Journal articles: 'EATING DISINHIBITION'

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Arguello, Lori E., Kasuen Mauldin, and Deepika Goyal. "Atypical Eating Disinhibition Genotype." Journal for Nurse Practitioners 14, no. 6 (June 2018): 491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2018.01.009.

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Goulet, Julie, Véronique Provencher, Marie-Ève Piché, Annie Lapointe, S. John Weisnagel, André Nadeau, Jean Bergeron, and Simone Lemieux. "Relationship between eating behaviours and food and drink consumption in healthy postmenopausal women in a real-life context." British Journal of Nutrition 100, no. 4 (October 2008): 910–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114508925459.

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Associations between eating behaviours and dietary variables have not been thoroughly investigated in healthy postmenopausal women in a real-life uncontrolled context. To investigate how eating behaviours (cognitive dietary restraint, disinhibition and susceptibility to hunger) were associated with food and drink consumption, energy density and meal pattern in 112 healthy postmenopausal women (age 56·8 (sd 4·4) years) not on hormonal therapy. Women completed a 3 d weighed food record and filled out the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire. The sample was divided according to the median of the distribution of cognitive dietary restraint and disinhibition (9 and 6 respectively). Both subgroups of women with high restraint level (presenting either high or low disinhibition) consumed a diet with a lower energy density than subgroups of women with lower restraint level. Women with high restraint–low disinhibition had a lower consumption of red meat and processed meat and a lower consumption of diet soft drinks than women with low restraint–high disinhibition. They were also characterised by a higher intake of whole grains than women with high restraint–high disinhibition and than women with lower restraint level (with either high or low disinhibition). Women with high restraint–high disinhibition levels showed differences in dietary variables when compared with subgroups of women with lower restraint level, namely for refined grains and diet soft drinks. We conclude that in healthy postmenopausal women, dietary consumption of specific food and drink may be related to particular eating behaviours. Women with high restraint and low disinhibition levels generally showed the most healthy dietary pattern.

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Gallant, A. R., A. Tremblay, L. Pérusse, C. Bouchard, J. P. Després, and V. Drapeau. "The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire and BMI in adolescents: results from the Québec Family Study." British Journal of Nutrition 104, no. 7 (May 7, 2010): 1074–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114510001662.

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Eating behaviour traits are associated with body weight variations in adults. The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) measures cognitive restraint, disinhibition and hunger, as well as their corresponding subscales, e.g. rigid and flexible control. The TFEQ has not been widely used in adolescents to investigate eating behaviour traits associated with body weight. The aim of the present study was to assess whether eating behaviour traits were associated with BMI in male and female adolescents. Sixty adolescents (thirty females and thirty males; mean age 15·0 (sd 2·4) years) from the Québec Family Study completed the TFEQ and 3 d dietary records. There were no sex differences in the TFEQ scores. Rigid control, disinhibition and emotional susceptibility (to overeat) were positively related to BMI z-scores for the entire sample (r 0·3, P < 0·05). There was a positive relationship between BMI z-scores and rigid control (r 0·39, P < 0·05) in females, while BMI z-scores were positively related to emotional susceptibility (r 0·42, P < 0·02) and disinhibition (r 0·41, P < 0·03) in males. Adolescents characterised by both high disinhibition and high rigid control had significantly higher BMI z-scores than those by both low disinhibition and low rigid control. There were no significant differences in BMI z-scores between the flexible control categories. Dietary macronutrient content was not consistently related to eating behaviour traits. These results show that the eating behaviour traits of disinhibition and rigid control are independently related to BMI z-scores in this group of adolescents.

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Joseph, Paule V., Hannah R. Davidson, Christina M. Boulineaux, Nicolaas H. Fourie, Alexis T. Franks, Sarah K. Abey, and Wendy A. Henderson. "Eating Behavior, Stress, and Adiposity: Discordance Between Perception and Physiology." Biological Research For Nursing 20, no. 5 (May 31, 2018): 531–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800418779460.

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The purpose of the study was to examine the interrelationships among stress, eating behavior, and adiposity in a cohort of normal- and overweight individuals. Clinical markers of physiological stress (fasting serum cortisol) and adiposity (body mass index [BMI] and percent body fat) were obtained from participants selected for a natural history protocol ( n = 107). Self-reported data on eating behavior (using the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire subscales such as Cognitive Restraint, Disinhibition, and Hunger) and psychological stress (via the Perceived Stress Scale) were evaluated. Demographic information was incorporated using principal component analysis, which revealed sex- and weight-based differences in stress, adiposity, and eating behavior measures. Following a cross-sectional and descriptive analysis, significant correlations were found between the Disinhibition and Hunger eating behavior subscales and measures of adiposity including BMI ( r = .30, p = .002 and r = .20, p = .036, respectively) and percent body fat ( r = .43, p = .000 and r = .22, p = .022, respectively). Relationships between stress measures and eating behavior were also evident in the analysis. Disinhibition and Hunger correlated positively with perceived stress ( r = .32, p .001 and r = .26, p = .008, respectively). However, Disinhibition varied inversely with serum cortisol levels ( r = −.25, p = .009). Future studies are warranted to better understand this paradox underlying the effects of perceived and physiological stress on eating behavior.

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Bryant, Eleanor J., Javairia Rehman, Lisa B. Pepper, and Elizabeth R. Walters. "Obesity and Eating Disturbance: the Role of TFEQ Restraint and Disinhibition." Current Obesity Reports 8, no. 4 (November 7, 2019): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13679-019-00365-x.

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Abstract Purpose of Review Literature from the past five years exploring roles of Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) Restraint and Disinhibition in relation to adult obesity and eating disturbance (ED) was reviewed. Recent Findings Restraint has a mixed impact on weight regulation, diet quality, and vulnerability to ED, where it is related detrimentally to weight regulation, diet, and psychopathology, yet can serve as a protective factor. The impact of Disinhibition is potently related to increased obesity, poorer diet, hedonically driven food choices, and a higher susceptibility to ED. Summary Restraint and Disinhibition have distinct influences on obesity and ED and should be targeted differently in interventions. Further work is required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying TFEQ eating behavior traits.

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Würfel, Marleen, Jana Breitfeld, Claudia Gebhard, Markus Scholz, Ronny Baber, Steffi G. Riedel-Heller, Matthias Blüher, Michael Stumvoll, Peter Kovacs, and Anke Tönjes. "Interplay between adipose tissue secreted proteins, eating behavior and obesity." European Journal of Nutrition 61, no. 2 (October 12, 2021): 885–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-021-02687-w.

