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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Eastern Himalayas'

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Published: 18 May 2024

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1

Biswas, Saswati. "Impact of developmental agencies on the Eastern Himalayas with specific reference to the West Bengal Himalayas: a study of two villages." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/211.

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2

Tashi, Sonam. "Soil carbon stocks under different forest types in Bhutan, Eastern Himalayas." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/16520.

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This dissertation focusses on quantifying C stocks from forest ecosystems in the Eastern Himalayan. Total soil C and N stocks significantly increased with altitude and decreased with soil depth. Carbon and N stocks were significantly correlated with altitude which accounted for 73% and 47% of the variation in C and N stocks, respectively. To elucidate the driving processes of C and N stocks, inputs and stability, C and N isotopes in soil and biomass were measured. Overstorey vegetation contributes significantly to the soil C, as 13C of overstorey and soil showed similar trends. The slope of soil δ13C versus the C concentration, indicative of organic matter decomposition, was smallest at the highest altitude forest. This suggests slow turnover of C and N in the high altitude forest soils. Sequential density fractionation, DRIFT spectroscopy and IRMS were used to determine the different proportion and forms of C in forest soils. Lighter soil density fractions had a greater proportion of aliphatic C, while the heavier soil density fractions had a greater proportion of aromatic C. The larger proportion of aromatic C in the higher soil density fractions suggests that SOC in this fraction has been more processed, corroborated by the accompanied decreased C:N ratio and enrichment of δ13C with increasing soil density fractions. Aboveground biomass (AGB) allometric equations were developed to estimate forest AGB C stocks for the study area. Estimated AGB C stocks increased with altitude from 57 to 207 Mg C ha-1. The use of measured C concentration rather than an assumed 50% C for biomass reduced estimated AGB C stocks between 6.8 and 8.6%. The estimation of C stocks in the forest soils and biomass allometric equations for the different forest types in Bhutan will enable the region to better monitor its C stocks and emission to benefit from the United Nations REDD programs.

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3

Thapa, Namrata. "Studies on Microbial Diversity Associated with some fish products of the Eastern Himalayas." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1340.

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4

Yu, Fahong. "Systematics and biogeography of flying squirrels in the eastern and the western Trans-Himalayas." Connect to this title online, 2002. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0000621.

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5

Rahman, Mohammad Wahidur Uddin Ashraf. "Sedimentation and tectonic evolution of Cenozoic sequences from Bengal and Assam foreland basins, eastern Himalayas." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SUMMER/Geology_and_Geography/Thesis/Rahman_Mohammad_54.pdf.

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6

Caspari, Thomas. "The soils of Bhutan parent materials, soil forming processes, and new insights into the palaeoclimate of the Eastern Himalayas /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=977822664.

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7

Krishna, Murali C., Awadhesh Kumar, Om Prakash Tripathi, and John L. Koprowski. "Diversity, Distribution and Status of Gliding Squirrels in Protected and Non-protected Areas of the Eastern Himalayas in India." ASSOC TERIOLOGICA ITALIANA, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625220.

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The tropical forests of South and Southeast Asia hold the highest gliding squirrel diversity but our knowledge of species diversity, ecology and major threats is limited. The present study was undertaken in Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India between June 2011 and March 2015 to address the paucity of data available on gliding squirrels. Based on field and literature surveys, 14 species of gliding squirrels were detected in the state of Arunachal Pradesh. However, species such as Biswamoyopterus biswasi, which is reported as endemic to Namdapha National Park, were not detected. The high gliding squirrel diversity in this region could be related to a diversity of forest types and its location between the Himalayas and the Indomalayan region. Encounter rates with four different species revealed that Petaurista petaurista was most frequently detected in Namdapha National Park. Major threats include hunting for traditional medicine, cultural purposes or bushmeat, and habitat loss due to forest degradation caused by shifting cultivation. In addition, more intensive studies on population, ecology and conservation status are needed in order to design species and site specific conservation action plans in this region which represents the highest diversity of gliding squirrels globally.

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8

Iqbal, Showkat. "Changing land-use and livelihood patterns in the eastern himalayas : a focus on the evolving agroforestry practices in Sikkim." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2008. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/1309.

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9

Nakajima, Toru. "Denudation process of high-grade metamorphic nappe in a continental collision zone constrained by thermochronological inverse analysis: an example from eastern Nepalese Himalaya." Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/263479.

