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1
Tronson, Deidre A., of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, of Science Technology and Environment College, and of Science Food and Horticulture School. "Volatile compounds in some eastern Australian Banksia flowers." THESIS_CSTE_SFH_Tronson_D.xml, 2001. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/140.
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This project was the very beginning of research into the chemistry of eastern Australian banksia flowers. Using dynamic headspace sampling (DHS) analysis, differences in volatile components, consistent with detection of differences in odour, were detected among three different species and one commercial cultivar. Infraspecific variation was also observed between two known subspecies of Banksia ericifolia and between differently coloured forms of Banksia spinulosa var. collina. The cultivar, Banksia 'Giant Candles', was shown to have some of the chemical components of each of its supposed ancestors. The absence of known wound-response chemicals indicated that this DHS method was successful in leaving the inflorescences undamaged throughout the sampling procedure. The Likens-Nickerson modification of classical hydrodistillation methods was useful. The static headspace method (SHS) was easily automated and was shown to be chemically robust and sufficiently sensitive to detect volatile compounds from only a few flowers. The milder DHS method, which minimised mechanical and heat damage to the plant tissue, produced a different set of results. From the results of this project, a suite of volatile compounds has been proposed that may be useful in future behavioural studies to help determine whether animals are attracted to components of banksia odours. These candidates include some compounds that have been reported in animal secretions, wound-response chemicals that may be produced by the plant to aid its communication with other organisms, and a compound (suggested to be sulfanylmethyl acetate) not previously reported from natural sources. The mildest of the three analytical methods used, dynamic headspace sampling, was shown to be suitable for the potential chemotaxonomic evaluation of some members of the Banksia genus.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Tronson, Deidre Anne. "Volatile compounds in some Eastern Australian banksia flowers /." View thesis View thesis, 2001. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030507.090456/index.html.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 2001.A thesis submitted as a requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Centre for Biostructural and Biomolecular Research, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, March 2001. Bibliography : leaves 177-185.
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Haiss, Peter, and Elisabeth Schellander. "Knowledge Transfer by Austrian Banks to the Transition Economies of Central, Eastern and South Eastern Europe." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2010. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3878/1/haissknowledge.pdf.
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Since the opening of the Central, Eastern and South Eastern European (CESEE) banking market, foreign banks, have started to invest in the financial sector of emerging economies. Economic research highlights that foreign banks have brought advanced technology, improved management expertise, upgraded risk management techniques and generally more efficient and competitive banking practices into CESEE countries (Clarke, Cull, Peria and Sànchez, 2002; Eller, Haiss and Steiner, 2006). However, there is hardly evidence about how this large-scale knowledge transfer has been achieved and what knowledge has actually been transferred. This paper intends to fill this gap. Two in-depth case studies of bank acquisitions by Austrian banks in CESEE give insight into the methods and content of knowledge transfer within the post-acquisition integration. A questionnaire sent out to CESEE subsidiaries of Austrian banks additionally provides information on the topic. The results show that knowledge transfer mainly occurs in international teams and during international meetings, trainings and development programs and that it is supported by information and communication technologies. Results further show that the content, methods and magnitude of knowledge transfer efforts change along the stages of post-acquisition integration. (author's abstract)
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Mndela, Mthunzi. "Evaluation of range condition, soil properties, seed banks and farmer's perceptions in Peddie communal rangeland of the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1013153.
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South African rangelands in combination with their surrounding homesteads occupy 13% of the entire land surface in South Africa. These rangelands are a source of forage for communal livestock. The rangelands in communal tenure system are degraded due to high human population and livestock numbers. The rangeland of Peddie was never evaluated since the introduction of Nguni Cattle Empowerment Project. Therefore, socio-ecological evaluation was conducted in order to interlink farmer‟s perceptions and scientific data to recommend appropriate rangeland management and restoration programme. Two structured questionnaires consisting of close and open ended questions were used to investigate farmer‟s perceptions on rangeland condition, dynamics, and their causes. Sixty households were randomly selected on the bases of livestock ownership and the membership in Nguni Cattle Project. In each household, any respondent of 20 years or greater, and a key informant of age greater than 40 years were selected. For scientific assessment of range condition, three homogenous vegetation units namely grassland, scattered and dense bushland were demarcated into four 100m x 50m replicates. In each replicate, two 100m transects were laid parallel to each other with 30m equidistant apart. The step point and harvesting method along each transect were employed for herbaceous species composition and biomass production. The point-to-tuft distance was also determined as a proxy for basal cover. Woody density, species composition and tree equivalents were determined in 200m2 belt transects in each HVU replicates. The germination method for soil seed bank evaluation was also employed to find plant species composition and density. The soil nutrients (OC, N, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu and Mn) and pH were analysed through solution preparation and observation under photospectrometer to determine functional capacity of the soil of Peddie rangeland. The farmer‟s perceptions comprised of 63% females and 37% males (n = 120) with a mean household of 8 people, 5 adults and 3 children. It was perceived by 