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Abstract Purpose Adipokines may play an important role in the complex etiology of human obesity and its metabolic complications. Here, we analyzed the relationship between 15 adipokines, eating behavior and body-mass index (BMI). Methods The study included 557 participants of the Sorbs (62.1% women, 37.9% men) and 3101 participants of the population-based LIFE-Adult cohorts (53.4% women, 46.4% men) who completed the German version of the Three-Factor-Eating Questionnaire to assess the eating behavior types cognitive restraint, disinhibition and hunger. Serum levels of 15 adipokines, including adiponectin, adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (AFABP), angiopoietin-related growth factor (AGF), chemerin, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-19, FGF-21, FGF-23, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, interleukin (IL) 10, irisin, progranulin, vaspin, pro-neurotensin (pro-NT), pro-enkephalin (PENK) and leptin were measured. Based on significant correlations between several adipokines with different eating behavior items and BMI, we conducted mediation analyses, considering the eating behavior items as potential mediation variable towards BMI. Results Here, we found that the positive association between chemerin, AFABP or leptin and BMI in Sorbian women was mediated by higher restraint or disinhibited eating, respectively. Additionally, in Sorbian women, the negative relation between IGF-1 and BMI was mediated by higher disinhibition and the positive link between AGF and BMI by lower disinhibition. In Sorbian men, the negative relationship between PENK and BMI was mediated by lower disinhibition and hunger, whereas the negative relation between IGF-1 and BMI was mediated by higher hunger. In the LIFE-Adult women´s cohort, associations between chemerin and BMI were mediated by decreased hunger or disinhibition, respectively, whereas relations between PENK and BMI were fully mediated by decreased disinhibition. Conclusion Our study suggests that adipokines such as PENK, IGF-1, chemerin, AGF, AFABP and leptin might affect the development of obesity by directly modifying individual eating behavior. Given the observational nature of the study, future experimental or mechanistic work is warranted.

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Lowe, Michael R., and Barbara Maycock. "Restraint, disinhibition, hunger and negative affect eating." Addictive Behaviors 13, no. 4 (January 1988): 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4603(88)90043-3.

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Korinth, Anne, Sonja Schiess, and Joachim Westenhoefer. "Eating behaviour and eating disorders in students of nutrition sciences." Public Health Nutrition 13, no. 1 (May 12, 2009): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980009005709.

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AbstractObjectiveSometimes the suspicion is put forward that nutrition students show more disordered eating patterns, which may be among the motivating factors to study nutrition. At the same time, it is not clear whether the students’ increasing knowledge about diet and nutrition is associated with a more healthy eating behaviour or with an unhealthy obsession with food choices.DesignCross-sectional comparison of nutrition students from German universities during the first year of their studies (n 123) and during higher semesters (n 96), with a control group from other study programmes (n 68 and n 46, respectively). Dietary restraint, disinhibition, the tendency towards orthorexia nervosa and healthy food choices were assessed using a questionnaire.ResultsNutrition students showed higher levels of dietary restraint than the control group. Disinhibition and orthorexia nervosa did not differ between nutrition students and controls. Orthorexic tendencies were lower in the more advanced nutrition students. Healthy food choices did not differ among students in the first year. More advanced nutrition students showed healthier food choices, whereas the corresponding controls showed slightly more unhealthy food choices.ConclusionsNutrition students, more than other students, tend to restrict their food intake in order to control their weight, but they do not have more disturbed or disordered eating patterns than other students. Moreover, during the course of their studies, they adopt slightly more healthy food choices and decrease their tendency to be obsessive in their eating behaviour.

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Brunner, Eric J., Koutatsu Maruyama, Martin Shipley, Noriko Cable, Hiroyasu Iso, Ayako Hiyoshi, Daryth Stallone, et al. "Appetite disinhibition rather than hunger explains genetic effects on adult BMI trajectory." International Journal of Obesity 45, no. 4 (January 14, 2021): 758–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41366-020-00735-9.

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Abstract Background/objectives The mediating role of eating behaviors in genetic susceptibility to weight gain during mid-adult life is not fully understood. This longitudinal study aims to help us understand contributions of genetic susceptibility and appetite to weight gain. Subjects/methods We followed the body-mass index (BMI) trajectories of 2464 adults from 45 to 65 years of age by measuring weight and height on four occasions at 5-year intervals. Genetic risk of obesity (gene risk score: GRS) was ascertained, comprising 92 BMI-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms and split at a median (=high and low risk). At the baseline, the Eating Inventory was used to assess appetite-related traits of ‘disinhibition’, indicative of opportunistic eating or overeating and ‘hunger’ which is susceptibility to/ability to cope with the sensation of hunger. Roles of the GRS and two appetite-related scores for BMI trajectories were examined using a mixed model adjusted for the cohort effect and sex. Results Disinhibition was associated with higher BMI (β = 2.96; 95% CI: 2.66–3.25 kg/m2), and accounted for 34% of the genetically-linked BMI difference at age 45. Hunger was also associated with higher BMI (β = 1.20; 0.82–1.59 kg/m2) during mid-life and slightly steeper weight gain, but did not attenuate the effect of disinhibition. Conclusions Appetite disinhibition is most likely to be a defining characteristic of genetic susceptibility to obesity. High levels of appetite disinhibition, rather than hunger, may underlie genetic vulnerability to obesogenic environments in two-thirds of the population of European ancestry.

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Provencher, Véronique, Vicky Drapeau, Angelo Tremblay, Jean-Pierre Després, Claude Bouchard, and Simone Lemieux. "Eating behaviours, dietary profile and body composition according to dieting history in men and women of the Québec Family Study." British Journal of Nutrition 91, no. 6 (June 2004): 997–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041115.

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The purpose of the present cross-sectional study was to compare eating behaviours (cognitive dietary restraint, disinhibition and susceptibility to hunger), dietary profile and physiological variables according to the practice of dieting: current dieting; history of dieting in the 10-year period that preceded the study; no dieting during the same period. Dieting history, anthropometric markers of adiposity, RMR, dietary profile (3 d food record) and eating behaviours (three-factor eating questionnaire) were determined in a sample of 244 men and 352 women. A greater proportion of women (31·8 %) than men (16·8 %) reported that they had been on a diet over the past 10 years (P=0·0001). In both genders, current and past dieters had a higher BMI (P<0·05) than non-dieters and current dieters had lower reported energy intakes than past dieters and non-dieters (only in women) (P<0·05). Current and past dieters also had higher scores for all eating behaviours and their subscales (P<0·05; except for susceptibility to hunger in men) compared with non-dieters (adjusted for age, reported energy intake, percentage of dietary fat, BMI and RMR). Moreover, for each dieting-history category, women had significantly higher scores for cognitive dietary restraint than men (P<0·05). In conclusion, the present study showed that current and past dieters had higher scores for cognitive dietary restraint and disinhibition compared with non-dieters. As disinhibition has previously been associated with a greater risk of subsequent weight gain, interventions aimed at preventing an increase in disinhibition may be promising for long-term weight maintenance.

