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Journal articles on the topic 'Eastern boundary current'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Cessi, Paola, and Christopher L. Wolfe. "Adiabatic Eastern Boundary Currents." Journal of Physical Oceanography 43, no. 6 (June 1, 2013): 1127–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-12-0211.1.

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Abstract The dynamics of the eastern boundary current of a high-resolution, idealized model of oceanic circulation are analyzed and interpreted in terms of residual mean theory. In this framework, it is clear that the eastern boundary current is adiabatic and inviscid. Nevertheless, the time-averaged potential vorticity is not conserved along averaged streamlines because of the divergence of Eliassen–Palm fluxes, associated with buoyancy and momentum eddy fluxes. In particular, eddy fluxes of buoyancy completely cancel the mean downwelling or upwelling, so that there is no net diapycnal residual transport. The eddy momentum flux acts like a drag on the mean velocity, opposing the acceleration from the eddy buoyancy flux: in the potential vorticity budget this results in a balance between the divergences of eddy relative vorticity and buoyancy fluxes, which leads to a baroclinic eastern boundary current whose horizontal scale is the Rossby deformation radius and whose vertical extent depends on the eddy buoyancy transport, the Coriolis parameter, and the mean surface buoyancy distribution.

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2

Hristova, Hristina G., Joseph Pedlosky, and Michael A. Spall. "Radiating Instability of a Meridional Boundary Current." Journal of Physical Oceanography 38, no. 10 (October 1, 2008): 2294–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jpo3853.1.

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Abstract A linear stability analysis of a meridional boundary current on the beta plane is presented. The boundary current is idealized as a constant-speed meridional jet adjacent to a semi-infinite motionless far field. The far-field region can be situated either on the eastern or the western side of the jet, representing a western or an eastern boundary current, respectively. It is found that when unstable, the meridional boundary current generates temporally growing propagating waves that transport energy away from the locally unstable region toward the neutral far field. This is the so-called radiating instability and is found in both barotropic and two-layer baroclinic configurations. A second but important conclusion concerns the differences in the stability properties of eastern and western boundary currents. An eastern boundary current supports a greater number of radiating modes over a wider range of meridional wavenumbers. It generates waves with amplitude envelopes that decay slowly with distance from the current. The radiating waves tend to have an asymmetrical horizontal structure—they are much longer in the zonal direction than in the meridional, a consequence of which is that unstable eastern boundary currents, unlike western boundary currents, have the potential to act as a source of zonal jets for the interior of the ocean.

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3

Machu, E., K. Goubanova, B. Le Vu, E. Gutknecht, and V. Garçon. "Downscaling biogeochemistry in the Benguela eastern boundary current." Ocean Modelling 90 (June 2015): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2015.01.003.

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4

Vazquez, Heriberto Jesus, Jose Gomez-Valdes, Modesto Ortiz, and Juan Adolfo Dworak. "Detiding Shipboard ADCP Data in Eastern Boundary Current." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 28, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jtecho697.1.

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Abstract Spatiotemporal fitting by the least squares method is commonly applied to distinguish the mean flow from the tidal current from shipboard ADCP data in coastal ocean. To analyze this technique in a pelagic region of an eastern boundary current system, a 6-yr period of shipboard ADCP data off Baja California is examined. A diverse set of basis functions is studied and a global tidal model is used for comparison purposes. The Gaussian function together with a nodal configuration of one node in the middle and close to the coast of the region is the best option. However, to obtain the optimal solution, the geostrophic flow, which is stronger than the tidal flow and highly variable off Baja California, might be removed prior to fitting the data. In general, the semimajor axis of the tidal ellipse (M2) is parallel to the coast and the phase speed is poleward and parallel to the coast, in agreement with Kelvin wave dynamics. Because the tides in eastern boundary currents are explained by Kelvin wave dynamics, the use of both the velocity field without geostrophic variability and the Gaussian function in the spatiotemporal fitting by least squares technique is a promising tool for detiding shipboard ADCP data from these systems.

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5

Carr, Mary-Elena, and Edward J. Kearns. "Production regimes in four Eastern Boundary Current systems." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 50, no. 22-26 (November 2003): 3199–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2003.07.015.

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6

Hernández-Guerra, Alonso, Federico López-Laatzen, Francisco Machín, Demetrio De Armas, and J. L. Pelegrí. "Water masses, circulation and transport in the eastern boundary current of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre." Scientia Marina 65, S1 (July 30, 2001): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2001.65s1177.

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7

Schulze Chretien, Lena M., and Kevin Speer. "A Deep Eastern Boundary Current in the Chile Basin." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 124, no. 1 (January 2019): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018jc014400.

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8

Wang, Jinbo, Michael A. Spall, Glenn R. Flierl, and Paola Malanotte-Rizzoli. "Nonlinear Radiating Instability of a Barotropic Eastern Boundary Current." Journal of Physical Oceanography 43, no. 7 (July 1, 2013): 1439–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-12-0174.1.

