinant HIV antigens, have improved specificity; sensitivity has been improved as to dectect seroconversion at an earlier stage. Confirmatory assays and (self-)exclusion of risk groups from blood donation do remain mandatory. HIVAg can be detected in some infections before antibody conversion, and HIVAg is more likely to be found in those anti-HIV positives who proceed to disease. However, there is no justification so far for routine parallel HIVAg and anti-HIV screening. There is continued uncertainty how many HIV carriers have not (yet) developed antibody, but their numbers may have been overestimated. Studies to determine how many HIV transmitters have escaped blood bank detection, and why, need to be undertaken in spite of formidable logistic difficulties.The risk of developing AIDS is now estimated at 25-50 % within 10 years after the infectious contact. It is not clear whether the risk should be estimated differently in different groups or persons. In cities in Central Africa, 5-20 % of men and women are confirmed anti-HIV positives. At least 75 % of this HIV carrier rate is due to heterosexual transmission. Heterosexual transmission has been slower in Western countries, but factors precluding slow evolution to high figures by the same route outside Africa have not been identified. Therefore, countries have no choice in advocating behaviour changes in the general population, and not only in the classical risk groups. Initial hesitations toward extended voluntary and confidential screening are dwindling. Well-conceived confidential screening may be the only way to avoid strong-armed government intervention. The latter is certain to be divisive, and is likely to be counterproductive on balance.An efficacious vaccine remains remote, but an antiviral which prolongs life by at least several months in AIDS patients, but not all of them, is now available. Zidovudine (AZT), however, is toxic and mere prolongation of life without cure will impose an additional burden on AIDS economics.A novel virus (HIV-2) has been identified and is already widespread in West-Africans. It causes AIDS, but the present ratio of AIDS cases in those infected seems lower than with HIV(-l); this feature may be transient. HIV-2 antibodies are either detected or missed by anti-HIV-1 screens; if found, they can be distinguished from anti-HIV-1 only by special confirmatory technique. New screening assays showing equal sensitivity for HIV-1 and HIV-2 in a single test should be devised. At present, HIV-2 is very rare in Western countries compared to HIV-1.
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Ojo, Olugbenga. "Face the Screen: Panacea Outlet for the Conduct of Examinations in the Time of COVID-19 Pandemic." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.403.

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The increase in the use of technology devices and development of various software applications the world over has enabled identifiable solutions to various human problems that looked like Herculean tasks in the past. In the ODL mode of education, as leaners juggle study, work and the responsibility that family life entails, the flexibility characteristic of ODL is paving way for the expected continuity in the teaching and learning process through technology. These include examinations and evaluation processes. Educational institutions in Nigeria before now, based only on traditional methods of learning, that is, they follow the traditional set up of face-to-face lectures including term or semester examinations in a classroom. With the advent of distance learning mode, many universities running dual mode of education along with the only single mode university available in the West African coast - the National Open University of Nigeria, have started blended learning. Although many of the existing colleges and universities are stuck with old procedures of teaching in various ways, the narrative changed when the deadly disease called Covid-19 caused by a Corona Virus (SARS-CoV-2) shook the entire world. Part of the challenges brought about by this World Health Organization declared pandemic was how to ensure continuity in the process of teaching and learning. It is against this background that exigency of time have made it mandatory for institutions of learning to fully turn to technology for solutions to examinations and evaluation process, hence, the reason for virtual examinations which made students to face the screen instead of the traditional assessment system facilitated through the face-to-face classroom environment. Very many conventional institutions of learning which were reluctant to change their pedagogical approach along with the technologically inclined institutions such as NOUN took the advantage of the situation to introduce virtual examinations which points to the fact that students must face the screen if they were to be evaluated. The aim of this paper is to share the experience this mode of examinations entails in the developing countries of West Africa for the purpose of improvement and enabling students outside the shores of the locations of various institutions the opportunity it portend for access to education.
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Reports on the topic "Ebola virus disease – Africa, West"

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Moro, Leben, and Alice Robinson. Key Considerations: Cross-Border Dynamics between Uganda and South Sudan in the Context of the Outbreak of Ebola, 2022. Institute of Development Studies, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.045.

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This brief summarises key considerations concerning cross-border dynamics between South Sudan and Uganda in the context of the 2022 outbreak of Ebola in Uganda, and the risk of the spread of the virus into South Sudan. It is one of four briefs exploring cross-border dynamics in the context of the outbreak, alongside Kenya, Rwanda and Tanzania. The outbreak is of the Sudan strain of Ebola (Sudan Virus Disease, SVD). SVD is used in this paper to refer to the current outbreak in East Africa, whereas outbreaks of Zaire Ebolavirus disease or general references to Ebola are referred to as EVD. The outbreak of SVD began in Mubende, Uganda, on 19 September 2022. At the time of writing (25 November), there had been 141 confirmed cases and 55 deaths, including seven health workers. Infections had been confirmed in nine districts in Uganda, including in Kampala – a major transport hub. Vaccines used in previous Ebola outbreaks are effective against the Zaire strain of Ebola, and vaccines that could work against the Sudan strain remain under investigation. As of November 2022, there have been no confirmed cases of SVD imported into South Sudan, although several alerts have been investigated. However, the fear that travellers from Uganda might bring the disease into South Sudan has spurred preparations by government institutions and partner organisations, building on the experiences acquired during past outbreaks, particularly Ebola and COVID-19. An EVD High Level Taskforce has been formed, chaired by the Minister for Cabinet Affairs and co-chaired by the Minister of Health. The South Sudan Ministry of Health (MoH) has activated the Public Health Emergency Operation Centre (PHEOC) and Incident Management System (IMS). A national EVD Readiness Plan has been developed and endorsed by the government. A free hotline (number 6666) is in place, which can be used either to report suspected cases or for information on Ebola. Training of staff at border entry points has started. This brief is based on a rapid review of published and grey literature, and informal discussions with the South Sudan Red Cross, IOM, academics from University of Juba, and the PHEOC. It was requested by the Collective Service and was written by Leben Nelson Moro (University of Juba) and Alice Robinson (London School of Economics). It was reviewed by colleagues at the University of Bath, the PHEOC, Internews, Anthrologica, the Institute of Development Studies and the Collective Service. The brief is the responsibility of the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP).
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Lees, Shelley, and Mark Marchant. Key Considerations: Cross-Border Dynamics Between Uganda and Tanzania in the Context of the Outbreak of Ebola, 2022. Institute of Development Studies, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.046.

