Journal articles on the topic 'Eastern Pacific Ocean'
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1
Anonymous. "Eastern Pacific Ocean Conference." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 71, no. 49 (1990): 1839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/eo071i049p01839.
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Lodeiros, César, Gaspar Soria, Paul Valentich-Scott, Adrián Munguía-Vega, Jonathan Santana Cabrera, Richard Cudney-Bueno, Alfredo Loor, Adrian Márquez, and Stanislaus Sonnenholzner. "Spondylids of Eastern Pacific Ocean." Journal of Shellfish Research 35, no. 2 (August 2016): 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/035.035.0203.
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Jin, Xiaolin, Young-Oh Kwon, Caroline C. Ummenhofer, Hyodae Seo, Franziska U. Schwarzkopf, Arne Biastoch, Claus W. Böning, and Jonathon S. Wright. "Influences of Pacific Climate Variability on Decadal Subsurface Ocean Heat Content Variations in the Indian Ocean." Journal of Climate 31, no. 10 (April 30, 2018): 4157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0654.1.
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Abstract Decadal variabilities in Indian Ocean subsurface ocean heat content (OHC; 50–300 m) since the 1950s are examined using ocean reanalyses. This study elaborates on how Pacific variability modulates the Indian Ocean on decadal time scales through both oceanic and atmospheric pathways. High correlations between OHC and thermocline depth variations across the entire Indian Ocean Basin suggest that OHC variability is primarily driven by thermocline fluctuations. The spatial pattern of the leading mode of decadal Indian Ocean OHC variability closely matches the regression pattern of OHC on the interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO), emphasizing the role of the Pacific Ocean in determining Indian Ocean OHC decadal variability. Further analyses identify different mechanisms by which the Pacific influences the eastern and western Indian Ocean. IPO-related anomalies from the Pacific propagate mainly through oceanic pathways in the Maritime Continent to impact the eastern Indian Ocean. By contrast, in the western Indian Ocean, the IPO induces wind-driven Ekman pumping in the central Indian Ocean via the atmospheric bridge, which in turn modifies conditions in the southwestern Indian Ocean via westward-propagating Rossby waves. To confirm this, a linear Rossby wave model is forced with wind stresses and eastern boundary conditions based on reanalyses. This linear model skillfully reproduces observed sea surface height anomalies and highlights both the oceanic connection in the eastern Indian Ocean and the role of wind-driven Ekman pumping in the west. These findings are also reproduced by OGCM hindcast experiments forced by interannual atmospheric boundary conditions applied only over the Pacific and Indian Oceans, respectively.
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Zischke, Mitchell T., Shane P. Griffiths, Ian R. Tibbetts, and Robert J. G. Lester. "Stock identification of wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) in the Pacific and Indian Oceans using morphometrics and parasites." ICES Journal of Marine Science 70, no. 1 (October 18, 2012): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss164.
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Abstract Zischke, M. T., Griffiths, S. P., Tibbetts, I. R., and Lester, R. J. G. 2013. Stock identification of wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) in the Pacific and Indian Oceans using morphometrics and parasites. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70:164–172. The wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) is an increasingly important by-product species of tropical pelagic fisheries worldwide. However, specific management of the species is currently hindered by a dearth of information on basic biology and stock structure. This study examined the stock structure of wahoo using morphometric characters and parasite fauna from fish collected in three regions of the western Pacific, and one region in each of the eastern Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans. Similar morphometric measurements and parasite abundance of wahoo collected off eastern Australia suggest they may form part of a single phenotypic stock in the western Pacific Ocean. Morphometric measurements and parasite fauna were significantly different among wahoo from the western Pacific and eastern Pacific Oceans, suggesting multiple discrete phenotypic stocks despite genetic homogeneity. Assessing fish from a range of regions throughout the Pacific Ocean may help discriminate stock boundaries in this region. Future research using complementary techniques, such as otolith microchemistry and genetic microsatellites, may improve our understanding of the global stock structure of wahoo to suitably inform regional fishery management organizations.
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GRIGG, R. W., and R. HEY. "Paleoceanography of the Tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean." Science 255, no. 5041 (January 10, 1992): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.255.5041.172.
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MELO, MARCELO R. S. "A revision of the genus Pseudoscopelus Lütken (Chiasmodontidae: Acanthomorphata) with descriptions of three new species." Zootaxa 2710, no. 1 (January 22, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2710.1.1.
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Pseudoscopelus Lütken is a genus of meso- and bathypelagic fishes with a worldwide distribution. The genus is the most diversified within the family Chiasmodontidae, containing 16 valid species, three of which are described herein as new: Pseudoscopelus scriptus Lütken, from the western Central and North Atlantic; P. sagamianus Tanaka, from the Eastern Pacific and Indian Ocean; P. altipinnis Parr, widely distributed in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; P. cephalus Fowler, only known from the type locality in the Indo-Pacific; P. obtusifrons Fowler, from the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans; P. scutatus Krefft, widely distributed in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans; P. aphos Prokofiev and Kukuev, from the western North Atlantic; P. parini Prokofiev and Kukuev, from the western Central Pacific to Hawaiian islands; P. astronesthidens Prokofiev and Kukuev, from the North Atlantic; P. australis Prokofiev and Kukuev, widely distribution in the southern parts of the Atlantic, Indian, Pacific Oceans, and in the Southern Ocean; P. pierbartus Spitz, Quéro and Vayne, from the North Atlantic and western South Atlantic; P. bothrorrhinos Melo, Walker Jr. and Klepadlo, from the western Pacific and Indian Ocean; P. lavenbergi Melo, Walker Jr. and Klepadlo, from the western North, western Central and western South Atlantic, P. paxtoni new species, from the western South Pacific; P. cordilluminatus new species, from the Indian Ocean and eastern South Atlantic; and P. odontoglossum new species, from the Central Pacific. Herein, Pseudoscopelus stellatus is placed in synonymy of P. scriptus; P. albeolus, in synonymy of P. australis; and P. vityazi, in synonymy of P. parini. Pseudoscopelus microps is confirmed as a junior synonym of P. altipinnis. A key to the species of Pseudoscopelus is provided as well as updated diagnoses, redescriptions, areas and distribution maps, based on extensive examination of collection material and comparison with type specimens.
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Ummenhofer, Caroline C., Franziska U. Schwarzkopf, Gary Meyers, Erik Behrens, Arne Biastoch, and Claus W. Böning. "Pacific Ocean Contribution to the Asymmetry in Eastern Indian Ocean Variability." Journal of Climate 26, no. 4 (February 15, 2013): 1152–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00673.1.
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Abstract Variations in eastern Indian Ocean upper-ocean thermal properties are assessed for the period 1970–2004, with a particular focus on asymmetric features related to opposite phases of Indian Ocean dipole events, using high-resolution ocean model hindcasts. Sensitivity experiments, where interannual atmospheric forcing variability is restricted to the Indian or Pacific Ocean only, support the interpretation of forcing mechanisms for large-scale asymmetric behavior in eastern Indian Ocean variability. Years are classified according to eastern Indian Ocean subsurface heat content (HC) as proxy of thermocline variations. Years characterized by an anomalous low HC feature a zonal gradient in upper-ocean properties near the equator, while high events have a meridional gradient from the tropics into the subtropics. The spatial and temporal characteristics of the seasonal evolution of HC anomalies for the two cases is distinct, as is the relative contribution from Indian Ocean atmospheric forcing versus remote influences from Pacific wind forcing: low events develop rapidly during austral winter/spring in response to Indian Ocean wind forcing associated with an enhanced southeasterly monsoon driving coastal upwelling and a shoaling thermocline in the east; in contrast, formation of an anomalous high eastern Indian Ocean HC is more gradual, with anomalies earlier in the year expanding from the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) region, initiated by remote Pacific wind forcing, and transmitted through the ITF via coastal wave dynamics. Implications for seasonal predictions arise with high HC events offering extended lead times for predicting thermocline variations and upper-ocean properties across the eastern Indian Ocean.