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10

Brezina, Cynthia A. "The detrital mineral record of Cenozoic sedimentary rocks in the Central Burma Basin : implications for the evolution of the eastern Himalayan orogen and timing of large scale river capture." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6730.

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This study contributes to the understanding of major river evolution in Southeast Asia during the Cenozoic. In order to trace the evolution of a hypothesized palaeo-Yarlung Tsangpo-Irrawaddy River, this work undertakes the first systematic provenance study of detrital minerals from Cenozoic synorogenic fluvial and deltaic sedimentary rocks of the Central Burma Basin, employing a combination of high precision geochronology, thermochronology, and geochemistry analytical techniques on single grain detrital zircon and white mica. The dataset is compared to published isotopic data from potential source terranes in order to determine source provenance and exhumation history from source to sink. A Yarlung Tsangpo-Irrawaddy connection existed as far back as ca. 42 Ma and disconnection occurred at 18–20 Ma, based on provenance changes detected using a combination of U-Pb ages and εHf(t) values on detrital zircons, and ⁴ºAr/³⁹Ar dating on detrital micas. During the Eocene and Oligocene, units are dominated by U-Pb age and high positive εHf(t) values, characteristic of a southern Lhasa Gangdese magmatic arc source. An antecedent Yarlung Tsangpo-Irrawaddy River system formed the major river draining the eastern Himalaya at this time. A significant change in provenance is seen in the early Miocene, where detritus is predominantly derived from bedrock of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, western Yunnan and Burma, a region drained by the modern Irrawaddy-Chindwin river system characterized by Cenozoic U-Pb ages and negative εHf(t) values. This is attributed to the disconnection of the Yarlung-Irrawaddy River and capture by the proto-Brahmaputra River, re-routing Tibetan Transhimalayan detritus to the eastern Himalayan foreland basin. Re-set zircon fission track ages of 14-8 Ma present in all units is used to infer post-depositional basin evolution related to changes in the stress regime accommodating the continued northward migration of India. The early Miocene initiation of the Jiali-Parlung-Gaoligong-Sagaing dextral shear zone and the continued northward movement of the coupled India-Burma plate aided in focusing deformation inside the syntaxis contributing to the disconnection of the Yarlung Tsangpo-Irrawaddy system, linking surface deformation and denudation with processes occurring at deeper crustal levels.

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11

Streule, Michael. "The structural, metamorphic and magmatic evolution of the Greater Himalayan Sequence and Main Central Thrust, Eastern Nepal Himalaya." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c7e9c6ba-0bcd-4526-903f-a48d629e0dd9.

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Field observations of the Greater Himalayan Sequence in Eastern Nepal demonstrate a ductile, highly strained package of metamorphic rocks that show extensive evidence of crustal anatexis throughout. These can be distinguished from the Lesser Himalayan sequence below by a distinct reduction in metamorphic grade, an inverted metamorphic sequence and a high strain zone corresponding to the Main Central Thrust. Metamorphic studies are combined with geochronology to demonstrate a protracted period of crustal melting followed by rapid decompression from 18.7 Ma to 15.6 Ma. A metamorphic decompression rate is quantified at c.2mm/yr during this period. This is interpreted to represent exhumation of the Greater Himalayan Sequence by a process of ductile, channelised flow from the mid-crust beneath Tibet. Below a prominent band of kyanite gneiss, previously used to locate the Main Central Thrust, but here mapped within the Greater Himalayan Sequence, partial melting is still exhibited. Here monazites are dated at 10.6 Ma. In the Lesser Himalaya below, allanites record a similar 10.1 Ma event. This implies that following channel flow during the mid-Miocene, the channel widened in the lower-Miocene to incorporate a greater structural thickness. Following these two periods of exhumation and ductile extrusion, separated in time and space, Fission Track studies indicate that much slower, erosion driven exhumation proceeded, at <1 mm/yr. This rate increases slightly in the Pliocene, most likely in response to Northern Hemisphere glaciation; no difference in exhumation is seen across the Greater Himalayan Sequence with respect to the different, earlier, phases of ductile channel flow related exhumation. These results demonstrate the episodic nature of channel flow in the Himalaya and reconcile arguments about the position of the MCT in Eastern Nepal.

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12

Holt, William Everett. "The active tectonics and structure of the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis and surrounding regions." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184802.