93.3% respondents that the rangeland of Peddie have undergone changes over two decades. These changes were perceived by 83% respondents to be accompanied by decline in livestock numbers. Woody encroachment and overgrazing were perceived to be the major attributes of these vegetation changes. The scientific rangeland condition assessment confirmed that these changes were more pronounced as bush density increases. Dense bushland had a significantly high (p<0.05) encroached condition with 6650 trees ha-1 and 4909.5 TE ha-1 beyond the recommended thresholds of 2400 trees ha-1 and 2500 TE ha-1 respectively. Scattered bushland had a fair condition of 1950 trees ha-1 and 1198.1TE ha-1. Themeda triandra as a key species was significantly higher (p<0.05) in grassland (31.1%) than scattered (15.6%) and dense bushland (6.1%). There was a declining trend in biomass production from grassland to dense bushland. The summer biomass production was significantly higher (p<0.05) in grassland than scattered and dense bushland but winter biomass was not significantly different (p>0.05) from all homogenous vegetation units of Peddie rangeland. However, the soil fertility increased with an increase in bush density except organic carbon (OC) which was 1.61% in grassland, 1.46% in scattered and 1.53% in dense bushland respectively. Soil N, K, P, Mg2+ Na+, Ca2+, Cu, Zn, Mn and pH were significantly higher (p<0.05) in dense bushland than grassland and scattered bushland. High soil fertility in dense bushland may be attributed to by abscission of woody plants and litter decomposition. In the soil seed bank, the abundances of forbs were significantly higher than sedges (χ2 = 12, df = 1, p = 0.001) and grasses (χ2 = 8.333, df = 1, p = 0.004) in all homogenous vegetation units while sedges were not significantly different (χ2 = 3, df = 1, p = 0.083) from grasses. The Sorensen‟s index indicated that soil seed bank and extant vegetation were significantly different (p<0.05). Annual and biennial forbs and sedges had high abundances while perennial grasses formed a bulk in above ground vegetation. This provided an insight that a reliance on soil seed bank for restoration of Peddie rangeland would not be advisable because it can result in retrogression. The communal rangeland assessment provided clear qualitative and quantitative data when the combination of indigenous knowledge and scientific assessments was done. The rationale is that conclusions and recommendations of range assessment are relient on the farmer‟s perceptions pertinent to their livestock production systems and their rangeland management objectives. This study has shown that inclusion of communal farmers in policy making can provide better insight because those are the people experiencing the consequences of range degradation.
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Wu, Tong Caudill Steven B. "Is there a gap of banking efficiency between access and non-accession countries in central and eastern Europe." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Summer/Theses/WU_TONG_10.pdf.
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Ben, Amira Mustapha. "The concept of interest in the Western and Middle Eastern society." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2351.
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The entire banking systems in the western societies is based on the use of interest. The bank charges the borowers interest on its loans and pays its depositors interest on their deposits. On the other hand, the Middle Eastern banking system is an interest free system that prohibits the use of interest, either in receipt or in payment.
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Gutner, Tamar L. "Banking on the environment : multilateral development banks and environmental policymaking in Central and Eastern Europe." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28207.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Political Science, 1999.Includes bibliographical references (p. 298-312).
The dissertation is a comparative study of three multilateral development banks (MDBs)-the World Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), and European Investment Bank (EIB)-and their struggles to operationalize and implement relatively new environmental mandates. MDBs are increasingly being relied upon to address environmental issues in their activities, while at the same time facing criticism for allegedly promoting serious environmental degradation in borrowing countries. The dissertation focuses on the activities of these banks in Central and Eastern Europe, where the fall of the Iron Curtain revealed the most polluted countries in Europe, and where these MDBs are among the top donors. There is significant variation in the degree to which these MDBs have incorporated environmental goals into their work. The World Bank has played an important role in providing policy support for environmental reform in the region, while financing the largest scope of "green" projects of the three banks. The EIB has responded to its environmental goals in minimal ways, and the EBRD has an intermediate position between the other two. I argue that external pressure from major shareholder countries, usually supported or pushed by NGOs, is a key factor determining the depth of an MDB's commitment to new mandates, such as the environment. However, shareholder commitment is a necessary but not sufficient condition in explaining the banks' environmental behavior. Governance structures for all three banks are diffuse, and, as a result, institutional design and incentive systems play critical roles in how environmental objectives are translated into activities. In all three cases, the banks' internal incentive systems are poorly aligned with their environmental goals, and even where institutional variables are structured to promote greater awareness of environmental issues within the banks, they do not always work as envisioned. Theoretically, the dissertation argues that different causal variables matter at different stages of the policy process. Neorealist approaches have the most explanatory power in accounting for how environmental ideas are brought to the MDBs, but are insufficient in explaining outcomes. Approaches drawn from institutionalist and organizational theories, in turn, provide guidance in analyzing the mechanisms by which environmental objectives are translated into practice. The argument calls for a better integration of international relations theories emphasizing the importance of shareholder politics with theories that focus on how institutional arrangements shape behavior.
by Tamar L. Gutner.
Ph.D.
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Kanengoni, Herbert. "Relationship between employee knowledge, personal contact and attitudes towards chronically ill co-workers: case of selected organisations within the banking sector." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/494.