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Yuan, Dongliang, Jing Wang, Tengfei Xu, Peng Xu, Zhou Hui, Xia Zhao, Yihua Luan, Weipeng Zheng, and Yongqiang Yu. "Forcing of the Indian Ocean Dipole on the Interannual Variations of the Tropical Pacific Ocean: Roles of the Indonesian Throughflow." Journal of Climate 24, no. 14 (July 15, 2011): 3593–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli3649.1.
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Abstract Controlled numerical experiments using ocean-only and ocean–atmosphere coupled general circulation models show that interannual sea level depression in the eastern Indian Ocean during the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) events forces enhanced Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) to transport warm water from the upper-equatorial Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean. The enhanced transport produces elevation of the thermocline and cold subsurface temperature anomalies in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean, which propagate to the eastern equatorial Pacific to induce significant coupled evolution of the tropical Pacific oceanic and atmospheric circulation. Analyses suggest that the IOD-forced ITF transport anomalies are about the same amplitudes as those induced by the Pacific ENSO. Results of the coupled model experiments suggest that the anomalies induced by the IOD persist in the equatorial Pacific until the year following the IOD event, suggesting the importance of the oceanic channel in modulating the interannual climate variations of the tropical Pacific Ocean at the time lag beyond one year.
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Luo, Jing-Jia, Sebastien Masson, Erich Roeckner, Gurvan Madec, and Toshio Yamagata. "Reducing Climatology Bias in an Ocean–Atmosphere CGCM with Improved Coupling Physics." Journal of Climate 18, no. 13 (July 1, 2005): 2344–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3404.1.
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Abstract The cold tongue in the tropical Pacific extends too far west in most current ocean–atmosphere coupled GCMs (CGCMs). This bias also exists in the relatively high-resolution SINTEX-F CGCM despite its remarkable performance of simulating ENSO variations. In terms of the importance of air–sea interactions to the climatology formation in the tropical Pacific, several sensitivity experiments with improved coupling physics have been performed in order to reduce the cold-tongue bias in CGCMs. By allowing for momentum transfer of the ocean surface current to the atmosphere [full coupled simulation (FCPL)] or merely reducing the wind stress by taking the surface current into account in the bulk formula [semicoupled simulation (semi-CPL)], the warm-pool/cold-tongue structure in the equatorial Pacific is simulated better than that of the control simulation (CTL) in which the movement of the ocean surface is ignored for wind stress calculation. The reduced surface zonal current and vertical entrainment owing to the reduced easterly wind stress tend to produce a warmer sea surface temperature (SST) in the western equatorial Pacific. Consequently, the dry bias there is much reduced. The warming tendency of the SST in the eastern Pacific, however, is largely suppressed by isopycnal diffusion and meridional advection of colder SST from south of the equator due to enhanced coastal upwelling near Peru. The ENSO signal in the western Pacific and its global teleconnection in the North Pacific are simulated more realistically. The approach as adopted in the FCPL run is able to generate a correct zonal SST slope and efficiently reduce the cold-tongue bias in the equatorial Pacific. The surface easterly wind itself in the FCPL run is weakened, reducing the easterly wind stress further. This is related with a weakened zonal Walker cell in the atmospheric boundary layer over the eastern Pacific and a new global angular momentum balance of the atmosphere associated with reduced westerly wind stress over the southern oceans.
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Kao, Hsun-Ying, and Jin-Yi Yu. "Contrasting Eastern-Pacific and Central-Pacific Types of ENSO." Journal of Climate 22, no. 3 (February 1, 2009): 615–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2309.1.
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Abstract Surface observations and subsurface ocean assimilation datasets are examined to contrast two distinct types of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the tropical Pacific: an eastern-Pacific (EP) type and a central-Pacific (CP) type. An analysis method combining empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis and linear regression is used to separate these two types. Correlation and composite analyses based on the principal components of the EOF were performed to examine the structure, evolution, and teleconnection of these two ENSO types. The EP type of ENSO is found to have its SST anomaly center located in the eastern equatorial Pacific attached to the coast of South America. This type of ENSO is associated with basinwide thermocline and surface wind variations and shows a strong teleconnection with the tropical Indian Ocean. In contrast, the CP type of ENSO has most of its surface wind, SST, and subsurface anomalies confined in the central Pacific and tends to onset, develop, and decay in situ. This type of ENSO appears less related to the thermocline variations and may be influenced more by atmospheric forcing. It has a stronger teleconnection with the southern Indian Ocean. Phase-reversal signatures can be identified in the anomaly evolutions of the EP-ENSO but not for the CP-ENSO. This implies that the CP-ENSO may occur more as events or epochs than as a cycle. The EP-ENSO has experienced a stronger interdecadal change with the dominant period of its SST anomalies shifted from 2 to 4 yr near 1976/77, while the dominant period for the CP-ENSO stayed near the 2-yr band. The different onset times of these two types of ENSO imply that the difference between the EP and CP types of ENSO could be caused by the timing of the mechanisms that trigger the ENSO events.
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Meehl, Gerald A., Julie M. Arblaster, and Johannes Loschnigg. "Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Dynamical Processes in the Tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans and the TBO." Journal of Climate 16, no. 13 (July 1, 2003): 2138–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2767.1.
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Abstract The transitions (from relatively strong to relatively weak monsoon) in the tropospheric biennial oscillation (TBO) occur in northern spring for the south Asian or Indian monsoon and northern fall for the Australian monsoon involving coupled land–atmosphere–ocean processes over a large area of the Indo-Pacific region. Transitions from March–May (MAM) to June–September (JJAS) tend to set the system for the next year, with a transition to the opposite sign the following year. Previous analyses of observed data and GCM sensitivity experiments have demonstrated that the TBO (with roughly a 2–3-yr period) encompasses most ENSO years (with their well-known biennial tendency). In addition, there are other years, including many Indian Ocean dipole (or zonal mode) events, that contribute to biennial transitions. Results presented here from observations for composites of TBO evolution confirm earlier results that the Indian and Pacific SST forcings are more dominant in the TBO than circulation and meridional temperature gradient anomalies over Asia. A fundamental element of the TBO is the large-scale east–west atmospheric circulation (the Walker circulation) that links anomalous convection and precipitation, winds, and ocean dynamics across the Indian and Pacific sectors. This circulation connects convection over the Asian–Australian monsoon regions both to the central and eastern Pacific (the eastern Walker cell), and to the central and western Indian Ocean (the western Walker cell). Analyses of upper-ocean data confirm previous results and show that ENSO El Niño and La Niña events as well as Indian Ocean SST dipole (or zonal mode) events are often large-amplitude excursions of the TBO in the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans, respectively, associated with anomalous eastern and western Walker cell circulations, coupled ocean dynamics, and upper-ocean temperature and heat content anomalies. Other years with similar but lower-amplitude signals in the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans also contribute to the TBO. Observed upper-ocean data for the Indian Ocean show that slowly eastward-propagating equatorial ocean heat content anomalies, westward-propagating ocean Rossby waves south of the equator, and anomalous cross-equatorial ocean heat transports contribute to the heat content anomalies in the Indian Ocean and thus to the ocean memory and consequent SST anomalies, which are an essential part of the TBO.
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Tokinaga, Hiroki, Shang-Ping Xie, Axel Timmermann, Shayne McGregor, Tomomichi Ogata, Hisayuki Kubota, and Yuko M. Okumura. "Regional Patterns of Tropical Indo-Pacific Climate Change: Evidence of the Walker Circulation Weakening." Journal of Climate 25, no. 5 (March 2012): 1689–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00263.1.