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I determined the source parameters of 53 moderate-sized earthquakes in the region of the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis through the joint inversion of regional and teleseismic distance long-period body waves. The average rates of deformation are determined by summing the moment tensors from both recent and historic earthquakes. Strike-slip movement on the Sagaing fault terminates in the north (just south of the syntaxis), where thrusting (northeast convergence) and crustal thickening are predominant. Slip vectors for thrust mechanisms in the Eastern Himalaya in general are not orthogonal to the Himalayan mountain front but show an oblique component of slip. A combination of thrust and strike-slip faulting (Molnar and Deng, 1984) for the great 1950 Assam earthquake is consistent with the rates of underthrusting in the entire Himalaya and the rate of spreading in Tibet (assuming that a 1950-type earthquake recurs every 400 years). An estimated 4-21 mm/yr of right-lateral motion between southeast Asia and the Burma subplate is absorbed within the zone of distributed shear between the Sagaing and Red River faults. A component of westward motion (3-7 mm/yr) of the western boundary of the distributed shear zone may cause some of the late Cenozoic compression and folding in the northern Indoburman Ranges. Distributed shear and clockwise rotation of blocks is also occurring in Yunnan north of the Red River Fault. The inversion of 130 regional distancewaveforms for average crustal thickness and upper mantle Pn velocity indicates an increase in Pn velocity, coincident with increase in crustal thickness, of about 0.20 km/s beneath the Tibetan Plateau. Impulsive Pn arrivals from paths that cross the Tibetan Plateau can be modeled with a positive upper mantle velocity gradient, indicating an upper mantle lid approximately 100-km-thick beneath southern Tibet. This "shield-like" structure supports a model in which Indian continental lithosphere has underthrust Tibet. The crustal shortening within Tibet 8 mm/yr is thus viewed as an upper crustal phenomenon in which the faults do not penetrate the deep crust or upper Mantle. The forces generated by the thick crust in Tibet may partly cause the strike-slip faulting and east-west convergence in Sichuan and the movement of upper crustal blocks in Yunnan.

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13

Oliver, Lee. "The implications of metamorphism and weathering of the Lesser Himalayan formation in Eastern Nepal for climate change." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275057.

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14

Chettri, Mona. "Ethnic politics in the Nepali public sphere : three cases from the eastern Himalaya." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2013. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/18060/.

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Ethnic identity plays a fundamental role in the political processes, development strategies and functioning of the state in the Himalayan areas of Sikkim, Darjeeling and eastern Nepal, which are geographically contiguous but politically separate. The eastern Himalayan borderland is a geographical continuum interconnected by the history of migration from Nepal, colonisation, settlement and in recent times by the political upheaval on the basis of ethnicity. Each of these areas has experienced different facets of Nepali identity politics, a trans-border phenomenon which has not only had political repercussions on a regional level but also contributed to the history and identity formation of the entire region. The Nepali ethnic group is an ethno-linguistic category, a meta-identity which subsumes numerous ethnic groups under it. It is organized around the Hindu caste system and unified by the Nepali language. Controversial in its origins, this ethnic group is now undergoing an intense redefinition leading to a variation in the political articulation of ethnicity. Based on qualitative data gathered in Sikkim, Darjeeling and east Nepal the present research is a comparative analysis of the nexus between ethnicity and politics in South Asia. This thesis contests the narrow, parochial and limited frameworks that have been used to study the region and highlights the enactment of politics in an area of high geo-political importance which is located at the periphery of the nation-state of both Nepal and India. The thesis narrates, discusses and analyses how Nepalis in Sikkim, Darjeeling and east Nepal use their ethnicity as a political resource, albeit in very different ways. The variety in political outcomes within a single ethnic group reveals the complex nature of ethnicity and the symbiotic relationship between ethnicity and politics. The case of the Nepalis of the eastern Himalayas is a study of the processes and manifestations of ethnic politics, the various structures and institutions that facilitate identity based politics but most importantly, the resurgence of ethnic politics in rapidly globalizing countries of South Asia.

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15

Buckingham, Heather Marie. "Evolution and late stage deformation of the Himalayan metamorphic core, Kanchenjunga region, eastern Nepal." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/51563.

