Journal articles: 'Eastern Himalayan'

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Kirisits, Thomas, Edwin Donaubauer, Heino Konrad, Sangay Dorji, Irene Barnes, Wolfgang Maier, Michael J. Wingfield, Norbu Gyeltshen, and D. B. Chhetri. "Common Needle, Shoot, Branch and Stem Diseases of Conifer Trees in Bhutan." Acta Silvatica et Lignaria Hungarica 3, Special Edition (June 1, 2007): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37045/aslh-2007-0038.

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Bhutan is a small, landlocked, densely forested country in the South-Eastern Himalayas (FAO 1999, 2001). Forests are of immense importance for the ecology, economy and social well-being of this country and for the livelihood of its people. In mountainous areas at elevations between about 2100 and 4200 m asl., temperate conifer forests form the natural vegetation in this part of the Himalayas. These forests occupy about 24% of the total area of Bhutan and they consist mainly of Eastern Himalayan fir (Abies densa), Eastern Himalayan spruce (Picea spinulosa), Himalayan hemlock (Tsuga dumosa) and Himalayan Blue pine (Pinus wallichiana) (Grierson – Long 1983, Rosset 1999). Other conifers and various broadleaved tree species (Rhododendron spp., Betula spp., Populus spp., Acer spp., Sorbus spp. and Salix spp.) are often admixed to the aforementioned major conifer species or sometimes dominate forest stands on specific sites (Grierson – Long 1983, Rosset 1999). Another important conifer in Bhutan is Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii), which occurs mainly in sub-tropical and warm temperate forests (Grierson – Long 1983). This pine does, however, not form part of cold temperate conifer forests.

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Ojha, Lujendra, Ken L. Ferrier, and Tank Ojha. "Millennial-scale denudation rates in the Himalaya of Far Western Nepal." Earth Surface Dynamics 7, no. 4 (October 11, 2019): 969–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-969-2019.

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Abstract. The Himalayas stretch ∼3000 km along the Indo-Eurasian plate boundary. Along-strike variations in the fault geometry of the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) have given rise to significant variations in the topographic steepness, exhumation rate, and orographic precipitation along the Himalayan front. Over the past 2 decades, the rates and patterns of Himalayan denudation have been documented through numerous cosmogenic nuclide measurements in central and eastern Nepal, Bhutan, and northern India. To date, however, few denudation rates have been measured in Far Western Nepal, a ∼300 km wide region near the center of the Himalayan arc, which presents a significant gap in our understanding of Himalayan denudation. Here we report new catchment-averaged millennial-scale denudation rates inferred from cosmogenic 10Be in fluvial quartz at seven sites in Far Western Nepal. The inferred denudation rates range from 385±31 t km−2 yr−1 (0.15±0.01 mm yr−1) to 8737±2908 t km−2 yr−1 (3.3±1.1 mm yr−1) and, in combination with our analyses of channel topography, are broadly consistent with previously published relationships between catchment-averaged denudation rates and normalized channel steepness across the Himalaya. These data show that the denudation rate patterns in Far Western Nepal are consistent with those observed in central and eastern Nepal. The denudation rate estimates from Far Western Nepal show a weak correlation with catchment-averaged specific stream power, consistent with a Himalaya-wide compilation of previously published stream power values. Together, these observations are consistent with a dependence of denudation rate on both tectonic and climatic forcings, and they represent a first step toward filling an important gap in denudation rate measurements in Far Western Nepal.

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Deepani, Vijit, and Monika Saini. "Demographic Fluctuation among Himalayan Populations." Indian Journal of Research in Anthropology 3, no. 2 (December 15, 2017): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijra.2454.9118.3217.6.

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Background: Himalayas constitute vast mountain range in Asia spreading over 2500 Km (from east to west) at a high altitude along the northern fringes of the Indian subcontinent. The population dynamics in Himalayan domain has been immensely influenced by the variations in climatic and topographic conditions. As a result, population trends in relation to several demographic parameters are observed as population growth varies across this immense geographical contour. Objective: The present study attempts to assess and compare several crucial demographic parameters of select population groups (tribes and caste groups) residing in Himalayan province so as to provide a comprehensive picture of their demographic profile. The variation in demographic variables has also been addressed in relation to socio-economic and biological attributes. Materials and Methods: Multiple demographic determinants viz., sex-ratio, index – of – ageing, age at marriage and menarche, crude birth rate, total fertility rate, crude death rate and infant mortality rate are utilized to address demographic diversity in Himalayan population groups. Results: The sex ratio has been observed to be higher among reported population groups in Central Himalayas in comparison to Western and Eastern Himalayas. The measures of fertility – CBR, GFR and TFR – depict high values in certain population groups of Central Himalayas (Johar Bhotia, Rang Bhotia and Raji) in comparison to Western and Eastern province. Contribution: The present paper provides a comprehensive picture of the demographic profile among select Himalayan population groups. This will aid to understand the trend in demographic characteristics in the Himalayan province.

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Priestley, Keith, Tak Ho, and Supriyo Mitra. "The crustal structure of the Himalaya: A synthesis." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 483, no. 1 (2019): 483–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp483-2018-127.

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AbstractThis chapter examines the along-arc variation in the crustal structure of the Himalayan Mountain Range. Using results from published seismological studies, plus large teleseismic body-wave and surface-wave datasets which we analyse, we illustrate the along-arc variation by comparing the crustal properties beneath four representative areas of the Himalayan Mountain Range: the Western Syntaxis, the Garhwal–Kumaon, the Eastern Nepal–Sikkim, and the Bhutan–Northeastern India regions. The Western Syntaxis and the Bhutan–Northeastern India regions have a complicated structure extending far out in front of the main Range, whereas the Central Himalaya appear to have a much simpler structure. The deformation is more distributed beneath the western and eastern ends of the Range, but in general, the crust gradually thickens from c. 40 km on the southern side of the Foreland Basin to c. 80 km beneath the Tethys Himalaya. While the gross crustal structure of much of the Himalaya is becoming better known, our understanding of the internal structure of the Himalaya is still sketchy. The detailed geometry of the Main Himalayan Thrust and the role of the secondary structures on the underthrusting Indian Plate are yet to be characterized satisfactorily.

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Chetia, Hiranmoy, and Murali Krishna Chatakonda. "Record of Himalayan Marmot Marmota himalayana (Hodgson, 1841) (Rodentia: Sciuridae) from Arunachal Pradesh, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 15, no. 5 (May 26, 2023): 23262–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.8402.15.5.23262-23265.

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In India, the Himalayan Marmot Marmota himalayana occurs in Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh. In this communication, we describe the single sighting of foraging and storing of grass by Himalayan Marmots in the eastern Himalayan landscape of western Arunachal Pradesh and address the threats that we noticed. Though the species occur in different areas of India, no systematic work has been done till now to assess their population status and distribution, let alone in the state of Arunachal Pradesh.

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Rai, Ishwari Datt, Gajendra Singh, and Gopal Singh Rawat. "Anemone trullifolia and Berberis angulosa as new records to the flora of the western Himalaya, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, no. 5 (April 26, 2018): 11679. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3961.10.5.11679-11682.

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The western Himalaya represent an important and distinct botanical sub-region and biogeographic zone in the Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot. There is a long history of floral exploration in this region as compared to the eastern Himalaya; however, recent additions of several species to western Himalayan flora reveal remote areas yet to be explored intensively. The present reports on Anemone trullifolia and Berberis angulosa from the subalpine-alpine areas of western Himalaya also emphasize the need for further exploration. In this article, a brief description of these species is presented along with distribution, ecology, phytogeographical notes and photographs are provided for easy identification.