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This brief summarises key considerations concerning cross-border dynamics between Tanzania and Uganda in the context of the outbreak of Ebola (Sudan Virus Disease, SVD) in Uganda. It is part of a series focusing on at-risk border areas between Uganda and four high priority neighbouring countries: Rwanda; Tanzania; Kenya and South Sudan. The current outbreak is of the Sudan strain of Ebola (SVD). SVD is used in this paper to refer to the current outbreak in East Africa, whereas outbreaks of Zaire Ebolavirus disease or general references to Ebola are referred to as EVD. The current outbreak began in Mubende, Uganda, on 19 September 2022, approximately 240km from the Uganda-Tanzania border. It has since spread to nine Ugandan districts, including two in the Kampala metropolitan area. Kampala is a transport hub, with a population over 3.6 million. While the global risk from SVD remains low according to the World Health Organization, its presence in the Ugandan capital has significantly heightened the risk to regional neighbours. At the time of writing, there had been no cases of Ebola imported from Uganda into Tanzania. This brief provides details about cross-border relations, the political and economic dynamics likely to influence these, and specific areas and actors most at risk. It is based on a rapid review of existing published and grey literature, previous ethnographic research in Tanzania, and informal discussions with colleagues from the Tanzania’s Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children (MoHCDGEC), Tanzania National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Uganda Red Cross Society, Tanzania Red Cross Society (TRCS), International Organization for Migration (IOM), IFRC, US CDC and CDC Tanzania. The brief was developed by Shelley Lees and Mark Marchant (London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine) with support from Olivia Tulloch (Anthrologica) and Hugh Lamarque (University of Edinburgh). Additional review and inputs were provided by The Tanzania Red Cross and UNICEF. The brief is the responsibility of the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP).
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Abbas, Syed, Soha Karam, Megan Schmidt-Sane, and Jennifer Palmer. Social Considerations for Monkeypox Response. Institute of Development Studies, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.021.

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Given the health, social, and economic upheavals of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is understandable anxiety about another virus, monkeypox, quickly emerging in many countries around the world. In West and Central Africa, where the disease has been endemic for several decades, monkeypox transmission in people usually happens in short, controllable chains of infection after contact with infected animal reservoirs. Recent monkeypox infections have been identified in non-endemic regions, with most occurring through longer chains of human-to-human spread in people without a history of contact with animals or travel to endemic regions. These seemingly different patterns of disease have prompted public health investigation. However, ending chains of monkeypox transmission requires a better understanding of the social, ecological and scientific interconnections between endemic and non-endemic areas. In this set of companion briefs, we lay out social considerations from previous examples of disease emergence to reflect on 1) the range of response strategies available to control monkeypox, and 2) specific considerations for monkeypox risk communication and community engagement (RCCE). We aim for these briefs to be used by public health practitioners and advisors involved in developing responses to the ongoing monkeypox outbreak, particularly in non-endemic countries. This brief on social considerations for monkeypox response was written by Syed Abbas (IDS), Soha Karam (Anthrologica), Megan Schmidt-Sane (IDS), and Jennifer Palmer (LSHTM), with contributions from Hayley MacGregor (IDS), Olivia Tulloch (Anthrologica), and Annie Wilkinson (IDS). The brief was reviewed by Boghuma Titanji (Emory University School of Medicine). This brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Schmidt-Sane, Megan, Syed Abbas, Soha Karam, and Jennifer Palmer. RCCE Strategies for Monkeypox Response. SSHAP, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.020.

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Given the health, social, and economic upheavals of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is understandable anxiety about another virus, monkeypox, quickly emerging in many countries around the world. In West and Central Africa, where the disease has been endemic for several decades, monkeypox transmission in humans usually occurs in short, controllable chains of infection after contact with infected animal reservoirs. Recent monkeypox infections have been identified in non-endemic regions, with most occurring through longer chains of human-to-human spread in people without a history of contact with animals or travel to endemic regions. These seemingly different patterns of disease have prompted public health investigation. However, ending chains of monkeypox transmission requires a better understanding of the social, ecological and scientific interconnections between endemic and non-endemic areas. This brief is intended to be read in conjunction with the companion brief entitled ‘Social Considerations for Monkeypox Response’.1 In this set of briefs, we lay out social considerations from previous examples of disease emergence to reflect on 1) the range of response strategies available to control monkeypox, and 2) specific considerations for monkeypox risk communication and community engagement (RCCE). These briefs are intended to be used by public health practitioners and advisors involved in developing responses to the ongoing monkeypox outbreak, particularly in non-endemic countries. This brief on RCCE strategies for monkeypox response was written by Megan Schmidt-Sane (IDS), Syed Abbas (IDS), Soha Karam (Anthrologica), and Jennifer Palmer (LSHTM), with contributions from Hayley MacGregor (IDS), Olivia Tulloch (Anthrologica), and Annie Wilkinson (IDS). It was reviewed by Will Nutland (The Love Tank CIC/PrEPster) and was edited by Victoria Haldane (Anthrologica). This brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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