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As chronic illnesses continue to be a burden in today’s organisations, it remains a very crucial call for management to find ways to eradicate the associated organisational problems. While people of all ages are affected by chronic illnesses, there is a higher risk of the elderly developing chronic diseases. However, as much as chronic illnesses are inevitable among employees, there should be ways at least to curb negative social and goal achievement impact which they bring in organisations. In this regard, a survey of 80 employees was conducted to examine the relationship between employees' knowledge about, contact with, and attitudes towards their co-employees with chronic illnesses (CI). Results indicated that employees' knowledge about and contact with individuals diagnosed with chronic illnesses were significantly related to better attitudes toward this population. The findings also revealed that knowledge was related to positive attitudes among employees who had more personal contact with individuals with Chronic illnesses (CI) and such findings indicate the importance of exposing employees to information about chronic illnesses and direct practice experience with individuals who have these illnesses. To be noted also is that 39% of the respondents preferred to be exposed to health bulletins and magazines; 18% of the respondents preferred the help of health workers and about a third (30%) favoured brochures, posters and printed materials such as flyers. Managerial implications for employees with chronic illness are discussed
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Sroka, Martin. "Risk management of multinational banks operating in CEE." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-125137.
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Multinational banks dominate the banking sectors in Central- and Eastern European countries and are an important partner for the domestic real economies. The aim of this paper is to examine the risk-return variations of these financial institutions in different macroeconomic stages in and around the global financial and economic crisis. The capital adequacy ratio (CAR) is used as a representation of the overall risk a bank is exposed to. The question is if a change in GDP growth implies a reciprocal change in CAR of a bank and if a change in CAR leads to a reciprocal change in net income. In addition, it will be tried to assess the consistency of the risk strategies of different subsidiaries of the same banking group. To conduct the research CAR is firstly derived as a suitable holistic risk measure in the theoretical part of this paper. Then, in the empirical part a case study is carried out that comprises the Czech and Slovak subsidiaries of four multinational banking groups and that is designed for the time horizon from 2008 to 2010. Qualitative as well as quantitative methods are applied.
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Yakobi, Khulekani. "An exploratory study on the impact of social media of selected commercial banks in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2504.
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Thesis (MTech (Business Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.Social media have exacerbated negative impact across all facets of commercial banks. The evolution and ubiquity of social media has permeated the unprecedented pressure which is unavoidable in two identified commercial banks located in the Eastern Cape (OR Tambo District, Mthatha) namely: ABSA and Standard Bank in this decade of information technology. Thus, social media have imposed negative impressions on employees’ understanding, thereby resulting in the negative perceptions of employees regarding its benefits and influence which drastically amounted to change of employee interactions and communication. The primary objectives of the study are to investigate the impact made by social media on teams in the banking sector and to ascertain the types of teams who are utilizing social media tools. A quantitative research method was employed whereby 194 questionnaires were distributed and 102 completed, thereby generating a response rate of 53%. The data were analysed using SPSS version 23.0. The results present the descriptive statistics in the form of graphs, cross-tabulations and other figures for the quantitative data that was collected. Inferential techniques included the use of correlations and chi square test values which were interpreted using p-values. This study findings revealed a significant relationship between biographical variables (age, gender, race, level of education, work experience, job category, job type, job level and employer) and five dimensions (understanding of social media, social media optimism, social media influence on human interactions, challenges of social media in banks and perceptions in business etiquette). The study’s findings revealed a positive and significant relationship between social networking as a great contributor to business productivity and that social media, as a medium, enhances communication effectiveness at 0.448** . However, social media optimism was found to be negative due to lack of trust. The challenges of social media have come with embedded risks of fraud, hacking of information and so forth. These impacts were identified as risks which could violate policies and procedures of financial institutions. This study concludes and recommends that branch managers from commercial banks (ABSA and Standard Bank) should formulate and develop policies to guide employees on the use of social media; this is to intensify intervention in the event of inevitable excessive loss in the financial strength of these commercial banks
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Altaye, Elias. "The geology and geochemistry of the north-eastern sector of Lyttelton volcano, Banks Peninsula, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of Geology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3865.
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Miocene volcanic activity constructed the Lyttelton composite cone 11 -10 Ma ago. The Lyttelton volcano which forms the north western half of Banks
Peninsula represents a significant volume of mafic volcanic rocks together with some of felsic and minor intermediate composition. In addition to these, the volcano is characterized by pyroclastic deposits (lahars and
lithic-crystal tuffs). Lyttelton lavas are intruded by numerous radial dikes
and also by a variety of lava domes, sills and plugs. The volcanism was
mainly Hawaiian in style, with some Vulcanian and occasional Strombolian
styles of activity.
Within this composite volcano, two major phase of volcanic activity are
recognized. These are the main phase (the older) and late phase (younger)
Lyttelton volcanics defined on the basis of field relationships, petrography
and geochemistry. The late phase volcanics are designated formally as the
Mt Pleasant Formation. The main and late phase Lyttelton volcanics range
from mafic to felsic rocks compositions. The dikes range from basalt to
trachyte and intruded the volcano during the main and late phase of
volcanic activity. Sills and intrusions have felsic compositions. The major
valleys and the lahar deposits represent periods of degradation of the active
cone.