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Gallant, Annette R., Angelo Tremblay, Louis Pérusse, Jean-Pierre Després, Claude Bouchard, and Vicky Drapeau. "Past dieting is related to rigid control and disinhibition in adolescents from the Québec Family Study." British Journal of Nutrition 108, no. 11 (February 28, 2012): 1976–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512000505.

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Eating behaviour traits of rigid control and disinhibition have been associated with body weight in both adults and adolescents. Moreover, adults reporting a dieting history have increased levels of unhealthy eating behaviours. Against this background, the present study aimed to examine the relationship between dieting history and eating behaviour traits in adolescents. For the purpose of this research, a total of sixty adolescents (aged 15 (sem 2·4) years) from the Québec Family Study completed the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) and a questionnaire regarding eating habits. Self-reported current and past dieting were analysed against eating behaviour traits measured by the TFEQ, including all subscales. As the results revealed, few adolescents reported currently dieting (n 3). Adolescents who reported a dieting history (23·3 %) were older (16·9 v. 14·4 years, P < 0·001), were more likely to be female (78·6 v. 41·3 %, P < 0·05) but did not have a significantly higher BMI z-score (1·5 v. 0·9, P = 0·10), although they were more likely to be either overweight or obese (P < 0·01). After correcting for sex, BMI and age, adolescents who reported a dieting history had higher levels of rigid control and disinhibition (P < 0·05–0·0001) than those reporting no dieting history. A greater proportion of adolescents characterised by high rigid control and high disinhibition were past dieters, compared to those characterised by low levels of both behaviour traits (53 v. 4 %). The study arrived at the following conclusions: as observed in adults, adolescents with a history of dieting present unfavourable eating behaviour traits. These behavioural traits may represent an additional challenge to the long-term regulation of body weight.

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Kebbe, Maryam, Abby Altazan, Robbie Beyl, Anne Gilmore, and Leanne Redman. "Maternal Eating Behavior in Low-Income Mothers Influences Attitudes Toward Infant Feeding." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab046_064.

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Abstract Objectives Eating behavior is established early in life, influences infant development and health, and is likely to originate with the mother. We examined if maternal eating behaviors influenced attitudes towards infant feeding styles and whether these associations differed by infant feeding mode (breastfeeding and formula-feeding). Methods This was an observational study in 35 low-income mother-infant dyads. Postpartum women (≥18 years old, 25 ≤ BMI < 40 kg/m2) in the Louisiana Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program completed the Eating Inventory and Infant Feeding Styles Questionnaire to assess maternal eating behavior (dietary restraint, disinhibition, and perceived hunger) and infant feeding styles (restrictive feeding, responsive feeding, and pressuring/overfeeding), respectively, 8 weeks after delivery. Linear models with fixed effects were computed with maternal age, BMI, and maternal eating behavior as covariates using SPSS (p < 0.05 to indicate significance). Results Thirty-four % of the mothers were breastfeeding (n = 12) and 66.0% were formula-feeding (n = 23). Infant feeding styles were not predicted by maternal eating behaviors (all p > 0.05). In mothers who breastfed, maternal dietary restraint was positively associated with infant pressuring/overfeeding (β = 0.91, p < 0.05) and was different from those in the formula fed group (Δ = 1.37, p = 0.02). In addition, maternal disinhibition was negatively associated with restrictive infant feeding (β = −0.53, p < 0.05) and was different from those in the formula fed group (Δ = −0.95, p = 0.003). Comparatively, in mothers who formula-fed, restrictive infant feeding was predicted by maternal disinhibition (β = 0.42, p < 0.01; Δ = −0.95, p = 0.003) and maternal perceived hunger (β = 0.43, p < 0.01; Δ = 0.71, p = 0.007). Conclusions Maternal eating behavior is associated with infant feeding styles only when feeding mode is considered. Interventions educating mothers on how their own eating behaviors have the potential to influence eating behaviors of their children are needed. Funding Sources USDA Small Grants Program and the NIH (T32DK064584, and U54 GM104940).

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Brännström, Benny. "Falling, Hoarding and Hiding, Eating Disturbances, and Sexual Disinhibition." International Psychogeriatrics 8, S3 (May 1997): 419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104161029700375x.

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Consensus concepts regarding behavioral disturbances of dementia can be useful for screening populations of patients with dementia. However, these concepts may not serve well as guidelines for treatment in clinical practice. The physician or nurse faced with a husband with dementia and his healthy wife must consider seriously all dementia-related behavioral problems, whether or not they fit within consensus concepts. It also is easier to reach a consensus on highly abstract concepts than to achieve agreement on more practical issues. Cultural differences, both between countries and within the same country, also complicate the consensus process.

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Westenhoefer, Joachim, Petra Broeckmann, Anne-Kathrin Münch, and Volker Pudel. "Cognitive Control of Eating Behavior and the Disinhibition Effect." Appetite 23, no. 1 (August 1994): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/appe.1994.1032.

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Bégin, Catherine, Elise Carbonneau, Marie-Pierre Gagnon-Girouard, Lyne Mongeau, Marie-Claude Paquette, Mylène Turcotte, and Véronique Provencher. "Eating-Related and Psychological Outcomes of Health at Every Size Intervention in Health and Social Services Centers Across the Province of Québec." American Journal of Health Promotion 33, no. 2 (July 9, 2018): 248–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117118786326.

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Purpose: To report the outcomes of a Health at Every Size (HAES) intervention in a real-world setting. Design: Quasi-experimental design evaluating eating behaviors and psychological factors. Setting: The HAES intervention is offered in Health and Social Services Centers in Québec (Canada). Participants: For this study, 216 women (body mass index [BMI]: 35.76 [6.80] kg/m2) who participated to the HAES intervention were compared to 110 women (BMI: 34.56 [7.30] kg/m2) from a comparison group. Intervention: The HAES intervention is composed of 14 weekly meetings provided by health professionals. It focuses on healthy lifestyle, self-acceptance, and intuitive eating. Measures: Eating behaviors (ie, flexible restraint, rigid restraint, disinhibition, susceptibility to hunger, intuitive eating, and obsessive-compulsive eating) and psychological correlates (ie, body esteem, self-esteem, and depression) were assessed using validated questionnaires at baseline, postintervention, and 1-year follow-up. Analysis: Group, time, and interaction effects analyzed with mixed models. Results: Significant group by time interactions were found for flexible restraint ( P = .0400), disinhibition ( P < .0001), susceptibility to hunger ( P < .0001), intuitive eating ( P < .0001), obsessive–compulsive eating ( P < .0001), body-esteem ( P < .0001), depression ( P = .0057), and self-esteem ( P < .0001), where women in the HAES group showed greater improvements than women in the comparison group at short and/or long term. Conclusion: The evaluation of this HAES intervention in a real-life context showed its effectiveness in improving eating-, weight-, and psychological-related variables among women struggling with weight and body image.