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GAYEN, SUBRATA, and KAILASH CHANDRA. "A new distributional range of Abraxas antipusilla Inoue, 1995 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from Eastern Himalaya, India." Zootaxa 5228, no. 2 (January 12, 2023): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5228.2.6.

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Based on Indian Himalayan expeditions, the species Abraxas antipusilla Inoue, 1995 is reported for the first time from Eastern Himalaya, India. After two decades, differential diagnoses of males and females are presented in comparison to Abraxas pusilla Butler, 1880. Redescriptions of male and female genitalia are given. An annotated summary on habitat preference and distributional ranges for both species is emphasized within the Indian Himalayan Region.

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Gurung, Yuvraj. "A Review on Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Eastern Himalayan Region: An Insight into Distribution and Conservation." UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 44, no. 24 (December 14, 2023): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2023/v44i243808.

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The Chironomidae (Diptera) commonly known as “midges”, are the most widely distributed and frequently the most abundant group of insects in freshwater ecosystems. Chironomids larvae plays a key ecological role in the maintenance of aquatic ecosystem services, mainly in secondary production and energy flow dynamics [1]. They are the freshwater bio-monitoring indicators of pollution, habitat modifications, and natural changes of water quality [2,3], and is a model which helps to predict diversity and strength of food web of aquatic communities [4]. The objective of the study is to highlight the distribution pattern, biodiversity and the status of conservation of Eastern Himalaya region species of the family Chironomidae. The 'Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot' is indeed a "store house of biodiversity" because of its rich spectrum of species of flora and fauna including insect species which have been remaining unexplored. This study is a descriptive analysis to assay the main trends on Chironomidae research in freshwater assessments like ecology, palaeolimnology, biogeography, cytology, developmental and eco-toxicological research in Eastern Himalaya region. Finally the review work helps to get a more comprehensive picture of fauna of chironomids in the Eastern Himalayas in relation to those reported earlier from other parts of the globe.

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Sahgal, Vinay Sahu, Ashish Kumar Asthana, and Deepa Srivastava. "On the Occurrence of Plagiobryum zieri (Dicks. ex Hedw.) Lindb. in Western Himalaya." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 6, no. 03 (July 25, 2020): 222–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v6i03.12.

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Plagiobryum zieri (Dicks. ex Hedw.) Lindb. inhabitant of higher altitude has been recorded for the first time from Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand of the Western Himalaya earlier known from Sikkim (Eastern Himalaya). About 25 species of Plagiobryum are known worldwide. A morpho-taxonomic account of Western Himalayan plants of Plagiobryum zieri is provided.

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Adhikari, Drona, Champak Babu Silwal, and Lalu Prasad Paudel. "Review of the Geology of the Arun-Tamor Region, Eastern Nepal: Present Understndings, Controversies and Research Gaps." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 26, no. 2 (December 29, 2021): 79–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v26i2.41439.

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Systematic study of the eastern Nepal Himalaya was started after 1950 when Nepal opened up for foreigners. Thereafter, several geological studies have been carried out in the Arun-Tamor region of eastern Nepal Himalaya. The Tibetan-Tethys sedimentary sequence, the Higher Himalayan amphibolite to granulite facies metamorphic crystalline sequence, the Lesser Himalayan sedimentary and greenschist facies metasedimentary sequences, and the Siwalik foreland molassic sedimentary sequence are the four major tectonic units of this area. The individual nomenclature schemes of stratigraphic units, the correlational dispute, the positions and interpretations of regional geological structures are some examples that have created controversies regarding the lithostratigraphy and structural arrangements. The difference in age and genesis of the Main Central Thrust and its effects in the metamorphism of the eastern Nepal Himalaya are the exemplification of the contradiction in the interpretation of the tectonometamorphic history. There is a gap in research in the tectonics and episodic metamorphic evolution of the area owing to the bare approach in the microstructural and geochronological investigation. Future investigations should be focused on solving the above mentioned controversies and narrowing down the research gaps in tectonic and metamorphic evolution.

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Majumdar, Shuvadeep, Monalisa Dey, and Devendra Singh. "Additions to Himalayan Species of Radula Dumort. (Marchantiophyta: Radulaceae) from Arunachal Pradesh, India." Indian Journal of Forestry 35, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2012-543j1x.

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Two species of Radula Dumort., R. acuta Mitt., and R. pandei Udar & Dh.Kumar, are described for the first time in Indian Himalayan bryoflora from West Siang and Anjaw districts respectively of Arunachal Pradesh in the Eastern Himalaya.

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Anand-Prakash. "Himalayan coals: their nature, composition, formation and rank." Journal of Palaeosciences 40 (December 31, 1991): 477–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1991.1795.

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The results of maceral, microlithotype and reflectance analyses, so far carried out on the Palaeozoic (Permian) and Tertiary coals of Himalaya, have been presented along with the details of geological and chemical (proximate) studies. The Permian coals, enclosed in the sediments dispersed as thrust slices in the eastern Himalaya, are characterized by their high rank and the dominance of the maceral vitrinite. In general, these coals are classified as semianthracite, except for the Bhutan coals which are of low rank and high volatile bituminous in nature. Almost all the macerals contain fairly high amount of mineral matter. Finely disseminated argillaceous matter is the most common mineral suite present in the coals followed by carbonates and iron sulphide (pyrite). In most of the cases, the mineral matter is present as infillings in numerous sets of fissures which traverses the coals. These infillings seem to have been developed during the tectonic activity and represent secondary minerals impregnated in various macerals. Often the presence of high amount of mineral matter has greatly reduced the quality of coal. Besides, the marine animal fossil-bearing mineral concretions (coal balls) have indicated that these coals were formed in a series of lagoons under the influence of marine conditions. The Upper Tertiary coals, associated with the Tipam sediments in the eastern Himalaya, occur as small lenses, very thin impersistent seams and pockets which are characterized by the dominance of maceral vitrinite. It is generally represented by the structured variety (telinite). In general, the cellular structures indicate that these coals have been formed by the burial of wood logs in the fluvial sediments. An important feature of telinite is the presence of folded tissues which attain prominence in the coals occurring closer to the main boundary faults. The coals in this area exhibit lignite-bituminous stage in rank and are comparable to the Mesozoic coals in peninsular India. This stage in rank has been possible mainly due to the tectonic disturbances. The Lower Tertiary coals of Jammu area are the only economically workable deposits in the Himalayas. These are associated with the beds containing marine animal remains. This indicates that coal formation took place under near-shore environment. These coals are comparable to the Permian coals of the eastern Himalayas. They are also rich in maceral vitrinite and semianthracitic in rank. Such a high rank of these Tertiary coals may be attributed to the effect of tectonic movements in the Himalayan areas.

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Darevsky, Ilya S., Notker Helfenberger, Nikolai L. Orlov, and Karan Shah. "Two New Species of the Genus Gonydactylus (Sauria: Gekkonidae) from Eastern Nepal." Russian Journal of Herpetology 4, no. 2 (October 15, 2011): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-1997-4-2-89-93.

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Two new species of the naked-toed geckos of the genus Gonydactylus are described from Eastern Nepal. A comparison of the described species with another “himalayan” Gonydactylus (G. khasiensis and occurring in the west of Nepal G. himalayanus) is given.

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Tolangay, Darshana, and Saurav Moktan. "Trend of studies on carbon sequestration dynamics in the Himalaya hotspot region: A review." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 12, no. 4 (December 13, 2020): 647–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v12i4.2426.