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Regional patterns of tropical Indo-Pacific climate change are investigated over the last six decades based on a synthesis of in situ observations and ocean model simulations, with a focus on physical consistency among sea surface temperature (SST), cloud, sea level pressure (SLP), surface wind, and subsurface ocean temperature. A newly developed bias-corrected surface wind dataset displays westerly trends over the western tropical Pacific and easterly trends over the tropical Indian Ocean, indicative of a slowdown of the Walker circulation. This pattern of wind change is consistent with that of observed SLP change showing positive trends over the Maritime Continent and negative trends over the central equatorial Pacific. Suppressed moisture convergence over the Maritime Continent is largely due to surface wind changes, contributing to observed decreases in marine cloudiness and land precipitation there. Furthermore, observed ocean mixed layer temperatures indicate a reduction in zonal contrast in the tropical Indo-Pacific characterized by larger warming in the tropical eastern Pacific and western Indian Ocean than in the tropical western Pacific and eastern Indian Ocean. Similar changes are successfully simulated by an ocean general circulation model forced with the bias-corrected wind stress. Whereas results from major SST reconstructions show no significant change in zonal gradient in the tropical Indo-Pacific, both bucket-sampled SSTs and nighttime marine air temperatures (NMAT) show a weakening of the zonal gradient consistent with the subsurface temperature changes. All these findings from independent observations provide robust evidence for ocean–atmosphere coupling associated with the reduction in the Walker circulation over the last six decades.
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Xie, Shang-Ping, Qihua Peng, Youichi Kamae, Xiao-Tong Zheng, Hiroki Tokinaga, and Dongxiao Wang. "Eastern Pacific ITCZ Dipole and ENSO Diversity." Journal of Climate 31, no. 11 (May 17, 2018): 4449–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0905.1.
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Abstract The eastern tropical Pacific features strong climatic asymmetry across the equator, with the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) displaced north of the equator most of time. In February–April (FMA), the seasonal warming in the Southern Hemisphere and cooling in the Northern Hemisphere weaken the climatic asymmetry, and a double ITCZ appears with a zonal rainband on either side of the equator. Results from an analysis of precipitation variability reveal that the relative strength between the northern and southern ITCZ varies from one year to another and this meridional seesaw results from ocean–atmosphere coupling. Surprisingly this meridional seesaw is triggered by an El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) of moderate amplitudes. Although ENSO is originally symmetric about the equator, the asymmetry in the mean climate in the preceding season introduces asymmetric perturbations, which are then preferentially amplified by coupled ocean–atmosphere feedback in FMA when deep convection is sensitive to small changes in cross-equatorial gradient of sea surface temperature. This study shows that moderate ENSO follows a distinct decay trajectory in FMA and southeasterly cross-equatorial wind anomalies cause moderate El Niño to dissipate rapidly as southeasterly cross-equatorial wind anomalies intensify ocean upwelling south of the equator. In contrast, extreme El Niño remains strong through FMA as enhanced deep convection causes westerly wind anomalies to intrude and suppress ocean upwelling in the eastern equatorial Pacific.
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Lohmann, Katja, and Mojib Latif. "Influence of El Niño on the Upper-Ocean Circulation in the Tropical Atlantic Ocean." Journal of Climate 20, no. 19 (October 1, 2007): 5012–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli4292.1.
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Abstract This study investigates the influence of El Niño on the upper-ocean circulation in the tropical Atlantic Ocean (via changes in the Atlantic trade winds) by analyzing observed sea surface temperature (SST) together with an ocean general circulation model integration forced by the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis. During periods with anomalously warm (cold) eastern equatorial Pacific SST, the southern Atlantic tropical cell is strengthened (weakened). The difference of the cell strength between El Niño and La Niña years is about 20% of the mean cell strength. However, the variability of the cell is not dominated by the remote forcing from the eastern equatorial Pacific but seems to be caused by intrinsic tropical Atlantic variability. A strengthening (weakening) for periods with anomalously warm (cold) eastern equatorial Pacific SST is also found for the zonal surface and subsurface currents. TOPEX/Poseidon altimetry data are used to validate the results based on the OGCM integration.
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Weisberg, R. H., D. Halpern, T. Y. Tang, and S. M. Hwang. "M2tidal currents in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean." Journal of Geophysical Research 92, no. C4 (1987): 3821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jc092ic04p03821.
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Faure, Vincent, and Kevin Speer. "Deep Circulation in the Eastern South Pacific Ocean." Journal of Marine Research 70, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): 748–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224012806290714.
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Azouzi, L., R. Gonçalves Ito, F. Touratier, and C. Goyet. "Anthropogenic carbon in the eastern South Pacific Ocean." Biogeosciences Discussions 4, no. 3 (June 19, 2007): 1815–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-1815-2007.
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Abstract. We present results from the BIOSOPE cruise in the eastern South Pacific Ocean. In particular, we present estimates of the anthropogenic carbon CantTrOCA distribution in this area using the TrOCA method recently developed by Touratier and Goyet (2004a, b) and Touratier et al. (2007). We study the distribution of this anthropogenic carbon taking into account of the hydrodynamic characteristics of this region. We then compare these results with earlier estimates in nearby areas of the anthropogenic carbon as well as other anthropogenic tracer (CFC-11). The highest concentrations of CantTrOCA are located around 13° S 132° W and 32° S 91° W, and their concentrations are larger than 80 μmol kg−1 and 70 μmol kg−1, respectively. The lowest concentrations were observed below 800 m depths (≤2 μ mol kg−1) and at the Oxygen Minimum Zones (OMZ), mainly around 140° W (<11 μmol kg−1). The comparison with earlier work in nearby areas provides a general trend and indicates that the results presented here are in general agreement with previous knowledge. This work further improves our understanding on the penetration of anthropogenic carbon in the eastern Pacific Ocean.
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HICKSON, SYDNEY J. "14. Some Alcyonarians from the Eastern Pacific Ocean." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 100, no. 1 (August 21, 2009): 209–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1930.tb00974.x.
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Palacios-Salgado, Deivis S., Arturo Ramírez-Valdez, Agustín A. Rojas-Herrera, Jasmin Granados Amores, and Miguel A. Melo-García. "Marine fishes of Acapulco, Mexico (Eastern Pacific Ocean)." Marine Biodiversity 44, no. 4 (March 6, 2014): 471–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12526-014-0209-4.
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Ha, Yao, Zhong Zhong, Xiuqun Yang, and Yuan Sun. "Different Pacific Ocean Warming Decaying Types and Northwest Pacific Tropical Cyclone Activity." Journal of Climate 26, no. 22 (October 29, 2013): 8979–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00097.1.
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Abstract This study focuses on statistical analysis of anomalous tropical cyclone (TC) activities and the physical mechanisms behind these anomalies. Different patterns of decaying of the warm sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) over the equatorial central-eastern Pacific are categorized into three types: eastern Pacific warming decaying to La Niña (EPWDL), eastern Pacific warming decaying to a neutral phase (EPWDN), and a central Pacific warming decaying year (CPWD). Differences in TC activity over the western North Pacific (WNP) corresponding to the above three types are discussed, and possible mechanisms are proposed. For EPWDL, TC genesis shows a significant positive (negative) anomaly over the northwestern (southeastern) WNP and more TCs move westward and make landfall over the southern East Asian coast. This is attributed primarily to the combined modulation of La Niña and the warm equatorial east Indian Ocean SSTA. For EPWDN, enhanced TC genesis is observed over the northeastern WNP, and suppressed TC activity is located mainly in the zonal region extending from the Philippine Sea to the eastern WNP, close to 160°E. Most of the TCs formed over the eastern WNP experience early recurvature east of 140°E, then move northeastward; hence, fewer TCs move northwestward to make landfall over the East Asian coast. For CPWD, the enhanced TC activity appears over the western WNP. This is due to the weak anomalous cyclonic circulation over the Philippines, primarily caused by the weaker, more westward-shifting warm SSTA compared to that in the previous warming year over the central Pacific.
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Yang, Yang, Lynn M. Russell, Sijia Lou, Maryam A. Lamjiri, Ying Liu, Balwinder Singh, and Steven J. Ghan. "Changes in Sea Salt Emissions Enhance ENSO Variability." Journal of Climate 29, no. 23 (November 15, 2016): 8575–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0237.1.