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Ogden, Jane, Eirini Oikonomou, and Georgina Alemany. "Distraction, restrained eating and disinhibition: An experimental study of food intake and the impact of ‘eating on the go’." Journal of Health Psychology 22, no. 1 (July 10, 2016): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105315595119.

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To assess the impact of distraction on subsequent eating, 60 females consumed a cereal bar while watching TV, walking or talking, and their subsequent desire to eat and food intake were assessed. No effects were found for desire to eat. But while those higher in restrained eating consumed less overall and fewer calories after watching TV or talking, they consumed more overall and more calories (specifically five times more chocolate) if the cereal bar was eaten while walking. ‘Eating on the go’ may disinhibit restrained eaters either as a form of distraction or by offering a justification to overeat.

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Downe, Kristina A., Juli A. Goldfein, and Michael J. Devlin. "Restraint, hunger, and disinhibition following treatment for binge-eating disorder." International Journal of Eating Disorders 42, no. 6 (September 2009): 498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.20639.

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Calcaterra, Valeria, Chiara Mazzoni, Donatella Ballardini, Elena Tomba, Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti, Chiara Mameli, Rachele De Giuseppe, and Hellas Cena. "Disturbed Eating Behaviors in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes: An Exploratory Study about Challenges in Diagnosis." Diagnostics 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2020): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10121044.

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Background: Disordered eating behaviors (DEBs), including diagnosable eating disorders, are quite common and can interfere with optimal type 1 diabetes (T1DM) management. We explored DEBs prevalence in youth with T1DM, proposing news diagnostic subscales, to represent the clinical dimensions associated with feeding and eating disorders (ED); Methods: additionally to SCOFF questionnaire and Diabetes Eating Problem Survey–Revised (DEPS-R), four subscales combined from the original DEPS-R questionnaire were administered to 40 youths with T1DM (15.0 ± 2.6); Results: females showed higher scores than males in DEPS-R original factor 2 (“preoccupations with thinness/weight”, p = 0.024) and in DEPS-R proposed “restriction” factor (p = 0.009). SCOFF scores was correlated with original DEPS-R factors 1 (“maladaptive eating habits”) and 2 (p < 0.001) and with the newly proposed DEPS-R factors: restriction, disinhibition, compensatory behaviors, diabetes management (all p < 0.02). Diabetes management was the only factor related to glycated hemoglobin level (p = 0.006). Patients with high DEPS-R score (≥20) scored higher than patients with low (<20) DEPS-R score in DEPS-R original factors 1 (p < 0.001) and 2 (p = 0.002) as well as in the proposed factors including restriction, disinhibition, diabetes management (all p < 0.02); Conclusions: the complicated nature of DEBs calls for the development target specific questionnaires to be used as screening tools to detect cases of DEBs and exclude non cases. Early recognition of DEBs in adolescents with T1DM is essential for effective prevention and successful treatment.

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Legget, Kristina T., Marc-Andre Cornier, Lauren Sarabia, Eve M. Delao, Susan K. Mikulich-Gilbertson, Crystal Natvig, Christina Erpelding, et al. "Sex Differences in Effects of Mood, Eating-Related Behaviors, and BMI on Food Appeal and Desire to Eat: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study." Nutrients 15, no. 3 (February 2, 2023): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15030762.

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Although sex differences in food intake have been observed consistently, contributing factors are not well understood. Using a cross-sectional online survey (n = 306; 151 men, 155 women), this study aimed to assess how sex impacts relationships between food ratings (appeal/desire to eat for high-calorie (HC) and low-calorie (LC) food images) and eating-related attitudes/behaviors, body mass index (BMI), and mood. Across participants, increased state- and trait-based hunger, disinhibition, and cravings were associated with both increased HC appeal and desire (p < 0.001). Increased state-based hunger and cravings were associated with greater LC desire (p < 0.001). Greater satiety was associated with decreased desire for both HC and LC (p < 0.001), while greater anxiety was associated with increased desire for both HC and LC (p < 0.001). Significant associations between BMI and food ratings were not observed. Women reported greater dietary restraint, trait-based hunger, disinhibition, eating disorder-related behaviors, depression, and stress compared to men, in addition to greater appeal and familiarity with LC foods (all p < 0.05). Significant effects of sex on the associations between food ratings and eating-related attitudes/behaviors, BMI, and mood were not observed, however. Findings support the importance of considering mood and eating-related attitudes/behaviors in investigations of food cue responsivity.

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Heatherton, Todd F., Janet Polivy, C. Peter Herman, and Roy F. Baumeister. "Self-Awareness, Task Failure, and Disinhibition: How Attentional Focus Affects Eating." Journal of Personality 61, no. 1 (March 1993): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb00278.x.

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Jacob, Raphaëlle, Vicky Drapeau, Angelo Tremblay, Véronique Provencher, Claude Bouchard, and Louis Pérusse. "The role of eating behavior traits in mediating genetic susceptibility to obesity." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 108, no. 3 (July 5, 2018): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy130.

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ABSTRACT Background Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified several genes associated with obesity. The mechanisms through which these genes affect body weight are not fully characterized. Recent studies suggest that eating behavior (EB) traits could be involved, but only a few EB traits were investigated. Objective This study aimed to investigate whether genetic susceptibility to obesity is mediated by EB traits (cognitive restraint, disinhibition, hunger) and their subscales. We hypothesized that EB traits, and their subscales, partly mediate this association. Design Adult individuals (n = 768) who participated in the Quebec Family Study were included in this cross-sectional study. A genetic risk score (GRS) of obesity was calculated based on the 97 genetic variants recently identified in a GWAS meta-analysis of body mass index (BMI). EB traits and their subscales were assessed with the use of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire. Regression analyses with age and sex as covariates were used to investigate the associations between GRS, EB traits, BMI, and WC and whether the association between GRS and obesity is mediated by EB traits, which represents the indirect effect of GRS on obesity. Results The GRS of obesity was positively associated with BMI (β = 0.19 ± 0.04, P < 0.0001) and WC (β = 0.46 ± 0.10, P < 0.0001). Regression analyses also revealed that the association between GRS of obesity and BMI was partly mediated by disinhibition and susceptibility to hunger (βindirect = 0.09 ± 0.03, P = 0.0007, and βindirect = 0.04 ± 0.02, P = 0.02, respectively). Habitual and situational susceptibility to disinhibition (βindirect = 0.08 ± 0.03, P = 0.002 and βindirect = 0.05 ± 0.02, P = 0.003, respectively) as well as internal and external locus of hunger (βindirect = 0.03 ± 0.02, P = 0.03 for both) were also found to mediate the association between GRS of obesity and BMI. The same trends were observed with WC. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that the genetic susceptibility to obesity is partly mediated through undesirable EB traits, which suggests that they could be targeted in obesity treatment and prevention. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03355729.

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Yassuda, M., and T. Lima-Silva. "Changes in neuropsychiatric symptoms and caregivers’ distress in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in 12 months." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.466.