Both the main and late phase (Mt Pleasant Formation) Lyttelton volcanics are
alkaline tending transitional in geochemical affinity. The alkaline, sodic
series Lyttelton rocks are members of the alkali olivine basalt association and
this designation is consistent with mineralogy. Some intermediate and felsic
Lyttelton rocks are subalkaline and potassic in composition, but they are
classified as alkaline olivine basalt associations on the basis of their
mineralogy.
There are geochemical distinctions in major oxides, trace -elements and
normative mineralogy between the main and late (Mt Pleasant Formation)
Lyttelton rocks. The petrogenesis of the main and late Lyttelton volcanics
mafic lavas is best explained by low pressure crystal fractionation of the
observed phenocryst phases. The intermediate and felsic rocks are derived
by similar processes with minor crustal contamination. Tectonically, Lyttelton
volcanics represent “within plate” alkaline mafic volcanism.
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Mitter, Sreemati. "A History of Money in Palestine: From the 1900s to the Present." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11308.
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Owolabi, Oluwarotimi Ayokunnu. "Corporate financing in transition : implications for institutions and ownership." Thesis, Brunel University, 2012. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/6154.
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The present thesis examines the implications of ownership and institutions for corporate financing in Central and Eastern Europe. There are three empirical chapters (chapters 2, 3 and 4). Chapter two examines the role of business networks for firm external financing. Our central hypothesis here is that firms’ affiliation to business association is likely to be beneficial in securing external finance (especially bank finance) in countries with weak legal and judicial institutions, as it helps banks and financial institutions to minimize the underlying agency costs of lending. Using recent EBRD-World Bank BEEPS data, we find some support to this central hypothesis in our sample. Importance of foreign banks for economic development of CEE countries has been emphasized in the literature though there is wide dispersion in foreign investment in the region. In this context, chapter three (i.e., the second empirical chapter) focuses on the implications of corruption for foreign bank entry and ownership structure in Central and Eastern European countries. The chapter argues that the presence and persistence of corruption (both absolute and relative) may adversely affect costs of setting up as well as running day-to-day operations of foreign banks in host emerging economies. Using primarily Bankscope bank-level data we find that greater absolute and relative corruption may lower foreign bank entry, greater relative corruption may encourage foreign greenfield entry in our sample; while relative corruption is not significant for foreign takeover. The latter highlights the importance of encouraging foreign investors from countries with similar institutions. Finally, considering the implications of ownership for bank capital and performance in chapter four (the final empirical chapter) in light of the focus on bank capital and capital regulation in discussions after the recent banking crisis, we argue that the relationship between bank capital and bank performance crucially depends on bank ownership structure. Using Osiris data we examine foreign greenfield and other joint venture (JV) differential effect of high bank capital on bank performance. A significant positive effect of foreign Greenfield (as opposed to JV) bank capital on bank performance, after controlling for all other factors is found. We attribute this to better governance compared to varied ownership arrangement in other joint venture banks. Thus wide dispersion in the quality of institutions and ownership explains a great deal of variation in the economic performance of countries in the region. We hope findings of this thesis would inform policies and will also influence future research.
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Roche, David. "L'imagination malsaine : Russell Banks, Raymond Carver, David Cronenberg, Bret Easton Ellis, David Lynch /." Paris : l'Harmattan, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb412407868.
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Abid, Iftikhar A. "Mineral diagenesis and porosity evolution in the Hibernia Oil Field, Jurassic-Cretaceous Jeanne d'Arc Rift Graben, eastern Grand Banks of Newfoundland, Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61683.
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Zingwe, Tawanda. "The relationship between emotional stability, stress and work family conflict, among Standard Bank female employees in the Border region." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007133.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship that exists between emotional stability, stress and work-family conflict among Standard Bank female employees. For this purpose data was collected from the female employees of Standard Banks in Alice, Fort Beaufort, King Williams and East London Town’s in the Eastern Cape. A sample of 72 female bank employees was drawn from the population. Neuroticism is the opposite of emotional stability and it was mostly often used in place of emotional stability in the study. Results of the study indicated that all study variables are significantly positively correlated with one another. The findings of this study is helpful in the banking industry in order to design human resources policies which will reduce the work-family conflict and decrease stress for female bank employees and for future research in respective topics. The implications of this study are discussed along with recommendations for future research and professional managerial practice.
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Mabuza, Thembisile Veronicah. "Evaluating long term effects of fire frequency on soil seed bank composition and species diversity in a semi-arid , South African savanna." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/346.
