Journal articles: 'Eastern Himalayas'

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Dey, Pritha, and Sanjay Sondhi. "First records of Agnidra vinacea (Moore, 1879) (Lepidoptera: Drepanidae: Drepaninae) from the western Himalaya, extending its known range westwards." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 5 (March 26, 2019): 13622–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4593.11.5.13622-13624.

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Reporting the range extension of Agnidra vinacea (Moore, 1879) from eastern Himalayas to Uttarakhand, western Himalayas. The individuals of the species were documented from western Himalayas by both opportunistic sighting and light-trapping method by using LepiLED. The species was also recorded from sites other than documented so far in the available literature from the eastern Himalaya.

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Deepani, Vijit, and Monika Saini. "Demographic Fluctuation among Himalayan Populations." Indian Journal of Research in Anthropology 3, no. 2 (December 15, 2017): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijra.2454.9118.3217.6.

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Background: Himalayas constitute vast mountain range in Asia spreading over 2500 Km (from east to west) at a high altitude along the northern fringes of the Indian subcontinent. The population dynamics in Himalayan domain has been immensely influenced by the variations in climatic and topographic conditions. As a result, population trends in relation to several demographic parameters are observed as population growth varies across this immense geographical contour. Objective: The present study attempts to assess and compare several crucial demographic parameters of select population groups (tribes and caste groups) residing in Himalayan province so as to provide a comprehensive picture of their demographic profile. The variation in demographic variables has also been addressed in relation to socio-economic and biological attributes. Materials and Methods: Multiple demographic determinants viz., sex-ratio, index – of – ageing, age at marriage and menarche, crude birth rate, total fertility rate, crude death rate and infant mortality rate are utilized to address demographic diversity in Himalayan population groups. Results: The sex ratio has been observed to be higher among reported population groups in Central Himalayas in comparison to Western and Eastern Himalayas. The measures of fertility – CBR, GFR and TFR – depict high values in certain population groups of Central Himalayas (Johar Bhotia, Rang Bhotia and Raji) in comparison to Western and Eastern province. Contribution: The present paper provides a comprehensive picture of the demographic profile among select Himalayan population groups. This will aid to understand the trend in demographic characteristics in the Himalayan province.

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Kirisits, Thomas, Edwin Donaubauer, Heino Konrad, Sangay Dorji, Irene Barnes, Wolfgang Maier, Michael J. Wingfield, Norbu Gyeltshen, and D. B. Chhetri. "Common Needle, Shoot, Branch and Stem Diseases of Conifer Trees in Bhutan." Acta Silvatica et Lignaria Hungarica 3, Special Edition (June 1, 2007): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37045/aslh-2007-0038.

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Bhutan is a small, landlocked, densely forested country in the South-Eastern Himalayas (FAO 1999, 2001). Forests are of immense importance for the ecology, economy and social well-being of this country and for the livelihood of its people. In mountainous areas at elevations between about 2100 and 4200 m asl., temperate conifer forests form the natural vegetation in this part of the Himalayas. These forests occupy about 24% of the total area of Bhutan and they consist mainly of Eastern Himalayan fir (Abies densa), Eastern Himalayan spruce (Picea spinulosa), Himalayan hemlock (Tsuga dumosa) and Himalayan Blue pine (Pinus wallichiana) (Grierson – Long 1983, Rosset 1999). Other conifers and various broadleaved tree species (Rhododendron spp., Betula spp., Populus spp., Acer spp., Sorbus spp. and Salix spp.) are often admixed to the aforementioned major conifer species or sometimes dominate forest stands on specific sites (Grierson – Long 1983, Rosset 1999). Another important conifer in Bhutan is Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii), which occurs mainly in sub-tropical and warm temperate forests (Grierson – Long 1983). This pine does, however, not form part of cold temperate conifer forests.

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Zgorzelski, Marek. "Ladakh and Zanskar." Miscellanea Geographica 12, no. 1 (December 1, 2006): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2006-0002.

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Abstract The Himalayan mountain chain is orographically fragmented, both in the east-west and in the north-south directions. The latter area is characterised by a greater landscape diversity, owing to its zonality and the vertical zonation of both climate and vegetation. In terms of tectonics and orography, and taking into account the prevalent influence of the monsoon and continental climates, the Himalayan mountain system can be divided into two parts – the external arc (southern), that is the Higher (or Great) Himalayas and the internal arc (northern), that is the so-called Trans-Himalayas. Similarly to the external arc of the Himalayas, the post-glacial relief in the Trans-Himalayas is marginal only. It is an area with a prevalence of denudation (nival, frost, gravitation and eolian) processes. Slopes of tectonic valleys or basins, covered with colourful surface deposits rising as high as even two thirds of their altitude, dominate the landscape. The Zanskar ridges and the Ladakh range represent a transitional zone between the Trans-himalayas and Eastern Karakoram.

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Bahali, D., M. Sanjappa, and S. Rath. "Geographical distribution of Iridaceae in India." Indian Journal of Forestry 27, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2004-4hx573.

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India is represented by only 34 species and 5 varieties under 14 genera of Iridaceae. The wild and naturalised species are distributed in 5 phytogeographical regions, viz., Trans-Himalaya, West Himalaya, Eastern Himalaya, North East India and Western Ghats. The wild species are restricted to the Himalayas. The regionwise, taxonwise and altitudewise distribution of Indian Iridaceae is given in this paper.

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Gurung, Yuvraj. "A Review on Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Eastern Himalayan Region: An Insight into Distribution and Conservation." UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 44, no. 24 (December 14, 2023): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2023/v44i243808.

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The Chironomidae (Diptera) commonly known as “midges”, are the most widely distributed and frequently the most abundant group of insects in freshwater ecosystems. Chironomids larvae plays a key ecological role in the maintenance of aquatic ecosystem services, mainly in secondary production and energy flow dynamics [1]. They are the freshwater bio-monitoring indicators of pollution, habitat modifications, and natural changes of water quality [2,3], and is a model which helps to predict diversity and strength of food web of aquatic communities [4]. The objective of the study is to highlight the distribution pattern, biodiversity and the status of conservation of Eastern Himalaya region species of the family Chironomidae. The 'Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot' is indeed a "store house of biodiversity" because of its rich spectrum of species of flora and fauna including insect species which have been remaining unexplored. This study is a descriptive analysis to assay the main trends on Chironomidae research in freshwater assessments like ecology, palaeolimnology, biogeography, cytology, developmental and eco-toxicological research in Eastern Himalaya region. Finally the review work helps to get a more comprehensive picture of fauna of chironomids in the Eastern Himalayas in relation to those reported earlier from other parts of the globe.