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The present communication deals with the carbon dynamics in the Himalaya hotspot region. The Himalaya, a mountain range shared by Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan and Myanmar, is one of the biologically richest regions in the world that play an important role as source and sink in global carbon cycle. The purpose of this paper was to review and provide available studies related to carbon sequestration in the Himalayas. The carbon in forest is stored in five different pools viz. above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, litter, deadwood and soil organic carbon. Estimates of biomass, carbon stock and soil organic carbon contents by almost all forest types including agroforestry systems and plantations in the Himalaya hotspot have been documented in this communication. The net rate of carbon sequestrated by forest was reported to be 2.4 ±0.4 Pg C yr-1 on a global scale. The Indian Himalayan Region constitutes about 5.4 billion tonnes of C and sequesters about 65 million tonnes of C yr-1. We analysed more than 135 peer-reviewed journal articles related to biomass and carbon sequestration. The review identifies that the studies estimated 3697.05, 3898.10 and 4235.05 tonnes carbon per hectare for Western, Central and Eastern Himalayan region respectively. The research on the biomass/carbon estimation received attention as early as 1980s, but increased gradually after 2001. These findings would contribute to policy-makers with useful information for mitigation of CO2 emissions.

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YUAN, QIONG, and QIN-ER YANG. "Taxonomic studies on the genus Delphinium (Ranunculaceae) from China (XXV): D. jilongense and D. unifolium, another two new synonyms of D. himalayae, a species mainly occurring in Nepal but also in China (southern Xizang)." Phytotaxa 606, no. 2 (July 28, 2023): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.606.2.3.

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Based on consultation of literature and critical observations on herbarium specimens, we demonstrate that in addition to Delphinium subspathulatum (Ranunculaceae) and D. tabatae which we have previously reduced to the synonymy of D. himalayae, D. jilongense described from China’s southern Xizang (Gyirong) and D. unifolium described from Nepal are also conspecific with this eastern Himalayan species. We therefore place both of them in synonymy with D. himalayae herein.

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Chandra, Satish, and D. S. Rawat. "Umbrella Starwort Stellaria umbellata Turcz. (Caryophyllaceae): a new record to the flora of the western Himalaya, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, no. 3 (March 26, 2018): 11459. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3032.10.3.11459-11463.

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The species Stellaria umbellata is reported as a new record for the western Himalayan flora. Critical examination of the species in nature, Indian herbaria, online herbaria and protologue confirmed its identity as Stellaria umbellata. Earlier, it was erroneously identified in the western Himalaya as Stellaria subumbellata or Holosteum umbellatum. This species was previously not reported from the western, central or eastern Himalaya and thus, it is also a new record for the flora of the Himalaya.

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Streinzer, Martin, Jharna Chakravorty, Johann Neumayer, Karsing Megu, Jaya Narah, Thomas Schmitt, Himender Bharti, Johannes Spaethe, and Axel Brockmann. "Species composition and elevational distribution of bumble bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus Latreille) in the East Himalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, India." ZooKeys 851 (June 3, 2019): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.851.32956.

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The East Himalaya is one of the world’s most biodiverse ecosystems. However, very little is known about the abundance and distribution of many plant and animal taxa in this region. Bumble bees are a group of cold-adapted and high elevation insects that fulfil an important ecological and economical function as pollinators of wild and agricultural flowering plants and crops. The Himalayan mountain range provides ample suitable habitats for bumble bees. Systematic study of Himalayan bumble bees began a few decades ago and the main focus has centred on the western region, while the eastern part of the mountain range has received little attention and only a few species have been verified. During a three-year survey, more than 700 bumble bee specimens of 21 species were collected in Arunachal Pradesh, the largest of the north-eastern states of India. The material included a range of species that were previously known from a limited number of collected specimens, which highlights the unique character of the East Himalayan ecosystem. Our results are an important first step towards a future assessment of species distribution, threat, and conservation. Clear elevation patterns of species diversity were observed, which raise important questions about the functional adaptations that allow bumble bees to thrive in this particularly moist region in the East Himalaya.

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Godin, Laurent, Renaud Soucy La Roche, Lindsay Waffle, and Lyal B. Harris. "Influence of inherited Indian basement faults on the evolution of the Himalayan Orogen." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 481, no. 1 (April 13, 2018): 251–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp481.4.

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AbstractIndian basement faults, which bound three orogen-perpendicular palaeotopographic ridges of Precambrian Indian basement south of the Himalaya, extend to the base of the Indian lithosphere and to the northern extent of the Indian lithosphere underneath Tibet. In the eastern Himalaya, the active orogen-perpendicular Yadong–Gulu graben is aligned with an earthquake-generating strike-slip fault in the high Himalaya. We argue that the graben results from crustal necking during reactivation of the underplated basement fault. In the central Himalaya, along-strike diachronous deformation and metamorphism within the Himalayan metamorphic core, as well as lateral ramps in the foreland thrust belt, spatially correspond to the Lucknow and Pokhara lineaments that bound the subsurface Faizabad Ridge in the Indian basement. Analogue centrifuge modelling confirms that offset along such deep-seated basement faults can affect the location, orientation and type of structures developed at various stages of orogenesis and suggests that it is mechanically feasible for strain to propagate through a melt-weakened mid-crust. We suggest that inherited Indian basement faults affect the ramp-flat geometry of the basal Main Himalayan Thrust, partition the Himalayan range into distinct zones, localize east–west extension resulting in the Tibetan graben and, ultimately, contribute to lateral variability in tectonic evolution along the orogen's strike.

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Zgorzelski, Marek. "Ladakh and Zanskar." Miscellanea Geographica 12, no. 1 (December 1, 2006): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2006-0002.

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Abstract The Himalayan mountain chain is orographically fragmented, both in the east-west and in the north-south directions. The latter area is characterised by a greater landscape diversity, owing to its zonality and the vertical zonation of both climate and vegetation. In terms of tectonics and orography, and taking into account the prevalent influence of the monsoon and continental climates, the Himalayan mountain system can be divided into two parts – the external arc (southern), that is the Higher (or Great) Himalayas and the internal arc (northern), that is the so-called Trans-Himalayas. Similarly to the external arc of the Himalayas, the post-glacial relief in the Trans-Himalayas is marginal only. It is an area with a prevalence of denudation (nival, frost, gravitation and eolian) processes. Slopes of tectonic valleys or basins, covered with colourful surface deposits rising as high as even two thirds of their altitude, dominate the landscape. The Zanskar ridges and the Ladakh range represent a transitional zone between the Trans-himalayas and Eastern Karakoram.

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Singh, Devendra, and Siddhartha Deo. "Notes on Sccarcely Collected Indian Liverworts I. Horikawaella Subacuta and Pleurozia Purpurea (Marchantiophyta)." Indian Journal of Forestry 37, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2014-ci08tm.

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A number of Indian liverworts are only poorly known in country’s bryoflora with apparently no representation in Indian herbaria. Two such species, viz. Horikawaella subacuta (Herzog) S.Hatt. & Amakawa – an Himalayan endemic, and Pleurozia purpurea Lindb., widespread in North America, Europe and Southeast Asia, have been described and illustrated here based on recently collected specimens from Arunachal Pradesh in the Eastern Himalaya.

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Subba, Samundra Ambuhang, Anil Kumar Shrestha, Kanchan Thapa, Sabita Malla, Gokarna Jung Thapa, Sujeet Shrestha, Shrota Shrestha, Naresh Subedi, Gopal Prakash Bhattarai, and Richard Ottvall. "Distribution of grey wolves Canis lupus lupus in the Nepalese Himalaya: implications for conservation management." Oryx 51, no. 3 (July 7, 2016): 403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605316000296.