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Fire is generally used as a management tool for different vegetation types such as savannas and grasslands in southern Africa. In the False Thornveld of the Eastern Cape, fire is commonly used to control bush encroachment and to increase grass production, as grasses are important source of forage for domestic livestock. At the University of Fort Hare farm in the Eastern Cape, a trial was set up in 1980 to investigate the effect of burning frequency on vegetation. There are six treatments replicated twice in a completely randomized design on a 100 m x 50 m plots. The treatments comprise no burn, annual, biennial, triennial, quadrennial and sexennial burns. From this trial a study was conducted to investigate long term effect of burning frequency on species and soil seed bank diversity. Two 100 m line transects located 25 m apart were laid within each plot, and the herbaceous and woody species were identified and recorded along the line transects. Relative abundances (%) for each species were calculated for each treatment. Soil samples were collected at an interval of 13.3 m along the line transects. The samples were placed in paper bags and kept for use in a germination experiment. The seedling emergence germination method was used in the glasshouse to determine emerging seedlings, pots were filled with Hygromix growth medium and the soils from the fire trials 12 X 6 = 72 were spread on top. Soil from the control plots were also pre-treated with heat, smoke and the combination of heat and smoke. The experiment started in January 2010 and was terminated in April 2010. The Shannon-Weaver Diversity Index was used to determine species diversity for standing vegetation and germinated seedlings. Data were tested for normality and species abundances were transformed. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied to test treatment effects on geminated seedlings, species abundance and diversity at α = 0.05 significance level. Significant differences between treatment means were determined by post v hoc tests using Fischer‟s Least Significant Difference test at α = 0.05. The Pearson Moment Correlation test was used to test the relationship between vegetation and soil seed banks. Treatments had significant effects on herbaceous, woody species abundance and diversity (P < 0.05), but there was no significant treatment effect on soil seed bank diversity and on pre-germination treatments (P > 0.05). The annual, biennial and triennial burns were dominated by Themeda triandra while the quadrennial, sexennial and the control treatments were dominated by Sporobolus fimbriatus and Melica decumbens. A. karroo dominated the woody component across all treatments, but it did not change in abundance. S. fimbriatus was the most abundant in the soil seed bank across all the treatments and also in all pre-germination treatments. Species diversity was high in standing vegetation in the quadrennial, sexennial and the control treatments. There was no significant correlation between the standing vegetation and soil seed bank diversities (P > 0.05). Based on these findings it is apparent that fire can change vegetation in an area to be dominated by fire tolerant or fire intolerant species. Fire frequency, heat and smoke affects soil seed banks to a lesser extent in the False Thornveld. For the management of the False Thornveld of the Eastern Cape, less frequent burning is recommended as it increases aboveground species diversity.
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Andersson, Jim. "Psykopatfabriken : Maskulinitetskonstruktioner i Iain Banks The Wasp Factory och Bret Easton Ellis American Psycho." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-302290.
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Mutingwende, Nhamo. "Identification of agricultural and industrial pollutants in the Kat River, Eastern Cape and their effect on agricultural products found along the river banks." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1020242.
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There is growing concern that commonly used Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) and pesticides are entering and contaminating drinking water supplies. The use of targeted quantitation of PPCP has been well established but there is an emerging trend to also screen for and identify unexpected environmental pollutants. Chemicals like pesticides hormones and antibiotics are especially of interest because of proven endocrine disrupting effects and a possible development of bacterial resistance. Powerful screening methods are required to detect and quantify the presence of these compounds in our environment. PPCP encompass a wide range of pollutants, including Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDC), pesticides, hormones, antibiotics, drugs of abuse, x-ray contrast agents and drinking water disinfection by-products to name a few. In order to properly assess the effects of these compounds on our environment, it is necessary to accurately monitor their presence. The diversity of chemical properties of these compounds makes method development challenging. LC/MS/MS is able to analyse polar, semi-volatile, and thermally labile compounds covering a wide molecular weight range. The new AB SCIEX TripleTOF™5600 LC/MS/MS was used to profile environmental samples for unexpected pollutants, to identify and characterise the chemical composition and structure of the pollutants, and to quantify (based on intensity) the concentration in collected water samples. Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem Mass Spectrometry (LCMS/ MS) is able to analyse polar, semi-volatile, and thermally labile compounds covering a wide molecular weight range, such as pesticides, antibiotics, drugs of abuse, x-ray contrast agents, drinking water disinfection by-products etc. More recently there is a growing interest from environmental researchers to also screen for and identify non-targeted compounds in environmental samples, including metabolites and degradates, but also completely unexpected pollutants. The new AB SCIEX TripleTOF™5600 LC/MS/MS system is capable of performing highly sensitive and fast MS scanning experiments to search for unknown molecular ions while also performing selective and characteristic MS/MS scanning for further compound identification and, therefore, is the instrument of choice for this challenging task. General unknown screening workflows do not use a target analyte list and compound detection is not based on any prior knowledge, including retention times and information on possible molecular and fragment ions. Therefore, acquired chromatograms are very rich in information and can easily contain thousands of ions from both any compounds present in the sample as well as from the sample matrix itself. Thus, powerful software tools are needed to explore such data to identify the unexpected compound. Water samples were collected both upstream and downstream of two WWTPs (Seymour and Fort Beaufort) and were directly injected on the AB SCIEX TripleTOF™5600 LC/MS/MS after being filtered. 15 sample points along the Kat River, ranging from a point as close to the source as possible to a point just before it joins the Great Fish River were used. The samples collected from the source were used as the control in each of the experiments, the assumption being the closer you get to the source, the less contaminated the water would be for the analysis of pesticides. Points were selected where the Kat River crosses the R67 or on farms where the river was accessible using farm roads. Samples were collected from October 2013 to November 2014.The Peak view software and Analyst software were used in the analysis of PPCPs. The XIC Manager allows you to manage large lists of compounds and perform automatic extracted ion chromatogram (XIC) calculations and review results operations. The results were displayed in the chromatogram pane and the XIC table (see results). The results reported here in this thesis indicate that there is contamination in the Kat River water due to both pesticides and PPCPs. The results also indicate that the food products are also contaminated and hence both the Kat River agricultural produce and its water need to be closely monitored for both pesticide and PPCPs contaminants. Further studies to investigate the quantitative levels of pesticides and PPCPs in the Kat river water to determine if the concentration levels of the detected pesticides are below the reported Maximum Residues Limits will be explored in the future.