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Abstract Linear and nonlinear radiating instabilities of an eastern boundary current are studied using a barotropic quasigeostrophic model in an idealized meridional channel. The eastern boundary current is meridionally uniform and produces unstable modes in which long waves are most able to radiate. These long radiating modes are easily suppressed by friction because of their small growth rates. However, the long radiating modes can overcome friction by nonlinear energy input transferred from the more unstable trapped mode and play an important role in the energy budget of the boundary current system. The nonlinearly powered long radiating modes take away part of the perturbation energy from the instability origin to the ocean interior. The radiated instabilities can generate zonal striations in the ocean interior that are comparable to features observed in the ocean. Subharmonic instability is identified to be responsible for the nonlinear resonance between the radiating and trapped modes, but more general nonlinear triad interactions are expected to apply in a highly nonlinear environment.

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9

Robinson, Rebecca S., Janette M. Murillo de Nava, and Donn S. Gorsline. "Slope currents and contourites in an eastern boundary current regime: California Continental Borderland." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 276, no. 1 (2007): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2007.276.01.08.

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10

Yuan, Yeping, and Renato M. Castelao. "Eddy-induced sea surface temperature gradients in Eastern Boundary Current Systems." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 122, no. 6 (June 2017): 4791–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017jc012735.

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11

Keller, Gerta, Thierry Adatte, Chris Hollis, Martha Ordóñez, Italo Zambrano, Nelson Jiménez, Wolfgang Stinnesbeck, Antinor Aleman, and Wendy Hale-Erlich. "The Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary event in Ecuador: reduced biotic effects due to eastern boundary current setting." Marine Micropaleontology 31, no. 3-4 (August 1997): 97–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8398(96)00061-8.

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12

Tamsitt, V., L. D. Talley, and M. R. Mazloff. "A Deep Eastern Boundary Current Carrying Indian Deep Water South of Australia." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 124, no. 3 (March 2019): 2218–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018jc014569.

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13

ESCRIBANO, RUBEN. "Population dynamics of Calanus chilensis in the Chilean Eastern Boundary Humboldt Current." Fisheries Oceanography 7, no. 3‐4 (December 1998): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2419.1998.00078.x.

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14

Diffenbaugh, Noah S. "Response of large-scale eastern boundary current forcing in the 21st century." Geophysical Research Letters 32, no. 19 (October 2005): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gl023905.

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15

Peliz, Álvaro, Jesús Dubert, and Dale B. Haidvogel. "Subinertial Response of a Density-Driven Eastern Boundary Poleward Current to Wind Forcing." Journal of Physical Oceanography 33, no. 8 (August 1, 2003): 1633–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2415.1.

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Abstract A high-resolution primitive equation numerical model is used to generate a poleward flow along a meridionally oriented eastern boundary slope/shelf system by imposing an along-coast density gradient as the forcing mechanism. Wind forcing is applied to the resulting quasi-steady current system, and the subinertial response is analyzed. Parallel experiments with no slope-poleward flow are conducted for comparison. Moderately strong upwelling- and downwelling-favorable, week-to-month-scale wind events modify the poleward flow but do not significantly change the density-driven current structure at the slope. The alongshore transport within the slope region is reduced by 0.2–0.3 Sv (from 1.2 Sv, where Sv ≡ 106 m3 s–1), under the influence of either downwelling or upwelling winds. Independent of the wind direction, the density-driven poleward flow always remains surface intensified. Wind-driven shelf currents develop with a considerable degree of independence from the slope-poleward circulation. On the shelf, the density field is modified by cross-shelf buoyancy advection within the boundary layers and by strong vertical mixing. The presence of the poleward flow over the slope constitutes an important factor in the behavior of the bottom boundary layer at the shelf break and for the patterns of cross-slope circulation.

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16

Wang, Qiang, Yinxia Wang, Junpeng Sui, Weidong Zhou, and Daning Li. "Effects of Weak and Strong Winter Currents on the Thermal State of the South China Sea." Journal of Climate 34, no. 1 (January 2021): 313–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0790.1.

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AbstractThe thermal state of the South China Sea (SCS) modulates the regional climate variability over Southeast Asia. Currents in the SCS are an important factor impacting the thermal state of the SCS, but their relationship is not clearly understood. There is an asymmetry in the thermal effect of weak and strong SCS winter currents. Weak SCS winter currents favor stable warm advection of mean temperature by the anomalous horizontal velocity (i.e., Advha), which drives the SCS into a warm phase. However, the cooling effect of strong SCS winter currents on the SCS is weak, due to small and variable negative Advha. The basin-integrated Advha is primarily set by meridional heat flux in the southern SCS, which is mainly determined by the western boundary current (WBC) anomaly. The eastern boundary current (EBC) anomaly with opposite direction of WBC anomaly acts to weaken the Advha. In weak (strong) SCS winter current years, the wind stress anomaly over the southern SCS is localized around the western (eastern) boundary, which induces a weak (strong) EBC anomaly. Therefore, warm Advha in weak SCS winter current years is large enough to drive the SCS into a warm phase. However, the negative Advha in strong SCS winter current years is variable, which can be occasionally offset by positive advection of anomalous temperature by the mean horizontal velocity and then the SCS presents a warm phase, as in 1998. Thus, the strong SCS winter current exerts a weak cooling effect on the SCS.