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Ojha, Lujendra, Ken L. Ferrier, and Tank Ojha. "Millennial-scale denudation rates in the Himalaya of Far Western Nepal." Earth Surface Dynamics 7, no. 4 (October 11, 2019): 969–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-969-2019.

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Abstract. The Himalayas stretch ∼3000 km along the Indo-Eurasian plate boundary. Along-strike variations in the fault geometry of the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) have given rise to significant variations in the topographic steepness, exhumation rate, and orographic precipitation along the Himalayan front. Over the past 2 decades, the rates and patterns of Himalayan denudation have been documented through numerous cosmogenic nuclide measurements in central and eastern Nepal, Bhutan, and northern India. To date, however, few denudation rates have been measured in Far Western Nepal, a ∼300 km wide region near the center of the Himalayan arc, which presents a significant gap in our understanding of Himalayan denudation. Here we report new catchment-averaged millennial-scale denudation rates inferred from cosmogenic 10Be in fluvial quartz at seven sites in Far Western Nepal. The inferred denudation rates range from 385±31 t km−2 yr−1 (0.15±0.01 mm yr−1) to 8737±2908 t km−2 yr−1 (3.3±1.1 mm yr−1) and, in combination with our analyses of channel topography, are broadly consistent with previously published relationships between catchment-averaged denudation rates and normalized channel steepness across the Himalaya. These data show that the denudation rate patterns in Far Western Nepal are consistent with those observed in central and eastern Nepal. The denudation rate estimates from Far Western Nepal show a weak correlation with catchment-averaged specific stream power, consistent with a Himalaya-wide compilation of previously published stream power values. Together, these observations are consistent with a dependence of denudation rate on both tectonic and climatic forcings, and they represent a first step toward filling an important gap in denudation rate measurements in Far Western Nepal.

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Bhandari, S., and J. H. Speer. "Growth-climate relationship of Pinus wallichiana in three different parts of the Himalayas." Banko Janakari 30, no. 1 (May 29, 2020): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v30i1.29177.

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We have used six tree-ring width chronologies of Pinus wallichiana from the Himalayan region, which are available in the International Tree-Ring Data Bank (ITRDB), to determine their growth trends through time and the growth-climate relationship. Each of the chronologies downloaded from the ITRDB was detrended using an Age-dependent Cubic Smoothing Spline with a 20-year starting spline stiffness in the RCSigfree Software Program. We broke the six chronologies into three regions based on natural breaks between the sample sites. Altogether, three composite chronologies were made, one each from Bhutan, Nepal, and Pakistan. The average value for common periods was taken from each of those two chronologies to make a composite chronology. Across the three regions, the growth was lowest in the 1810s and has increased since 1980s. The growth showed a significant positive response to the winter temperature (November-February) in the eastern Himalayas in Bhutan. The chronology from Nepal showed that the growth of this species had a significant positive response to the self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index of the previous year’s December and the current year’s January and March. In the western Himalayas of Pakistan, the growth of the same species is positively correlated to the annual self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index. Winter temperature limits the growth of this species in the eastern Himalayas where there is enough moisture whereas the growth of this species is primarily limited by moisture in the western Himalayas

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Deepak, C. K., Deuti Kaushik, and Chandra Deuti. "First Record of <i>Hemiphyllodactylus</i> Bleeker, 1860 (Squamata: Sauria: Gekkonidae) from the Eastern Himalayas." Russian Journal of Herpetology 29, no. 6 (December 11, 2022): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2022-29-6-367-372.

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The gekkonid lizard genus Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker, 1860 is represented by seven species in India, six of which are patchily distributed across montane habitats of peninsular India and one in Andaman and Nicobar islands. Here we report the occurrence of Hemiphyllodactylus sp. in Namdapha Tiger Reserve, Changlang district of Arunachal Pradesh in Northeast India. This is the first record of the genus from Eastern Himalayas and the larger Indian Himalayan Region. It is also the northern most distribution record of the genus for the country. The specimen collected is distinct from known Indian species and shows close affinity to Hemiphyllodactylus yunnanensis sensu lato with respect to morphological characters as well as geographic proximity of collection locality. However, considering the restricted montane distribution and limited range of species from mainland Southeast Asia and peninsular India, it most likely belongs to a hitherto undescribed species. The finding emphasizes the conservation significance of tropical evergreen forests of Eastern Himalayas and North east hills for herpetofaunal diversity and biodiversity in general.

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Golay, Bidhan. "Guest Editorial: Darjeeling and Eastern Himalayas." SALESIAN JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.51818/sjhss.09.2018.v-viii.

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Tantia, M. S., P. K. Vij, RK Vijh, P. Kumar, B. K. Joshi, A. E. Nivsarkar, and R. Sahai. "SIRI: THE CATTLE OF EASTERN HIMALAYAS." Animal Genetic Resources Information 19 (April 1996): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900000778.

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SUMMARYA pilot survey was conducted in the western d.istrict of Sikkim to monitor the status of the Siri cattle breed. Data was recorded on certain morphological characters, management practices and performance of Siri animals. Measurements were recorded of body length, heart girth, body height, paunch girth, hip width, pin width, face length, face width, ear length and horns on 89 animals of age groups up to 1 year,1 to 3 years and adult. It was noted that pure Siri animals were reared only in the remote inaccessible areas. Extensive crossbreeding with Jersey semen/bulls is progressively eroding the purity of the breed. Measures to conserve the Siri cattle breed in its native ecology have been advocated.

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Anand-Prakash. "Himalayan coals: their nature, composition, formation and rank." Journal of Palaeosciences 40 (December 31, 1991): 477–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1991.1795.

