Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Eau (H2O)'
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Flores, Carolina. "Etude des transferts de masse et de chaleur au sein d'un absorbeur eau/bromure de lithium." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01062936.
Full textNègre, Lucille. "Relationship between water transfer and plastic deformation : the case study of quartzites." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021ORLE3214.
Full textDue to its abundance and ubiquitous presence in the continental crust, the rheology of quartz is a fundamental parameter to understand geodynamic processes. Despite a long history of research since the early discovery of the effect of H2O on quartz rheology by Griggsand Blacic (1965), many aspects of H2O weakening of quartz are yet unresolved. One of these aspects is the enhancing effect of pressure on the H2O weakening of quartz, whose mechanisms are not understood. In this study, the pressure dependence of the strength of quartz aggregates has been revisited using natural quartzite samples of high purity with a large grain size of ∼200 μm asstarting material in order to diminish the role of diffusion creep processes in comparison to dislocation creep. Experimental deformationof water-added (0.1 wt.%) samples was performed in a “Griggs” type solid medium apparatus at confining pressures ranging from 600 to2000 MPa. Mechanical data show that at the deformation conditions applied, the quartzite strength decreases systematically withincreasing confining pressure. Microstructural studies demonstrate an accommodation of the deformation dominated by crystal plasticdeformation of quartz clasts (dislocation creep) supplemented by grain boundary processes where new small-sized grains formed. Both mechanical data and microstructural studies show that micro-cracking, dissolution-reprecipitation and material transfers at grainboundaries processes also play a part into deformation. The most prominent effect of pressure on bulk strength relies on grain boundary processes: pressure increase results in a large enhancement of the generation of small grains along the boundaries of the original large porphyroclasts. This effect is presumably the main cause for the weakening effect of pressure. One second aspect of the H2Odependence of quartz is linked to the amount of water available during deformation and how it is used. To explore this point, infrared spectroscopy allowed to measure independently the grain interiors and boundaries, both on starting and experimental materials. It appears that through the experiments, dislocation creep mechanisms contributed to the decrease of the H2O content in all microstructures during deformation, the H2O being transferred from the grain interiors to the grain boundary region. H20 distribution and deformation interact, with intracrystalline H20 content enhancing the deformation (rate of dislocation creep) and deformation accompanying the transport of H20. This study highlights the deformation of quartzite as being a self-sufficient system as H20accelerates the rates of recovery and recrystallization, and microcracks may allow H20 to re-enter the interior of grains from the grain boundary region. The grain boundaries, act as a storage site for H2O. For the deformation at natural conditions, it will be a critical parameter whether the H2O will be preserved at these sites or whether it will be drained and thus potentially harden the assembly and relocate the deformation
Shafizadeh, Niloufar. "Photodynamique de petites molécules : photodissociation de H2O, observation de l'exciplexe ArOD, réactivité du magnésium." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112219.
Full textThis work is concerned with several aspects of reaction dynamics : photodissociation of H₂O and D₂O, observation of the ArOD van der Waals molecule and reactivity of Magnesium atoms. The photodissociation of H₂O and D₂O near the threshold for production of excited OH/OD (A²Σ⁺) fragments has been studied by two-photon excitation of the B ̃ ¹A₁ state at 266nm. The distribution of rotationnal population obtained seems to confirm the existence of long-lived trajectories. When the dissociation process is initiated with a small energy excess, as suggested by quantum mechanical calculations on realistic potential surfaces. When D₂O was dissociated in presence of Argon, an excimer emission from the van der Waals ArOD molecule has been observed. This band was attributed to the transition from the first excited (linear) state to the ground L-shaped state. The emission profile was succesfully simulated using a recently published potential for the excited state and modeling the ground state potent by the X²Σ⁺ground state of ArF. The reactions of Mg (¹S, ³P) with Cl₂and various chlorinated compounds have been studied by LIF and spectral dispersion of the MgCl chemiluminescence reaction product. Rovibronic population distributions were extracted from the experimental spectra, using simulation and inversion procedures. The dynamics of the Mg(¹S)+Cl₂reaction was reinvestigated and compared with the dynamics of the Mg(³P)+ Cl₂chemiluminescence channel. The derived population distributions are consistent with the short distance harpooning mechanism suggested in a previous work of B. Bourguignon, M-A. Gargoura, J. Rostas and G. Taieb
Daniel, Fabien. "Etude de la dynamique collisionnelle des molécules N2H+ et H2O : implication sur la caractérisation des régions de formation d'étoile." Paris 6, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00445536.
Full textN'Tsoukpoe, Kokouvi Edem. "Etude du stockage à long terme de l'énergie solaire thermique par procédé d'absorption LiBr-H2O pour le chauffage de l'habitat." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00710249.
Full textPierrot, Laurent. "Développement, étude critique et validation de modèles, de propriétés radiatives infrarouges de CO2 et H2O à haute température : applications au calcul des transferts dans des chambres aéronautiques et à la télédétection." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ECAP0512.
Full textLE, TEXIER-COULOMB HELENE. "Etude des composes de l'hydrogene, ch4, h2o, h2 et hox dans la stratosphere et la mesosphere : photochimie et transport." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077275.
Full textAppere, Thomas. "Cycle actuel de l'eau sur Mars : étude des dépôts saisonniers de l'hémisphère nord par télédétection hyperspectrale (OMEGA/Mars Express)." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00745121.
Full textCarnevali, Sofia. "Unsteady aspects of sodium-water reaction : water cleaning of sodium containing equipments." Compiègne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012COMP2034.