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AbstractThe grey wolf Canis lupus lupus is Critically Endangered in Nepal, and is a protected species there. Understanding the species’ status and distribution is critical for its conservation in the Nepalese Himalaya. We assessed the distribution of the grey wolf in the Himalayan and Trans-Himalayan regions using data from faecal and camera trap surveys and published data sources. We recorded 40 instances of wolf presence. Using these data we estimated a distribution of 28,553 km2, which includes potential as well as known habitat and comprises 73% of the Nepalese Himalaya. There is evidence of recovery of the grey wolf population in Kanchenjunga Conservation Area in the eastern portion of the species’ range. A livestock insurance scheme has been shown to be a viable option to reduce retaliatory killing of wolves as a result of livestock depredation. The wolf plays an important ecological role in the Himalaya, and its conservation should not be delayed by the ongoing taxonomic debate about its subspecific status.

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Khanal, Laxman, Mukesh Kumar Chalise, Xue-Long Jiang, and Randall C. Kyes. "Mitochondrial Genetic Diversity and Structure of the Langur Population in a Complex Landscape of the Nepal Himalaya." Diversity 14, no. 2 (January 21, 2022): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14020069.

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Heterogenous landscape features of the Himalayan region shape the genetic structure of animal populations by delimiting spatial patterns of dispersal and reproduction. Integrating population genetic analysis with landscape features could yield results that shed light on the evolutionary diversity of the taxa therein. This study assessed the population genetic structure of the Nepal Himalayan langurs (Semnopithecus spp.) across almost their entire distribution range in the complex landscape of the Nepal Himalaya using the mitochondrial cytochrome b (CYTB, 1140 bp), cytochrome c oxidase I (COI, 676 bp), and control region (1088 bp) sequences. Sequences were successfully retrieved from 52 samples belonging to 17 troops of wild Himalayan langurs in Nepal. The concatenated alignment of the three loci (2904 bp) defined 35 unique haplotypes with haplotype and nucleotide diversities of 0.961 ± 0.017 and 0.0204 ± 0.004, respectively. The results of a median joining haplotype network and of inter-haplotypic phylogenetic analyses revealed five major clades across the country: one from the eastern, two from the central, and two from the western region of Nepal. No haplotypes were shared among the regions. The Mantel test results indicated that the landscape heterogeneity of the Himalaya has shaped the population genetic structure of the Himalayan langurs due to the combined effects of isolation by resistance and isolation by distance phenomena. The strong population genetic structure and deep mtDNA divergence warrants a detailed taxonomic assessment of the Himalayan langurs across their entire range.

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Puniya, M. K., R. C. Patel, and P. D. Pant. "Structural and thermochronological studies of the Almora klippe, Kumaun, NW India: implications for crustal thickening and exhumation of the NW Himalaya." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 481, no. 1 (December 19, 2018): 81–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp481-2017-74.

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AbstractCrystalline klippen over the Lesser Himalayan Metasedimentary Sequence (LHMS) zone in the NW Himalaya have specific syn- and post-emplacement histories. These tectonics also provide a means to understand the driving factors responsible for the exhumation of the rocks of crystalline klippen during the Himalayan Orogeny. New meso- and microscale structural analyses, and thermochronological studies across the LHMS zone, Ramgarh Thrust (RT) sheet and Almora klippe in the eastern Kumaun region, NW Himalaya, indicate that the RT sheet and Almora klippe were a part of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline (HHC) of the Indian Plate which underwent at least one episode of pre-Himalayan deformation and polyepisodic Himalayan deformation in ductile and brittle–ductile regimes. The deformation temperature pattern within the Almora klippe records a normal thermal profile from its base to top but an inverted thermal profile from the base of Almora klippe down towards the LHMS zone. New fission-track data collected across the RT sheet and Almora klippe along Chalthi–Champawat–Pithoragarh traverse in the east Kumaun region document the exhumation of both units since Eocene times. Zircon fission-track (ZFT) ages from the Almora klippe range between 28.7 ± 2.4 and 17.6 ± 1.1 Ma, and from the RT sheet between 29.8 ± 1.6 and 22.6 ± 1.9 Ma; and the apatite fission-track (AFT) ages from the Almora klippe range between 15.1 ± 1.7 and 3.4 ± 0.5 Ma, and from the RT sheet between 8.7 ± 1.2 and 4.6 ± 0.6 Ma. The age pattern and diverse patterns of the exhumation rates reflect a clear tectonic signal in the RT sheet and the Almora klippe which acknowledge that the Cenozoic tectonics influenced the exhumation pattern in the Himalaya.

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Dey, Monalisa, Devendra Singh, and Devendra Singh. "Some new and noteworthy records of Hepaticae from Eastern Himalaya, India." Indian Journal of Forestry 32, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 669–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2009-3rq71x.

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Fifty one taxa of liverworts, belonging to 20 genera and 13 families, have been recorded from Eastern Himalaya, India. Of these, Herbertus armitanus (Steph.) H.A. Mill., H. longispinus J.B. Jack & Steph., Lejeunea sordida (Nees) Nees, Stenolejeunea apiculata (Sande Lac.) R.M. Schust. and Riccia haskarliana Steph. are new to India, Heteroscyphus palniensis Abha Srivast. & S.C. Srivast., Frullania muscicola Steph. var. inuena (Steph.) Kamim. and Riccia stricta (Lindenb.) Perold are new to the Himalayan region, Heteroscyphus orbiculatus Abha Srivast. & S.C. Srivast. and Lopholejeunea sikkimensis Steph. var. tenuicostata Sushil K. Singh & D.K. Singh are new to the Eastern Himalayan region, 13 species and one variety are new to the State of Sikkim,14 species and one subspecies are new to Arunachal Pradesh, whereas two species have been recorded for the first time from the State of West Bengal. The rest are common between either two of the three States in the region. This also constitutes the first record of the genus Stenolejeunea R.M. Schust. in Indian bryoflora.

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25

Rai, L. K., K. K. Acharya, and M. R. Dhital. "Lithostratigraphy and structure of the Dharan–Mulghat area, Lesser Himalayan sequence, eastern Nepal Himalaya." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 51 (December 31, 2016): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v51i0.24095.

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The Dharan–Mulghat area of the eastern Nepal can be divided into three tectonic units: the Higher Himalayan Crystallines, the Lesser Himalayan Sequence and the Siwaliks from north to south separated by the Main Central Thrust (MCT) and Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), respectively. The Lesser Himalayan Sequence is divided into two groups separated by Chimra Thrust: the Bhedetar Group and the Dada Bajar Group. The Bhedetar Group includes the Raguwa Formation, the Phalametar Quartzite, the Churibas Formation, the Sangure Quartzite, and the Karkichhap Formation from the bottom to top, respectively; overthrusted by the Dada Bajar Group consisting: the Ukhudanda Formation, the Mulghat Formation, the Okhre Formation, and the Patigau Formation, from lower to upper sections, respectively along the Chimra Thrust and the Bhorleni Formation as an individual formation overthrusted by Bhedetar Group along the Chhotimorang Thrust. The Main Central Thrust, the Main Boundary Thrust, the Chimra Thrust and the Chhotimorang Thrust are the major faults in Dharan–Mulghat area. The Leutiphedi Anticline and the Malbase Syncline are the major folds in the study area plunging towards east. The trend/plunge of anticline and syncline are 131o/24o and 096o/09o respectively. The microstructural study in the quartz grains reveals a sharp difference in the history across the MCT; dynamic in the rocks of the Lesser Himalayan Sequences and static in the rocks of the Higher Himalayan Crystallines.

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Clift, Peter D., and A. Alexander G. Webb. "A history of the Asian monsoon and its interactions with solid Earth tectonics in Cenozoic South Asia." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 483, no. 1 (July 18, 2018): 631–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp483.1.