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The results of maceral, microlithotype and reflectance analyses, so far carried out on the Palaeozoic (Permian) and Tertiary coals of Himalaya, have been presented along with the details of geological and chemical (proximate) studies. The Permian coals, enclosed in the sediments dispersed as thrust slices in the eastern Himalaya, are characterized by their high rank and the dominance of the maceral vitrinite. In general, these coals are classified as semianthracite, except for the Bhutan coals which are of low rank and high volatile bituminous in nature. Almost all the macerals contain fairly high amount of mineral matter. Finely disseminated argillaceous matter is the most common mineral suite present in the coals followed by carbonates and iron sulphide (pyrite). In most of the cases, the mineral matter is present as infillings in numerous sets of fissures which traverses the coals. These infillings seem to have been developed during the tectonic activity and represent secondary minerals impregnated in various macerals. Often the presence of high amount of mineral matter has greatly reduced the quality of coal. Besides, the marine animal fossil-bearing mineral concretions (coal balls) have indicated that these coals were formed in a series of lagoons under the influence of marine conditions. The Upper Tertiary coals, associated with the Tipam sediments in the eastern Himalaya, occur as small lenses, very thin impersistent seams and pockets which are characterized by the dominance of maceral vitrinite. It is generally represented by the structured variety (telinite). In general, the cellular structures indicate that these coals have been formed by the burial of wood logs in the fluvial sediments. An important feature of telinite is the presence of folded tissues which attain prominence in the coals occurring closer to the main boundary faults. The coals in this area exhibit lignite-bituminous stage in rank and are comparable to the Mesozoic coals in peninsular India. This stage in rank has been possible mainly due to the tectonic disturbances. The Lower Tertiary coals of Jammu area are the only economically workable deposits in the Himalayas. These are associated with the beds containing marine animal remains. This indicates that coal formation took place under near-shore environment. These coals are comparable to the Permian coals of the eastern Himalayas. They are also rich in maceral vitrinite and semianthracitic in rank. Such a high rank of these Tertiary coals may be attributed to the effect of tectonic movements in the Himalayan areas.

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Veh, Georg, Oliver Korup, and Ariane Walz. "Hazard from Himalayan glacier lake outburst floods." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 907–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1914898117.

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Sustained glacier melt in the Himalayas has gradually spawned more than 5,000 glacier lakes that are dammed by potentially unstable moraines. When such dams break, glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs) can cause catastrophic societal and geomorphic impacts. We present a robust probabilistic estimate of average GLOFs return periods in the Himalayan region, drawing on 5.4 billion simulations. We find that the 100-y outburst flood has an average volume of 33.5+3.7/−3.7 × 106 m3 (posterior mean and 95% highest density interval [HDI]) with a peak discharge of 15,600+2,000/−1,800 m3⋅s−1. Our estimated GLOF hazard is tied to the rate of historic lake outbursts and the number of present lakes, which both are highest in the Eastern Himalayas. There, the estimated 100-y GLOF discharge (∼14,500 m3⋅s−1) is more than 3 times that of the adjacent Nyainqentanglha Mountains, and at least an order of magnitude higher than in the Hindu Kush, Karakoram, and Western Himalayas. The GLOF hazard may increase in these regions that currently have large glaciers, but few lakes, if future projected ice loss generates more unstable moraine-dammed lakes than we recognize today. Flood peaks from GLOFs mostly attenuate within Himalayan headwaters, but can rival monsoon-fed discharges in major rivers hundreds to thousands of kilometers downstream. Projections of future hazard from meteorological floods need to account for the extreme runoffs during lake outbursts, given the increasing trends in population, infrastructure, and hydropower projects in Himalayan headwaters.

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Yoshida, Toshio, Rinchen Yangzom, and David Long. "Dancing Butterflies of the East Himalayas." Sibbaldia: the International Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture, no. 14 (January 17, 2017): 69–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24823/sibbaldia.2016.193.

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The region from eastern Bhutan to Arunachal Pradesh of India and the adjacent south-eastern Tibet and northern Myanmar seems to be one of the last frontiers not only for Meconopsis hunting but also for other botanical exploration. Although there remain political difficulties for foreigners to approach the unsettled border between India and China, including the famous Tsari valley with its prominently rich flora, which was visited by Frank Ludlow, George Sherriff, Frank Kingdon-Ward and a few other plant hunters before 1950, some botanical and horticultural treasures in this region have gradually been revealed to recent travellers. As a result of examining the photographs taken by these travellers and our own botanical field research in eastern Bhutan in 2014, accompaniedby subsequent herbarium studies, two species new to science are described. The first, from eastern Bhutan and adjacent Arunachal Pradesh and Tibet, has long been cultivated under the names M. grandis or M. grandis GS600, and has recently been described as M. grandis subsp. orientalis (Grey-Wilson, 2010). It is the national flower of Bhutan. However, the type of M. grandis from Sikkim belongs to a species quite distinct from the eastern populations and the latter is now described as a new species, Meconopsis gakyidiana. The second novelty, Meconopsis merakensis,is newly described from eastern Bhutan and adjacent Arunachal Pradesh. In the past this species was confused with the closely allied M. prainiana. The two species are isolated geographically, M.prainiana being found only much further to the north-east, in south-eastern Tibet, including theTsari valley. The title of this article is based on a comparison made by Frank Kingdon-Ward of Meconopsis flowers with butterflies in Tibet (see below).

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Dube, Shiva Kant. "Glacial Lake Outburst Flood in Nepal: A Challenging Environmental Hazard and Disaster." Academic Voices: A Multidisciplinary Journal 4 (March 28, 2015): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v4i0.12360.

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Geographically, Nepal is situated on the lap of the Himalayas occupying 0.3 percent area of Asia and 0.03 percent of the world. Recently, global climate change has invited enormous environmental hazards and disasters in the Hindu-Kush Himalayan region. Catastrophic floods originating from the outburst of glacial lakes have been recognized as one of the primary natural hazards in Nepal, making downstream areas vulnerable. Frequent severe floodscaused by glacier outburst in the Nepal Himalayas, occur once every three years. Nine potentially dangerous glaciers were identified in the Eastern and Central Himalayas during pre- and post-monsoon seasons. At national and international level, Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOF) in Nepal, are receiving considerable attention. Such floods endanger thousands of people, hundreds of villages and basic infrastructure causing disasters. This paper incorporates a case of flash-flood caused by GLOF and torrential rain in India which can be taken as a lesson to mitigate/minimize massive loss of lives and property in the Nepalese context.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v4i0.12360Academic Voices Vol.4 2014: 56-67

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Tolangay, Darshana, and Saurav Moktan. "Trend of studies on carbon sequestration dynamics in the Himalaya hotspot region: A review." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 12, no. 4 (December 13, 2020): 647–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v12i4.2426.