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Abstract Two 150-yr preindustrial simulations with and without interactive sea salt emissions from the Community Earth System Model (CESM) are performed to quantify the interactions between sea salt emissions and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Variations in sea salt emissions over the tropical Pacific Ocean are affected by changing wind speed associated with ENSO variability. ENSO-induced interannual variations in sea salt emissions result in decreasing (increasing) aerosol optical depth (AOD) by 0.03 over the equatorial central-eastern (western) Pacific Ocean during El Niño events compared to those during La Niña events. These changes in AOD further increase (decrease) radiative fluxes into the atmosphere by +0.2 (−0.4) W m−2 over the tropical eastern (western) Pacific. Thereby, sea surface temperature increases (decreases) by 0.2–0.4 K over the tropical eastern (western) Pacific Ocean during El Niño compared to La Niña events and enhances ENSO variability by 10%. The increase in ENSO amplitude is a result of systematic heating (cooling) during the warm (cold) phase of ENSO in the eastern Pacific. Interannual variations in sea salt emissions then produce the anomalous ascent (subsidence) over the equatorial eastern (western) Pacific between El Niño and La Niña events, which is a result of heating anomalies. Owing to variations in sea salt emissions, the convective precipitation is enhanced by 0.6–1.2 mm day−1 over the tropical central-eastern Pacific Ocean and weakened by 0.9–1.5 mm day−1 over the Maritime Continent during El Niño compared to La Niña events, enhancing the precipitation variability over the tropical Pacific.
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Jin, Xiaolin, Young-Oh Kwon, Caroline C. Ummenhofer, Hyodae Seo, Yu Kosaka, and Jonathon S. Wright. "Distinct Mechanisms of Decadal Subsurface Heat Content Variations in the Eastern and Western Indian Ocean Modulated by Tropical Pacific SST." Journal of Climate 31, no. 19 (October 2018): 7751–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0184.1.
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Decadal variability of the subsurface ocean heat content (OHC) in the Indian Ocean is investigated using a coupled climate model experiment, in which observed eastern tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (EPSST) anomalies are specified. This study intends to understand the contributions of external forcing relative to those of internal variability associated with EPSST, as well as the mechanisms by which the Pacific impacts Indian Ocean OHC. Internally generated variations associated with EPSST dominate decadal variations in the subsurface Indian Ocean. Consistent with ocean reanalyses, the coupled model reproduces a pronounced east–west dipole structure in the southern tropical Indian Ocean and discontinuities in westward-propagating signals in the central Indian Ocean around 100°E. This implies distinct mechanisms by which the Pacific impacts the eastern and western Indian Ocean on decadal time scales. Decadal variations of OHC in the eastern Indian Ocean are attributed to 1) western Pacific surface wind anomalies, which trigger oceanic Rossby waves propagating westward through the Indonesian Seas and influence Indonesian Throughflow transport, and 2) zonal wind anomalies over the central tropical Indian Ocean, which trigger eastward-propagating Kelvin waves. Decadal variations of OHC in the western Indian Ocean are linked to conditions in the Pacific via changes in the atmospheric Walker cell, which trigger anomalous wind stress curl and Ekman pumping in the central tropical Indian Ocean. Westward-propagating oceanic Rossby waves extend the influence of this anomalous Ekman pumping to the western Indian Ocean.
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Hipfner, J. Mark, Marie M. Prill, Katharine R. Studholme, Alice D. Domalik, Strahan Tucker, Catherine Jardine, Mark Maftei, et al. "Geolocator tagging links distributions in the non-breeding season to population genetic structure in a sentinel North Pacific seabird." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 9, 2020): e0240056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240056.
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We tested the hypothesis that segregation in wintering areas is associated with population differentiation in a sentinel North Pacific seabird, the rhinoceros auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata). We collected tissue samples for genetic analyses on five breeding colonies in the western Pacific Ocean (Japan) and on 13 colonies in the eastern Pacific Ocean (California to Alaska), and deployed light-level geolocator tags on 12 eastern Pacific colonies to delineate wintering areas. Geolocator tags were deployed previously on one colony in Japan. There was strong genetic differentiation between populations in the eastern vs. western Pacific Ocean, likely due to two factors. First, glaciation over the North Pacific in the late Pleistocene might have forced a southward range shift that historically isolated the eastern and western populations. And second, deep-ocean habitat along the northern continental shelf appears to act as a barrier to movement; abundant on both sides of the North Pacific, the rhinoceros auklet is virtually absent as a breeder in the Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea, and no tagged birds crossed the North Pacific in the non-breeding season. While genetic differentiation was strongest between the eastern vs. western Pacific, there was also extensive differentiation within both regional groups. In pairwise comparisons among the eastern Pacific colonies, the standardized measure of genetic differentiation (FꞌST) was negatively correlated with the extent of spatial overlap in wintering areas. That result supports the hypothesis that segregation in the non-breeding season is linked to genetic structure. Philopatry and a neritic foraging habit probably also contribute to the structuring. Widely distributed, vulnerable to anthropogenic stressors, and exhibiting extensive genetic structure, the rhinoceros auklet is fully indicative of the scope of the conservation challenges posed by seabirds.
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Madigan, Daniel J., Zofia Baumann, Aaron B. Carlisle, Owyn Snodgrass, Heidi Dewar, and Nicholas S. Fisher. "Isotopic insights into migration patterns of Pacific bluefin tuna in the eastern Pacific Ocean." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 75, no. 2 (February 2018): 260–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0504.
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Understanding regional migration, residency dynamics, and associated trophic ecology can inform recovery strategies for pelagic species such as Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) (PBFT). PBFT residency duration in the eastern Pacific is uncertain, particularly for larger individuals (here, >100 cm or ∼3+ years of age). We applied a previously tested “chemical tracer toolbox” (Fukushima-derived radiocesium and 13C and 15N stable isotope signatures) to examine migratory and residency patterns and dietary inputs of 428 age 1–6+ PBFT collected from 2012 to 2015 in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Age 1–3 individuals were a mix of residents and recent (≤500 day) migrants, while 98% of age 3–4 and 100% of age 4–6.3 year old PBFT were resident for >500 days in the eastern Pacific. Zooplanktivorous forage (e.g., sardine, anchovy, pelagic red crab, and trophically similar species) of the California Current Ecosystem constituted 57%–82% of diet across PBFT sizes. Migration timing estimates show that PBFT may spend 2–5 years in the eastern Pacific Ocean before returning to the western Pacific.
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de Souza, G. F., B. C. Reynolds, G. C. Johnson, J. L. Bullister, and B. Bourdon. "Silicon stable isotope distribution traces Southern Ocean export of Si to the eastern South Pacific thermocline." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 6 (June 5, 2012): 6409–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-6409-2012.
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Abstract. The cycling and transport of dissolved silicon (Si) in the ocean may be traced by its stable isotope composition, δ30Si. We present a dataset of δ30Si values along 103° W in the eastern South Pacific Ocean, ranging from the Antarctic Zone of the Southern Ocean (62° S) to the equatorial Pacific (12° S). At high southern latitudes, the uptake and associated isotope fractionation of Si by diatoms results in highly elevated δ30Si values (up to +3.2 ‰) in the summer mixed layer. The efficient export of diatom opal to depths inaccessible to annual winter convection is reflected by high δ30Si values (+2 ‰) preserved in high-latitude winter mixed layers. These elevated δ30Si values are introduced into the ocean interior by the subduction of Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) and Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW), whose northward spreading results in a strong isopycnal control on lower-thermocline and intermediate δ30Si values in the well-ventilated eastern South Pacific. Values of δ30Si are strongly conserved along SAMW and AAIW density levels as far north as 26° S, documenting the importance of the export of preformed Si from the surface Southern Ocean to lower latitudes. In contrast, in the equatorial Pacific, depressed δ30Si values in the mesopelagic ocean are observed, most likely documenting the combined influence of a North Pacific Si source as well as the accumulation of remineralized Si within the eastern equatorial Pacific shadow zone. At depth, δ30Si values in the South Pacific remain indistinguishable from deep Southern Ocean values of +1.25 ‰, even within Si-rich and oxygen-poor deep waters returning from the North Pacific. This homogeneity implies that the dissolution of opal plays a negligible role in altering the δ30Si value of deep waters as they traverse the deep Pacific Ocean.