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Introduction In behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) neuropsychiatric symptoms are a significant concern as they impact care management and caregiver wellbeing. Objectives To describe change in individual neuropsychiatric symptoms and associated caregivers’ distress assessed by the Neuropsychiatry Inventory (NPI) in patients diagnosed with bvFTD and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) from baseline to a 12-month follow-up. Methods The sample consisted of 31 patients diagnosed with bvFTD and 28 patients with AD and their caregivers. The NPI and the Addenbrooke´s Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R) were applied. Descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon test, Chi square (χ2) were used. Results At baseline, significantly higher scores were observed for the bvFTD group for: agitation, disinhibition and eating disturbances. The latter two were also higher in the NPI Distress subdomains. At followup, there were significantly higher scores for the bvFTD group in agitation, disinhibition, eating disturbances, hallucination and irritability. For the NPI Distress subdomains, agitation, eating disturbances and hallucination scores were significantly higher for the bvFTD group. Conclusions In 12 months, neuropsychiatric symptoms increased in both bvFTD and AD groups. However, NPI subdomain and caregiver distress scores were statistically higher among bvFTD patients at both assessment points. Neuropsychiatric symptoms may be associated with care burden in bvFTD and should be a focal point in care management decisions. Disclosure No significant relationships.

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Bryant, E. J., K. Kiezerbrink, N. A. King, and J. E. Blundell. "Interaction between Disinhibition and restraint: Implications for body weight and eating disturbance." Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity 15, no. 1-2 (March 2010): e43-e51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03325279.

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Stunkard, Albert J., and Samuel Messick. "The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger." Journal of Psychosomatic Research 29, no. 1 (January 1985): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(85)90010-8.

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Bryant, E. J., K. Kiezebrink, N. A. King, and J. E. Blundell. "Interaction between Disinhibition and Restraint: Implications for body weight and eating disturbance." Appetite 51, no. 3 (November 2008): 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2008.05.038.

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Kim, Moon Sil, and Sook Young Kim. "The Three Dimensions of Eating Behavior: Development of scale for assessing cognitive restraint of eating disinhibition, and hunger." Journal of Nurses Academic Society 27, no. 2 (1997): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.4040/jnas.1997.27.2.377.

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Siedler, Madelin, Megan Lewis, Eric Trexler, Priscila Lamadrid, Brian Waddell, Sarah Bishop, Gillian SanFilippo, et al. "The Effects of Intermittent Diet Breaks during 25% Energy Restriction on Body Composition and Resting Metabolic Rate in Resistance-Trained Females: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of Human Kinetics 86, no. 1 (January 20, 2023): 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/jhk/159960.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of intermittent versus continuous energy restriction on body composition, resting metabolic rate, and eating behaviors in resistance-trained females. Thirty-eight resistance-trained females (mean ± standard deviation age: 22.3±4.2 years) were randomized to receive either six weeks of a continuous 25% reduction in energy intake (n= 18), or one week of energy balance after every two weeks of 25% energy restriction (eight weeks total; n= 20). Participants were instructed to ingest 1.8 g protein/kilogram bodyweight per day and completed three weekly supervised resistance training sessions throughout the intervention. There were no differences between groups for changes over time in body composition, resting metabolic rate, or seven of the eight measured eating behavior variables (p > 0.05). However, a significant group-by-time interaction for disinhibition (p < 0.01) from the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire was observed, with values (± standard error) in the continuous group increasing from 4.91 ± 0.73 to 6.17 ± 0.71, while values in the intermittent group decreased from 6.80 ± 0.68 to 6.05 ± 0.68. Thus, diet breaks do not appear to induce improvements in body composition or metabolic rate in comparison with continuous energy restriction over six weeks of dieting, but may be employed for those who desire a short-term break from an energy-restricted diet without fear of fat regain. While diet breaks may reduce the impact of prolonged energy restriction on measures of disinhibition, they also require a longer time period that may be less appealing for some individuals.

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Voigt, Katharina, Emily Giddens, Romana Stark, Emma Frisch, Neda Moskovsky, Naomi Kakoschke, Julie C. Stout, Mark A. Bellgrove, Zane B. Andrews, and Antonio Verdejo-Garcia. "The Hunger Games: Homeostatic State-Dependent Fluctuations in Disinhibition Measured with a Novel Gamified Test Battery." Nutrients 13, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13062001.

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Food homeostatic states (hunger and satiety) influence the cognitive systems regulating impulsive responses, but the direction and specific mechanisms involved in this effect remain elusive. We examined how fasting, and satiety, affect cognitive mechanisms underpinning disinhibition using a novel framework and a gamified test-battery. Thirty-four participants completed the test-battery measuring three cognitive facets of disinhibition: attentional control, information gathering and monitoring of feedback, across two experimental sessions: one after overnight fasting and another after a standardised meal. Homeostatic state was assessed using subjective self-reports and biological markers (i.e., blood-derived liver-expressed antimicrobial protein 2 (LEAP-2), insulin and leptin). We found that participants who experienced greater subjective hunger during the satiety session were more impulsive in the information gathering task; results were not confounded by changes in mood or anxiety. Homeostatic state did not significantly influence disinhibition mechanisms linked to attentional control or feedback monitoring. However, we found a significant interaction between homeostatic state and LEAP-2 on attentional control, with higher LEAP-2 associated with faster reaction times in the fasted condition only. Our findings indicate lingering hunger after eating increases impulsive behaviour via reduced information gathering. These findings identify a novel mechanism that may underpin the tendency to overeat and/or engage in broader impulsive behaviours.

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Schag, Kathrin, Martin Teufel, Florian Junne, Hubert Preissl, Martin Hautzinger, Stephan Zipfel, and Katrin Elisabeth Giel. "Impulsivity in Binge Eating Disorder: Food Cues Elicit Increased Reward Responses and Disinhibition." PLoS ONE 8, no. 10 (October 16, 2013): e76542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076542.

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Lluch, A., A. Stricker-Krongrad, JP Kahn, O. Ziegler, P. Drouin, and L. Méjean. "Food intake correlates with restrained eating, disinhibition and hunger, in French obese patients." Reproduction Nutrition Development 35, no. 5 (1995): 584–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rnd:19950511.

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Smith, Cheryl F., P. J. Geiselman, D. A. Williamson, C. M. Champagne, G. A. Bray, and D. H. Ryan. "Association of dietary restraint and disinhibition with eating behavior, body mass, and hunger." Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity 3, no. 1 (March 1998): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03354907.

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Ganley, Richard M. "Emotional eating and how it relates to dietary restraint, disinhibition, and perceived hunger." International Journal of Eating Disorders 7, no. 5 (September 1988): 635–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-108x(198809)7:5<635::aid-eat2260070507>3.0.co;2-k.