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AbstractAlthough there is some evidence for an Eocene monsoon, the most important intensification of rainfall appears to start at c. 24 Ma in the Early Miocene. Many palaeoceanographical proxies for monsoon intensity are linked to wind and do not correlate well with humidity of the continental climate over tectonic timescales. Rainfall peaked in the middle Miocene (c. 15 Ma) with strong drying after 8 Ma. This timing does not correlate well with either initial uplift of the Tibetan Plateau or with the retreat of shallow seas from central Asia. The c. 24 Ma onset of strengthening rainfall is associated with the initiation of rapid erosion and cooling of Himalayan metamorphic rocks. The progressive detachment of the subducting Indian lithosphere from the eastern and western syntaxes at c. 25 Ma to the east-central Himalaya at c. 13–11 Ma would have produced corresponding propagation of rising Himalayan topography following release of the weight of the detached slab. Rapid uplift of the Himalayan barrier, blocking moisture-laden winds, is considered the most likely trigger for a stronger summer monsoon in South Asia, which in turn allowed faster erosion and exhumation of the Greater Himalaya after 24 Ma.

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27

Asthana, Geeta, and Chandrakala Bhagat. "Entodontopsis setschwanica (Broth.) W.R. Buck & Ireland: An addition to West Himalayan Moss Flora with a brief note on the Genus Stereophyllum Mitt. and Entodontopsis Broth. in India." Indian Journal of Forestry 42, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2019-561742.

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Entodontopsis setschwanica (Broth.) W.R. Buck & Ireland is an epiphytic moss belonging to family Stereophyllaceae. The plants have been observed during the survey and investigation of mosses of Garhwal Hills, Uttarakhand, Western Himalaya. In India the species has been reported from Darjeeling (West Bengal) in Eastern Himalaya and from Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu) in Western Ghats, South India so far. Now the species is being reported here for the first time from Pipalkoti in Chamoli district, (Garhwal Hills) Uttarakhand which is an addition to West Himalayan Moss Flora.

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Veh, Georg, Oliver Korup, and Ariane Walz. "Hazard from Himalayan glacier lake outburst floods." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 907–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1914898117.

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Sustained glacier melt in the Himalayas has gradually spawned more than 5,000 glacier lakes that are dammed by potentially unstable moraines. When such dams break, glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs) can cause catastrophic societal and geomorphic impacts. We present a robust probabilistic estimate of average GLOFs return periods in the Himalayan region, drawing on 5.4 billion simulations. We find that the 100-y outburst flood has an average volume of 33.5+3.7/−3.7 × 106 m3 (posterior mean and 95% highest density interval [HDI]) with a peak discharge of 15,600+2,000/−1,800 m3⋅s−1. Our estimated GLOF hazard is tied to the rate of historic lake outbursts and the number of present lakes, which both are highest in the Eastern Himalayas. There, the estimated 100-y GLOF discharge (∼14,500 m3⋅s−1) is more than 3 times that of the adjacent Nyainqentanglha Mountains, and at least an order of magnitude higher than in the Hindu Kush, Karakoram, and Western Himalayas. The GLOF hazard may increase in these regions that currently have large glaciers, but few lakes, if future projected ice loss generates more unstable moraine-dammed lakes than we recognize today. Flood peaks from GLOFs mostly attenuate within Himalayan headwaters, but can rival monsoon-fed discharges in major rivers hundreds to thousands of kilometers downstream. Projections of future hazard from meteorological floods need to account for the extreme runoffs during lake outbursts, given the increasing trends in population, infrastructure, and hydropower projects in Himalayan headwaters.

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Rai, Tapil. "Necrophilia in Himalayan Toads, Duttaphrynus himalayanus (Günther 1864), from Eastern Nepal." Reptiles & Amphibians 29, no. 1 (April 20, 2022): 277–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/randa.v29i1.17040.

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30

Saikia, Dipankar, M. Ravi Kumar, and Arun Singh. "Palaeoslab and plume signatures in the mantle transition zone beneath Eastern Himalaya and adjoining regions." Geophysical Journal International 221, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 468–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa012.

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SUMMARY A comprehensive data set of 73 876 high quality receiver functions computed using waveforms recorded by 327 broad-band seismic stations is used to investigate the mantle transition zone (MTZ) structure beneath the eastern Himalaya, southern Tibet, Assam valley and the previously unexplored Burmese arc and Bengal basin regions. A highly variable and perturbed mantle transition zone, with depressed 410 and 660 km discontinuities, is observed beneath the Bengal basin and to the east of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. The 410 is elevated by ∼10 km along the Himalayan collision front, while it deviates in the range of ±5 km beneath most parts of Tibet and the Himalayan Foredeep. In northern Tibet and along the Red River Fault, delayed conversions from the 410 reveal a deepening of more than 10 km. The 410 and 660 km discontinuities are uplifted by nearly 10 km beneath the Arunachal Himalaya, due to the presence of a subducting Indian lithosphere, as evident in the regional tomographic images. We observe a thick (>20 km) transition zone beneath the Burmese Arc and close to the Tengchong volcano. An uplifted 410 together with a depressed 660 km discontinuity requires presence of lithospheric slabs within the MTZ. Delayed P-to-s conversions from the 410 and 660 km discontinuities in the proximity of the Jinsha suture zone seem to be consistent with the earlier results that invoke flow of a hot Tibetan asthenosphere into the mantle transition zone, as an explanation. Interestingly, results from the Bengal basin reveal a deepening (∼10 km) of both the 410 and 660 km discontinuities. Similar results from other plume affected regions prompt us to interpret this as a signature of the Kergulean plume.

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31

Joshi, Y., and M. Tripathi. "Byssoloma subdiscordans (Nyl.) P. James: Distributional range and its habitat preference in Indian subcontinent." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 375–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v5i2.335.

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The present paper deals with the new distributional record of Byssoloma subdiscordans for Western Himalayan lichen flora and a new habitat record for Indian subcontinent. A note on its brief taxonomic description, distribution, ecology and occurrence in India is also provided. Previously the species was reported as corticolous and foliicolous from tropical and montane regions of India, viz. Eastern Himalaya and Western Ghats, but this is for the first time that authors have reported it as saxicolous in temperate regions of Western Himalaya, thus extending its habitat preference along with distributional range within Indian subcontinent.

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32

Liu, Yan, Zsolt Berner, Hans-Joachim Massonne, and Xuchang Xiao. "Geology of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis." Himalayan Journal of Sciences 2, no. 4 (February 12, 2008): 197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hjs.v2i4.874.

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33

Wang, Yuhua, Lingsen Zeng, Li-E. Gao, Chunli Guo, Kejun Hou, Lifei Zhang, Wei Wang, and Huiyi Sun. "Neoproterozoic magmatism in eastern Himalayan terrane." Science Bulletin 62, no. 6 (March 2017): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2017.02.003.

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34

Hughes, Nigel C., Peng Shanchi, and Luo Huilin. "Kunmingaspis(Trilobita) putatively from the Yunling collage, and the Cambrian history of the eastern Himalayan syntaxial region." Journal of Paleontology 76, no. 4 (July 2002): 709–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000041962.

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Faunal data provide critical constraints upon tectonic models, particularly in such areas of extreme structural complexity as the region adjacent to the eastern syntaxis of the Himalaya. Trilobites reported to have been collected from the Yunling collage at Yinchangou, northwestern Yunnan, are here assigned toKunmingaspis yunnanensisChang, 1964, and the concept of the genusKunmingaspisis reconsidered. Although there is debate about to the paleogeographic affinities of the Yunling collage, the apparent presence of this species supports previous arguments for faunal links between the Yangtze platform and the Himalayan margin during Early and Middle Cambrian time. A significant tectonic event of Late Cambrian/Early Ordovician age present in the western central Himalayan margin suggests that the Lhasa block collided with India at that time, but the northward extent of that block remains unclear. The recently discovered Late Cambrian trilobite fauna of Bhutan may hold the key to establishing faunal relationships between the Tethyan Himalaya, Sibumasu, and the Yangtze platform during this interval. No Cambrian sedimentary rocks are yet known from the Lhasa or Qiangtang blocks of Tibet and so there is no direct evidence for the existence of Cimmeria during the Cambrian Period.