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The present communication deals with the carbon dynamics in the Himalaya hotspot region. The Himalaya, a mountain range shared by Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan and Myanmar, is one of the biologically richest regions in the world that play an important role as source and sink in global carbon cycle. The purpose of this paper was to review and provide available studies related to carbon sequestration in the Himalayas. The carbon in forest is stored in five different pools viz. above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, litter, deadwood and soil organic carbon. Estimates of biomass, carbon stock and soil organic carbon contents by almost all forest types including agroforestry systems and plantations in the Himalaya hotspot have been documented in this communication. The net rate of carbon sequestrated by forest was reported to be 2.4 ±0.4 Pg C yr-1 on a global scale. The Indian Himalayan Region constitutes about 5.4 billion tonnes of C and sequesters about 65 million tonnes of C yr-1. We analysed more than 135 peer-reviewed journal articles related to biomass and carbon sequestration. The review identifies that the studies estimated 3697.05, 3898.10 and 4235.05 tonnes carbon per hectare for Western, Central and Eastern Himalayan region respectively. The research on the biomass/carbon estimation received attention as early as 1980s, but increased gradually after 2001. These findings would contribute to policy-makers with useful information for mitigation of CO2 emissions.

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Desinayak, Nirasindhu, Anup Krishna Prasad, Arya Vinod, Sameeksha Mishra, Anubhav Shukla, and Suren Nayak. "Rise in Mid-Tropospheric Temperature Trend (MSU/AMSU 1978–2022) over the Tibet and Eastern Himalayas." Applied Sciences 13, no. 16 (August 9, 2023): 9088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13169088.

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The high-altitude Hindu Kush-Himalayan region (HKH, average ~5 km from msl) and the adjacent Indo-Gangetic plains (IG plains, ~0–250 m msl), due to their geographical location and complex topography, are reported to be highly sensitive to climatic changes. Recent studies show that the impacts of climate change and associated changes in water resources (glacial/snow melt water and rainfall) in this region are multifaceted, thereby affecting ecosystems, agriculture, industries, and inhabitants. In this study, 45 years of Microwave Sounding Unit/Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU/AMSU)-derived mid-tropospheric temperature (TMT, 3–7 km altitude) and lower tropospheric temperature (TLT, 0–3 km altitude) data from the Remote Sensing Systems (RSS Version 4.0) were utilized to analyze the overall changes in tropospheric temperature in terms of annual/monthly trends and anomalies. The current study shows that the mid-tropospheric temperature (0–3 km altitude over the HKH region) has already alarmingly increased (statistically significant) in Tibet, the western Himalayas, and the eastern Himalayas by 1.49 °K, 1.30 °K, and 1.35 °K, respectively, over the last 45 years (1978–2022). As compared to a previous report (TMT trend for 30 years, 1979–2008), the present study of TMT trends for 45 years (1978–2022) exhibits a rise in percent change in the trend component in the high-altitude regions of Tibet, the western Himalayas, and the eastern Himalayas by approximately 310%, 80%, and 170%, respectively. In contrast, the same for adjacent plains (the western and eastern IG plains) shows a negligible or much lower percent change (0% and 40%, respectively) over the last 14 years. Similarly, dust source regions in Africa, Arabia, the Middle East, Iran, and Pakistan show only a 130% change in warming trends over the past 14 years. In the monthly breakup, the ‘November to March’ period usually shows a higher TMT trend (with peaks in December, February, and March) compared to the rest of the months, except in the western Himalayas, where the peak is observed in May, which can be attributed to the peak dust storm activity (March to May). Snow cover over the HKH region, where the growing season is known to be from September to February, is also reported to show the highest snow cover in February (with the peak in January, February, or March), which coincides with the warmest period in terms of anomaly and trend observed in the long-term mid-tropospheric temperature data (1978–2022). Thus, the current study highlights that the statistically significant and positive TMT warming trend (95% CI) and its observed acceleration over the high-altitude region (since 2008) can be attributed to being one of the major factors causing an acceleration in the rate of melting of snow cover and glaciers, particularly in Tibet and the Eastern Himalayas.

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Sultan, Hameeda, Jinyan Zhan, Wajid Rashid, Xi Chu, and Eve Bohnett. "Systematic Review of Multi-Dimensional Vulnerabilities in the Himalayas." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (September 26, 2022): 12177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912177.

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The Himalayan region is a fragile high mountain landscape where the population experiences acute vulnerability within a complex coupled human–natural system due to environmental, social, and economic linkages. The lack of significant regional and spatial knowledge of multi-faceted vulnerabilities hinders any potential recommendations to address these vulnerabilities. We systematically reviewed the literature to recommend mitigation interventions based on the region’s socio-economic and ecological vulnerability research to date. We applied the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting of Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) criteria to search for results from four comprehensive databases. For our assessment, we compiled a final sample (n = 59) of vulnerability research papers to examine the vulnerability types, spatial variation, assessment methodology, and significant drivers of change. Our study represented all Himalayan countries, namely, India, Nepal, Pakistan, China, and Bhutan. More than half of the vulnerability studies were conducted in the central Himalayan region, a quarter in the western Himalayas, and a few in the eastern Himalayas. Our review revealed that the primary drivers of change were climate change, land use/land cover, and glacial lake formation. The vulnerability assessments in the Himalayan region primarily used social science methods as compared to natural science methods. While the vulnerability studies seldom assessed mitigation interventions, our analysis identified fourteen recommendations. The recommended interventions mainly included policy interventions, livelihood improvement, and adaptation measures. This study emphasized that sustainable development requires cross-sectoral interventions to manage existing resources and mitigate the confronting vulnerabilities of the region.

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Lekhendra and Arun Pratap Singh. "First record of the swallowtail moth Epiplema adamantina Inoue, 1998 (Lepidoptera: Uraniidae: Epipleminae) from western Himalaya, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 14, no. 9 (September 26, 2022): 21898–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.8064.14.9.21898-21899.

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This record of Epiplema adamantina Inoue, 1998 from Mussoorie is the first confirmed record of this species from the Western Himalaya outside Nepal, which is ~800kmwest from vill. Bagmati, Mt. Phoolchauki in Eastern Nepal, the nearest known site record of this species. The species prefers ‘Monsoon season’ as its flight period in ‘Moist temperate oak forest zone’ of Western and Central Himalayas. The paper discusses distinguishing features of E. adamantina with its congeners E. morataria and E. arcuata found in the same region.