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17

Bire, Suyash, and Christopher L. P. Wolfe. "The Role of Eddies in Buoyancy-Driven Eastern Boundary Currents." Journal of Physical Oceanography 48, no. 12 (December 2018): 2829–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-18-0040.1.

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AbstractAn eastern boundary current (EBC) system driven by a large-scale meridional buoyancy gradient is simulated using an idealized eddy-resolving model. The EBC system consists of a pair of stacked meridional currents that flow poleward near the surface and equatorward at intermediate depths. Buoyancy advection in the EBC is primarily balanced by the shedding of eddies, with anticyclonic, warm-core eddies dominating near the surface and cyclonic, cold-core eddies found at intermediate depths. These boundary eddies play a significant role in both the eastern boundary circulation—by helping to trap the EBC near the coast—and the large-scale circulation through their effect on the downwelling limb of the overturning circulation. Momentum and thickness budgets analyzed using the thickness-weighted average framework highlight the role of eddy form drag in shaping and maintaining the EBC. The efficiency of the form drag increases dramatically at the offshore flank of the EBC. This zonal variation of the form drag is essential for maintaining a swift, narrow EBC. The essential physics of the EBC are illustrated using a simple, semianalytical model.

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18

Tchipalanga, P., M. Dengler, P. Brandt, R. Kopte, M. Macuéria, P. Coelho, M. Ostrowski, and N. S. Keenlyside. "Eastern Boundary Circulation and Hydrography Off Angola: Building Angolan Oceanographic Capacities." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 99, no. 8 (August 2018): 1589–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-17-0197.1.

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AbstractThe eastern boundary region off Angola encompasses a highly productive ecosystem important for the food security of the coastal population. The fish-stock distribution, however, undergoes large variability on intraseasonal, interannual, and longer time scales. These fluctuations are partly associated with large-scale warm anomalies that are often forced remotely from the equatorial Atlantic and propagate southward, reaching the Benguela upwelling off Namibia. Such warm events, named Benguela Niños, occurred in 1995 and in 2011. Here we present results from an underexplored extensive in situ dataset that was analyzed in the framework of a capacity-strengthening effort. The dataset was acquired within the Nansen Programme executed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and funded by the Norwegian government. It consists of hydrographic and velocity data from the Angolan continental margin acquired biannually during the main downwelling and upwelling seasons over more than 20 years. The mean seasonal changes of the Angola Current from 6° to 17°S are presented. During austral summer the southward Angola Current is concentrated in the upper 150 m. It strengthens from north to south, reaching a velocity maximum just north of the Angola Benguela Front. During austral winter the Angola Current is weaker, but deeper reaching. While the southward strengthening of the Angola Current can be related to the wind forcing, its seasonal variability is most likely explained by coastally trapped waves. On interannual time scales, the hydrographic data reveal remarkable variability in subsurface upper-ocean heat content. In particular, the 2011 Benguela Niño was preceded by a strong subsurface warming of about 2 years’ duration.

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19

Alvarez-Rodriguez, M. "Chemical tracer transport in the eastern boundary current system of the North Atlantic." Ciencias Marinas 35, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7773/cm.v35i2.1438.

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20

Knoll, M., A. Hernández-Guerra, B. Lenz, F. López Laatzen, F. Machı́n, T. J. Müller, and G. Siedler. "The Eastern Boundary Current system between the Canary Islands and the African Coast." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 49, no. 17 (January 2002): 3427–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0645(02)00105-4.

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21

Lyle, Mitchell, Linda Heusser, Christina Ravelo, Dyke Andreasen, Annette Olivarez Lyle, and Noah Diffenbaugh. "Pleistocene water cycle and eastern boundary current processes along the California continental margin." Paleoceanography 25, no. 4 (November 4, 2010): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009pa001836.

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22

Bakun, Andrew, and Craig S. Nelson. "The Seasonal Cycle of Wind-Stress Curl in Subtropical Eastern Boundary Current Regions." Journal of Physical Oceanography 21, no. 12 (December 1991): 1815–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1991)021<1815:tscows>2.0.co;2.

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23

Yang, Xiaoting, and Eli Tziperman. "South Atlantic deep eastern boundary current driven by Agulhas rings: An idealized study." Ocean Modelling 163 (July 2021): 101817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2021.101817.

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24

Lyu, Yilong, Yuanlong Li, Jianing Wang, Jing Duan, Xiaohui Tang, Chuanyu Liu, Linlin Zhang, Qiang Ma, and Fan Wang. "Anomalous Upper-Ocean Circulation of the Western Equatorial Pacific following El Niño Events." Journal of Physical Oceanography 50, no. 11 (November 2020): 3353–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-20-0011.1.