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Zyriax, Birgit-Christiane, Christina Wolf, Annika Schlüter, Asad Hameed Khattak, Joachim Westenhoefer, and Eberhard Windler. "Association of cognitive dietary restraint and disinhibition with prediabetes – cross-sectional and longitudinal data of a feasibility study in German employees." Public Health Nutrition 15, no. 5 (September 29, 2011): 860–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980011002370.

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AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the impact of eating behaviour traits on central obesity, prediabetes and associated major dietary food patterns.DesignAssessment of eating behaviour was based on the revised German version of the Three-Eating Factor Questionnaire using cross-sectional and longitudinal data of a feasibility study in employees. Data on lifestyle and nutrition were obtained by validated self-administered questionnaires. Baseline characteristics were analysed by the univariate χ2 test or the Mann–Whitney test. To quantify correlations linear regression analysis was used.SettingThe Delay of Impaired Glucose Tolerance by a Healthy Lifestyle Trial (DELIGHT), which investigated measures to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus in 2004–2008.SubjectsEmployees (21–64 years, 127 men, 157 women) with elevated waist circumference (men ≥94 cm, women ≥80 cm) of five medium-sized companies in northern Germany.ResultsAt baseline (T0), BMI but particularly waist circumference showed a strong inverse correlation with flexible control (P < 0·0001) and a positive correlation with disinhibition (P < 0·0001) and rigid control (P = 0·063). Flexible control was also significantly inversely related to fasting plasma glucose (P = 0·040), energy intake (P < 0·0001), intake of meat and meat products (P = 0·0001), and positively associated with intake of fruit and vegetables (P < 0·0001) at baseline (T0). Changes in flexible control within the first year of intervention (T1 v. T0) predicted changes in central obesity (P < 0·0001) and fasting plasma glucose (P = 0·025).ConclusionsDELIGHT shows that flexible control characterizes individuals with a higher dietary quality, a lower waist circumference and a lower glucose level. Enhancing flexible control more than rigid control, and decreasing disinhibition, seems beneficial in terms of central adiposity and glucose levels.

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Neale, Benjamin M., Suzanne E. Mazzeo, and Cynthia M. Bulik. "A Twin Study of Dietary Restraint, Disinhibition and Hunger: An Examination of the Eating Inventory (Three Factor Eating Questionnaire)." Twin Research 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2003): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/136905203322686455.

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Guvendi, Burcu, Burcak Keskin, Sema Arslan Kabasakal, and Selman Kaya. "The Relationship of Mental Toughness and Emotional Eating: The Example of a Female Wrestler." Asian Journal of Education and Training 8, no. 4 (October 26, 2022): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/edu.v8i4.4242.

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Emotional eating is the act of eating to cope with stress and pressure, and it is assumed that this behavior increases as the level of self-control decreases. Several factors, including anxiety about winning and fear of injury, can cause stress in athletes. An athlete’s high mental toughness is closely related to their ability to easily cope with such stress factors. It is still a matter of curiosity how negative psychological factors affect emotional eating in athletes with low mental toughness. This study investigated the relationship between emotional eating and mental toughness in female wrestlers. Emotional Eating Questionnaire and Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire were applied to 69 female wrestlers. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, T-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation tests. It was found that the participants were low emotional eaters and accepted all of the mental toughness sub-dimensions. There was a significant difference in emotional eating total score and “disinhibition" score according to nationality status (p<0.05). The findings suggested a positive and significant relationship between sub-dimensions of emotional eating and sub-dimensions of mental toughness (p<0.05). It was concluded that national female wrestlers tended to eat more emotionally than non-national athletes and had more difficulty preventing the urge to eat. As female wrestlers’ mental toughness levels increased, they tended to eat emotionally and felt guilty about eating.

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Paradis, Ann-Marie, Gaston Godin, Simone Lemieux, Louis Pérusse, and Marie-Claude Vohl. "Eating behaviours of non-obese individuals with and without familial history of obesity." British Journal of Nutrition 101, no. 7 (September 10, 2008): 1103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114508055645.

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The aim of the present study was to examine whether eating behaviours and their subscales are associated with familial history of obesity (FHO) in a cohort of 326 non-obese men and women. Anthropometric measurements, eating behaviours (Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire) and dietary intakes (FFQ) have been determined in a sample of 197 women and 129 men. A positive FHO (FHO+) was defined as having at least one obese first-degree relative and a negative FHO (FHO − ) as no obese first-degree relative. Men with FHO+ had higher scores of cognitive dietary restraint and flexible restraint than men with FHO − . In women, those with FHO+ had a higher score of disinhibition than women with FHO − . In both men and women, eating behaviours were not significantly associated with the number of obese family members. However, having an obese mother was associated with higher scores of cognitive dietary restraint, flexible restraint and rigid restraint in women. These findings demonstrate that eating behaviours of non-obese subjects are different according to the presence or absence of obese family members. More specifically, having an obese mother is associated with a higher dietary restraint score in women.

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Brennan, Anthony, Lars Marstaller, Hana Burianová, David Benton, Claire J. Hanley, Simon Newstead, and Hayley A. Young. "Weaker connectivity in resting state networks is associated with disinhibited eating in older adults." International Journal of Obesity 46, no. 4 (January 11, 2022): 859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41366-021-01056-1.

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Abstract Background/objectives Obesity affects more than forty percent of adults over the age of sixty. Aberrant eating styles such as disinhibition have been associated with the engagement of brain networks underlying executive functioning, attentional control, and interoception. However, these effects have been exclusively studied in young samples overlooking those most at risk of obesity related harm. Methods Here we assessed associations between resting-state functional connectivity and disinhibited eating (using the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire) in twenty-one younger (aged 19–34 years, BMI range: 18–31) and twenty older (aged 60–73 years, BMI range: 19–32) adults matched for BMI. The Alternative Healthy Eating Index was used to quantify diet quality. Results Older, compared to younger, individuals reported lower levels of disinhibited eating, consumed a healthier diet, and had weaker connectivity in the frontoparietal (FPN) and default mode (DMN) networks. In addition, associations between functional connectivity and eating behaviour differed between the two age groups. In older adults, disinhibited eating was associated with weaker connectivity in the FPN and DMN––effects that were absent in the younger sample. Importantly, these effects could not be explained by differences in habitual diet. Conclusions These findings point to a change in interoceptive signalling as part of the ageing process, which may contribute to behavioural changes in energy intake, and highlight the importance of studying this under researched population.

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Asbeck, I., M. Mast, A. Bierwag, J. Westenhöfer, KJ Acheson, and MJ Müller. "Severe underreporting of energy intake in normal weight subjects: use of an appropriate standard and relation to restrained eating." Public Health Nutrition 5, no. 5 (October 2002): 683–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2002337.