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Masocha, Reginald. "Technologicalship in e-banking services: a constraint or contributor to relationship marketing in retail banking in East London, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/306.
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Contemporarily, one of the major business demands is to extensively understand the impact of technology on the major business strategies and practices. Technologicalship marketing, a concept investigated in this study, emanates from a symbiosis of technology and relationship marketing. Per se, a prevalent area of debate pertains to whether technology promotes or constrains relationships. Outstandingly, this study pursued the technologicalship marketing concept, a new and vital 21st century suggestion in literature (Zineldin, 2000:16). Secondly, against the scarcity of empirical studies in mass marketing environments, the study at hand focused on retail banking client relationships. Lastly, the proposed meta-construct hypothetical model is an essential relationship marketing instrument. The proposed model consists of four major relationship marketing construct categories, namely, personal contact, customer retention, customer switching and relational exchange. At the hand of these constructs, the research primarily aimed to determine the impact of technology on client relationships in e-banking with the focus of closing the gap prevalent in literature on whether technology constraints or supports relationship marketing. The study focused on retail banking client relationships of the four major commercial banks in East London, Eastern Cape, South Africa. A survey was conducted of a sample of 200 clients selected using the convenience sampling method. The study hypothesised that technology is resulting in more transactional than relationship marketing in retail banking by constraining social constructions, customer retention and relational exchange, whilst, promoting customer switching mobility. Through the GLM regression analysis method, findings of the study established that technology was to a larger extent supporting relationship marketing. However, it is envisaged that technology is resulting in the disappearance of human contact which is a critical aspect of relationships. Conclusively, the researcher recommended that the only plausible strategy is to endeavour to integrate the human aspect at self-service podiums e.g. mounting of staff at ATM points, which most banks have been doing.
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Maphakisa, Motaboli David. "Effectiveness of ABSA business bank's customer relationship management practices in maintaining loyalty among customers in the Eastern Cape province." Thesis, Bloemfontein: Central University of Technology, Free State, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/273.
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Thesis (M. Tech. (Business Administration )) - Central University of Technology, Free State,Traditionally, commercial banking in South Africa has been dominated by the big four namely Amalgamated Banks of South Africa (ABSA), First National Bank (FNB), Nedbank, and Standard Bank. Although still dominated by the big four, other smaller banks such as Capitec and African Bank have made inroads into retail banking. This situation arose due to liberalization of the financial services sector since democratisation in South Africa in 1994 which has paved the way for proliferation of the banking industry. This has in turn led to intense competition among banks for customers. Banks in South Africa therefore have the uphill task of retaining their existing customers whilst acquiring newer ones. As a result, South African banks are being compelled to become more customer focused/ oriented. Meanwhile, a key component of most initiatives to become more customer-oriented is the successful implementation of customer relationship management (CRM). A compelling view of CRM is that organisations generate a great deal of data about customers that they can use to build customer profiles in order to serve them better. South African banks therefore need to adopt and implement innovative CRM strategies to maintain a competitive edge in the marketplace. Most banks have a section that only deals with business clients. This is referred to in banking parlance as Business Banking. One of the critical elements of Business Banking is the high level of relationship banking – a service designed to meet the financial needs of clients through the development of a long-term relationship. This type of service delivery is unique and expensive compared to the traditional retail bank delivery system. As a result, the bank must be in position to monitor the profitability of each relationship to ensure that the right clients are serviced in the right way and are meeting the required value proposition. Therefore, if the South African banks in general need to adopt and implement effective CRM strategies, then the need is even greater for the Business Banking section in order to survive in the marketplace. Absa Business bank went through an operating model change in 2011 which necessitated some structural changes including changes in its CRM practices. Mindful of the value of retaining existing customers and attracting new ones, Absa would want to know whether its current CRM practices are effective in ensuring that customers become more loyal to Absa business bank. In general terms, this study investigated the concept of CRM and its influence on customer loyalty and retention. Specifically, the study investigated Absa Business Bank’s CRM practices in relation to customer loyalty and retention using primary data from employees, management, and customers from the Eastern Cape Region in South Africa. The results of the study are very revealing. Among others, the study shows that bank staff commitment to offering excellent service; building trust with customers; communicating with customers in a timely manner; and proactive conflict handling are important for bank image, customer word-of-mouth behaviour towards the bank and these ultimately influence bank customer retention and loyalty. On the basis of evidence from the study it is safe to conclude that customer loyalty can be attributed to CRM and more specifically those aimed at building trust, demonstrating commitment to service, communicating with customers in a timely, reliable and proactive fashion, and handling conflict efficiently. This report contains the major findings of the study alongside recommendations for practice and further research.