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AbstractMooring measurements at ~140°E in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean documented greatly intensified eastward subsurface currents, which largely represent the nascent Equatorial Undercurrent, to ~67 cm s−1 in boreal summer of 2016. The eastward currents occupied the entire upper 500 m while the westward surface currents nearly disappeared. Historical in situ data observed similar variations after most El Niño events. Further analysis combining satellite and reanalysis data reveals that the eastward currents observed at ~140°E are a component of an anomalous counterclockwise circulation straddling the equator, with westward current anomalies retroflecting near the western boundary and feeding southeastward current anomalies along the New Guinea coast. A 1.5-layer reduced-gravity ocean model is able to crudely reproduce these variations, and a hierarchy of sensitivity experiments is performed to understand the underlying dynamics. The anomalous circulation is largely the delayed ocean response to equatorial wind anomalies over the central-to-eastern Pacific basin emerging in the mature stage of El Niño. Downwelling Rossby waves are generated by the reflection of equatorial Kelvin waves and easterly winds in the eastern Pacific. Upon reaching the western Pacific, the southern lobes of Rossby waves encounter the slanted New Guinea island and deflect to the equator, establishing a local sea surface height maximum and leading to the detour of westward currents flowing from the Pacific interior. Additional experiments with edited western boundary geometry confirm the importance of topography in regulating the structure of this cross-equatorial anomalous circulation.

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25

Feng, Ming, Susan Wijffels, Stuart Godfrey, and Gary Meyers. "Do Eddies Play a Role in the Momentum Balance of the Leeuwin Current?" Journal of Physical Oceanography 35, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 964–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2730.1.

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Abstract The Leeuwin Current is a poleward-flowing eastern boundary current off the western Australian coast, and alongshore momentum balance in the current has been hypothesized to comprise a southward pressure gradient force balanced by northward wind and bottom stresses. This alongshore momentum balance is revisited using a high-resolution upper-ocean climatology to determine the alongshore pressure gradient and altimeter and mooring observations to derive an eddy-induced Reynolds stress. Results show that north of the Abrolhos Islands (situated near the shelf break between 28.2° and 29.3°S), the alongshore momentum balance is between the pressure gradient and wind stress. South of the Abrolhos Islands, the Leeuwin Current is highly unstable and strong eddy kinetic energy is observed offshore of the current axis. The alongshore momentum balance on the offshore side of the current reveals an increased alongshore pressure gradient, weakened alongshore wind stress, and a significant Reynolds stress exerted by mesoscale eddies. The eddy Reynolds stress has a −0.5 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) correction to the Indonesian Throughflow transport estimate from Godfrey’s island rule. The mesoscale eddies draw energy from the mean current through mixed barotropic and baroclinic instability, and the pressure gradient work overcomes the negative wind work to supply energy for the instability process. Hence the anomalous large-scale pressure gradient in the eastern Indian Ocean drives the strongest eddy kinetic energy level among all the midlatitude eastern boundary currents.

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26

Bracco, Annalisa, Joseph Pedlosky, and Robert S. Pickart. "Eddy Formation near the West Coast of Greenland." Journal of Physical Oceanography 38, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 1992–2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jpo3669.1.

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Abstract This paper extends A. Bracco and J. Pedlosky’s investigation of the eddy-formation mechanism in the eastern Labrador Sea by including a more realistic depiction of the boundary current. The quasigeostrophic model consists of a meridional, coastally trapped current with three vertical layers. The current configuration and topographic domain are chosen to match, as closely as possible, the observations of the boundary current and the varying topographic slope along the West Greenland coast. The role played by the bottom-intensified component of the boundary current on the formation of the Labrador Sea Irminger Rings is explored. Consistent with the earlier study, a short, localized bottom-trapped wave is responsible for most of the perturbation energy growth. However, for the instability to occur in the three-layer model, the deepest component of the boundary current must be sufficiently strong, highlighting the importance of the near-bottom flow. The model is able to reproduce important features of the observed vortices in the eastern Labrador Sea, including the polarity, radius, rate of formation, and vertical structure. At the time of formation, the eddies have a surface signature as well as a strong circulation at depth, possibly allowing for the transport of both surface and near-bottom water from the boundary current into the interior basin. This work also supports the idea that changes in the current structure could be responsible for the observed interannual variability in the number of Irminger Rings formed.

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27

Fratantoni, David M., and Philip L. Richardson. "SOFAR Float Observations of an Intermediate-Depth Eastern Boundary Current and Mesoscale Variability in the Eastern Tropical Atlantic Ocean*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 29, no. 6 (June 1999): 1265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<1265:sfooai>2.0.co;2.

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28

Kwon, Kyung-Man, Byoung-Ju Choi, Sang-Ho Lee, Yang-Ki Cho, and Chan-Joo Jang. "Coastal Current Along the Eastern Boundary of the Yellow Sea in Summer: Numerical Simulations." Sea 16, no. 4 (November 30, 2011): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7850/jkso.2011.16.4.155.

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29

Iwatani, Hokuto, Yasuo Kondo, Toshiaki Irizuki, Masao Iwai, and Minoru Ikehara. "Orbital obliquity cycles recorded in Kuroshio Current region, eastern Asia, around Plio–Pleistocene boundary." Quaternary Science Reviews 140 (May 2016): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.03.025.

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30

Batteen, Mary L., Johnny R. Martinez, Daniel W. Bryan, and Eric J. Buch. "A modeling study of the coastal eastern boundary current system off Iberia and Morocco." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 105, no. C6 (June 15, 2000): 14173–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000jc900026.