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Maurer, Joshua M., Summer B. Rupper, and Joerg M. Schaefer. "Quantifying ice loss in the eastern Himalayas since 1974 using declassified spy satellite imagery." Cryosphere 10, no. 5 (September 23, 2016): 2203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2203-2016.

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Abstract. Himalayan glaciers are important natural resources and climate indicators for densely populated regions in Asia. Remote sensing methods are vital for evaluating glacier response to changing climate over the vast and rugged Himalayan region, yet many platforms capable of glacier mass balance quantification are somewhat temporally limited due to typical glacier response times. We here rely on declassified spy satellite imagery and ASTER data to quantify surface lowering, ice volume change, and geodetic mass balance during 1974–2006 for glaciers in the eastern Himalayas, centered on the Bhutan–China border. The wide range of glacier types allows for the first mass balance comparison between clean, debris, and lake-terminating (calving) glaciers in the region. Measured glaciers show significant ice loss, with an estimated mean annual geodetic mass balance of −0.13 ± 0.06 m w.e. yr−1 (meters of water equivalent per year) for 10 clean-ice glaciers, −0.19 ± 0.11 m w.e. yr−1 for 5 debris-covered glaciers, −0.28 ± 0.10 m w.e. yr−1 for 6 calving glaciers, and −0.17 ± 0.05 m w.e. yr−1 for all glaciers combined. Contrasting hypsometries along with melt pond, ice cliff, and englacial conduit mechanisms result in statistically similar mass balance values for both clean-ice and debris-covered glacier groups. Calving glaciers comprise 18 % (66 km2) of the glacierized area yet have contributed 30 % (−0.7 km3) to the total ice volume loss, highlighting the growing relevance of proglacial lake formation and associated calving for the future ice mass budget of the Himalayas as the number and size of glacial lakes increase.

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Rajput, Pravesh, and Priyanka Agnihotri. "An overview of the genus Anemone L. (Ranunculaceae) in India." Plant Science Today 7, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2020.7.2.657.

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The present paper documents the genus Anemone L. (Ranunculaceae) from India. A total of 26 taxa (which includes 24 species, one subspecies and one variety) has been recorded from Indo Himalayas. Western Himalaya is endowed with 9 taxa, Eastern Himalaya with 8 taxa, while 9 are common to both the flanks. Three species are present in Northeast India which are common to IHR and one species has also been reported from Western Ghats. This genus constitutes flowering plants of high altitude and maximum diversity has been observed between 2000–3000 m asl. The genus possesses high medicinal potential and needs urgent assessment of taxonomic and conservation status for its sustainable utilization.

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Mirza, Zeeshan A., Andrey M. Bragin, Harshal Bhosale, Gaurang G. Gowande, Harshil Patel, and Nikolay A. Poyarkov. "A new ancient lineage of ablepharine skinks (Sauria: Scincidae) from eastern Himalayas with notes on origin and systematics of the group." PeerJ 10 (January 18, 2022): e12800. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12800.

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The Himalayas represent a renowned biodiversity hotspot and an important biogeographic realm that has influenced origin and diversification of multiple taxa. A recent herpetological investigation of the eastern Himalayas of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh led to the discovery of a unique lineage of ablepharine skink, which is herein described as a new genus along with a new species. The findings are based an integrated taxonomic approach incorporating data from external morphology, microCT scans of the skull and molecular data. The molecular phylogeny of ablepharine skinks is also presented that suggests taxonomic amendments. Discovery of this unique lineage of skinks further highlights the biogeographic importance of the eastern Himalayas as a source for origin of several relic biota.

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Shiel, Robert S. "Debating Shifting Cultivation in the Eastern Himalayas." Mountain Research and Development 27, no. 3 (August 1, 2007): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/mrd.mm017a.

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Gupta, Swati, and Sunirmal Chanda. "Aeropalynological survey in subtropical Eastern Himalayas, Kurseong." Grana 28, no. 3 (September 1989): 219–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00173138909427435.

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Baillie, I. C., Kado Tshering, Tshering Dorji, H. B. Tamang, Tsheten Dorji, Chencho Norbu, A. A. Hutcheon, and R. Bäumler. "Regolith and soils in Bhutan, Eastern Himalayas." European Journal of Soil Science 55, no. 1 (December 15, 2003): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2003.00579.x.

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CHETTRI, ABHISHEK, KISHOR SHARMA, SAILENDRA DEWAN, and BHOJ KUMAR ACHARYA. "Bird diversity of tea plantations in Darjeeling Hills, Eastern Himalaya, India." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 1066–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190339.

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Chettri A, Sharma K, Dewan S, Acharya BK. 2018. Bird diversity of tea plantations in Darjeeling Hills, Eastern Himalaya,India. Biodiversitas 19: 1066-1073. The biodiversity wealth and conservation potential of agro-ecosystems including cash cropplantations is gaining significance in recent years. Agro-forestry provides ecosystem services similar to forest and, hence, support a highdiversity of flora and fauna. This study was undertaken to explore the bird community in different tea gardens of Kurseong Hill,Darjeeling, Eastern Himalaya, India. Darjeeling is globally known for its extent and magnificent tea production. We sampled birds usingpoint count methods along transects during August 2015-January 2016. A total of 581 individual birds comprising 48 species wererecorded during the study. Amongst the guild types, insectivorous birds were the most dominant both in terms of species andabundances. Depending on their habitat preferences most of the birds were forest generalists followed by forest specialists. This studyhighlights that tea plantations have a great potential in harbouring and conserving birds and other associated life forms. Thus, propermanagement of these landscapes would be an effective strategy to conserve biodiversity of the Himalayas.

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Chaudhary, Vandana, Amalava Bhattacharyya, and Ram R. Yadav. "Tree-Ring Studies in the Eastern Himalayan Region: Prospects and Problems." IAWA Journal 20, no. 3 (1999): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000694.