Full textSodium fast Reactor (FSR) is one of the most promising nuclear reactor concepts in the frame of Generation IV systems to be commercialised in the next decades. One important safety issue about this technology is the highly exothermal chemical reaction of sodium when brought in contact with liquid water. This situation is likely, in particular during decommissioning, when sodium needs to be firstly converted (‘destroyed’) into non reactive species. This is achieved by water washing : the major products are then gaseous hydrogen and corrosive soda. Today, such operations are performed in confined chambers to mitigate the consequences of any possible abnormal conditions. It has for long been believed that the main safety problem was the combustion of hydrogen in the surrounding air despite some pioneering works suggested that even without air the reaction could be explosive. It is extremely important to clarify the phenomenology of sodium-water interactions since available knowledge does not allow a robust extrapolation of existing data/model to full scale plants. The primary objective of this work is to identify and assess the details of the phenomenology, especially at the sodium/water interface, to isolate the leading mechanisms and to propose a robust and innovative modelling approach. A large body of yet unreleased experimental data extracted from the files of the French Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA) was collated and analysed on the basis of “explosion” physics. Some additional experiments were also performed to fill some gaps, especially about the kinetics of the reaction. The results strongly suggest that the fast expansion of gas producing a blast wave in certain conditions is a kind of vapour explosion. It also appears that any potential hydrogen-air explosion should be strongly mitigated by the large quantity of water vapour emanating also from the reaction zone. The limitations of existing modelling approaches are clearly identified and alternatives are proposed and offer a better perspective of extrapolation to full scale installations
Cunsolo, Alessandro. "Relaxation phenomena in the THz dynamics of simple fluids probed by inelastic X-ray scattering." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10166.
Full textThibert, Emmanuel. "Thermodynamique et cinétique des solutions solides HCl-H2O et HNO3-H2O : implications atmosphériques." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00755697.
Full textIbrahim, Mohamad. "Étude de la réactivité du dimère hétéronucléaire PdTi avec le monoxyde de carbone et du titane atomique avec CO et H2O en matrice d’argon et par spectroscopie vibrationnelle FTIR Spectra and structures of the Pdm-CO complexes: An infrared matrix isolation and density functional study Infrared Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory Investigations of PdTi Heterodimer Reactivity with Carbon Monoxide Isolated in Solid Argon." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS643.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is the study of transition metal atoms reactivity with the CO and H2O ligands using argon matrix isolation at 12 K and the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. We have studied the reaction between the heteronuclear PdTi dimer with CO and we have identified the PdTi-CO, TiPd-CO, PdTi(CO)2, and PdTi(CO)3 molecules. Irradiation in the visible leads to the conversion from PdTi-CO with a Ti-CO bond to TiPd-CO with a Pd-CO bond. In the second part of this thesis, we have studied the reaction between the atomic titanium and the CO and H2O ligands. This is a spontaneous reaction and we have characterized the HTiOH-CO and HTiOH-(CO)2 molecules essentially with the help of the isotopic CO and H2O molecules. Calculations have been made with the density functional theory (DFT). The comparison between theoretical and experimental data allowed us to determine the geometric and electronic parameters of the studied species
Sidi-Boumedine, Réda. "Etude des systèmes gaz acide - Alcanolamine - Eau : Mesures couplées de composition de la phase liquide et de solubilité." Paris, ENMP, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENMP1144.
Full textThe absorption of the acid gases (CO2, H2S) by aqueous solutions of alkanolamines is a well-known gas sweetening process. The design and the optimization of this process require the use of a thermodynamic tool permitting a realistic representation of the vapor-liquid equilibrium of these electrolytes systems. Nevertheless, the solubility data used for the determination of models' parameters are, the most often, incoherent. Moreover, experimental data of speciation do not exist, although they are important for the modelling. We conceived an experimental device based on the infrared spectroscopy (IR) permitting the measurement of both CO2 solubility and molecular CO2 and carbamate speciation in the liquid phase of the CO2 / Alkanolamine / H2O systems. Five solutions of DEA, MDEA and a mixture of these two amines have been considered. In order to get a reliable, complete and coherent database, we undertook complementary measurements of the CO2 and H2S solubility in the same aqueous solutions of alkanolamines. Finally, the database obtained during this work, contains the new solubility and speciation data, and is characterized by gas partial pressures going from 0. 1 to 4600 kPa and temperatures varying from 298. 15 to 373. 15 K. This database has been regressed for the determination of the EOS-Electrolyte model parameters based on an equation of state developed in the laboratory. The originality of this modelling is to be the first one which considers speciation data
Langlais, Chrystelle. "Etude des mélangeurs statiques en tant que réacteur chimique utilisant les procédés d'oxydation O3 et O3/H2O2 ; approche expérimentale et modélisation." Poitiers, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998POIT2339.
Full textLeconte, Jérôme. "Etude quantique d'adsorption sur des surfaces parfaites H20/Si(III)7x7 et H2/Ti02(110)." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066533.
Full textBlanchon, Le Bouhelec-Tribouillois Émilie. "Contribution à la thermodynamique de l'absorption des gaz acides H2S et CO2 dans les solvants eau-alcanolamine-méthanol : mesures expérimentales et modélisation." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPL046N/document.
Full textThis work is related to the development of new processes about gas sweetening with hybrid solvents coupling a chemical one (aqueous solution of diethanolamine) with a physical one (methanol). In the liquid phase, CO2 and H2S react with diethanolamine so that the VLE description of these systems is quite complex and requires experimental data. The first part of this work is dedicated to the experimental determination of acid gases + hybrid solvent solubility data. The experimental apparatus was improved to study H2S solubility and CO2 + H2S mixtures solubility in water-diethanolamine-methanol solvents. In the second part, the simultaneous representation of chemical and phase equilibria was realised. The heterogeneous approach developed here combines the Peng-Robinson equation of state for the vapour phase with the Electrolyte-NRTL model for the liquid phase. Parameters are fitted gradually so that the entire system water-diethanolamine-methanol-CO2-H2S system is extrapolated using Electrolyte-NRTL parameters determined by fitting experimental acid gas partial pressures of lower systems. Methanol effect is also described. An original calculation of heat of absorption was also developed. We extended the use of our approach to study others alkanolamines
Blanchon, Le Bouhelec-Tribouillois Émilie Solimando Roland. "Contribution à la thermodynamique de l'absorption des gaz acides H2S et CO2 dans les solvants eau-alcanolamine-méthanol mesures expérimentales et modélisation /." S. l. : S. n, 2006. http://www.scd.inpl-nancy.fr/theses/2006_BLANCHON_LE_BOUHELEC_E.pdf.