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de Souza, G. F., B. C. Reynolds, G. C. Johnson, J. L. Bullister, and B. Bourdon. "Silicon stable isotope distribution traces Southern Ocean export of Si to the eastern South Pacific thermocline." Biogeosciences 9, no. 11 (November 1, 2012): 4199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4199-2012.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The cycling and transport of dissolved silicon (Si) in the ocean may be traced by its stable isotope composition, δ30Si. We present a dataset of δ30Si values along 103° W in the eastern South Pacific Ocean, ranging from the Antarctic Zone of the Southern Ocean (62° S) to the equatorial Pacific (12° S). At high southern latitudes, the uptake and associated isotope fractionation of Si by diatoms results in highly elevated δ30Si values (up to +3.2‰) in the summer mixed layer. High δ30Si values (+2‰) are also preserved in the high-latitude fossil winter mixed layer, documenting the efficient export of diatom opal beyond the maximum depth of winter convection. This elevated winter mixed layer δ30Si signature is introduced into the ocean interior by the subduction of Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) and Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW), whose northward spreading results in a strong isopycnal control on lower-thermocline and intermediate δ30Si values in the well-ventilated eastern South Pacific. Values of δ30Si are strongly conserved along SAMW and AAIW density levels as far north as 26° S, documenting the importance of the export of preformed Si from the surface Southern Ocean to lower latitudes. In contrast, in the equatorial Pacific, depressed δ30Si values in the mesopelagic ocean are observed, most likely documenting the combined influence of a North Pacific Si source as well as the accumulation of remineralized Si within the eastern equatorial Pacific shadow zone. At depth, δ30Si values in the South Pacific remain indistinguishable from deep Southern Ocean values of +1.25‰, even within Si-rich and oxygen-poor deep waters returning from the North Pacific. This homogeneity implies that the dissolution of opal plays a negligible role in altering the δ30Si value of deep waters as they traverse the deep Pacific Ocean.
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Stramma, Lothar, and Sunke Schmidtko. "Tropical deoxygenation sites revisited to investigate oxygen and nutrient trends." Ocean Science 17, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 833–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-17-833-2021.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. An oxygen decrease of the intermediate-depth low-oxygen zones (300 to 700 m) is seen in time series for selected tropical areas for the period 1960 to 2008 in the eastern tropical Atlantic, the equatorial Pacific and the eastern tropical Indian Ocean. These nearly 5-decade time series were extended to 68 years by including rare historic data starting in 1950 and more recent data. For the extended time series between 1950 and 2018, the deoxygenation trend for the layer 300 to 700 m is similar to the deoxygenation trend seen in the shorter time series. Additionally, temperature, salinity, and nutrient time series in the upper-ocean layer (50 to 300 m) of these areas were investigated since this layer provides critical pelagic habitat for biological communities. Due to the low amount of data available, the results are often not statistically significant within the 95 % confidence interval but nevertheless indicate trends worth discussing. Generally, oxygen is decreasing in the 50 to 300 m layer, except for an area in the eastern tropical South Atlantic. Nutrients also showed long-term trends in the 50 to 300 m layer in all ocean basins and indicate overlying variability related to climate modes. Nitrate increased in all areas. Phosphate also increased in the Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean areas, while it decreased in the two areas of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Silicate decreased in the Atlantic and Pacific areas but increased in the eastern Indian Ocean. Hence, oxygen and nutrients show trends in the tropical oceans, though nutrients trends are more variable between ocean areas than the oxygen trends; therefore, we conclude that those trends are more dependent on local drivers in addition to a global trend. Different positive and negative trends in temperature, salinity, oxygen and nutrients indicate that oxygen and nutrient trends cannot be completely explained by local warming.
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Stramma, Lothar, Sunke Schmidtko, Steven J. Bograd, Tsuneo Ono, Tetjana Ross, Daisuke Sasano, and Frank A. Whitney. "Trends and decadal oscillations of oxygen and nutrients at 50 to 300 m depth in the equatorial and North Pacific." Biogeosciences 17, no. 3 (February 17, 2020): 813–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-813-2020.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. A strong oxygen-deficient layer is located in the upper layers of the tropical Pacific Ocean and deeper in the North Pacific. Processes related to climate change (upper-ocean warming, reduced ventilation) are expected to change ocean oxygen and nutrient inventories. In most ocean basins, a decrease in oxygen (“deoxygenation”) and an increase in nutrients have been observed in subsurface layers. Deoxygenation trends are not linear and there could be multiple influences on oxygen and nutrient trends and variability. Here oxygen and nutrient time series since 1950 in the Pacific Ocean were investigated at 50 to 300 m depth, as this layer provides critical pelagic habitat for biological communities. In addition to trends related to ocean warming the oxygen and nutrient trends show a strong influence of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) in the tropical and the eastern Pacific, and the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) in particular in the North Pacific. In the Oyashio Region the PDO, the NPGO, the North Pacific Index (NPI) and an 18.6-year nodal tidal cycle overlay the long-term trend. In most eastern Pacific regions oxygen increases and nutrients decrease in the 50 to 300 m layer during the negative PDO phase, with opposite trends during the positive PDO phase. The PDO index encapsulates the major mode of sea surface temperature variability in the Pacific, and oxygen and nutrients trends throughout the basin can be described in the context of the PDO phases. El Niño and La Niña years often influence the oxygen and nutrient distribution during the event in the eastern tropical Pacific but do not have a multi-year influence on the trends.
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Van Mooy, B. A. S., T. Moutin, S. Duhamel, P. Rimmelin, and F. Van Wambeke. "Phospholipid synthesis rates in the eastern subtropical South Pacific Ocean." Biogeosciences 5, no. 1 (February 6, 2008): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-133-2008.
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Abstract. Membrane lipid molecules are a major component of planktonic organisms and this is particularly true of the microbial picoplankton that dominate the open ocean; with their high surface-area to volume ratios, the synthesis of membrane lipids places a major demand on their overall cell metabolism. Specifically, the synthesis of cell membrane phospholipids creates a demand for the nutrient phosphorus, and we sought to refine our understanding of the role of phospholipids in the upper ocean phosphorus cycle. We measured the rates of phospholipid synthesis in a transect of the eastern subtropical South Pacific from Easter Island to Concepcion, Chile as part of the BIOSOPE program. Our approach combined standard phosphorus radiotracer incubations and lipid extraction methods. We found that phospholipid synthesis rates varied from less than 1 to greater than 200 pmol P L−1 h−1, and that phospholipid synthesis contributed between less than 5% to greater than 22% of the total PO43− incorporation rate. Changes in the percentage that phospholipid synthesis contributed to total PO43− uptake were strongly correlated with the ratio of primary production to bacterial production, which supported our hypothesis that heterotrophic bacteria were the primary agents of phospholipid synthesis. The spatial variation in phospholipid synthesis rates underscored the importance of heterotrophic bacteria in the phosphorus cycle of the eastern subtropical South Pacific, particularly the hyperoligotrophic South Pacific subtropical gyre.
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Van Mooy, B. A. S., T. Moutin, S. Duhamel, P. Rimmelin, and F. Van Wambeke. "Phospholipid synthesis rates in the eastern subtropical South Pacific Ocean." Biogeosciences Discussions 4, no. 4 (August 20, 2007): 2793–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-2793-2007.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Membrane lipid molecules are a major component of planktonic organisms and this is particularly true of the microbial picoplankton that dominate the open ocean; with their high surface-area to volume ratios, the synthesis of membrane lipids places a major demand on their overall cell metabolism. The synthesis of one class of membrane lipids, the phospholipids, also creates a demand for the nutrient phosphorus, and we sought to refine our understanding of the role of phospholipids in the upper ocean phosphorus cycle. We measured the rates of phospholipid synthesis in a transect of the eastern subtropical South Pacific from Easter Island to Concepcion, Chile as part of the BIOSOPE program. Our approach combined standard phosphorus radiotracer incubations and lipid extraction methods. We found that phospholipid synthesis rates varied from less than 1 to greater than 200 pmol P L−1 h−1, and that phospholipid synthesis contributed between less than 5% to greater than 22% of the total PO43− incorporation rate. Changes in the percentage that phospholipid synthesis contributed to total PO43− incorporation were strongly correlated with the ratio of primary production to bacterial production, which supported our hypothesis that heterotrophic bacteria were the primary agents of phospholipid synthesis. The spatial variation in phospholipid synthesis rates underscored the importance of heterotrophic bacteria in the phosphorus cycle of the eastern subtropical South Pacific, particularly the hyperoligotrophic South Pacific subtropical gyre.