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31

Barceló, Caren, Lorenzo Ciannelli, and Richard D. Brodeur. "Pelagic marine refugia and climatically sensitive areas in an eastern boundary current upwelling system." Global Change Biology 24, no. 2 (October 6, 2017): 668–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13857.

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32

Rhein, Monika, and Lothar Stramma. "Seasonal variability in the Deep Western Boundary Current around the Eastern tip of Brazil." Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 52, no. 8 (August 2005): 1414–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2005.03.004.

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33

Swartzman, G. "Analysis of the summer distribution of fish schools in the Pacific Eastern Boundary Current." ICES Journal of Marine Science 54, no. 1 (February 1997): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.1996.0160.

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34

Herzfeld, M., and M. Tomczak. "Bottom-driven upwelling generated by eastern intensification in closed and semi-closed basins with a sloping bottom." Marine and Freshwater Research 50, no. 7 (1999): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf98035.

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Cold water is observed in the eastern Great Australian Bight, and the presence of this water is inconsistent with that expected from surface Ekman-induced upwelling resulting from the imposed windfield. A numerical model is employed to investigate this situation under idealized conditions, from which the bottom slope has been identified as the most dominant factor contributing towards the presence of the cold water. A boundary current generated on the eastern side of the idealized bight is attributed to eastern intensification of a predominantly Stommel type, induced by the topographical gradient. It is proposed that the cold water observed at the eastern boundary is the result of upwelling driven by a bottom Ekman-transport convergence in this region, which is in turn the result of a large bottom stress curl maintained by the eastern intensification.

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35

Wing, S. R., J. L. Largier, and L. W. Botsford. "Coastal retention and longshore displacement of meroplankton near capes in eastern boundary currents: examples from the California Current." South African Journal of Marine Science 19, no. 1 (June 1998): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/025776198784126890.

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36

Romaniuk, Anatolii, and Vitalii Lytvyn. "Historical and Current Geopolitical Positioning of Ukraine: Is It Central or Eastern Europe?" Politeja 15, no. 6(57) (August 13, 2019): 149–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.15.2018.57.09.

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The academic paper is focused on developing historical and current geopolitical positioning of Ukraine in Europe. The scholars have attempted to solve the problem of affiliation of Ukraine to a specific sub‑region of Europe – Central and/or Eastern. It has been reasoned and argued that on the map of the European sub‑regions, Ukraine occupies an extremely specific and mixed position, as its affiliation to any certain sub‑region has always been historically and geopolitically determined, however it largely correlates with some attributes inherent both to Central and Eastern Europe. In conclusion it has been specified that Ukraine, being a boundary country, is characterized by a paradoxical geopolitical position and inconstant nature of its geopolitical projection within the frames of the sub‑regions in Central and Eastern Europe.

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37

Chen, Gengxin, Weiqing Han, Yuanlong Li, Dongxiao Wang, and Michael J. McPhaden. "Seasonal-to-Interannual Time-Scale Dynamics of the Equatorial Undercurrent in the Indian Ocean." Journal of Physical Oceanography 45, no. 6 (June 2015): 1532–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-14-0225.1.

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AbstractThis paper investigates the structure and dynamics of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) of the Indian Ocean by analyzing in situ observations and reanalysis data and performing ocean model experiments using an ocean general circulation model and a linear continuously stratified ocean model. The results show that the EUC regularly occurs in each boreal winter and spring, particularly during February and April, consistent with existing studies. The EUC generally has a core depth near the 20°C isotherm and can be present across the equatorial basin. The EUC reappears during summer–fall of most years, with core depth located at different longitudes and depths. In the western basin, the EUC results primarily from equatorial Kelvin and Rossby waves directly forced by equatorial easterly winds. In the central and eastern basin, however, reflected Rossby waves from the eastern boundary play a crucial role. While the first two baroclinic modes make the largest contribution, intermediate modes 3–8 are also important. The summer–fall EUC tends to occur in the western basin but exhibits obvious interannual variability in the eastern basin. During positive Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) years, the eastern basin EUC results largely from Rossby waves reflected from the eastern boundary, with directly forced Kelvin and Rossby waves also having significant contributions. However, the eastern basin EUC disappears during negative IOD and normal years because westerly wind anomalies force a westward pressure gradient force and thus westward subsurface current, which cancels the eastward subsurface flow induced by eastern boundary–reflected Rossby waves. Interannual variability of zonal equatorial wind that drives the EUC variability is dominated by the zonal sea surface temperature (SST) gradients associated with IOD and is much less influenced by equatorial wind associated with Indian monsoon rainfall strength.

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38

Isoda, Yutaka. "Interaction of a warm eddy with the coastal current at the eastern boundary area in the Tsushima Current region." Continental Shelf Research 16, no. 9 (August 1996): 1149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(95)00057-7.

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39

Simons, Elizabeth, Kevin Speer, and Andreas M. Thurnherr. "Deep circulation in the Lau Basin and Havre Trough of the western South Pacific Ocean from floats and hydrography." Journal of Marine Research 77, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): 353–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224019833406150.