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Understanding the recent history of the Himalayan orogen not only helps elucidates near-surface convergence accommodation processes, but also provides constraints for geometric modification of earlier midcrustal structures. New ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar and fission track (FT) data from the former Himalayan metamorphic core exposed in the Kanchenjunga region of eastern Nepal help constrain the evolution and low temperature uplift history of this portion of the orogen. Within the Lesser Himalayan Sequence (LHS), new apatite FT dates, combined with existing apatite and zircon FT dates from the region, define general younging trends towards the north - up structural section - of ~2.9 to 1.3 Ma and ~6.2 to 4.6 Ma respectively. There appears to be a significant jump in apatite FT dates from 1.3 Ma to 2.4 Ma that is coincident with an abrupt change in existing muscovite ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages from the Proterozoic to the Cenozoic. This break in ages is consistent with the mapped location of the Main Central thrust (MCT) fault in the area. In structurally lower rocks in the Greater Himalayan Sequence (GHS), north of the MCT, trends in both muscovite ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar and apatite FT continue to decrease to the north. These trends are interpreted to be consistent with the exhumation and uplift of these rocks associated with the growth of a duplex system within the LHS developed through underplating. Cooling rates across the mapped area indicate fast cooling in the GHS in early to mid Miocene, coupled with very slow cooling in the LHS. In the late Miocene to Pleistocene, cooling rates slow down in the GHS and increase in the LHS, such that they are similar. This is consistent with development of late-stage duplexing within the LHS at this time and the coupled exhumation of the GHS. Biotite ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dates may indicate a complex history across the study area. Some biotite dates (~24-16 Ma) are older than nearby ²³²Th-²⁰⁸Pb monazite melt crystallization dates (~18-16 Ma). Previous studies have attributed similar old biotite dates to excess argon. It is possible, however, the old biotite dates indicate crystallization along the retrograde path prior to final melt crystallization.
Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences (Okanagan)
Earth and Environmental Sciences, Department of (Okanagan)
Graduate

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16

Bera, Prasanta Kumar. "Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Siri (Bos indious) cattle breed from Eastern Sub-Himalayan region." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2017. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/hdl.handle.net/123456789/2611.

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17

Bhowal, Suparna. "Studies on microbial biodiversity of acidophilic heterotrophs in acid rock drainage samples of eastern himalaya." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1439.

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18

Lahiri, Tapesh. "Characterisation of the soils of the Eastern Himalayan region together with an attempt of the separation of components of artificial and natural clay mixtures." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/849.

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19

今山, 武志, and Takeshi Imayama. "Low H2O activity of fluid in mafic granulite in far-eastern Nepal (forecast)." 名古屋大学年代測定資料研究センター, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/18147.

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20

REVERMAN, REBECCA L. "The High-Pressure Karla Tectonic Unit:A Remnant Shear Zone associated with the Ultra-High Pressure Tso Morari Dome, eastern Ladakh (India), NW Himalaya." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1212094179.

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21

Hubbard, Mary Syndonia. "Thermobarometry, ⁴⁰A r/³⁹Ar geochronology, and structure of the Main Central Thrust zone and Tibetan Slab, eastern Nepal Himalaya." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13980.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 1988.
2 folded maps in pocket. Vita.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 158-167).
by Mary Syndonia Hubbard.
Ph.D.

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22

Choudhuri, Govinda. "Forest CPRs and usufructuary rights in a changing forest base : a case study of community adaptation in the Eastern Himalayan." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1375.

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23

Shrestha, Sushma. "Global Localism at the Manaslu Conservation Area in the Eastern Himalaya, Nepal: Integrating Forest Ecological and Ethnobotanical Knowledge for Biodiversity conservation." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1386003054.

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24

Reverman, Rebecca L. "The high-pressure Karla tectonic unit a remnant shear zone associated with the ultra-high pressure Tso Morari dome, eastern Ladakh (India), Nw Himalaya /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1212094179.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Cincinnati, 2008.
Advisor: Craig Dietsch. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Sep. 4, 2008). Includes abstract. Keywords: High-Pressure; blueschist; Tso Morari; Himalaya. Includes bibliographical references.

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25

Brown, Kerry Lucinda. "Dīpaṅkara Buddha and the Patan Samyak Mahādāna in Nepal: Performing the Sacred in Newar Buddhist Art." VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3635.