Full textPutois, Tamara. "Etude du traitement de désinfection des eaux de refroidissement par le couplage H2O2/UV : Application à une tour aéroréfrigérante." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00780333.
Full textGuélard, Julia. "Caractérisation des émanations de dihydrogène naturel en contexte intracratonique : exemple d'une interaction gaz/eau/roche au Kansas." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066698/document.
Full textAs part of the search for new sources of clean and sustainable energy, the mechanisms for the formation of dihydrogen (H2) in intracratonic environments were studied. Natural emissions of H2 have been described in the vicinity of mid-ocean ridges and ophiolite belts. This natural gas production, as documented in the literature, is closely related to the metasomatism of mantle rocks which are rich in mafic minerals, through the serpentinization reaction. In Kansas (USA), intracratonic H2 seepages were revealed in the 80’s by studies of H2-rich wells. Our work is based on a new borehole D#2 (Kansas, USA), and two boreholes previously studied in the 80s, Heins#1 and Scott#1 (Kansas, USA). The D#2 well provides access to a moderately deep aquifer (~ 300 m) loaded with H2. The gas is also composed of N2 and CH4 similarly to the gases issued from ophiolitic contexts. Helium is present in substantial quantities -compared to preceding contexts- in these boreholes. A multidisciplinary gas/water/rock study was carried out to understand the processes generating the production of H2 in this geological setting, to quantify the gas so generated, and to determine the relationship of H2 with other gaseous species. The results of these studies in parallel with the regional geological setting and observed lithology allowed (1) to propose several scenarios to explain the observed associations of gas and (2) to discuss the origin and production process of H2, He and N2
Bouttemy, Sabine. "Utilisation en synthèse organique de la source chimique d'oxygène singulet H2O2/MoO42- : choix d'un milieu réactionnel adapté à la péroxydation des substrats organiques : eau ou microémulsion." Lille 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LIL10007.
Full textPeters, Phillip. "Etude théorique de la réactivité de l’hydrogène avec CO, H2CO, H3COH à la surface des grains interstellaires." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10125/document.
Full textThroughout this work high level quantum chemistry methods have been used to investigate reactive processes involving: H, D, CO, H2CO, H3COH and H2O at model interstellar grains surfaces. This study has mainly focused upon the formation of the two most abundant Complex Organic Molecules (COMS), H2CO and H3COH. For the first time, all of the hydrogenation steps have been considered and treated with reliable methods in the gas phase, and in particular making use of multi-reference approaches such as MRCI+Q and MRMP2. Following the characterization of all the reactions in the gas phase, the same processes have been investigated within small molecular clusters using various density functionals and MP2. This was done as a preliminary attempt to model the icy grain mantles of interstellar dust grains. For some of the steps, such as the formation of HCO, the activation energy does not vary significantly between the gas phase and the clusters. In contrast, for other processes, such as the formation of COH, and H3CO, the activation energy is lowered and the exothermicity/endothermicity of the reaction changes. In addition, the isomerizations of some species, as for instance HCOH to H2CO, are also strongly affected by the presence of water. From the cluster calculations, we conclude that the arrangement of the surface molecules and the H flux may have a significant influence on the chemical routes leading to H2CO and H3COH. Finally, we have also discussed how these results may be incorporated into astrophysical models, as our results suggest that the current route, that is considered, may not include all of the possible steps which may contribute to the actual formation of these COMs
Driessens, Natacha. "Contribution à l'étude du caractère mutagène de l'H2O2 dans la thyroide." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209410.
Full textLors de ce travail, nous avons voulu tester in vitro, dans différents modèles thyroïdiens, l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’H2O2 produit en grandes quantités in vivo pour oxyder l’iodure et synthétiser les hormones thyroïdiennes pouvait endommager l’ADN.
Les dégâts provoqués à l’ADN ont été évalués par le test des comètes (en milieu alcalin pour les cassures simple-brin (SSBs) et en milieu neutre pour les cassures double-brin de l’ADN) et quantitativement comparés à ceux produits par l’irradiation.
Nous avons montré dans une lignée cellulaire thyroïdienne de rat (PCCl3) que des concentrations non létales d’H2O2 (0.1 – 0.5 mM) tout comme l’irradiation (1 - 10 Gy) provoquaient une augmentation dépendante de la dose du nombre de SSBs et de DSBs.
L'induction de DSBs a été confirmée par la mesure du taux de phosphorylation de l’histone H2AX sur Sérine 139. L’induction de DSBs par l’H2O2 a également été observée dans des cultures primaires de thyroïdes humaines et dans des tranches de thyroïde de porcs.
L’utilisation de L-buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO), un agent qui empêche le renouvellement du glutathion cellulaire, a conduit à un abaissement du seuil d’observation des cassures de l’ADN induites par l’H2O2.
Nous avons également observé que les dommages de l’ADN étaient réparés plus lentement lorsqu’ils étaient provoqués par l’H2O2 plutôt que par l’irradiation.
Dans un second temps, nous avons exploré au niveau moléculaire les conséquences d’une exposition à 1 Gy d’irradiation γ ou à une concentration non létale d’H2O2 (0.05 – 0.2 mM) dans des cultures primaires de thyroïdes humaines et dans des lymphocytes T issus d’un même donneur. Nous avons étudié par micro-arrays les modifications du profil d’expression génétique de ces 2 types cellulaires afin de caractériser la spécificité de la réponse transcriptionnelle en fonction de la nature de l’agression, du type et de l’importance du dommage engendré ainsi que du type cellulaire.
Les 2 types cellulaires répondent de manière similaire à l’irradiation en termes de nombre de gènes régulés, avec un large recouvrement de réponses transcriptionnelles caractérisées par une forte sur-représentation de gènes impliqués dans l’apoptose et dans la réparation des dommages de l’ADN.
En revanche, la réponse transcriptionnelle à l’H2O2 est différente dans les 2 types cellulaires.