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A system of meridional ridges in the western South Pacific Ocean frame the Lau Basin and Havre Trough, and form a barrier to direct communication between the far western South Pacific basins and the interior South Pacific Ocean. The eastern side of this system comprises the Tonga and Kermadec Ridges, the location of the main deep western boundary current entering the Pacific Ocean. Observations from floats released in the Lau Basin as part of the RIDGE2000 program suggested the presence of a western boundary current along the Lau Ridge exiting into the North Fiji Basin. Those observations, together with Argo sub-surface float data and repeat hydrographic sections, confirm and expand the boundary current observations along the Lau Ridge throughout the Lau Basin and into the Havre Trough, along the Colville Ridge. The observations also reveal two previously unrecognized westward flowing jets bisecting the Lau Basin and Havre Trough. Using an extension to the classic Stommel-Arons abyssal circulation model, the predicted strength and location of these boundary currents and their bifurcation is compared with the float observations. The model provides a simplified view of the dynamics controlling the boundary current structure in the deep basins. A comparison of transport within the western boundary current derived from float data, hydrographic sections, and the idealized analytical model indicates that roughly 4 Sv (below 1,000 db) is transported northward through the Lau Basin, exiting into the North Fiji Basin.

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40

Hernández-Guerra, Alonso, Eugenio Fraile-Nuez, Rafael Borges, Federico López-Laatzen, Pedro Vélez-Belchı́, Gregorio Parrilla, and Thomas J. Müller. "Transport variability in the Lanzarote passage (eastern boundary current of the North Atlantic subtropical Gyre)." Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 50, no. 2 (February 2003): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0637(02)00163-2.

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41

Wang, Yuntao, Renato M. Castelao, and Yeping Yuan. "Seasonal variability of alongshore winds and sea surface temperature fronts in Eastern Boundary Current Systems." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 120, no. 3 (March 2015): 2385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014jc010379.

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42

Sydeman, W. J., M. García-Reyes, D. S. Schoeman, R. R. Rykaczewski, S. A. Thompson, B. A. Black, and S. J. Bograd. "Climate change and wind intensification in coastal upwelling ecosystems." Science 345, no. 6192 (July 3, 2014): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1251635.

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In 1990, Andrew Bakun proposed that increasing greenhouse gas concentrations would force intensification of upwelling-favorable winds in eastern boundary current systems that contribute substantial services to society. Because there is considerable disagreement about whether contemporary wind trends support Bakun’s hypothesis, we performed a meta-analysis of the literature on upwelling-favorable wind intensification. The preponderance of published analyses suggests that winds have intensified in the California, Benguela, and Humboldt upwelling systems and weakened in the Iberian system over time scales ranging up to 60 years; wind change is equivocal in the Canary system. Stronger intensification signals are observed at higher latitudes, consistent with the warming pattern associated with climate change. Overall, reported changes in coastal winds, although subtle and spatially variable, support Bakun’s hypothesis of upwelling intensification in eastern boundary current systems.

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43

Voelker, A. H. L., T. Rodrigues, K. Billups, D. Oppo, J. McManus, R. Stein, J. Hefter, and J. O. Grimalt. "Variations in mid-latitude North Atlantic surface water properties during the mid-Brunhes (MIS 9–14) and their implications for the thermohaline circulation." Climate of the Past 6, no. 4 (August 27, 2010): 531–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-6-531-2010.

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Abstract. Stable isotope and ice-rafted debris records from three core sites in the mid-latitude North Atlantic (IODP Site U1313, MD01-2446, MD03-2699) are combined with records of ODP Sites 1056/1058 and 980 to reconstruct hydrographic conditions during the middle Pleistocene spanning Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 9–14 (300–540 ka). Core MD03-2699 is the first high-resolution mid-Brunhes record from the North Atlantic's eastern boundary upwelling system covering the complete MIS 11c interval and MIS 13. The array of sites reflect western and eastern basin boundary current as well as north to south transect sampling of subpolar and transitional water masses and allow the reconstruction of transport pathways in the upper limb of the North Atlantic's circulation. Hydrographic conditions in the surface and deep ocean during peak interglacial MIS 9 and 11 were similar among all the sites with relative stable conditions and confirm prolonged warmth during MIS 11c also for the mid-latitudes. Sea surface temperature (SST) reconstructions further reveal that in the mid-latitude North Atlantic MIS 11c is associated with two plateaus, the younger one of which is slightly warmer. Enhanced subsurface northward heat transport in the eastern boundary current system, especially during early MIS 11c, is denoted by the presence of tropical planktic foraminifer species and raises the question how strongly it impacted the Portuguese upwelling system. Deep water ventilation at the onset of MIS 11c significantly preceded surface water ventilation. Although MIS 13 was generally colder and more variable than the younger interglacials the surface water circulation scheme was the same. The greatest differences between the sites existed during the glacial inceptions and glacials. Then a north – south trending hydrographic front separated the nearshore and offshore waters off Portugal. While offshore waters originated from the North Atlantic Current as indicated by the similarities between the records of IODP Site U1313, ODP Site 980 and MD01-2446, nearshore waters as recorded in core MD03-2699 derived from the Azores Current and thus the subtropical gyre. Except for MIS 12, Azores Current influence seems to be related to eastern boundary system dynamics and not to changes in the Atlantic overturning circulation.