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INABA, TOMOKI, and HIROYUKI MOTOMURA. "Review of the Indo-West Pacific genus Inimicus (Synanceiidae: Choridactylinae)." Zootaxa 4482, no. 1 (September 17, 2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4482.1.2.
Full textAbstract:
The stinger genus Inimicus Jordan & Starks, 1904 (family Synanceiidae), distributed in the Indo-West Pacific, is characterized by having two free pectoral-fin rays. Examination of the original descriptions and 420 specimens, including all available type specimens, of the genus resulted in the recognition of nine valid species: Inimicus brachyrhynchus (Bleeker, 1874) (recorded from Hong Kong and Singapore), I. caledonicus (Sauvage, 1878) (distributed in Andaman Sea and western Pacific Ocean), I. cuvieri (Gray, 1835) (Andaman Sea and western Pacific Ocean), I. didactylus (Pallas, 1769) (western Pacific), I. filamentosus (Cuvier, 1829) (western Indian Ocean), I. gruzovi Mandrytsa, 1991 (Coral Sea), I. japonicus (Cuvier, 1829) (East Asia), I. sinensis (Valenciennes, 1833) (eastern Indian and western Pacific oceans), and I. smirnovi Mandrytsa, 1990 (southwestern Pacific Ocean). Inimicus joubini (Chevey, 1927), previously considered a valid species, is herein regarded as a junior synonym of I. japonicus. Another 10 nominal species are confirmed to be synonymized with the nine species. A revised diagnosis for each species and a key to all the species are provided.
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Trumble, Robert J., and Robert D. Humphreys. "Management of Pacific Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) in the Eastern Pacific Ocean." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42, S1 (December 19, 1985): s230—s244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f85-277.
Full textAbstract:
Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) fishery management in the eastern Pacific Ocean is under jurisdiction of the federal governments of the United States and Canada and the states of Alaska, Washington, Oregon, and California. In Canada, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans is responsible for all Canadian marine fisheries. United States fisheries management is a federal responsibility in waters beyond 5.6 km (3 nautical miles), provided that a Fishery Management Plan is in effect. As no such plan currently exists for herring in the eastern Pacific, individual states manage offshore waters as well as territorial waters. The dominant product from herring fishing on the west coasts of the United States and Canada is "sac-roe," or mature egg skeins, which are used as a caviar product. Other uses include human food, king crab and other commercial bait, bait for recreational fishermen, herring spawn-on-kelp, and animal food. In-season and post-season standing stock estimates are based on direct observation or measurement. Quotas are based directly on standing stock estimates, using one of two philosophies. The first, used mainly in Canada, sets a spawning escapement goal designed to maximize average larval production, and allows harvest of all herring in excess of this goal. The second sets a harvest in proportion to the standing stock, to allow spawning escapement to fluctuate cyclically as in an unfished population. Serious management problems are caused by the large catching capacity of the herring fleets and by the short time period during which satisfactory roe maturity occurs before spawning. Fishing is often limited to several hours or several days, primarily to maintain catches within quota limits, and secondarily to prevent overloading processing facilities. An equitable allocation of the harvest among various users is difficult, compounding management problems.
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Duteil, Olaf, Andreas Oschlies, and Claus W. Böning. "Pacific Decadal Oscillation and recent oxygen decline in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean." Biogeosciences 15, no. 23 (November 29, 2018): 7111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7111-2018.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The impact of the positive and negative phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) on the extension of the poorly oxygenated regions of the eastern Pacific Ocean was assessed using a coupled ocean circulation–biogeochemical model. We show that during a “typical” PDO-positive phase the volume of the suboxic regions expands by 7 % over 50 years due to a slowdown of the large-scale circulation related to the decrease in the intensity of the trade winds. Changes in oxygen levels are mostly controlled by advective processes between 10∘ N and 10∘ S, whereas diffusive processes are dominant poleward of 10∘: in a “typical” PDO-positive phase the sluggish equatorial current system provides less oxygen to the eastern equatorial part of the basin while the oxygen transport by diffusive processes significantly decreases south of 10∘ S. The suboxic region located north of 10∘ N displays less sensitivity to the phase of the PDO as the local upwelling-related processes play a dominant role compared to the large-scale circulation in setting the oxygen concentration. Our study suggests that the prevailing PDO-positive conditions since 1975 may explain a significant part of the current deoxygenation occurring in the eastern Pacific Ocean.
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Yuan, Junpeng, Yong Gao, Dian Feng, and Yali Yang. "The Zonal Dipole Pattern of Tropical Cyclone Genesis in the Indian Ocean Influenced by the Tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies." Journal of Climate 32, no. 19 (September 3, 2019): 6533–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0042.1.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractFrom a basinwide perspective, the dominant mode of Indian Ocean tropical cyclone genesis (TCG) in September–November (SON) shows an equatorially symmetric east–west zonal dipole pattern, which can explain approximately 13% of the SON TCG variance. This zonal dipole TCG pattern is significantly related to the tripole pattern of the sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) in the tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean (IPT). The IPT, which is a combined interbasin mode and presents a dipole pattern of SSTAs in the tropical Indian Ocean and El Niño–like SSTAs in the tropical Pacific Ocean, can influence the local Walker circulation and zonal dipole TCG pattern over the tropical Indian Ocean. Associated with a positive IPT phase, abnormal ascending (descending) motions are induced and favorable for more (less) water vapor transport to the lower–middle level in the western (eastern) tropical Indian Ocean; significant anticyclonic vorticity anomalies are evoked in the lower level over the eastern tropical Indian Ocean, and weak easterly vertical wind shear appears over the tropical Indian Ocean. Thus, abnormally strong upward motion, abundant water vapor in the lower–middle level, and weak vertical wind shear are favorable for more TCG in the western tropical Indian Ocean, while the combined negative contributions of the vertical motion, lower-level vorticity, and humidity terms result in less TCG in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean.
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Marandino, C. A., W. J. De Bruyn, S. D. Miller, and E. S. Saltzman. "Open ocean DMS air/sea fluxes over the eastern South Pacific Ocean." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 3 (June 18, 2008): 12081–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-12081-2008.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Air/sea fluxes of dimethylsulfide (DMS) were measured by eddy correlation over the Eastern South Pacific Ocean during January 2006. The cruise track extended from Manzanillo, Mexico, along 110° W, to Punta Arenas, Chile. Bulk air and surface ocean DMS levels were also measured and gas transfer coefficients (kDMS) were computed. Air and seawater DMS measurements were made using chemical ionization mass spectrometry (API-CIMS) and a gas/liquid membrane equilibrator. Mean surface seawater DMS concentrations were 3.8±2.2 nM and atmospheric mixing ratios were 340±370 ppt. The air/sea flux of DMS was uniformly out of the ocean, with an average value of 12±15 μmol m−2 d−1. Sea surface concentration and flux were highest around 15° S, in a region influenced by shelf waters and lowest around 25° S, in low chlorophyll gyre waters. The DMS gas transfer coefficient exhibited a linear wind speed-dependence over the wind speed range of 1 to 9 ms−1. This relationship is compared with previously derived of k from DMS, CO2, and dual tracer data from the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, and with the NOAA/COARE gas transfer model. The model generated slope of k vs. wind speed is at the low end of those observed in previous DMS field studies.