D’une part, les lymphocytes T qui montrent un dommage à l’ADN pour de plus faibles concentrations d’H2O2 que les thyrocytes présentent une réponse transcriptionnelle 1000 fois supérieure à celle observée dans les thyrocytes. D’autre part, les quelques gènes régulés dans les thyrocytes ne le sont pas dans les lymphocytes T. Il s’agit de gènes impliqués dans la défense contre les espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ROS). Ces résultats suggèrent l’existence de mécanismes de protection anti-oxydante spécifiquement développés dans les cellules thyroïdiennes.
En conclusion, ce travail a montré que l’H2O2, à des concentrations non létales, provoque des SSBs mais également des DSBs dans différents modèles thyroïdiens in vitro. La quantité de DSBs produite par l’H2O2 est comparable à celle observée après irradiation mais la vitesse de leur réparation est plus lente. D’autre part, en comparaison avec les lymphocytes T, les thyrocytes semblent particulièrement résistants aux effets de l’H2O2 et dotés de mécanismes de protection particulièrement performants et probablement partiellement inductibles contre les ROS.
Ces données soutiennent notre hypothèse de départ selon laquelle la production d’H2O2 dans la thyroïde pourrait jouer un rôle dans l’étiopathogénie des tumeurs thyroïdiennes, en particulier en cas de défenses anti-oxydantes altérées.
Doctorat en Sciences médicales
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Cédat, Bruno. "Evaluation du procédé UV/H2O2 pour la désinfection et l’élimination des micropolluants en vue d’une réutilisation des eaux usées traitées en petites stations d’épuration." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI117/document.
Full textWater scarcity is a growing concern worldwide. In this context, treated wastewater is seen as a sustainable water resource which could be used for different purposes such as irrigation, groundwater recharge or industrial activities. Reclaimed water is an environmentally and economically solution, still poorly developed in France. However, an increasing demand is expected in the coming years. Therefore, treatment enhancement in wastewater treatment plant could be necessary in order to meet chemical and biological water quality requirements which will depend on the final use of the treated water. The treatment of emerging micropollutants is one of the new challenge WTP will have to cope with. Enhanced treatment processes (ozonation, activated carbon, membrane filtration) have already been set up in large WTP but small and medium WTP, representing around 90% of the French WTP, are still lacking of affordable treatment solutions. However, UV based advanced oxidation process (AOP) could be a promising technology in order to produce a water of high quality. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that UV/H2O2 process is technically and economically efficient for the disinfection and the removal of micropollutants in small and medium WTP. First of all, a UV/H2O2 pilot at a laboratory scale was assessed on bacterial models as well as estrogenic micropollutants (E1, E2 and EE2) in treated wastewater. Treatment efficiency was compared to UV photolysis. It was shown that UV/H2O2 treatment increased the disinfection process by destroying the cellular membrane integrity whereas the UV photolysis could only inactive the bacteria. Moreover, when combining UV (plus petit 600 mJ/cm²) and H2O2 (30-50 mg/L), above 80% of the estrogenic compounds and the associated estrogenic activity could be removed. No high estrogenic or toxic by-products were detected by the two bioassays used in this study (YES and vibrio fisheri). The UV/H2O2 process could also degrade pharmaceuticals such as diclofenac, ibuprofen and naproxen (>70 % at 1000 mJ/cm²). In a second part, a full scale pilot was designed based on the previous results and set up in a WTP in Vercia (Jura). The treatment (UV fluence ≈ 1000 mJ/cm², [H2O2] = 15 mg/L) allowed to obtain a water of a very high bacteriological and chemical quality. The global cost of the process was estimated at around 0.28 €/m³. This study demonstrates the efficiency of the UV/H2O2 process in a small WTP and its high potential for reclaimed water production
Bagherzadeh, Kasiri Masoud. "Contribution à l'étude de dégradation des colorants organiques par le procède d'oxydation avancée UV/Fe-ZSM5/H2O2." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MULH3051.
Full textLarge amounts of dyes are annually produced and applied in different industries. The biological methods are widely used for treatment of coloured ef fluents, but they have some limitations. Traditional chemical oxidations that destroy the chromophore of the molecule could not also result the complete mineralisation of the dyes. Homogeneous photo-fenton is a promising technique for treatment of the effluents but there are still some drawbacks that limit the industrial applications of this method. The aim of this work was to study the decolourisation and the degradation of coloured solution containing acid orange 7 acid orange 8 acid red I4 acid red 73 or acid blue 74 by an advanced oxidation process: heterogeneous Photo-fenton. In this study zeolite fe-zsm5 was used as a heterogeneous catalyst. Application of this system not only allowed us to diminish the quantity of sludge formed during the process but also reduced the consummation of electrical energy process keeps its high efficiency even at neutral phs. The modelling of the process was done by two methods - response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial Neural networks (ANNS) in order to optimise the performance of the system and to evaluate the simple and the combined effects of different variables on the process efficiency
Rigutto, Sabrina. "Duox1 et Duox2, NADPH oxydases impliquées dans la génération du peroxyde d'hydrogène thyroïdien: étude de leur rôle physiologique et de la régulation de leur activité." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210243.
Full textFaute d’une maturation correcte des protéines Duox à la membrane plasmique, il a longtemps été impossible de reconstituer un système générateur d’H2O2 actif par transfection de Duox1 et/ou Duox2 en système hétérologue. En 2006, les protéines activatrices des protéines Duox1 et Duox2, respectivement appelées DuoxA1 et DuoxA2, ont été identifiées. Leur co-expression avec les enzymes Duox permet à ces dernières de migrer à la membrane et d’être actives. La distribution tissulaire des protéines DuoxA est parallèle à celle des Duox. La découverte des protéines activatrices a permis d’étudier spécifiquement la régulation de l’activité de Duox1 et de Duox2. La production d’H2O2 de Duox1 est positivement régulée par la voie de l’AMPc via des phosphorylations par la protéine kinase A (PKA). La génération d’H2O2 de Duox2 est sous le contrôle de la voie des phosphatidylinositols-Ca2+ conduisant à l’activation de la protéine kinase C (PKC). L’activation de Duox2 est également corrélée à une modification de l’état de phosphorylation de la protéine. Dans les thyrocytes humains, le récepteur de la TSH est couplé aux protéines Gs et Gq/11. La TSH liée à son récepteur est donc capable d’activer la voie de l’AMPc et la voie des phosphatidylinositols-Ca2+. Dans les thyrocytes humains en culture primaire, l’activation de la PKA et de la PKC mène également à une augmentation de la phosphorylation des protéines Duox.