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Tree-ring sampies of different conifer species in various ecological settings from subtropical to temperate regions of the Eastern Himalayan region have been evaluated for their potential for dendroc1imatic reconstructions. Most of these tree species have cross-datable growth rings except Taxus baccata and Tsuga dumosa where series of micro-rings and lack of variation in these suppressed zones make cross-dating difficult. Tree-ring chronologies have been established from Abies densa and Larix griffithiana, the only deciduous conifer species in the Himalayas. Tree growth-climate relationships reveal that temperature is a determinant factor for the growth of trees at high elevations. Abies densa in the western part of Arunachal Pradesh shows a negative response to the July-September temperature whereas Larix griffithiana shows a positive response to the May temperature.

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Catlos, Elizabeth J., Chandra S. Dubey, and Thomas M. Etzel. "Imbrication and Erosional Tectonics Recorded by Garnets in the Sikkim Himalayas." Geosciences 12, no. 4 (March 24, 2022): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12040146.

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The Sikkim region of the Himalayas (NE India) may form an important microplate between Nepal and Bhutan. Here we report high-resolution pressure-temperature (P-T) paths taken from garnet-bearing rocks across the northern and eastern portion of the region’s Main Central Thrust (MCT) shear zone. The MCT separates units affiliated with the Greater Himalayan Crystallines (GHC) in its hanging wall from the Lesser Himalayan Formation (LHF). Late Miocene monazite ages are reported from the LHF (10–14 Ma), whereas those from the GHC are Miocene (18–20 Ma). Some paths from the LHF and GHC show a P decrease before burial, consistent with erosion before compression. MCT shear zone and GHC rocks show a P increase and then decrease over a short T interval. This hairpin P-T path is consistent with an imbrication model for the Himalayas. LHF P-T path conditions and those obtained using conventional thermobarometry are best in agreement. These paths also are consistent with observed mineral assemblages and garnet zoning. Although we have the most confidence in LHF results, MCT shear zone and GHC P-T path shapes suggest processes to establish imbrication tectonics may have occurred here as early as the Miocene.

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Pei, Xiaoxin, Zhongzheng Chen, Quan Li, Xueyou Li, Changzhe Pu, Kang Luo, Jing Luo, et al. "A new species of the genus Soriculus (Soricidae, Eulipotyphla, Mammalia) from Medog in the eastern Himalaya." ZooKeys 1195 (March 14, 2024): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1195.115699.

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Himalayan shrews of the genus Soriculus (Soricidae, Eulipotyphla), currently represented by four nominal species, are endemic to the Himalayas and the Gaoligong Mountains. In April 2022 and April 2023, a total of 10 specimens of Soriculus were collected from Beibeng and Damu, Medog County, Tibet, China. The morphology of the specimens was compared with the four recognised species of the genus Soriculus. Additionally, two mitochondrial (Cyt b and 12S) and three nuclear (APOB, BRCAI and RAG2) genes were sequenced to test the phylogenetic relationships of these specimens with the other species. Our results indicate that these specimens represent a distinct species, Soriculus beibengensissp. nov., which is formally described here. The new species is distinguished from the other Soriculus species by the combination of darker pelages, smaller size, the relatively stubby nasal and the widened posterior processes of incisors. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the new species is sister to S. minor. The p–distance of Cyt b gene between S. beibengensis sp. nov. and other nominal Soriculus species ranges from 9.1–16.3%. This new species has a known distribution at an elevation of 1,500–2,125 m in Medog County, Tibet, China. The discovery of this new species from Medog County has important implications for interpreting small mammal biogeographic patterns in the eastern Himalaya and the mountain chains of south-west China.

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Weckerle, Caroline, and Franz K. Huber. "Walnuts among the Shuhi in Shuiluo, eastern Himalayas." Economic Botany 59, no. 3 (June 2005): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2005)059[0287:noep]2.0.co;2.

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Wang, Chunling, Jianbang Wang, Zhuoyu He, and Min Feng. "Detecting Mountain Forest Dynamics in the Eastern Himalayas." Remote Sensing 14, no. 15 (July 29, 2022): 3638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14153638.

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Forest dynamics is critical to forested ecosystems, and considerable efforts have been devoted to monitoring long-term forest dynamics with the goals of sustainable management and conservation of forests. However, little attention has been given to mountain forests, which are more challenging to monitor due to complex topography, weather, and their distribution. We developed a 30-m resolution tree-canopy cover (TCC) and forest change dataset for the Eastern Himalayas from 1986 to 2021. The tree-canopy cover estimation was validated against estimates from the space-borne Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI), demonstrating strong consistency (R-square greater than 0.81). A comprehensive assessment for the forest change dataset was performed using 448 visually interpreted points and reported high accuracy of the dataset, i.e., 97.7% and 95.9% for forest loss and gain, respectively. Higher producer and user accuracies were reported for forest loss (PA = 78.0%, UA = 60.9%) than these for forest gain (PA = 61.7%, UA = 56.7%). The results indicated that (1) the mean tree-canopy cover in the region increased by 2.76% over the past three decades, from 40.67% in 1990 to 43.43% in 2020, suggesting the forests have improved during the period; (2) forest loss was identified for a total area of 6990 km2 across the study area, which is less than the 10,700 km2 identified as forest gain; (3) stronger forest gains were found at elevations greater than 3000 m asl, indicating faster forest growth in high elevations likely influenced by the warming temperatures in the Eastern Himalayas.

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Ghosh, Uma, and Pankaj Mala Bhattacharya. "Seismic Hazards Assessment in the Eastern Himalayas Region." American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering 5, no. 4 (2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20210504.13.

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Kandel, Pratikshya, Nakul Chettri, Ram P. Chaudhary, Hemant Kumar Badola, Kailash S. Gaira, Sonam Wangchuk, Namgay Bidha, Yadav Uprety, and Eklabya Sharma. "Plant diversity of the Kangchenjunga Landscape, Eastern Himalayas." Plant Diversity 41, no. 3 (June 2019): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2019.04.006.

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Rai, Ranjita, H. Nakibapher Jones Shangpliang, and Jyoti P. Tamang. "Naturally fermented milk products of the Eastern Himalayas." Journal of Ethnic Foods 3, no. 4 (December 2016): 270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jef.2016.11.006.

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Hilaly, Sarah. "Trajectory of Region Formation in the Eastern Himalayas." Indian Historical Review 42, no. 2 (December 2015): 288–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983615597171.

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Mandal, Sekh Rahim. "Religious and Cultural Syncretism in the Eastern Himalayas." Oriental Anthropologist: A Bi-annual International Journal of the Science of Man 8, no. 1-2 (December 2008): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0976343020080112.