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Loh, Christian. "Bankensysteme in Mittel- und Osteuropa : die Evolution des Bankensystems am Beispiel ausgewählter Transformationsländer /." Hamburg : Kovač, 2008. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/56477121X.pdf.
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Armengol, Ferrer Ferran. "El Banc Europeu de Reconstrucció i Desenvolupament: una institució financera internacional en el marc de la integració europea i la globalització." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7285.
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L'objecte de la present tesi doctoral és l'estudi del Banc Europeu de Reconstrucció i Desenvolupament (BERD), institució financera internacional específicament dedicada a la cooperació a la transició política i econòmica dels estats d'Europa central i oriental. L'estudi és de caràcter essencialment jurídic i analitza la "funció d'adaptació" a la democràcia pluralista i l'economia de mercat dels esmentats estats que desenvolupa el Banc, i els problemes jurídics derivats d'aquesta activitat. La Tesi s'estructura, així, en quatre parts: en la primera s'analitzen els fonaments del marc de cooperació en el qual s'insereix la creació del BERD ; la segona descriu els diversos tipus d'operacions desenvolupades pel banc. La tercera incideix sobre l'estructura institucional del Banc i la quarta, i última, es refereix al règim jurídic del Banc i els mitjans de control polític i judicial de la seva activitat.El objeto de la presente tesis doctoral es el estudio del Banco Europeo de Reconstrucción y Desarrollo (BERD), institución financiera internacional específicamente dedicada a la cooperación a la transición política y económica de los estados de Europa central y oriental. El estudio es de carácter esencialmente jurídico y analiza la "función de adaptación" a la democracia pluralista y la economía de mercado de dichos estados que desarrolla el Banco, y los problemas jurídicos derivados de dicha actividad. La Tesis se estructura, así, en cuatro partes: en la primera se analizan los fundamentos del marco de cooperación en el que se inserta la creación del BERD; la segunda describe los diversos tipos de operaciones desarrolladas por el Banco. La tercera incide sobre la estructura institucional del Banco y la cuarta, y última, se refiere al régimen jurídico del Banco y los medios de control político y judicial de su actividad.
The object of this Ph D thesis is the study of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), international financial institution specifically devoted to the cooperation to the political and economic transition in Central and Eastern Europe States. The study is from essentially juridical character and analyzes the function of adaptation of the aforementioned States to pluralistic democracy and market economy that develops the Bank , and the juridical problems derived from this activity. The Thesis is structured, thus, in four parts: in Part One, the foundations of the frame of cooperation in which the creation of the EBRD is inserted are analyzed; Part Two portrays the several types of operations developed by the Bank. Part Three falls upon the institutional structure of the Bank. Part Four refers to the juridical regime of the Bank and the means of political and judicial control of its activity.
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Tronson, Deidre A. "Volatile compounds in some eastern Australian Banksia flowers." Thesis, 2001. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/140.
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This project was the very beginning of research into the chemistry of eastern Australian banksia flowers. Using dynamic headspace sampling (DHS) analysis, differences in volatile components, consistent with detection of differences in odour, were detected among three different species and one commercial cultivar. Infraspecific variation was also observed between two known subspecies of Banksia ericifolia and between differently coloured forms of Banksia spinulosa var. collina. The cultivar, Banksia 'Giant Candles', was shown to have some of the chemical components of each of its supposed ancestors. The absence of known wound-response chemicals indicated that this DHS method was successful in leaving the inflorescences undamaged throughout the sampling procedure. The Likens-Nickerson modification of classical hydrodistillation methods was useful. The static headspace method (SHS) was easily automated and was shown to be chemically robust and sufficiently sensitive to detect volatile compounds from only a few flowers. The milder DHS method, which minimised mechanical and heat damage to the plant tissue, produced a different set of results. From the results of this project, a suite of volatile compounds has been proposed that may be useful in future behavioural studies to help determine whether animals are attracted to components of banksia odours. These candidates include some compounds that have been reported in animal secretions, wound-response chemicals that may be produced by the plant to aid its communication with other organisms, and a compound (suggested to be sulfanylmethyl acetate) not previously reported from natural sources. The mildest of the three analytical methods used, dynamic headspace sampling, was shown to be suitable for the potential chemotaxonomic evaluation of some members of the Banksia genus.
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Ansari, Mohd Salman. "Working of the regional rural banks in eastern uttar pradesh." Thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/6131.
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Koch, Paul. "Factors influencing food availability for the endangered south-eastern Red-tailed Black Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus banksii graptogyne in remnant stringybark woodland, and implications for management." 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37970.