En conclusion :1) Duox1 est majoritairement responsable de la production d’H2O2 dans la lignée de thyrocytes de rat PCCl3 ;2) l’activité de Duox1 humain co-exprimé avec son activateur en cellules Cos-7 est régulée positivement par la voie de l’AMPc via des phosphorylations par la PKA ;3) l’activité de Duox2 humain co-exprimé avec son activateur en cellules Cos-7 est stimulée par la voie des phosphatidylinositols-Ca2+ via des phosphorylations par la PKC ;4) les thyrocytes humains expriment les deux protéines Duox. La production d’H2O2 est augmentée suite à l’activation de la voie de l’AMPc et de la voie des phosphatidylinositols-Ca2+. Les protéines Duox sont phosphorylées au niveau basal et cette phosphorylation est augmentée suite à l’activation de la PKA ou de la PKC.
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Ghaddhab, Chiraz. "Carcinogenèse thyroïdienne: rôle mutagène de l'irradiation et de l'H2O2." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209115.
Full textLa première partie de ce travail visait à mieux comprendre les mécanismes de protections qui pourraient être impliqués dans la défense contre les effets néfastes de l’H2O2 ainsi que le rôle de l’H2O2 dans la cancérogenèse thyroïdienne. Nous avons utilisé des cultures primaires de thyrocytes humains et nous les avons comparées à des lignées cellulaires de diverses origines ainsi qu’à des cultures primaires de lymphocytes T. Les résultats obtenus après traitement à l’H2O2 ont été comparés à ceux obtenus après irradiation, agent carcinogène connu.
Nous avons montré, grâce à une méthode fluorimétrique, que le thyrocyte était capable de dégrader de façon très efficace l’H2O2.
L’utilisation de L-buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO), un agent qui déplète la cellule en glutathion, a conduit à un abaissement du seuil d’observation des cassures de l’ADN (test des comètes) induites par l’H2O2 dans le thyrocyte ;ce qui suggère que la glutathion peroxydase (GPx) est impliquée dans la protection des thyrocytes en réponse à une agression par l’H2O2. Ceci a été confirmé par une augmentation de l'activité enzymatique de la GPx dans le thyrocyte une heure après une exposition à de l’H2O2 et pas après irradiation.
Une augmentation de l’expression de l’Hème oxygénase 1 (HMOX1) a été confirmée par RT-qPCR dans le thyrocyte après un traitement à l’H2O2. Ces résultats concordaient avec les résultats précédemment obtenus par microarray.
Les cinétiques de réparation de l'ADN ont montré que les dégâts à l'ADN étaient réparés plus lentement quand ils étaient provoqués par l’H2O2 que par l’irradiation. Les lymphocytes T sont incapables de réparer les dommages causés à l'ADN par l’H2O2.
Un pré-traitement des thyrocytes avec de l’H2O2 ralentit la réparation des dégâts à l’ADN induits par l’irradiation ce qui suggère une inhibition des enzymes de réparation en cas de stress oxydant.
La deuxième partie du travail a consisté à étudier la réaction de Fenton dans la thyroïde. En effet, un excès de fer libre a été suspecté d’être un facteur favorisant dans la génération de divers cancers dont le cancer thyroïdien. En présence d’H2O2, un excès de fer libre entraine la génération de radicaux hydroxyl, hautement réactifs (réaction de Fenton).
Nous avons mesuré les dégâts à l’ADN des thyrocytes pré-incubés avec des concentrations de FeSO4 compatibles avec la survie et traités avec l’H2O2. Une augmentation des dégâts à l’ADN et un ralentissement de leur réparation ont été observés dans les cellules. Les dégâts induits par l’irradiation n’étaient pas influencés par la présence de FeSO4.
Enfin, la troisième et dernière partie du travail a consisté à étudier les effets d’une irradiation causée par l’iode131 (I131) et de les comparer à ceux produits par une irradiation γ sur des thyrocytes humains en culture primaire ainsi que sur des lignées thyroïdiennes de rats (FRTL5 et PCCl3). L’irradiation par l’I131 produit moins de dégâts à l’ADN sur le thyrocyte, par le test des comètes, qu’une irradiation γ (Cs137) à doses irradiantes absorbées équivalentes. Un effet dose-réponse de l’irradiation par I’131 sur les lignées cellulaires (FRTL5 et PCCl3) est observé avec des activités radioactives faibles et des temps d’incubation courts.
En conclusion, le thyrocyte a développé plusieurs mécanismes de protection efficaces contre le stress oxydant, en particulier contre l’H2O2. Une augmentation du stress oxydant suite à un excès d’H2O2, de fer libre ou d’un défaut d’un des mécanismes de protection pourrait favoriser l'apparition de cancers sporadiques de la thyroïde.
Doctorat en Sciences médicales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Torres, Ixbalank. "Simulation and control of denitrification biofilters described by PDEs." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1204/.
Full textThis thesis addresses the simulation and control of a denitrification biofilter. Parabolic and hyperbolic PDE models may be considered, which depends on the fact of considering or neglecting the diffusion phenomenon. In plus of the classical methods of lines, approaches specific to the type of PDE system are evaluated to simulate the biofilter. The method of characteristics applies to hyperbolic PDE systems. The modal analysis used on the parabolic PDE system allows manipulating a reduced order model. The control objective is then the reduction of the nitrogen concentration at the output of the reactor below some pre-specified upper limit, in spite of the external disturbances and uncertainties of the model. Two control strategies are considered. An early lumping approach is used to synthesize an observer-based H2 output feedback linear controller. A late lumping approach associates a linearizing control to a distributed parameter observer
Kanike, Vanaja. "“Acid-spike” effect in spurs/tracks of the low/high linear energy transfer radiolysis of water : potential implications for radiobiology and nuclear industry." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9711.