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Marrero-Betancort, Nerea, Javier Marcello, Dionisio Rodríguez Esparragón, and Santiago Hernández-León. "Wind variability in the Canary Current during the last 70 years." Ocean Science 16, no. 4 (August 6, 2020): 951–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-16-951-2020.

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Abstract. Climate evolves following natural variability, and knowledge of these trends is of paramount importance to understand future scenarios in the frame of global change. Obtaining local data is also of importance since climatic anomalies depend on the geographical area. In this sense, the Canary Current is located in one of the major eastern boundary current systems and is mainly driven by the trade winds. The latter promote Ekman transport and give rise to one of the most important upwelling zones of the world on the northwest African coast. Nearly 30 years ago, Bakun (1990) raised a hypothesis contending that coastal upwelling in eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUSs) might be intensified by global warming due to the enhancement of the trade winds, increasing pressure differences between the ocean and the continent. Using available NCEP/NCAR wind data north of the Canary Islands from 1948 to 2017, we show that trade wind intensity experienced a net decrease of 1 m s−1. Moreover, these winds are strongly influenced, as expected, by large-scale atmospheric patterns such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). In addition, we found a relationship between the wind pattern and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), indicating that the ocean contributes to multidecadal atmospheric variability in this area of the ocean with a considerable lag (>10 years).

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Chen, Gengxin, Weiqing Han, Yuanlong Li, Michael J. McPhaden, Ju Chen, Weiqiang Wang, and Dongxiao Wang. "Strong Intraseasonal Variability of Meridional Currents near 5°N in the Eastern Indian Ocean: Characteristics and Causes." Journal of Physical Oceanography 47, no. 5 (May 2017): 979–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-16-0250.1.

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AbstractThis paper reports on strong, intraseasonal, upper-ocean meridional currents observed in the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal (BOB) and the equator and elucidates the underlying physical processes responsible for them. In situ measurements from a subsurface mooring at 5°N, 90.5°E reveal strong intraseasonal variability of the meridional current with an amplitude of ~0.4 m s−1 and a typical period of 30–50 days in the upper 150 m, which by far exceeds the magnitudes of the mean flow and seasonal cycle. Such prominent intraseasonal variability is, however, not seen in zonal current at the same location. Further analysis suggests that the observed intraseasonal flows are closely associated with westward-propagating eddylike sea surface height anomalies (SSHAs) along 5°N. The eddylike SSHAs are largely manifestations of symmetric Rossby waves, which result primarily from intraseasonal wind stress forcing in the equatorial waveguide and reflection of the equatorial Kelvin waves at the eastern boundary. Since the wave signals are generally symmetric about the equator, similar variability is also seen at 5°S but with weaker intensity because of the inclined coastline at the eastern boundary. The Rossby waves propagate westward, causing pronounced intraseasonal SSHA and meridional current in the upper ocean across the entire southern BOB between 84° and 94°E. They greatly weaken in the western Indian Basin, but zonal currents near the equator remain relatively strong.

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46

Moscoso, Jordyn E., Andrew L. Stewart, Daniele Bianchi, and James C. McWilliams. "The Meridionally Averaged Model of Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (MAMEBUSv1.0)." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): 763–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-763-2021.

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Abstract. Eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUSs) are physically and biologically active regions of the ocean with substantial impacts on ocean biogeochemistry, ecology, and global fish catch. Previous studies have used models of varying complexity to study EBUS dynamics, ranging from minimal two-dimensional (2-D) models to comprehensive regional and global models. An advantage of 2-D models is that they are more computationally efficient and easier to interpret than comprehensive regional models, but their key drawback is the lack of explicit representations of important three-dimensional processes that control biology in upwelling systems. These processes include eddy quenching of nutrients and meridional transport of nutrients and heat. The authors present the Meridionally Averaged Model of Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (MAMEBUS) that aims at combining the benefits of 2-D and 3-D approaches to modeling EBUSs by parameterizing the key 3-D processes in a 2-D framework. MAMEBUS couples the primitive equations for the physical state of the ocean with a nutrient–phytoplankton–zooplankton–detritus model of the ecosystem, solved in terrain-following coordinates. This article defines the equations that describe the tracer, momentum, and biological evolution, along with physical parameterizations of eddy advection, isopycnal mixing, and boundary layer mixing. It describes the details of the numerical schemes and their implementation in the model code, and provides a reference solution validated against observations from the California Current. The goal of MAMEBUS is to facilitate future studies to efficiently explore the wide space of physical and biogeochemical parameters that control the zonal variations in EBUSs.

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47

Zhao, Jian, and William Johns. "Wind-Driven Seasonal Cycle of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 44, no. 6 (May 28, 2014): 1541–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-13-0144.1.