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35

Sultan, Hameeda, Jinyan Zhan, Wajid Rashid, Xi Chu, and Eve Bohnett. "Systematic Review of Multi-Dimensional Vulnerabilities in the Himalayas." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (September 26, 2022): 12177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912177.

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The Himalayan region is a fragile high mountain landscape where the population experiences acute vulnerability within a complex coupled human–natural system due to environmental, social, and economic linkages. The lack of significant regional and spatial knowledge of multi-faceted vulnerabilities hinders any potential recommendations to address these vulnerabilities. We systematically reviewed the literature to recommend mitigation interventions based on the region’s socio-economic and ecological vulnerability research to date. We applied the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting of Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) criteria to search for results from four comprehensive databases. For our assessment, we compiled a final sample (n = 59) of vulnerability research papers to examine the vulnerability types, spatial variation, assessment methodology, and significant drivers of change. Our study represented all Himalayan countries, namely, India, Nepal, Pakistan, China, and Bhutan. More than half of the vulnerability studies were conducted in the central Himalayan region, a quarter in the western Himalayas, and a few in the eastern Himalayas. Our review revealed that the primary drivers of change were climate change, land use/land cover, and glacial lake formation. The vulnerability assessments in the Himalayan region primarily used social science methods as compared to natural science methods. While the vulnerability studies seldom assessed mitigation interventions, our analysis identified fourteen recommendations. The recommended interventions mainly included policy interventions, livelihood improvement, and adaptation measures. This study emphasized that sustainable development requires cross-sectoral interventions to manage existing resources and mitigate the confronting vulnerabilities of the region.

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SCHMIDT, JOACHIM, and MATTHIAS HARTMANN. "Pristosia Motschulsky, 1865 from the Nepal Himalaya: Taxonomy and Biogeography (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Sphodrini)." Zootaxa 2009, no. 1 (February 11, 2009): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2009.1.1.

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The genus Pristosia Motschulsky, 1865 was so far only known to be highly diverse in the North-Western Himalaya and present in the Eastern Himalaya. Only a single female specimen has been documented in the literature from the Nepal Himalaya and was described as P. dahud Morvan, 1994. During a study of comprehensive carabid beetle material collected throughout Nepal, which has been deposited at several museums and private collections, a large number of Pristosia specimens from six species have been identified. The only fully winged species P. crenata (Putzeys, 1873), which is widely distributed in South East Asia, was found near Dailekh and is herewith reported for the Nepalese fauna for the first time. The Eastern Himalayan species P. amaroides (Putzeys, 1877) is reported for the first time in Nepal as well and occurs in Eastern Nepal at several localities east of the Arun river. At least four species occur in the Western and Far Western Nepal Himalaya, of which three are described as new to science: P. glabella sp. n. and P. nepalensis sp. n. from the Api Himal, and P. similata sp. n. from the Saipal Himal. An presumably additional new species is known from the north-western slope of the Dhaulagiri Himal, but is represented by a single immature female specimen only, which does not allow for a sufficient species diagnosis. The male external and genital characters of P. dahud Morvan, 1994 are now described for the first time. This species is considered to be polytypic and the geographic subspecies P. dahud polita ssp. n. is described from the south slope of the Kanjiroba Himal. The species P. atrema (Andrewes, 1926) and P. championi (Andrewes, 1934), which occur in the Kumaon Himalaya close to the Nepalese border, are redescribed based on the examination of the type material. Diagnostic features, especially for the male genitalia of all taxa mentioned above, are figured and a key to the species from Nepal is presented. Instead of a phylogenetic analysis, which is needed for Pristosia but not achievable at present, preliminary species groups for species dealt with are proposed: The Eastern Himalayan P. amaroides species group (monotypic), the P. atrema species group with six species from the Kumaon and Western Nepal Himalaya, the P. championi species group with two species from the Kumaon and Western Nepal Himalaya, and the South East Asian P. crenata species group (monotypic). Based on the distributional and ecological data presented in this study, species of the genus Pristosia with reduced hind wings seem to be absent from the entire Central Nepal Himalaya, and the only Eastern Nepalese species, P. amaroides, prefers largely different habitat conditions compared to the species from Western Nepal. Based on biogeographical hypotheses of other Himalayan carabid beetle genera presented in previous studies by the senior author, the observed species groups of Pristosia are considered to be further examples for Tertiary Tibetan faunal components of the Himalaya. Following a diversification of the genus within the Tertiary of Southern Tibet, speciation occurred and these species groups originated from founder populations that moved into the Nepal Himalaya. The colonization of the geologically younger High Himalaya has taken place independently for each of the terminal groups via different dispersal routes and during different periods of mountain uplift.

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Adlakha, Vikas, R. C. Patel, Akhil Kumar, and Nand Lal. "Tectonic control over exhumation in the Arunachal Himalaya: new constraints from Apatite Fission Track Analysis." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 481, no. 1 (April 13, 2018): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp481.1.

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AbstractNew apatite fission track (AFT) ages have been obtained from a synformal nappe of the Higher Himalayan Crystallines emplaced over the Lesser Himalayan metasedimentary zone of the Arunachal Himalaya, India. The AFT cooling ages within the nappe range between 5.0 ± 0.8 and 14.4 ± 1.3 Ma. Modelled exhumation rates calculated from these cooling ages vary from 0.25 ± 0.12 to 0.69 ± 0.25 mm a−1, which indicates slow exhumation since the Middle to Late Miocene. The AFT cooling ages are younging on both the northern and southern flanks of the synform and the oldest ages are confined to the core. The close mimicking of a shallow crustal exhumation pattern with the synformal structure suggests a strong control of the development of the synform on the exhumation path of the rocks and hence a tectonics–exhumation linkage in the central Arunachal Himalaya. Comparison of these AFT ages with the regional thermochronological record of the Eastern Himalaya reflects a variation in exhumation rates with strike. The AFT age pattern in the central Arunachal Himalaya does not match the pattern of precipitation, which suggests an absence of climate-driven tectonic deformation via focused erosion.

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38

Chaudhary, Vandana, Amalava Bhattacharyya, and Ram R. Yadav. "Tree-Ring Studies in the Eastern Himalayan Region: Prospects and Problems." IAWA Journal 20, no. 3 (1999): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000694.

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Tree-ring sampies of different conifer species in various ecological settings from subtropical to temperate regions of the Eastern Himalayan region have been evaluated for their potential for dendroc1imatic reconstructions. Most of these tree species have cross-datable growth rings except Taxus baccata and Tsuga dumosa where series of micro-rings and lack of variation in these suppressed zones make cross-dating difficult. Tree-ring chronologies have been established from Abies densa and Larix griffithiana, the only deciduous conifer species in the Himalayas. Tree growth-climate relationships reveal that temperature is a determinant factor for the growth of trees at high elevations. Abies densa in the western part of Arunachal Pradesh shows a negative response to the July-September temperature whereas Larix griffithiana shows a positive response to the May temperature.

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39

Clift, Peter D., Peng Zhou, Daniel F. Stockli, and Jerzy Blusztajn. "Regional Pliocene exhumation of the Lesser Himalaya in the Indus drainage." Solid Earth 10, no. 3 (May 16, 2019): 647–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-10-647-2019.