Full textAbstract : Hydronium ions (H3O+) are formed within spurs or tracks of the low or high linear energy transfer (LET) radiolysis of pure, deaerated water at early times. The in situ radiolytic formation of H3O+ renders the spur and track regions temporarily more acid than the surrounding medium. Although experimental evidence for an acidic spur has already been reported, there is only fragmentary information on its magnitude and time dependence. In this work, spur or track H3O+ concentrations and the corresponding pH values are obtained from our calculated yields of H3O+ as a function of time, using Monte Carlo track chemistry simulations. We selected four impacting ions and we used two different spur and track models: 1) an isolated “spherical” spur model characteristic of low-LET radiation and 2) an axially homogeneous “cylindrical” track model for high-LET radiation. Very good agreement was found between our calculated time evolution of G(H3O+) in the radiolysis of pure, deaerated water by 300-MeV incident protons (which mimic 60Co gamma/fast electron irradiation) and the available experimental data at 25 °C. For all cases studied, an abrupt transient acid pH effect, which we call an “acid spike”, is observed during and shortly after the initial energy release. This acid-spike effect is virtually unexplored in water or in a cellular environment subject to the action of ionizing radiation, especially high-LET radiation. In this regard, this work raises a number of questions about the potential implications of this effect for radiobiology, some of which are briefly evoked. Our calculations were then extended to examine the effect of temperature from 25 to 350 °C on the yield of H3O+ ions that are formed in spurs of the low-LET radiolysis of water. The results showed an increasingly acidic spike response at higher temperatures. As many in-core processes in a water-cooled nuclear reactor critically depend on pH, the question here is whether these variations in acidity, even highly localized and transitory, contribute to material corrosion and damage.
Léal, Françoise. "Etude de la production et de l'émanation de composés volatils malodorants sur textile à usage sportif." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL070N/document.
Full textFresh human sweat is odorless. Odoriferous volatile compounds are produced by the metabolism of bacteria living on the skin, generating strong malodor. Sweaty body odors do also appear on clothes during use, and especially on synthetic fabrics. The aim of this document is to improve understanding of odor emission by investigating subject effect, microbiota effect and fabric effect on the emission of odoriferous volatile compounds.Odors of perspiration are hereby globally approached with a wide use of methods and experimental devices, for microbial flora study as well as for odoriferous volatile compounds emission study.First, microflora enumeration has been simultaneously processed on the skin and on the fabric after exercise for 15 subjects. This experiment allowed an evaluation of the average bacterial transfer yield during physical activity and the beginning of the investigation of its effect on odor emission.A molecular biology methodology has then been developed in order to refine these results. Monitoring of qualitative composition of the microbiota has been performed to study the stability of the armpit’s ecosystem on a subject during 3 months. Specific microbial transfer from subject’s skin to clothe has been performed for 4 textile fabrics (including cotton and PET). This leaded to characterize the effect of specific bacterial transfer on odor emission from fabric.The last chapter is dedicated to the study of the emission of odoriferous volatile compounds over time using olfactory measurements and electronic nose for 8 selected fabrics. Principal component analysis targeted 9 chemical compounds that have been selected as malodorous behavior indicators for a given fabric. Those 9 compounds could be used for setting up a fitted physicochemical method of malodor.To conclude, this study helped to understand the effect of 3 factors in odor perception from a fabric after sport : subject, microbial flora and fabric. Perspectives have been charted on contact microbial contamination, but also on odor, and especially on desorption of odoriferous volatile molecules from a textile or knitted matrix. The solutions that could be used to limit malodorous emission from fabrics have also been discussed
Frédéric, Schmidt. "Classification de la surface de Mars par imagerie hyperspectrale OMEGA. Suivi spatio-temporel et étude des dépôts saisonniers de CO2 et H2O." Phd thesis, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00192298.
Full textLes régions polaires de Mars sont le siège d'un cycle climatique annuel d'échange de CO2 entre atmosphère et surface. Pendant la nuit polaire, le CO2 atmosphérique se condense au sol, tandis qu'il se sublime à nouveau pour gonfler l'atmosphère, dès les premiers rayons du soleil au printemps. Ce cycle a été mis à jour depuis les années 60 mais aujourd'hui encore, le détail microphysique d'interaction entre atmosphère et surface demeure inconnu. Le second objectif de cette thèse est d'établir un modèle de sublimation des dépôts saisonniers martiens. Le bilan de masse est simulé par un bilan radiatif sur une surface rugueuse. La confrontation de ce modèle avec différents jeux de données spatiales a permis de montrer que la sublimation de la calotte saisonnière sud de Mars est contrôlée majoritairement par son albédo. Des études ultérieures seront nécessaires pour saisir quels sont les mécanismes à l'origine des variabilités d'albédo (métamorphisme, contamination en poussière, . . . ).
陳世豪. "A study on alcohols - gasoline and HHO by Programmable ECU to adjustment Lean burn." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36y7wd.
Full text國立彰化師範大學
車輛科技研究所
106
The purpose of this study is to investigate the engine performance with the change of carriage and the difference of air-fuel ratio (AFR) by using Ethanol-gasoline, Butanol-gasoline, and hydrogen fuel (HHO). There are two stages in this study. Using programmable ECU to affect AFR under idle speed, fixed rotation (RPM), and temperature was first examined to see the improvement of engine performance and pollutant emission. Result indicated that lean burn do show the significant improvement. The instability of alcohol-gasoline was improved by adding HHO. Using programmable ECU to adjust pressure and injection volume; fans to maintain the temperature of the engine; O2 sensor and catalytic converter to affect the conversion, we found out that the emission reduction of CO, HC and NOx is respectively 42%, 36% and 26%. In the second stage, we use DYNO-mite dynamometer according to “Map of Global motorcycle driving mode” as the test condition, we tested under 30KM/h and 50KM/h. Result of the test showed that Ethanol-gasoline and Butanol-gasoline have the lowest BSFC and the perfect emission. At the speed of 30KM/h with 10 to 30N-m and at the speed of 50KM/h with 10N-m and 50N-m, not only the emission of HC is 0, but also the number of BSFC is as good as gasoline.