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AbstractObjective:To assess the influence of different standards and restrained eating on underreporting in healthy, non-obese, weight-stable young subjects.Design and subjects:Eighty-three young adults (20–38 years, 55 women, 28 men) were assessed under weight-stable conditions with a 7-day dietary record and the three-factor eating questionnaire by Stunkard and Messick. Resting energy expenditure (REE; indirect calorimetry) plus data derived from physical activity records (PA) (Standard 1) or REE times an activity factor (AF) (Standard 2) was used as standard for total energy expenditure (TEE). For comparison, doubly labelled water (DLW) was used to measure TEE in a subgroup of subjects.Results:There was an association between self-reported energy intake and Standard 2 (r = 0.72) but not with Standard 1. When compared with DLW both calculated standards were inaccurate, but Standard 2 avoided high levels of overreporting. Using Standard 2 to identify ‘severe’ underreporting (SU; as defined by a deviation of energy intake (EI) and TEE of >20%), SU was seen in 37% of all subjects. It was more frequently found in women than in men (49% of women, 14.3% of men, P < 0.05). Underreporting subjects had a reduced EI (P < 0.01) but there were no significant differences in nutritional status (body weight and height, body mass index, fat mass and fat-free mass), energy expenditure and the proportion of energy from macronutrients between normal and underreporting subjects. However, high restraint was associated with a higher degree of underreporting in the total group, whereas disinhibition had an influence only in men.Conclusions:A high prevalence of SU is seen in non-obese subjects. Characteristics of eating behaviour (restraint and disinhibition) were associated with underreporting but seemed to have a different influence in men and women.

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Concas, Maria Pina, Massimiliano Cocca, Eulalia Catamo, Paolo Gasparini, and Antonietta Robino. "Eating disinhibition and food liking are influenced by variants in CAV1 (caveolin 1) gene." Food Quality and Preference 96 (March 2022): 104447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104447.

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Ochner, C. O., M. R. Lowe, J. Kounios, D. Green, and J. van Steenburgh. "Binge eating, appetitive responsiveness, and disinhibition: Relation to asymmetrical activation in the human brain." Appetite 49, no. 1 (July 2007): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2007.03.149.

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Tacad, Debra Kirsty, Christine Bowlus, Leslie Woodhouse, Sridevi Krishnan, and Nancy Keim. "Linking Differences in Eating Behavior with Appetitive Hormones in Women." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa047_014.

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Abstract Objectives Examine and compare the hormones related to satiety in women identified as 1) restrained + disinhibited eaters, 2) restrained, non-disinhibited eaters, or 3) unrestrained, non-disinhibited eaters. We hypothesized restrained eaters with disinhibition would have a different pattern of appetitive hormones involved in food intake regulation. Methods 178 women from a cross-sectional study completed the three factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ), and were classified as restrained + disinhibited eaters (RD, n = 38), restrained, non-disinhibited eaters (R, n = 52), or unrestrained, non-disinhibited eaters (LL, n = 88). Women fasted for 12 h prior to baseline blood collection, and postprandial blood was collected after a meal challenge at 30 min, 3 h, and 6 h. Data were evaluated for outliers and missingness, and transformed and imputed using multivariate normal imputation. Differences in glucose, insulin and ghrelin were analyzed using a linear mixed model comparing groups. Time to peak and nadir for glucose, insulin and ghrelin were calculated from response curves. Chi square tests of proportions were used to determine whether the distribution of participants in the three groups were different in their times to peak and nadir. Results There were no significant differences between groups in ghrelin or insulin concentrations over time. However, overall glucose levels in RD were significantly lower than R and LL groups (P = 0.05 and P = 0.03, respectively). Chi-squared tests indicated that a greater proportion of women in the RD group reached peak glucose at 3 h, compared to women in R and LL with peak glucose occurring at 30 min (P = 0.04). Glucose nadir displayed a bimodal distribution in R, with more women at baseline and 3 h compared to RD and LL (P = 0.05). Ghrelin nadir was reached at 3 h for more participants in RD and LL, but occurred later at 6 h in more participants in R (P = 0.04). Conclusions Dietary restraint and disinhibition are associated with circulating glucose and ghrelin concentrations; however, prospective research is needed to determine if there is a causal relationship. Funding Sources USDA CRIS 2032-51530-022, 2032-51530-025, and 2032-51530-026-00-D, and a grant from Arla Foods Inc.

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Ku, Chee Wai, Rachael Si Xuan Loo, Cheryl Jia En Lim, Jacinth J. X. Tan, Joey Ee Wen Ho, Wee Meng Han, Xiang Wen Ng, Jerry Kok Yen Chan, Fabian Yap, and See Ling Loy. "Development and Validation of a Lifestyle Behavior Tool in Overweight and Obese Women through Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches." Nutrients 13, no. 12 (December 20, 2021): 4553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13124553.

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There is a paucity of effective intervention tools for overweight/obese women to assess, guide and monitor their eating behavior. This study aimed to develop a lifestyle intervention tool, assess its acceptability and usefulness, and verify its construct validity in overweight/obese women. The 6P tool (Portion, Proportion, Pleasure, Phase, Physicality, Psychology) was developed and 15 women with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 were interviewed to assess its perceived acceptability and usefulness. Subsequently, the revised 6P tool was tested in 46 women with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ), International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short (IPAQ), and weight were measured at baseline and one-month. Most participants were satisfied with the presentation of the 6P tool (86.8%), and agreed it was useful in guiding healthy eating (81.6%) and raising awareness of eating behavior (97.4%). There were significant improvements in cognitive restraint (p = 0.010) and disinhibition (p = 0.030) (TFEQ), portion size (P1), pleasure behaviors (P3), and total composite 6P score (p < 0.001). However, there was no significant reduction in weight or increase in physical activity. The 6P tool is acceptable and presents with good validity for assessing lifestyle behaviors.

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Benbaibeche, Hassiba, El Mahdi Haffaf, Ghouti Kacimi, Brahim Oudjit, Naim Akhtar Khan, and Elhadj Ahmed Koceïr. "Implication of corticotropic hormone axis in eating behaviour pattern in obese and type 2 diabetic participants." British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 8 (March 18, 2015): 1237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515000549.

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In Algeria, eating behaviour has been increasingly deviated from its traditional Mediterranean diet to modern fast food style. The present study examines the interactions between eating behaviour pattern (EBP), corticotropic hormone axis and the metabolic syndrome. Our Algerian population cohort comprised of 410 participants (130 obese, 170 type 2 diabetics and 110 healthy participants). The EBP was evaluated by the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire test. The anthropometric and metabolic parameters (glucose, TAG, HDL, LDL and cholesterol) and the concentrations of hormones (insulin, adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), cortisol and growth hormone) were determined by biometrics, spectrophotometry and RIA, respectively. Multivariate analyses showed a high correlation between the EBP and the metabolic syndrome, particularly between insulin-resistant state and hypertrophy of visceral adipose tissue. Compared with healthy participants, obese ones showed the hyperphagic type of EBP, i.e. disinhibition and hunger disorders. Conversely, the diabetics showed both the hypophagic and hyperphagic type of EBP. In diabetic and obese participants, cortisol and ACTH secretions were significantly altered, leading to metabolic disorders. The present study confirms the role of EBP in obesity and diabetes.