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Chaudhary, Abha, Prakash Biswakarma, Varun Joshi, Asha Pandey, and Ruchi Singh. "Frequency ratio analysis to determine the landslide susceptibility in East Sikkim district of Indian Himalayan region." Disaster Advances 17, no. 1 (December 5, 2023): 44–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/171da044061.

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Landslides are a significant natural disaster causing damage to many mountainous regions worldwide including the Indian Himalayan region. In the East Sikkim district of the Eastern Himalayas, the most used bivariate frequency ratio (FR) model was utilized with high-resolution satellite imagery to understand the susceptibility of the region to landslides. Conditioning factors such as slope aspect, slope angle, slope curvature, drainage density, land use and land cover (LULC), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), lithology, and geomorphology were considered in the analysis. LULC is the most crucial factor contributing to landslide susceptibility with a normalized FR value of 14.1. Slope and geomorphology followed closely with values of 12.5 and 11.8 respectively. In contrast, the least important factors were slope aspect and lithology with values of 8.7 and 9.3 respectively. These results can be used to prioritize landslide conditioning factors (LCF) and generate a final landslide susceptibility map (LSM). By adding the values of all LCFs, a landslide susceptibility index was obtained, and the LSM was zoned into high, medium, and low susceptibility classes covering 23.4%, 44.4%, and 32.2% of the study area respectively. The validity of the method used was confirmed using a receiver operating characteristic curve which yielded an accuracy of 78%. The findings highlight the importance of LULC, slope, and geomorphology as critical factors in landslide susceptibility in the East Sikkim district of the Eastern Himalayas.

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Nandargi, S., and O. N. Dhar. "Extreme Rainstorm Events over the Northwest Himalayas during 1875–2010." Journal of Hydrometeorology 13, no. 4 (August 1, 2012): 1383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-12-08.1.

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Abstract A significant part of northern India is covered by the Himalayas, where a number of major Indian rivers originate. In the present study, a detailed analysis of rainstorms that affected the northwest region of the Himalayas has been made to assess the orographic effect of the Himalayas on precipitation in this region during the 135 years from 1875 to 2010. The study showed that the northwest Himalayas have experienced five most-severe rainstorms whose rain depths have not been surpassed so far. These severe rainstorms caused heavy to very heavy rainfall over the region that led to tremendous destruction to crops, communications, and livestock. Severe rainstorms have not occurred during the 2001–10 decade. It is also noticed that severe floods in this region have not occurred because of a “break monsoon situation” in the middle or eastern Himalayas.

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singh, Devandra, and Dinesh Sharma. "New distribution record of the Greater False Vampire Bat (Megaderma lyra, Geoffroy 1810) from North-Western Himalaya." Journal of Tropical Life Science 13, no. 2 (May 25, 2023): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/jtls.13.02.16.

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India has been stated to have 10% of the world's total bat's diversity. The present survey was aimed to study the bat species diversity, distribution and activity patterns in north-western Himalayan region of India. Field surveys were conducted and echolocation calls were recorded using bat detector, Echometer touch 2 in Shiwalik ranges of Himalaya. The Greater False Vampire Bat (Megaderma lyra) has a broad distribution range that stretches from south to south east Asia. In India the distribution of the species was mostly recorded from southern subtropical coastal regions and north-eastern subtropical moist evergreen forests. In the present study The Greater False Vampire Bat (Megaderma lyra) has been recorded for the first time from Garhwal region of north-western Himalayas. Greater False Vampire Bat (Megaderma lyra) having long forearm (>6.63 ± 0.03cm) and lengthy ear (>3.66 ± 0.08cm), which is a distinguishable feature of the family Megadermatidae. The peak frequency (FMaxE) of echolocation was recorded as 50.295 ± 9.18 kHz. This frequency was initiated at 108.20 ± 2.51 kHz and terminated at 30.76 ± 1.37 kHz. The call structure recorded was very distinguishable and specific to this family.

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Renner, Swen C., and John H. Rappole. "Bird Diversity, Biogeographic Patterns, and Endemism of the Eastern Himalayas and Southeastern Sub-Himalayan Mountains." Ornithological Monographs 70, no. 1 (February 15, 2011): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/om.2011.70.1.153.

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Jiménez-Mejías, P., and H. J. Noltie. "CAREX DRUKYULENSIS (CYPERACEAE), A ‘NEW’ SPECIES FROM THE HIMALAYAS (BHUTAN)." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 74, no. 1 (December 20, 2016): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428616000263.

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On the basis of previously published molecular data, and morphological observations, Carex nigra subsp. drukyulensis from the eastern Himalayas (Bhutan) is raised to specific rank as Carex drukyulensis.

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Ovung, Etsoshan Y., Lizabeni M. Kithan, Francis Q. Brearley, and Shri Kant Tripathi. "Indigenous Community Fishing Practices in Nagaland, Eastern Indian Himalayas." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 9, 2022): 7049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127049.

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The significance of indigenous knowledge under the current scenario of biodiversity imperilment is well-known since such knowledge is gained through continuous intergenerational observations of natural systems. In this study, we present a description of indigenous community fishing practices in Nagaland and investigate their relationship with the cultural and traditional aspects of the associated communities through oral interactions, questionnaires and as a participatory observer. We observed inter- and intra-community fishing in which the piscicidal plants Millettia pachycarpa and Derris elliptica (both Fabaceae) were used as fish poison. M. pachycarpa was commonly used in inter-community ‘fishing festivals’ since it is easily available, less laborious to collect and there are no reports of harm to the body in comparison to D. elliptica which causes allergy and/or dermatological effects. Indigenous community fishing is conducted to develop a sense of peaceful co-existence and prosperity within and among the neighboring communities. However, the increasing use of synthetic fish poisons has overlapped with the traditional practices of fishing, exerting pressure on the livelihoods and food security of the tribal populations while contributing to riverine ecosystem degradation. Formulation of policies banning synthetic fish poison, and judicious use of traditional piscicidal plant fishing is therefore recommended.

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Baran Jha, Timir, Arpita Dafadar, and Animesh Ghorai. "New genetic resource in Capsicum L. from Eastern Himalayas." Plant Genetic Resources 10, no. 2 (May 25, 2012): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262112000135.