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Huang, Boyin, Vikram M. Mehta, and Niklas Schneider. "Oceanic Response to Idealized Net Atmospheric Freshwater in the Pacific at the Decadal Time Scale*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 35, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 2467–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2820.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In the study of decadal variations of the Pacific Ocean circulations and temperature, the role of anomalous net atmospheric freshwater [evaporation minus precipitation minus river runoff (EmP)] has received scant attention even though ocean salinity anomalies are long lived and can be expected to have more variance at low frequencies than at high frequencies. To explore the magnitude of salinity and temperature anomalies and their generation processes, the authors studied the response of the Pacific Ocean to idealized EmP anomalies in the Tropics and subtropics using an ocean general circulation model developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Simulations showed that salinity anomalies generated by the anomalous EmP were spread throughout the Pacific basin by mean flow advection. This redistribution of salinity anomalies caused adjustments of basin-scale ocean currents, which further resulted in basin-scale temperature anomalies due to changes in heat advection caused by anomalous currents. In this study, the response of the Pacific Ocean to magnitudes and locations of anomalous EmP was linear. When forced with a positive EmP anomaly in the subtropical North (South) Pacific, a cooling occurred in the western North (South) Pacific, which extended to the tropical and South (North) Pacific, and a warming occurred in the eastern North (South) Pacific. When forced with a negative EmP anomaly in the tropical Pacific, a warming occurred in the tropical Pacific and western North and South Pacific and a cooling occurred in the eastern North Pacific near 30°N and the South Pacific near 30°S. The temperature changes (0.2°C) in the tropical Pacific were associated with changes in the South Equatorial Current. The temperature changes (0.8°C) in the subtropical North and South Pacific were associated with changes in the subtropical gyres. The temperature anomalies propagated from the tropical Pacific to the subtropical North and South Pacific via equatorial divergent Ekman flows and poleward western boundary currents, and they propagated from the subtropical North and South Pacific to the western tropical Pacific via equatorward-propagating coastal Kelvin waves and to the eastern tropical Pacific via eastward-propagating equatorial Kelvin waves. The time scale of temperature response was typically much longer than that of salinity response because of slow adjustment times of ocean circulations. These results imply that the slow response of ocean temperature due to anomalous EmP in the Tropics and subtropics may play an important role in the Pacific decadal variability.
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Marandino, C. A., W. J. De Bruyn, S. D. Miller, and E. S. Saltzman. "Open ocean DMS air/sea fluxes over the eastern South Pacific Ocean." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 2 (January 16, 2009): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-345-2009.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Air/sea fluxes of dimethylsulfide (DMS) were measured by eddy correlation over the Eastern South Pacific Ocean during January 2006. The cruise track extended from Manzanillo, Mexico, along 110° W, to Punta Arenas, Chile. Bulk air and surface ocean DMS levels were also measured and gas transfer coefficients (kDMS) were computed. Air and seawater DMS measurements were made using chemical ionization mass spectrometry (API-CIMS) and a gas/liquid membrane equilibrator. Mean surface seawater DMS concentrations were 3.8±2.2 nM and atmospheric mixing ratios were 340±370 ppt. The air/sea flux of DMS was uniformly out of the ocean, with an average value of 12±15 μmol m−2 d−1. Sea surface concentration and flux were highest around 15° S, in a region influenced by shelf waters and lowest around 25° S, in low chlorophyll gyre waters. The DMS gas transfer coefficient exhibited a linear wind speed-dependence over the wind speed range of 1 to 9 m s−1. This relationship is compared with previously measured estimates of k from DMS, CO2, and dual tracer data from the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, and with the NOAA/COARE gas transfer model. The model generated slope of k vs. wind speed is at the low end of those observed in previous DMS field studies.
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Barraza, José Enrique. "New distribution record of Megalops atlanticus Valenciennes, 1847 (Elopiformes, Megalopidae) in El Salvador, Eastern Pacific Ocean." Check List 14, no. 5 (October 26, 2018): 933–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/14.5.933.
Full textAbstract:
A new geographical distribution record of an Atlantic Ocean species, Megalops atlanticus Valenciennes, 1847, is reported on the Tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean based on 2 incidental captures by local fishermen at the Acajutla city, El Salvador. Two photographs, which give clear evidence of this species, demonstrate the increasing range of M. atlanticus in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Regional monitoring of this species occurrence is recommended.
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Shiozaki, Masahiro, Takeshi Enomoto, and Koutarou Takaya. "Disparate Midlatitude Responses to the Eastern Pacific El Niño." Journal of Climate 34, no. 2 (January 2021): 773–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0246.1.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractTo investigate the disparate influences of the eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño on the winter climate in the Far East, we conducted composite analyses using long-term reanalysis datasets. Our analysis shows that the western Pacific (WP) pattern dominates in the warm winter (typical) composite and the Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern dominates in the non-warm winter (atypical) composite. In the warm winter case, the amplitudes of the negative sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the western Pacific Ocean are large whereas in the non-warm winter case, these amplitudes are small. In addition, the Indian Ocean basin warming occurs following the Indian Ocean dipole mode, as seen in the warm winter composite. We investigated the dynamical mechanisms responsible for the disparate midlatitude responses to the EP El Niño by focusing on Rossby wave sources and propagation. These SST anomalies modulate the Walker and Hadley circulations and the convective activity in the western Pacific Ocean. Upper-tropospheric divergences at the midlatitudes due to the anomalous Hadley circulation result in different teleconnection patterns. In the warm winter composite, the anticyclonic anomaly in the southern part of the WP pattern is created by the upstream negative Rossby wave source, while the other cyclonic anomaly is reinforced by the northward Rossby wave propagation. The cyclonic second and fourth centers of action of the PNA pattern are created by the positive Rossby wave sources. Furthermore, the equatorial SST gradient near the date line is found be a good precursor of the winter climate in the Far East.
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Zelle, Hein, Gerrian Appeldoorn, Gerrit Burgers, and Geert Jan van Oldenborgh. "The Relationship between Sea Surface Temperature and Thermocline Depth in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific." Journal of Physical Oceanography 34, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 643–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2523.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The time dependence of the local relation between sea surface temperature (SST) and thermocline depth in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean is analyzed for the period 1990–99, using subsurface temperature measurements from the Tropical Atmosphere–Ocean Array/Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network (TAO/TRITON) buoy array. Thermocline depth anomalies lead SST anomalies in time, with a longitude-dependent delay ranging from 2 weeks in the eastern Pacific to 1 year in the central Pacific. The lagged correlation between thermocline depth and SST is strong, ranging from r > 0.9 in the east to r ≈ 0.6 at 170°W. Time-lagged correlations between thermocline depth and subsurface temperature anomalies indicate vertical advection of temperature anomalies from the thermocline to the surface in the eastern Pacific. The measurements are compared with the results of forced OGCM and linear model experiments. Using model results, it is shown that the delay between thermocline depth and SST is caused mainly by upwelling and mixing between 140° and 90°W. Between 170°E and 140°W the delay has a different explanation: thermocline depth anomalies travel to the eastern Pacific, where upwelling creates SST anomalies that in turn cause anomalous wind in the central Pacific. SST is then influenced by these wind anomalies.
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Misra, Vasubandhu. "The Influence of Pacific SST Variability on the Precipitation over Southern Africa." Journal of Climate 16, no. 14 (July 15, 2003): 2408–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2785.1.
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Abstract This study is an analysis of AGCM model results to understand the dynamics of the response of precipitation over southern Africa (SA) to anomalies in the sea surface temperature (SST) over the Pacific Ocean. The pattern of interannual precipitation anomaly over SA and its temporal variations are quite similar in both the ensemble mean of the control (where AGCM is forced with observed SSTs in all ocean basins) and experimental runs (where AGCM is forced with seasonally varying climatological SST over the Pacific Ocean). However, the amplitude of the variability is found to be relatively reduced in the experimental runs. This is shown to be a result of the modulation of the Walker circulation by the variability of Pacific Ocean SST. The regional teleconnection pattern between the dominant mode of SA precipitation variability and SST anomalies over the eastern Indian Ocean is also influenced by the variations in Pacific SST. The nature of the teleconnection between SA precipitation and eastern Indian SST is apparent only when the Pacific SST variability is excluded. This is corroborated from observations as well.