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Every four years, in the middle of a cold winter night, devotees bearing images of 126 Buddhas, Bodhisattvas, and other important deities assemble in the Nepalese city of Patan for an elaborate gift giving festival known as Samyak Mahādāna (“The Perfect Great Gift”). Celebrated by Nepal’s Newar Buddhist community, Samyak honors one of the Buddhas of the historical past called Dīpaṅkara. Dīpaṅkara’s importance in Buddhism is rooted in ancient textual and visual narratives that promote the cultivation of generosity through religious acts of giving (Skt. dāna). During Samyak, large images of Dīpaṅkara Buddha ceremoniously walk in procession to the event site, aided by a man who climbs inside the wooden body to assume the legs of the Buddha. Once arranged at the event, Dīpaṅkara is honored with an array of offerings until dusk the following day. This dissertation investigates how Newar Buddhists utilize art and ritual at Samyak to reenact and reinforce ancient Buddhist narratives in their contemporary lives. The study combines art historical methods of iconographic analysis with a contextual study of the ritual components of the Samyak Mahādāna to analyze the ways religious spectacle embeds core Buddhist values within in the multilayered components of art, ritual, and communal performance. Principally, Samyak reaffirms the foundational Buddhist belief in the cultivation of generosity (Skt. dāna pāramitā) through meritorious acts of giving (Skt. dāna). However, the synergy of image and ritual performance at Samyak provides a critical framework to examine the artistic, religious, and ritual continuities of past and present in the Newar Buddhist community of the Kathmandu Valley. An analysis of the underlying meta-narrative and conceptualization of Samyak suggests the construction of a dynamic visual narrative associated with sacred space, ritual cosmology, and religious authority. Moreover, this dissertation demonstrates the role of Samyak Mahādāna in constructing Buddhist identity in Nepal, as the festival provides an opportunity to examine how Newar Buddhists utilize art, ritual, and performance to reaffirm their ancient Buddhist heritage.

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26

Caspari, Thomas [Verfasser]. "The soils of Bhutan : parent materials, soil forming processes, and new insights into the palaeoclimate of the Eastern Himalayas / Thomas Caspari." 2005. http://d-nb.info/977822664/34.

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27

Aikman, Amos. "Tectonics of the eastern Tethyan Himalaya." Phd thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/146541.

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28

Lin, Te-Hsien, and 林德嫻. "Thermochronological study of major shear zones around the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45864097479808513603.

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博士
國立臺灣大學
地質科學研究所
97
The Jiali, Gaoligong, and Dien Bien Phu shear zones form the major boundaries for the clockwise rotation zone of crustal materials around the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis (EHS), regarded as the most significant deformation zones in Southeast Asia. A number of models have been proposed to explain the mechanism of crustal deformation in this region. However, additional geochronological and structural studies from these major shear zones are required to provide more constraints on such models. With the aim of revealing the deformation history of the shear zones and exploring the implications of these findings for the Cenozoic tectonics of Asia, the present study involved a systematic collection and thermochronological analysis of deformed metamorphic and associated plutonic complexes within the Jiali, Gaoligong, and Dien Bien Phu shear zones. Geochronological data show that the main phases of deformation along the Jiali and Gaoligong shear zones occurred in the periods of ~22–11 and ~18–13 Ma, respectively. A comparison of the deformation recorded in the Jiali, Gaoligong, and other major shear zones around the EHS reveals that sinistral shearing along the Jiali shear zone was synchronous with that along the Ailao Shan–Red River shear zone, forming a northern boundary to the southeastward extrusion of the Indochina block during the Early Miocene. From the Middle Miocene (~18 Ma), the Jiali shear zone may change to dextral displacement, becoming linked with the dextral Gaoligong shear zone that developed as a consequence of continued northward indentation of the Indian plate into Asia. Since this time, the Jiali and Gaoligong shear zones have been united, defining the southwestern boundary of the EHS during clockwise rotation of the eastward-extruding Tibetan block, as present-day tectonics in southeastern Tibet. The temporal comparison between plausible dextral shearing records within the Jiali and Gaoligong shear zones, and dates of normal faulting in southern Tibet, suggests that lower crustal flow resulting from thickened Tibetan lithosphere and oblique convergence between India and Eurasia may explain the change in deformation style around the EHS at ~18 Ma. Furthermore, the temporal change in regional deformation pattern from southeastward block extrusion to clockwise rotation of crustal fragments may have played an important role in the development of the eastern Himalayan drainage system in the area of the EHS. In NW Vietnam, the NNE–SSW-trending Dien Bien Phu shear zone, which represents part of the eastern boundary for the extruding continental blocks, dextrally offsets the NW–SE-trending Song Ma suture. This study reports the first 40Ar-39Ar geochronological data obtained for metamorphic rocks within the Dien Bien Phu shear zone. 40Ar-39Ar ages of 194 to 212 Ma for mica schists and 158 to 198 Ma for mylonites suggest that the fault was active during the Early Jurassic, making it significantly old and longer-lasting. Temporal correlations indicate that collision between the South China, Indochina, Sibumasu and Simao blocks, representing the late Triassic to early Jurassic Indosinian Orogeny, may have led to the initiation of movement along the shear zone and associated fault systems in the Indochina region. The preservation of a geological record of the Indosinian Orogeny in the Dien Bien Phu shear zone indicates that Cenozoic shearing has not apparently reset the isotopic systems of the metamorphic complex distributed along the fault.