Netshivhumbe, Ndivhuwo Prudence. "Classroom practices of some natural sciences teachers of the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province." Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26874.
Full textThe purpose of this study was to explore the classroom practices of Senior Phase Natural Sciences teachers in some of the schools of the Vhembe District. Qualitative case study approach was employed and three teachers participated. The following research questions were explored: What is the level of the teacher’s subject-matter knowledge in the teaching of Natural Sciences (NS)? What is the nature of the teacher’s instructional strategies in the teaching of NS? How does the teacher’s subject-matter knowledge and instructional strategies shape the teachers’ classroom interaction and discourse in the teaching of NS? Interviews, observations and a questionnaire have been used for data collection. Teachers used their teaching experiences to teach NS. Results indicated lack of teachers, facilities and resources. It is recommended that the Department of Education as an arm of government should see that schools have the facilities, resources and teachers they need for proper teaching and learning as well as providing sufficient workshops to improve teachers’ classroom practices.
Sepheo sa thuto ena e ne e le ho hlahloba mekhoa ea litlelase tsa matichere a Phahameng ea Setsebi sa Tlhaho ea Setsebi tse ling tsa sekolo sa Vhembe. Ho ne ho sebelisoa mokhoa o nepahetseng oa ho ithuta litsebo le matichere a mararo. Lipotso tse latelang tsa lipatlisiso li ile tsa hlahlojoa: Mokhoa oa mosuoe oa mosuoe ke oa mofuta ofe thutong ea Saense ea tlhaho? Mokhoa oa mekhoa ea koetliso ea tichere ke efe tabeng ea thuto ea saense ea tlhaho? Mosuoe oa mosuoe o tseba joang le mekhoa ea ho ruta e amanang le ho sebelisana ha tichere le ho bua ka thutho ea saense ea tlhaho? Lipuisano, litlhaloso le lipotso. E sebeliselitsoe ho bokella data. Barupeluao ba ile ba sebelisa liphihlelo tsa bona tsa thutho ho ruta saense ea tlhaho. Liphello li bonst’a ho haelloa ke matichere a saense ea tlhaho, mehaho le thepa. Ho khothalletsoa hore Muso le Lefapha la Thuto lo bone hore likolo li na le mehaho, lisebelisoa le matichere bakeng sa thuto le thutho e nepahetseng hammoho le ho fana ka lithupelo tse lekaneng bakeng sa ho ntlafatsa mekhoa ea matichere ea tlelase.
Die doel van die studie was om die klaskamerpraktyke van senior Fase Natuurwetenskappe-onderwysers in sommige skole van skole in die Vhembe-distrik te ondersoek. Kwantitatiewe gevallestudie-benadering was in diens en drie onderwysers het deelgeneem. Die volgende navorsingsvrae is ondersoek: Wat is die aard van die onderwyser se onderwyser kennis in die onderrig van Natuurwetenskappe? Wat is die aard van onderwyser se onderrigstrategiee in die onderrig van Natuurwetenskappe? Hoe vorm die onderwyser se kennis en onderrigstrategiee die onderwyser se klasinteraksie en-diskoers in die onderrig van Natuurwetenskappe? Onderhoude, waarnemings en vraelys wat gebruik word vir data-insameling. Deelnemers het hul onderrigervarings gebruik om Natuurwetenskappe te onderrig. Resultate dui op gebrek aan Natuurwetenskappeonderwysers, fasiliteite en-bronne. Dit word aanbeveel dat die regering en die Departement van Onderwys moet sien dat skole fasiliteite, hulpbronne en onderwysers het vir behoorlike onderrig en leer, asook voldoende werkwinkels om onderwysers se klaskamerpraktyke te verbeter.
Science and Technology Education
M. Ed. (Natural Science Education)
Sikhosana, Lettah. "Integration of environmental education by senior phase teachers in some schools of Nkangala District." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26860.
Full textInjongo yesifundo yayikukuphonononga ukuba kutheni kwaye kutheni ootitshala benqanaba eliphakamileyo bedibanisa okanye bengadibanisi imfundo yendalo ekufundiseni nasekufundeni. Ugxininiso kolu phando lwalukwimfundo katitshala malunga nemfundo yendalo esingqongileyo, iindlela zokufundisa ezisetyenzisiweyo, imiceli mngeni kunye namathuba afunyanwa xa kufuneka edibanise imfundo yendalo. Uphononongo lwamkele indlela yophando esemgangathweni, uyilo lwamatyala kunye nepharadigm yophando. Idatha yolwazi yaqokelelwa kusetyenziswa udliwanondlebe kunye nokujonga izifundo. Ngootitshala abathathu abathathe inxaxheba kolu phando. I-pseudonyms yasetyenziswa ukukhusela ubuqu babo. Indlela yokuchwetheza isetyenziselwe ukuhlalutya iziseko zedata kwimibuzo yophando, imixholo, isikhokelo sekhonkco, uphononongo loncwadi kunye namava obuqu omphandi. Yonke idatha eqokelelweyo, yahlalutywa kwaye itolikwa njengecala elinye. Olu phando luveze ukuba imfundo yendalo esingqongileyo ayihlangananga kakuhle, ootitshala abadibanisa kunye nabangazidibanisi nemiceli mngeni kwaye ootitshala abanalwazi lwaneleyo malunga nokudityaniswa kwemfundo yendalo esingqongileyo. K ngoko kucetyiswa ukuba isikolo kunye nabafundisi-ntsapo bazise iinkqubo zokufunda zokusingqongileyo kwaye bacebise ngeendlela ezinokuthi zisetyenziselwe ukuphucula izisetyenziselwe ukuphucula izicwangiso zabo zokufundisa ukulungiselela ukudityaniswa kwemfundo yendalo esingqongileyo ngempumelelo.