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A well-documented karyo-morphological analysis has been presented in one unexplored cultivar of Capsicum annuum L., collected from South Sikkim, India, to determine the chromosome number. This report confirms that the cultivar contains 2n = 48 chromosomes, which are not produced through self-duplication. More studies are required to determine its actual taxonomic position and genetic relationship with other cultivars and species. This cultivar of C. annuum provides a new, unexplored genetic resource with a high chromosome number.

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Bhadwal, Suruchi, Ghanashyam Sharma, Ganesh Gorti, and Sudeshna Maya Sen. "Livelihoods, gender and climate change in the Eastern himalayas." Environmental Development 31 (September 2019): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2019.04.008.

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O'Neill, Alexander R. "Evaluating high-altitude Ramsar wetlands in the Eastern Himalayas." Global Ecology and Conservation 20 (October 2019): e00715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00715.

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Gurung, B. "Towards sustainable development A case in the Eastern Himalayas." Futures 23, no. 8 (October 1991): 907–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(91)90128-o.

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BAKALIN, VADIM, ANNA VILNET, WEN ZHANG MA, and KSENIA KLIMOVA. "The differentiation and speciation of Scapania javanica and S. undulata complexes in the Eastern Sino-Himalayas and perimeters for Scapania Sect. Stephania (Scapaniaceae, Hepaticae)." Phytotaxa 400, no. 3 (April 5, 2019): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.400.3.2.

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Three taxa of Scapania with Sino-Himalayan and meta-Himalayan distribution are described as new to science: S. pseudojavanica from the southern portion of the eastern spur of the Tibetan Plateau in southern China and North Vietnam, S. metahimalayana with a disjunct distribution that ranges from Nepal (where its distribution is questionable) to North Vietnam, and S. sichuanica from high elevation in Sichuan in SW China. Each species is morphologically similar to taxa distributed in the more humid and warmer climates of East and South-East amphi-oceanic Asia. The differentiation is presumably the result of recent speciation in the Sino-Himalayas and adjacent lands and the observed differentiation and distribution patterns are in support of the geographic approach in splitting hepatic species. The initial differentiation of these Scapania in sect. Stephania was the specialization into two groups: with brown and colorless gemmae, both being predominantly unicellular.

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Kharnaior, Pynhunlang, Mayouri Das, and Jyoti Prakash Tamang. "Therapeutic and Anti-Thrombotic Properties of Some Naturally Fermented Soybean Foods of the Eastern Himalayas." Fermentation 9, no. 2 (January 20, 2023): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9020091.

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Naturally fermented soybean foods have anti-thrombotic properties due to the presence of microbial fibrinolytic enzymes. However, fibrinolytic enzyme-producing bacteria from naturally fermented soybean foods of the Eastern Himalayas viz. kinema, grep-chhurpi, peha, peron namsing, peruñyaan and bemerthu have not been screened yet. Therefore, this study aims to screen the fibrinolytic enzyme-producing bacteria from these naturally fermented soybean foods and also to assess their therapeutic properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, flavones, isoflavones, anti-obesity and anti-diabetic properties of samples. A total of 877 bacteria were isolated, out of which Bacillus subtilis (ten strains), B. velezensis (three strains), B. inaquosorum (two strains) and B. halotolerans (one strain) showed fibrinolytic enzyme activity ranging from 775.70 U/mL to 1230.61 U/mL, with a blood clot-degrading property of more than 50%. A remarkable DPPH radical scavenging property (>50%), flavone (278.98 ± 7.06 µg QE/g) and isoflavone (394.13 ± 11.68 µg GEN/g) contents were observed. The Himalayan fermented soybean foods have shown anti-thrombotic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-obesity properties indicating their therapeutic values.

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Bhutia, Yangchenla, Ravikanth Gudasalamani, Rengaian Ganesan, and Somidh Saha. "Assessing Forest Structure and Composition along the Altitudinal Gradient in the State of Sikkim, Eastern Himalayas, India." Forests 10, no. 8 (July 27, 2019): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10080633.

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Understanding the structure and composition of native forests is a prerequisite in developing an adaptive forest management plan for Himalayan forest ecosystems where climate change is rapid. However, basic information on forest structure and composition are still limited in many places of the Eastern Himalayas. In this study, we aimed to understand the diversity, structure, and composition of forests and their variations along an altitudinal gradient in Himalayan forests. The study was conducted in the Indian federal state of Sikkim, Eastern Himalayas. We carried out a comprehensive and comparative evaluation of species diversity, stand basal area, and stem density along the altitudinal gradient from 900m a.s.l.to 3200m a.s.l. We used stratified random sampling to survey eighty-three plots each 0.1 ha in forest communities that occurred along the altitudinal gradient: (a) lower (900–1700 m) altitude forest (N = 24), (b) mid (1700–2500 m) altitude forests (N = 37), and (c) higher (2500–3200 m)altitude forests (N = 22). We measured and identified all living trees with a >3 cm diameter at breast height in each plot. We counted 10,344 individual plants, representing 114 woody species belonging to 42 families and 75 genera. The family Fagaceae and its species Lithocarpus pachyphyllus (Kurz) Rehder. were reported as the most dominant forest trees with the highest Importance Value Index. The Shannon diversity index was recorded as being the highest for the low-altitude forests, whereas measures of structural diversity varied among forests along with altitude: the mid-altitude forests recorded the highest stem density and the high-altitude forests showed the highest mean stem DBH (diameter at 1.3 m height). One significant finding of our study was the disparity of the size class distribution among forests along the altitudinal gradient. Overall, we found a reverse J-shape distribution of tree diameter signifying the uneven-agedness. However, we showed, for the first time, a complete lack of large trees (>93 cm DBH) in the lower altitude forests. Our study highlights conservation concerns for the low-altitude forests that record high species diversity, although lacked large-diameter trees. We anticipate that our study will provide a comprehensive understanding of forest diversity, composition, and structure along the altitudinal gradient to design conservation and sustainable management strategies

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UPRETI, Dalip K., Urvashi DUBEY, and Sanjeeva NAYAKA. "A new isidiate species of Hemithecium Trevis. (Ascomycota, Graphidaceae) from India." Lichenologist 43, no. 5 (July 29, 2011): 483–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282911000430.

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AbstractHemithecium isidiatum from the Eastern Himalayas is described as new to science. It is the first isidiate species in the genus Hemithecium and is otherwise characterized by hyaline muriform ascospores and the presence of salazinic acid.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Eastern Himalayas'

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