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Grove, C. A., J. Zinke, F. Peeters, W. Park, T. Scheufen, S. Kasper, B. Randriamanantsoa, M. T. McCulloch, and G. J. A. Brummer. "Madagascar corals reveal Pacific multidecadal modulation of rainfall since 1708." Climate of the Past Discussions 8, no. 2 (March 12, 2012): 787–817. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-8-787-2012.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The Pacific Ocean modulates Australian and North American rainfall variability on multidecadal timescales, in concert with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). It has been suggested that Pacific decadal variability may also influence Indian Ocean surface temperature and rainfall in a far-field response, similar to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on interannual timescales. However, instrumental records of rainfall are too short and too sparse to confidently assess such multidecadal climatic teleconnections. Here, we present four climate archives spanning the past 300 yr from giant Madagascar corals. We decouple 20th century human deforestation effects from rainfall induced soil erosion using spectral luminescence scanning and geochemistry. The corals provide the first evidence for Pacific decadal modulation of rainfall over the Western Indian Ocean. We find that positive PDO phases are associated with increased Indian Ocean temperatures and rainfall in Eastern Madagascar, while precipitation in Southern Africa and Eastern Australia declines. Consequently, the negative PDO phase that started in 1998 should lead to reduced rainfall over Eastern Madagascar and increased precipitation in Southern Africa and Eastern Australia. We conclude that the PDO has important implications for future multidecadal variability of African rainfall, where water resource management is increasingly important under the warming climate.
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Goyet, C., R. Ito Gonçalves, and F. Touratier. "Anthropogenic carbon distribution in the eastern South Pacific Ocean." Biogeosciences 6, no. 2 (February 6, 2009): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-149-2009.
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Abstract. We present results of the CO2/carbonate system from the BIOSOPE cruise in the Eastern South Pacific Ocean, in an area not sampled previously. In particular, we present estimates of the anthropogenic carbon (C>TrOCAant) distribution in the upper 1000 m of this region using the TrOCA method. The highest concentrations of CTrOCAant found around 13° S, 132° W and 32° S, 91° W, are higher than 80 μmol.kg−1 and 70 μmol.kg−1, respectively. The lowest concentrations are observed below 800 m depth (≤2 μmol.kg−1) and within the Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ), mainly around 140° W (<11 μmol.kg−1). As a result of the anthropogenic carbon penetration there has been decrease in pH by over 0.1 on an average in the upper 200 m. This work further improves our understanding on the penetration of anthropogenic carbon in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
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Leonardi, Alan P., Steven L. Morey, and James J. O'Brien. "Interannual Variability in the Eastern Subtropical North Pacific Ocean." Journal of Physical Oceanography 32, no. 6 (June 2002): 1824–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032<1824:ivites>2.0.co;2.
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Myers, Edward P., and António M. Baptista. "Inversion for tides in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean." Advances in Water Resources 24, no. 5 (May 2001): 505–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0309-1708(00)00041-5.
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Hansen, Donald V., and George A. Maul. "Anticyclonic current rings in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean." Journal of Geophysical Research 96, no. C4 (1991): 6965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91jc00096.
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Farrell, J. W. "Sedimentary δ15N Patterns in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean." Mineralogical Magazine 58A, no. 1 (1994): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1994.58a.1.140.
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Yang, Yiya, Renguang Wu, and Chenghai Wang. "Individual and Combined Impacts of Tropical Indo-Pacific SST Anomalies on Interannual Variation of the Indochina Peninsular Precipitation." Journal of Climate 33, no. 3 (February 1, 2020): 1069–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0262.1.
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AbstractThis study documents interannual rainfall variations over the Indochina Peninsula (ICP) during the rainy season and individual and combined influences of tropical Indo-Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. The rainfall variability is large along the west coast in May–June, along the west coast and over the eastern mountains in July–August, and along the central Vietnam coast in September–November. More rainfall in May–June, July–August, and October–November occurs in the La Niña decaying years, La Niña decaying years and/or El Niño developing years, and La Niña developing years, respectively. The May–June rainfall variation along the west coast is associated with equatorial central-eastern Pacific (EP), south Indian Ocean, and western North Pacific SST anomalies. The July–August rainfall variation along the west coast and over the eastern mountains is related to equatorial central Pacific and tropical southeastern Indian Ocean SST anomalies. The October–November rainfall variation along the central Vietnam coast is affected by EP and tropical western Indian Ocean SST anomalies. The EP and tropical western Indian Ocean SST influence is through anomalous Walker circulation. The south Indian Ocean SST influence is via cross-equatorial flows. The tropical southeastern Indian Ocean SST influence is via an anomalous cross-equatorial overturning circulation. The equatorial central Pacific and western North Pacific SST influence is via a Rossby wave–type response. The analysis illustrates the importance of combined effects of regional SST anomalies on the ICP precipitation variation in different stages of the rainy season. Numerical experiments with SST anomalies imposed in different regions confirm the combined effects of the Indo-Pacific SST anomalies on the ICP rainfall variation.
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Aguilera, Orangel, and Dione Rodrigues de Aguilera. "Goliath grouper (Pisces: Serranidae) from the upper Miocene Urumaco Formation, Venezuela." Journal of Paleontology 78, no. 6 (November 2004): 1202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000044024.
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The goliath grouper (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae) inhabits tropical and subtropical waters. The Epinephelinae serranids are comprised of about 159 species in 15 genera (Heemstra and Randall, 1993) and are represented in all oceans. According to Heemstra and Randall (1993) the goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822) occurs in the eastern Atlantic Ocean from Florida to Brazil, throughout the Gulf of Mexico and in the Caribbean Sea, in the western Atlantic Ocean from Senegal to the Congo, and in the eastern Pacific Ocean from the Gulf of California to Peru. The maximum size is about 250 cm total length and they can exceed 320 kg in weight. The grouper Epinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch, 1790) occurs throughout the Indo-Pacific region, from the Red Sea to Algoa Bay, South Africa, and eastward to the Hawaiian and Pitcairn Islands, and in the western Pacific Ocean from southern Japan to Australia in the south. The maximum size is about 231 cm total length (Schultz, 1966) and 400 kg in weight (Fourmanoir and Laboute, 1976). These two species are the largest serranids in the world. Sadovy and Eklund (1999) noted that males reach a maximum age of 26 and females 37 years in a population of E. itajara.
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Jia, Fan, and Lixin Wu. "A Study of Response of the Equatorial Pacific SST to Doubled-CO2 Forcing in the Coupled CAM–1.5-Layer Reduced-Gravity Ocean Model." Journal of Physical Oceanography 43, no. 7 (July 1, 2013): 1288–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-12-0144.1.
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Abstract The response of the equatorial Pacific SST under CO2 doubling is investigated using Community Atmosphere Model, version 3.1 (CAM3.1)–1.5-layer reduced-gravity ocean (RGO) coupled model. A robust El Niño–like warming pattern is found in the equatorial Pacific. The surface heat budget analyses suggest the El Niño–like pattern results from a weakening of the Walker circulation. In the western equatorial Pacific, all the heat flux components are important to warm the ocean, with the vast majority canceled by entraiment cooling related to increased stratification. In the central-eastern Pacific, the oceanic horizontal advections along with longwave radiation and latent heat flux act to warm the ocean, with entrainment, shortwave radiation, and horizontal diffusion acting as damping terms. An enhanced annual cycle of SST in the equatorial Pacific is also found, which is driven by the ocean dynamical adjustments to changing winds in the eastern ocean. Although the ocean model used here is a simple reduced-gravity model, the El Niño–like response supports the results of some full ocean–atmosphere general circulation models (GCMs) performed for the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) phase-5, indicating that the CAM3.1–RGO model can be taken as a useful and efficient tool to study equatorial Pacific response under changing climate.