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Abstract. New bulk sediment Sr and Nd isotope data, coupled with U–Pb dating of detrital zircon grains from sediment cored by the International Ocean Discovery Program in the Arabian Sea, allow the reconstruction of erosion in the Indus catchment since ∼17 Ma. Increasing εNd values from 17 to 9.5 Ma imply relatively more erosion from the Karakoram and Kohistan, likely linked to slip on the Karakoram Fault and compression in the southern and eastern Karakoram. After a period of relative stability from 9.5 to 5.7 Ma, there is a long-term decrease in εNd values that corresponds with increasing relative abundance of >300 Ma zircon grains that are most common in Himalayan bedrocks. The continuous presence of abundant Himalayan zircons precludes large-scale drainage capture as the cause of decreasing εNd values in the submarine fan. Although the initial increase in Lesser Himalaya-derived 1500–2300 Ma zircons after 8.3 Ma is consistent with earlier records from the foreland basin, the much greater rise after 1.9 Ma has not previously been recognized and suggests that widespread unroofing of the Crystalline Lesser Himalaya and to a lesser extent Nanga Parbat did not occur until after 1.9 Ma. Because regional erosion increased in the Pleistocene compared to the Pliocene, the relative increase in erosion from the Lesser Himalaya does not reflect slowing erosion in the Karakoram and Greater Himalaya. No simple links can be made between erosion and the development of the South Asian Monsoon, implying a largely tectonic control on Lesser Himalayan unroofing.

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40

KUBENDRAN, T., M. VASANTH, K. A. SUBRAMANIAN, JEAN-LUC GATTOLLIAT, C. SELVAKUMAR, FATIMA JABEEN, and BIKRAMJIT SINHA. "Two new species and two new records of the genus Tenuibaetis Kang & Yang, 1994 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Indian Himalaya." Zootaxa 5196, no. 4 (October 21, 2022): 511–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5196.4.3.

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As part of ongoing exploration of the mayflies of streams and rivers of Indian Himalayan regions, we describe two new species of the genus Tenuibaetis based on recently collected materials from Western Himalaya viz., Tenuibaetis himani Kubendran, Vasanth & Subramanian sp. nov. and Tenuibaetis kangi Kubendran, Vasanth & Subramanian sp. nov. Additionally, two new records from Eastern Himalaya viz., T. arduus (Kang & Yang, 1994) and T. inornatus (Kang & Yang, 1994) are presented. The biological notes of the stream/rivers are appended. A key to the known Indian species of the genus Tenuibaetis and a distribution maps are provided.

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41

Adhikari, Drona, Prafulla Tamrakar, Prabin Pramod Khatiwada, Rupak Gyawali, and Lalu Prasad Paudel. "Quartz grain microstructures and microscopic shear sense indicators in the outer Lesser Himalaya, Barahakshetra-Tribeni-Raighat area of Arun Valley, eastern Nepal." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 65 (August 22, 2023): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v65i01.57776.

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The outer Lesser Himalaya in eastern Nepal has gone through intense ductile shearing and recrystallization due to the emplacement of Higher Himalayan thrust sheet. It has resulted in the formation of various microstructures in the footwall rocks of the Lesser Himalaya. Present study focuses on the study of the quartz grain microstructures and shear sense indicators in the Lesser Himalayan metasedimentary rocks to interpret the deformation characteristics of the area. Thin sections were prepared from oriented rock samples collected from various formations and were studied under the petrographic microscope. The occurrence and diversity of quartz grain microstructures and shear sense indicators in the area manifests uneven distribution of stress regime and temperature conditions. Nevertheless, it suggests a progressive transition from the southern to the northern part. The vicinity of the Dharapani Thrust represents mechanical deformation of higher strain and lower temperature conditions. The Chimra Thrust Sheet exhibits mild- to medium deformation at the basal section while high-temperature high-strain deformation at the upper section in the vicinity of the MCT.

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42

Prabha Mohan, Shashank, Ian S. Williams, and Sandeep Singh. "Direct zircon U–Pb evidence for pre‐Himalayan HT metamorphism in the Higher Himalayan Crystallines, eastern Garhwal Himalaya, India." Geological Journal 57, no. 1 (October 10, 2021): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gj.4287.

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43

Tiwari, Ram Krishna, and Harihar Paudyal. "Frequency magnitude distribution and spatial correlation dimension of earthquakes in north-east Himalaya and adjacent regions." Geologos 28, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/logos-2022-0009.

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Abstract The north-east sector of the Himalaya is one of the most active tectonic belts, with complex geological and tectonic features. The b-value and spatial correlation dimension (Dc) of earthquake distribution in the north-east Himalaya and its adjacent regions (20–32°N and 88–98°E) are estimated in the present study. Based on seismicity and faulting pattern, the region is divided into five active regions, namely the (i) South-Tibet, (ii) Eastern-Syntaxis, (iii) Himalayan-Frontal Arc, (iv) Arakan-Yoma belt and (v) Shillong-Plateau. A homogeneous catalogue of 1,416 earthquakes (mb ≥ 4.5) has been prepared from a revised catalogue of the ISC (International Seismological Centre). The b-value has been appraised by the maximum likelihood estimation method, while Dc values have been calculated by the correlation integral method; b-values of 1.08 ± 0.09, 1.13 ± 0.05, 0.92 ± 0.05, 1.00 ± 0.03 and 0.98 ± 0.08 have been computed for the South-Tibet, Eastern-Syntaxis, Himalayan-Frontal Arc, Arakan-Yoma belt and Shillong-Plateau region, respectively. The Dc values computed for the respective regions are 1.36 ± 0.02, 1.74 ± 0.04, 1.57 ± 0.01, 1.8 ± 0.01, and 1.83 ± 0.02. These values are > 1.5, except for the South-Tibet (1.36 ± 0.02). The b-values around the global average value (1.0) reflect the stress level and seismic activity of the regions, while high Dc values refer to the heterogeneity of the seismogenic sources.

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Khan, M. Nazish, and Himanshu Govil. "Assessment of On-going tectonic deformation in the Goriganga River Basin, Eastern Kumaon Himalaya Using Geospatial Technology." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 15, no. 4 (December 20, 2023): 1679–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i4.5068.

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The Goriganga river basin lies in the Northeast Kumaon Himalaya and is found suitable for assessing active tectonics at different scales. In addition, this study focuses on the assessment of ongoing tectonic activity through morphotectonic measurement of the Goriganga river basin, which is an ideal location for such analysis and Goriganga river basin transects with three major domains of Himalaya’s lithotectonic structures viz., Tethys, Vaikrita, and Lesser Himalayan Domain. To realize this task, the ASTER Digital Elevation Model was used and found suitable to extract different morphotectonic indices such as Stream Length Gradient (SL), Hypsometric Integral (HI), Length of Overland Flow (Lg), Drainage Density (Dd) and Channel Sinuosity (Cs). Results of these important indices, including SL (18- 4737) HI (0.26- 0.57), and Lg (0.08- 0.19) depict greater variability in the tectonics activity while these values are correspondingly high in the close proximity of lithotectonic units, showing strong tectonic activity. In the extreme south, the Rauntis Gad basin strongly influences tectonism due to transecting syncline and anticline as well as unknown active faults.

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Maurer, Joshua M., Summer B. Rupper, and Joerg M. Schaefer. "Quantifying ice loss in the eastern Himalayas since 1974 using declassified spy satellite imagery." Cryosphere 10, no. 5 (September 23, 2016): 2203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2203-2016.