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l, Esma, Mustafa Yilmaz, Mahmut Bodur, Merve n, Hulya Yardimci, Alev Keser, Asli Ucar, Nurcan Ayhan, Ayse k, and Funda Cakiroglu. "The effect of emotional eating on body weight and eating habits in adults." Medicine Science | International Medical Journal 11, no. 3 (2022): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/medscience.2022.04.103.

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The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of emotional nutrition on body weight and eating habits in adults. 2461 volunteers between the ages of 18-and 65 (40.7±13.6 years) participated in this cross-sectional study (M=677, F=1784). Research data were collected with a face-to-face questionnaire. The participants' nutritional habits and status were evaluated with the three-factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ) and a 24-hour dietary recall form. The “International Physical Activity Assessment Questionnaire - Short Form” was used to determine the physical activity level of individuals. Body mass index was calculated by measuring height and body weight. At the end of the study, it was found that 34.5% of the participants were overweight, and 25.1% were obese. The uncontrolled eating and hunger score were significantly higher, whereas it was low in cognitive restraint in individuals who consumed grains as much or more than recommended (p<0.05). And higher cognitive restraint score was found in those who stated that they consumed the milk and dairy products, vegetable and fruit groups as much or more than recommended and the grains less than recommended (p<0.05). In addition, dietary disinhibition (OR=1.142, 95% CI=1.097-1.189), cognitive restriction (OR=1.076, 95% CI=1.050-1.103) and fasting (OR=1.084, 95% CI=1.033-1.137) scores of TEFQ sub-factors been shown to significantly increase the risk of being overweight/obese (p<0.001). These results show that emotional eating has a significant effect on body weight. For this reason, a multidisciplinary approach is required to evaluate the effect of diet therapy and nutrition on the patient and take into account the patient's emotional state, especially in the treatment and control of obesity.

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Cox, Stephanie, and Cassie Brode. "Predictors of Binge Eating among Bariatric Surgery Candidates: Disinhibition as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Depressive Symptoms and Binge Eating." Obesity Surgery 28, no. 7 (February 7, 2018): 1990–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11695-018-3129-8.

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Burns, Alastair, Robin Jacoby, and Raymond Levy. "Psychiatric Phenomena in Alzheimer's Disease. IV: Disorders of Behaviour." British Journal of Psychiatry 157, no. 1 (July 1990): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.157.1.86.

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Out of a sample of 178 patients with AD, aggression was present in 20%, wandering in 19%, binge-eating in 10%, hyperorality in 6%, urinary incontinence in 48%, and sexual disinhibition in 7%. Behavioural abnormalities were greater in those with more severe dementia. Temporal-lobe atrophy correlated with aggression, and widening of the third ventricle with hyperorality. Features of the Kluver–Bucy syndrome were commonly seen, but the full syndrome occurred in only one subject. Patients with at least one feature of the Kluver–Bucy syndrome had greater temporal-lobe atropy than those without any of the features.

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Stogios, Nicolette, Emily Smith, Roshanak Asgariroozbehani, Laurie Hamel, Alexander Gdanski, Peter Selby, Sanjeev Sockalingam, et al. "Exploring Patterns of Disturbed Eating in Psychosis: A Scoping Review." Nutrients 12, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 3883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12123883.

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Disturbed eating behaviours have been widely reported in psychotic disorders since the early 19th century. There is also evidence that antipsychotic (AP) treatment may induce binge eating or other related compulsive eating behaviours. It is therefore possible that abnormal eating patterns may contribute to the significant weight gain and other metabolic disturbances observed in patients with psychosis. In this scoping review, we aimed to explore the underlying psychopathological and neurobiological mechanisms of disrupted eating behaviours in psychosis spectrum disorders and the role of APs in this relationship. A systematic search identified 35 studies that met our eligibility criteria and were included in our qualitative synthesis. Synthesizing evidence from self-report questionnaires and food surveys, we found that patients with psychosis exhibit increased appetite and craving for fatty food, as well as increased caloric intake and snacking, which may be associated with increased disinhibition. Limited evidence from neuroimaging studies suggested that AP-naïve first episode patients exhibit similar neural processing of food to healthy controls, while chronic AP exposure may lead to decreased activity in satiety areas and increased activity in areas associated with reward anticipation. Overall, this review supports the notion that AP use can lead to disturbed eating patterns in patients, which may contribute to AP-induced weight gain. However, intrinsic illness-related effects on eating behaviors remain less well elucidated, and many confounding factors as well as variability in study designs limits interpretation of existing literature in this field and precludes firm conclusions from being made.

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Anselmo, K., E. Stip, A. Mancini-Marïe, A. Mendrek, L. Ait Bentaleb, O. Lipp, G. Letourneau, et al. "Ghrelin and leptin serum levels in olanzapine-induced eating behavior control disinhibition: A prospective study." Schizophrenia Research 98 (February 2008): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2007.12.044.

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Schaumberg, Katherine, Leah M. Schumacher, Diane L. Rosenbaum, Colleen A. Kase, Amani D. Piers, Michael R. Lowe, Evan M. Forman, and Meghan L. Butryn. "The role of negative reinforcement eating expectancies in the relation between experiential avoidance and disinhibition." Eating Behaviors 21 (April 2016): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.01.003.

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Martínez Rodríguez, Tania Yadira, Samantha Josefina Bernal Gómez, Ana Paola Mora Vergara, Nelson Eduardo Hun Gamboa, Zyanya Reyes Castillo, Elia Herminia Valdés Miramontes, and Ana Cristina Espinoza Gallardo. "Dysfunctional Patterns of Food Intake by Anxiety during Isolation by COVID-19 in Chile, Colombia and Mexico." International Journal of Psychological Research 14, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/20112084.4721.

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Abstract:

The aim of this research was to compare food intake dysfunctional patterns score with the subjective perception of anxiety and sociodemographic characteristics of the participants in isolation by COVID-19 from Chile, Colombia, and Mexico. A cross-sectional research was carried out, with a virtual questionnaire of subjective perception of anxiety and the questionnaire of three 18-item feeding factors. 958 people of both sexes participated (F = 83%,M = 17%), mainly in the 18 to 35 age range. Dysfunctional eating patterns presented high scores in people who perceived anxiety, as well as in participants from Chile. Additionally, it was found that women present greater cognitive restriction and emotional intake, and college students showed greater disinhibition. In conclusion, the scores of the three dysfunctional eating patterns were higher in people with subjective perception of anxiety during social isolation due to COVID-19, and there were also differences according to country, sex, and educational level.

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Journal articles on the topic 'EATING DISINHIBITION'

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