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29

Barua, Maitreyi. "Habitat and economy in an eastern Himalayan enclave: case study of the rangit basin." Thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/5841.

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30

Choudhury, Baharul Islam. "Population Genetics of Traditionally Cultivated Rice Varieties in the Eastern Himalayan Region of Northeast India." Thesis, 2013. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/977744/1/Baharul_PhD_F2013.pdf.

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The Eastern Himalayan region of northeast(NE) India covers a geographical area of over 255,000 sq. km. and consists of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura states (Figure 1.1). This region encompasses wide range of eco-geographical conditions, ranging from lowland flood plains of Brhamaputra and Barak Riverto mountains as high as 4000 m above sea level in the West Kameng and Tawang region of Arunachal Pradesh. Rice (Oryza sativa) is the staple food of the local inhabitants in NE India. Traditional farmers of the region cultivate a large number of indigenous rice varieties under diverse topographic and agroclimatic conditions and different growing seasons. However, rice genetic resources in NE India are being rapidly lost due to changes in the land use and agricultural practices that favor agronomically improved varieties. A detailed understanding of the genetic structure and diversity of rice varieties in NE India is crucial for developing conservation and management strategies of rice genetic resources and use of the rice gene pool in the region for breeding and genetic improvement programs. In this study, genetic structure and diversity of rice varieties representing several ecotypes collected from various regions of NE India were investigated using molecular tools. Chapter 1 covers a study focused on the genetic structure and diversity of 24 indigenous varieties representing Sali (12), Jum (4), Boro(3), and glutinous (5) types and five agronomically improved varieties. The results revealed that the genetic diversity among indigenous rice varieties was higher than that of the agronomically improved varieties. The Sali and Jum types showed significantly higher levels of genetic diversity as compared to agronomically improved types. Two major genetically distinct clusters were detected in this study, which corresponded to two subspecies of O. sativa, namely indica and japonica. In Chapter 2, the results of a study on characterization of rice ecotypes into japonica or indica subspecies using insertion-deletion (indel) markers are presented. The indel markers were designed based on the genome-wide DNA polymorphism database of typical indica cv 93-11 and japonica cv Nipponbare. The result showed that the traditional method of indica and japonica rice classification based on cultivation type, morphological traits, physiological and biochemical characteristics is incongruent with the indel marker based classification. Majority of the upland (Jum) and glutinous seeded varieties, which were traditionally classified as japonica clustered with indica types. Similarly, a few lowland varieties, which were traditionally classified as indica clustered with japonica types. Chapter 3 covers the nucleotide polymorphism and patterns of nucleotide diversity at two trait specific genes, Wx and OsC1. The Wx gene is associated with amylose content, which determines the glutinous nature of rice grains while theOsC1 gene is associated with the apiculus coloration. The polymorphism in the Wx gene among glutinous and non glutinous grain types, and the nucleotide diversity inthe OsC1 gene among colored and colorless apiculus rice varieties were investigated. The results revealed that trait specific nucleotide polymorphisms that were identified in previous studies did not necessarily correspond to the specific phenotypes in the indigenous rice varieties of NE India. The glutinous type varieties showed higher levels of nucleotide diversity as compared to the nonglutinous types at the Wx locus. The neutrality analysis did not reveal signature of selection among the glutinous and nonglutinous rice phenotypes at the Wx gene. On the other hand, the OsC1 gene revealed low level of selection among the colorless apiculus varieties as evident by lower nucleotide diversity in colorless types as compared to the colored apiculus varieties.

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Dekens, Julie. "Livelihood change and resilience building : a village study from the Darjeeling Hills, Eastern Himalaya, India." 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/20659.

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