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Abstract The dynamical processes governing the seasonal cycle of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) are studied using a variety of models, ranging from a simple forced Rossby wave model to an eddy-resolving ocean general circulation model. The AMOC variability is decomposed into Ekman and geostrophic transport components, which reveal that the seasonality of the AMOC is determined by both components in the extratropics and dominated by the Ekman transport in the tropics. The physics governing the seasonal fluctuations of the AMOC are explored in detail at three latitudes (26.5°N, 6°N, and 34.5°S). While the Ekman transport is directly related to zonal wind stress seasonality, the comparison between different numerical models shows that the geostrophic transport involves a complex oceanic adjustment to the wind forcing. The oceanic adjustment is further evaluated by separating the zonally integrated geostrophic transport into eastern and western boundary currents and interior flows. The results indicate that the seasonal AMOC cycle in the extratropics is controlled mainly by local boundary effects, where either the western or eastern boundary can be dominant at different latitudes, while in the northern tropics it is the interior flow and its lagged compensation by the western boundary current that determine the seasonal AMOC variability.

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48

Peng, Shiqiu, Yu-Kun Qian, Rick Lumpkin, Yan Du, Dongxiao Wang, and Ping Li. "Characteristics of the Near-Surface Currents in the Indian Ocean as Deduced from Satellite-Tracked Surface Drifters. Part I: Pseudo-Eulerian Statistics." Journal of Physical Oceanography 45, no. 2 (February 2015): 441–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-14-0050.1.

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AbstractUsing the 1985–2013 record of near-surface currents from satellite-tracked drifters, the pseudo-Eulerian statistics of the near-surface circulation in the Indian Ocean (IO) are analyzed. It is found that the distributions of the current velocities and mean kinetic energy (MKE) in the IO are extremely inhomogeneous in space and nonstationary in time. The most energetic regions with climatologic mean velocity over 50 cm s−1 and MKE over 500 cm2 s−2 are found off the eastern coast of Somalia (with maxima of over 100 cm s−1 and 1500 cm2 s−2) and the equatorial IO, associated with the strong, annually reversing Somalia Current and the twice-a-year eastward equatorial jets. High eddy kinetic energy (EKE) is found in regions of the equatorial IO, western boundary currents, and Agulhas Return Current, with a maximum of over 3000 cm2 s−2 off the eastern coast of Somalia. The lowest EKE (<500 cm2 s−2) occurs in the south subtropical gyre between 30° and 40°S and the central-eastern Arabian Sea. Annual and semiannual variability is a significant fraction of the total EKE off the eastern coast of Somalia and in the central-eastern equatorial IO. In general, both the MKE and EKE estimated in the present study are qualitatively in agreement with, but quantitatively larger than, estimates from previous studies. These pseudo-Eulerian MKE and EKE fields, based on the most extensive drifter dataset to date, are the most precise in situ estimates to date and can be used to validate satellite and numerical results.

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49

Legrésy, Benoît, Anja Wendt, Ignazio Tabacco, Frédérique Rémy, and Reinhard Dietrich. "Influence of tides and tidal current on Mertz Glacier, Antarctica." Journal of Glaciology 50, no. 170 (2004): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756504781829828.

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AbstractMertz Glacier, East Antarctica, is characterized by a 140 km long, 25 km wide floating ice tongue. In this paper, we combine a large number of remotely sensed datasets, including in situ global positioning system measurements, satellite radar altimetry, airborne radio-echo sounding and satellite synthetic aperture radar imagery and interferometry. These various datasets allow us to study the interaction of the ice tongue with the tides and currents. However, the inverse barometer effect needs to be applied to sea-level variations affecting the tongue. We find that the tide-induced currents exert a small lateral pressure on the tongue which, when integrated over the large surface of the tongue, induce a flexure of up to 2 m amplitude per day. Simple elastic modelling of the flexure confirms the observations and helps validate the boundary conditions necessary to explain different eastward and westward tongue deflections. In addition, the along-flow velocity of the tongue does vary daily from 1.9 to 6.8 md-1 depending on the tidal current. When the current pushes the tongue toward the eastern boundary of the fjord, the tongue is retarded by the drag and the velocity decreases. The accumulated stress is released, allowing the tongue to flow very rapidly when the current pushes the tongue westward. These forcing and boundary conditions on the floating ice flow are important and must be taken into account when studying glacier discharge and calving.

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Oey, Lie-Yauw, Jia Wang, and M. A. Lee. "Fish Catch Is Related to the Fluctuations of a Western Boundary Current." Journal of Physical Oceanography 48, no. 3 (March 2018): 705–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-17-0041.1.

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AbstractIn eastern boundary upwelling ecosystems, substantial variance of biological productivity (~50%) can often be related to physical forcing such as winds and ocean temperatures. Robust biophysical connections are less clear-cut in western boundary currents. Here the authors show that interannual variation of fish catch along the western boundary current of the North Pacific, the Kuroshio, significantly correlates (r = 0.67; p < 0.001) with the current’s off-slope (more fish) and on-slope (less fish) sideways shifts in the southern East China Sea. Remotely, transport fluctuations and fish catch are related to the oscillation of a wind stress-curl dipole in the tropical–subtropical gyre of the western North Pacific. Locally, the current’s sideways fluctuations are driven by transport fluctuations through a feedback process between along-isobath pressure gradients and vertical motions: upwelling (downwelling) during the off-slope (on slope) shift, which in turn significantly enhances (depresses) the chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration in winter and early spring. The authors hypothesize that changes in the phytoplankton biomass as indicated by the Chl-a lead to changes in copepodites, the main food source of the fish larvae, and hence also to the observed variation in fish catch.

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