The aim of the study was to explore how and why senior phase teachers are capable or incapable of integrating environmental education in teaching and learning. The focus of this study was on teacher’s knowledge about environmental education, instructional strategies used and challenges and opportunities experienced when they have to integrate environmental education. The study adopted a qualitative research method, case study design and an interpretative research paradigm. Qualitative data was collected using interviews and lesson observations. Three teachers participated in this study. Pseudonyms were used to protect their identities. A typology approach was utilised to analyse data based on the research questions, themes, conceptual framework, literature review and the personal experience of the researcher. All data collected was analysed and interpreted as a single case using. The study revealed that environmental education is not integrated effectively, teachers who integrate and those that do not integrate encountered challenges and that teachers have inadequate knowledge about the integration of environmental education. Therefore, it is recommended that the school together with teachers introduce continuous environmental education programmes and suggests approaches that can be used to improve their instructional strategies to enable the intergration of environmental education effectively.
Science and Technology Education
M. Ed. (Environmental Education)
Bopape, Johannah. "Greening the school for sustainable development: a case of Tshwane North District." Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27836.
Full textHierdie studie is omgewings van aard wat plaasvind binne 'n reeks nes raamwerke, naamlik skoolrolspelers, volhoubare ontwikkeling en vergroening van skole. Uit 'n Suid-Afrikaanse konteks is die dag-tot-dag-bedrywighede van die skoolaktiwiteite en -programme nie net die skoolhoof se verantwoordelikheid nie. Dit is 'n gedeelde verantwoordelikheid onder elke persoon wat in 'n opvoedkundige skoolverband betrokke is.Die skoolhoof het die oorhoofse verantwoordelikheid om die skool deur die skoolbestuurspan (SUT) te lei en professioneel te bestuur en is verantwoordbaar teenoor die werkgewer, wat die provinsiale hoof van die departement van onderwys is.Die skoolhoof is ook deur die skoolbeheerliggaam (SGB) aan die gemeenskap verantwoordbaar, wat uit verkose verteenwoordigers uit die skoolgemeenskap bestaan.Die SMT en SGB is sleutelrolspelers en hekwagters op skoolvlak.Hulle is volgens hul plekke (landelike, township, stedelike) doelgerigte en gerieflik by drie Tshwane-Noord-distrikskole (TND) in Gautengprovinsie van Suid-Afrika gemonster.Hulle het deelgeneem aan fokusgroeponderhoude, waarnemings en dokumentanalise.Die studie, kwalitatiewe van aard wat daarop gemik is om sterk punte, swakhede, geleenthede en bedreigings te ondersoek om die skool vir volhoubare ontwikkeling te verging Die twee rolspelers is dalk nie kundig oor groen en volhoubare ontwikkeling nie, maar gegewe die geleentheid om hul kennis te ondersoek, het hulle 'n insig gegee oor groen skole en moontlik verandering aan volhoubare gedrag.Data wat ingesamel is, is aan tematiese inhoudsanalise onderwerp. Die bevindinge het aan die lig gebring dat skole se fondse vinnig uitgeput is op hulpbronne soos water, energie, vervoer, papier, stilstaande, instandhouding en toerusting om maar net 'n paar te noem.Die bevindinge het ook min kennis van vergroenings- en volhoubaarheidspraktyke deur skoolrolspelers geopenbaar.Dit is toegeskryf deur 'n gebrek aan beleidsraamwerke deur skole wat vererger is deur 'n gebrek aan kapasiteitsbou van kundigheid in die vergroening van skole vir volhoubare ontwikkeling.
Thutong ena ke ea tikoloho e hlahang ka hara letoto la meralo, e leng, ba nkang karolo ea sekolo, ntshwetsopele ea nako e telele le likolo tse tala.Ho tsoa maemong a Afrika Boroa, tshebetso ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea mesebetsi ea sekolo le mananeo ha se feela boikarabello ba mosuoe-hlooho.Ke boikarabello bo arolelanoeng hara motho e mong le e mong ea amehang molemong oa sekolo sa thuto.Hlooho ea sekolo e na le boikarabello ka kakaretso ba ho etella pele le ho tsamaisa sekolo ka sehlopha sa botsamaisi ba sekolo (SMT) mme o ikarabella ho mohiri, e leng Hlooho ea profinse ea Lefapha la Thuto.Hlooho ea sekolo e boetse e ikarabella ho sechaba ka sehlopha se busang sa sekolo (SGB), se nang le baemeli ba khethiloeng ba tsoang sechabeng sa sekolo.SMT le SGB ke karolo ea bohlokoa le balebeli ba liheke boemong ba sekolo.Li ile tsa etsoa sampole ka morero le ka mokhoa o bonolo likolong tse tharo tsa mathomo tsa Tshwane North (TND) tse Profinseng ea Gauteng ea Afrika Boroa ho latela libaka tsa bona (mahaeng, metse-literopong, le toropong).Maloko a SMT le SGB ba nkile karolo lipuisanong tsa sehlopha se tsepamisitseng maikutlo, maikutlo le tlhahlobo ea litokomane.Boithuto bona, bo nang le boleng ba tlhaho bo ikemiselitse ho lekola matla, bofokoli, menyetla le litšokelo ho silafatsa sekolo bakeng sa ntshetsopele e tsitsitseng. Baetsi ba karolo ba babeli ba kanna ba se be le tsebo mabapi le ntshetsopele ea botala le bo tsitsitseng, empa ba fuoe monyetla oa ho lekola tsebo ea bona, ba fane ka leseli mabapi le likolo tse talafatsang mme mohlomong li fetohela mekhoeng e tsitsitseng.Boitsebiso bo bokelletsoeng bo ile ba hlahlojoa ka litaba tsa bona, mme liphuputso li senotse hore lichelete tsa likolo li felloa kapele ho lisebelisoa tse kang metsi, motlakase, lipalangoang, pampiri, tse emeng, tlhokomelo le lisebelisoa ho bolela tse maloa feela.Liphuputso li boetse li senotse tsebo e nyane ea tshebetso ea tikoloho le botsitso ke bankakarolo ba sekolo.Sena se bakiloe ke ho haelloa ke moralo oa leano ke likolo tse ileng tsa mpefatsoa ke khaello ea matlafatso ho tsoa boitseaning ba likolo tsa botala bakeng sa ntshetsopele e tsitsitseng
Environmental Sciences
D.Litt. Phil (Environmental education)