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Abstract. Himalayan glaciers are important natural resources and climate indicators for densely populated regions in Asia. Remote sensing methods are vital for evaluating glacier response to changing climate over the vast and rugged Himalayan region, yet many platforms capable of glacier mass balance quantification are somewhat temporally limited due to typical glacier response times. We here rely on declassified spy satellite imagery and ASTER data to quantify surface lowering, ice volume change, and geodetic mass balance during 1974–2006 for glaciers in the eastern Himalayas, centered on the Bhutan–China border. The wide range of glacier types allows for the first mass balance comparison between clean, debris, and lake-terminating (calving) glaciers in the region. Measured glaciers show significant ice loss, with an estimated mean annual geodetic mass balance of −0.13 ± 0.06 m w.e. yr−1 (meters of water equivalent per year) for 10 clean-ice glaciers, −0.19 ± 0.11 m w.e. yr−1 for 5 debris-covered glaciers, −0.28 ± 0.10 m w.e. yr−1 for 6 calving glaciers, and −0.17 ± 0.05 m w.e. yr−1 for all glaciers combined. Contrasting hypsometries along with melt pond, ice cliff, and englacial conduit mechanisms result in statistically similar mass balance values for both clean-ice and debris-covered glacier groups. Calving glaciers comprise 18 % (66 km2) of the glacierized area yet have contributed 30 % (−0.7 km3) to the total ice volume loss, highlighting the growing relevance of proglacial lake formation and associated calving for the future ice mass budget of the Himalayas as the number and size of glacial lakes increase.

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Yin, Jiarun, and Raymond Enay. "Tithonian ammonoid biostratigraphy in eastern Himalayan Tibet." Geobios 37, no. 5 (September 2004): 667–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2003.05.006.

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BAKALIN, VADIM, ANNA VILNET, WEN ZHANG MA, and KSENIA KLIMOVA. "The differentiation and speciation of Scapania javanica and S. undulata complexes in the Eastern Sino-Himalayas and perimeters for Scapania Sect. Stephania (Scapaniaceae, Hepaticae)." Phytotaxa 400, no. 3 (April 5, 2019): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.400.3.2.

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Three taxa of Scapania with Sino-Himalayan and meta-Himalayan distribution are described as new to science: S. pseudojavanica from the southern portion of the eastern spur of the Tibetan Plateau in southern China and North Vietnam, S. metahimalayana with a disjunct distribution that ranges from Nepal (where its distribution is questionable) to North Vietnam, and S. sichuanica from high elevation in Sichuan in SW China. Each species is morphologically similar to taxa distributed in the more humid and warmer climates of East and South-East amphi-oceanic Asia. The differentiation is presumably the result of recent speciation in the Sino-Himalayas and adjacent lands and the observed differentiation and distribution patterns are in support of the geographic approach in splitting hepatic species. The initial differentiation of these Scapania in sect. Stephania was the specialization into two groups: with brown and colorless gemmae, both being predominantly unicellular.

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Bai, Ling, Simon L. Klemperer, James Mori, Marianne S. Karplus, Lin Ding, Hongbing Liu, Guohui Li, Bowen Song, and Sanjev Dhakal. "Lateral variation of the Main Himalayan Thrust controls the rupture length of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake in Nepal." Science Advances 5, no. 6 (June 2019): eaav0723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav0723.

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The Himalaya orogenic belt produces frequent large earthquakes that affect population centers along a length of over 2500 km. The 2015 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake (Mw 7.8) ruptured the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) and allows direct measurements of the behavior of the continental collision zone. We study the MHT using seismic waveforms recorded by local stations that completely cover the aftershock zone. The MHT exhibits clear lateral variation along geologic strike, with the Lesser Himalayan ramp having moderate dip on the MHT beneath the mainshock area and a flatter and deeper MHT beneath the eastern end of the aftershock zone. East of the aftershock zone, seismic wave speed increases at MHT depths, perhaps due to subduction of an Indian basement ridge. A similar magnitude wave speed change occurs at the western end of the aftershock zone. These gross morphological structures of the MHT controlled the rupture length of the Gorkha earthquake.

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Limonta, Mara, Eduardo Garzanti, and Alberto Resentini. "Petrology of Bengal Fan turbidites (IODP Expeditions 353 and 354): provenance versus diagenetic control." Journal of Sedimentary Research 93, no. 4 (April 1, 2023): 256–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2022.071.

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ABSTRACT High-resolution petrographic and heavy-mineral analyses of Bengal Fan turbidites from six cores drilled during IODP Expeditions 353 and 354 elucidate factors controlling their intersample compositional variability as a key to understanding sedimentary processes and erosional evolution of the Himalayan belt since the Miocene. Bengal Fan turbidites are feldspatho-quartzose to litho-feldspatho-quartzose with plagioclase > K-feldspar; slow-settling micas increase in abundance in very fine sand and coarse silt. The feldspar/quartz ratio and higher-rank metamorphic rock fragments notably increase from uppermost Miocene to Pleistocene deposits, which is ascribed to the onset of rapid exhumation of the Eastern Himalayan syntaxis since ∼ 5 Ma. The same trends are documented in Nicobar Fan turbidites, confirming that they belong to the same sedimentary system. Both Bengal and Nicobar fans record a pulse in mass accumulation rate at Tortonian times, when supply of sedimentary and very-low-grade metasedimentary detritus reflected accelerated exhumation of the Lesser Himalaya. In contrast to foreland-basin sediments, where ferromagnesian minerals have been completely dissolved in strata as young as Pliocene–Pleistocene, in both Bengal–Nicobar and Indus fans amphibole invariably represents about half of the moderately rich to rich transparent-heavy-mineral suite, demonstrating that amphibolite-facies Greater Himalaya metamorphic rocks were widely exposed in the Himalayan range well before the late Miocene and possibly since the late Oligocene, as indicated by a few sillimanite and kyanite grains in Bengal Fan sediments as old as 23 Ma and 28 Ma, respectively. Diagenetic dissolution strongly affected olivine and pyroxene in strata older than the middle and early Pleistocene, respectively, whereas amphibole decreases markedly through progressively older Miocene strata. Ferromagnesian minerals and sillimanite are almost completely dissolved in lower Miocene strata, where durable zircon, tourmaline, rutile, and apatite make up half of the strongly depleted heavy-mineral assemblage. Quaternary turbidites from the six studied cores have virtually the same compositional signatures, testifying to efficient homogenization by turbidite transport and reworking across the fan. Turbidites in western cores closer to peninsular India (U1444A and U1454B) are not different from those in eastern cores, indicating very minor supply from the subcontinent. Forward-mixing calculations based on integrated petrographic and heavy-mineral data indicate that sand supply from the Brahmaputra River to Quaternary turbidites was four times larger than supply from the Ganga River, indicating up to six times higher sediment yields and erosion rates in the Brahmaputra than in the Ganga catchment, largely reflecting superfast erosion of the Eastern Himalayan syntaxis.

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Deepak, C. K., Deuti Kaushik, and Chandra Deuti. "First Record of <i>Hemiphyllodactylus</i> Bleeker, 1860 (Squamata: Sauria: Gekkonidae) from the Eastern Himalayas." Russian Journal of Herpetology 29, no. 6 (December 11, 2022): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2022-29-6-367-372.

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The gekkonid lizard genus Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker, 1860 is represented by seven species in India, six of which are patchily distributed across montane habitats of peninsular India and one in Andaman and Nicobar islands. Here we report the occurrence of Hemiphyllodactylus sp. in Namdapha Tiger Reserve, Changlang district of Arunachal Pradesh in Northeast India. This is the first record of the genus from Eastern Himalayas and the larger Indian Himalayan Region. It is also the northern most distribution record of the genus for the country. The specimen collected is distinct from known Indian species and shows close affinity to Hemiphyllodactylus yunnanensis sensu lato with respect to morphological characters as well as geographic proximity of collection locality. However, considering the restricted montane distribution and limited range of species from mainland Southeast Asia and peninsular India, it most likely belongs to a hitherto undescribed species. The finding emphasizes the conservation significance of tropical evergreen forests of Eastern Himalayas and North east hills for herpetofaunal diversity and biodiversity in general.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Eastern Himalayan'

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