Full textAbstract:
The problems associated with habitat loss and habitat fragmentation are larely responsible for a decline in biodiversity around the world, yet there are relatively few studies targeting declining populations to determine which aspects of resource availability actually limit population size. The endangered south-eastern Red-tailed Black Cockatoo Calyptorhychus banksii graptogyne is highly specialised, feeding almost entirely on seeds of the closely related stringybark eucalypts Eucalyptus arenacea and Eucalyptus baxteri. The primary objective of the present study was to assess the effects of prescribed burns on food availability to the cockatoos. The problem was approached by first, identifying the key components of food availability (capsule quantity, food value per capsule and tree characteristics) influencing the selection of trees and sites for foraging by the cockatoos, and second, by assessing the impact of prescribed burns on these components and levels of habitat use by the cockatoos. The issue of fire management was thus considered in the context of food availability for the cockatoo population, and in relation to other factors such as periodicities between seed crops and edge effects. Phenology was monitored at six sites to assess patterns of seed production for the two species of stringybark, within and between years. Years of high seed production were followed by years of negligible seed production for both species, but the two species did not produce seed crops in the same year. E. baxteri fruited on an approximate two-to-four year cycle while E. arenacea fruited more consistently on a three year cycle. Sightings records for the south-eastern Red-tailed Black Cockatoo population indicated that the cockatoos moved from regions dominated by E. arenacea into those dominated by E. baxteri following the production of a new seed crop on the latter species. These results suggest that the cockatoos fed almost entirely on the species that had fruited most recently, presumably because new seed crops were depleted to a lesser extent than old seed crops. Comparison of various resource characteristics between feed trees and other trees suggested that aspects of capsule quantity such as capsule density (capsules per branch), crop size (capsules per tree) and cluster size (capsules per pedicel) were more important than aspects of capsule profitability (food value per capsule) in determining food supply for the cockatoos. Foraging observations further demonstrated that cockatoos feeding on branches with high capsule density (> 100 capsules per branch) processed 17 % more capsules per unit time than those feeding on branches with low capsule density (< 100 capsules per branch). These results confirmed that the cockatoos forage less efficiently when feeding on branches with low capsule density. Moreover, the percentage of the day spent foraging increased as the seed crop aged from 52 % for February 2001 to 73 % for February 2002 and 88 % for July 2002, suggesting that foraging efficiency declined as the seed crop aged and was depleted. An extensive survey comparing aspects of capsule availability and levels of habitat use between sites varying in time since fire (3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11 and > 25 years since fire) was used to assess the effects of prescirbed burns on food availability. The survey indicated that prescribed burns have a prolonged and substantial impact on all measures of capsule availability, with effects lasting approximately ten years. It was estimated that trees burnt in the last ten years produced approximately half as much seed as those in long unburt areas. Correspondingly, the percentage of trees used by cockatoos was much lower in burnt areas thatn unburnt areas, increasing steadily as time since fire progressed. An additional survey comparing measures of capsule availability between trees with different levels of canopy scorch (100 %, 50 %, 10-20 % and unburnt groups) was used to determine the effect of fire intensity on subsequent capsule availability. The standing crop of trees (crop size) was approximately inversely proportional to the percentage of canopy scorched. This finding suggests that reducing canopy scorch by lowering the intensity of prescribed burns is an effective way to reduce the effects of prescribed burns on seed availability to the Red-tailed Black Cockatoo. Comparisons of edge trees with interior trees showed that trees at edges produced approximately twice as many capsules per tree. However, the edge effect was restricted to the outermost fringes of remnants, and the cockatoos only used edge trees slightly more intensively than interior trees, but the effect would provide little compensation for the extensive loss of feeding habitat previously incurred. There was substantial evidence in the present study to suggest that food availability may be limiting the south-eastern Red-tailed Black Cockatoo population. This evidence was as follows : ( 1 ) the high percentage of time spent foraging when compared with other Black Cockatoo species, which increased as the seed crop aged and was depleted ; ( 2 ) the high rates of habitat use ( 100 % of unburnt sites were used by cockatoos ; 64 % of trees were used per site ) : ( 3 ) The use of nearly all burnt sites, despite their generally lower productivity : and ( 4 ) the observation that individual sites were re-visited by flocks of cockatoos several times over the course of the study. Therefore, it is essential that the habitat be managed to maximise seed availability. In particular, the study demonstrated that reducing the intensity of prescribed burns has the potential to significantly increase food supply to the cockatoos. Improvements to fire management, when combined with strategic revegetation programmes, have the potential to secure and improve the conservation status of the endangered south-eastern Red-tailed Black Cockatoo.Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, 2005.
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Koch, Paul. "Factors influencing food availability for the endangered south-eastern Red-tailed Black Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus banksii graptogyne in remnant stringybark woodland, and implications for management." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37970.
Full textAbstract:
The problems associated with habitat loss and habitat fragmentation are larely responsible for a decline in biodiversity around the world, yet there are relatively few studies targeting declining populations to determine which aspects of resource availability actually limit population size.
The endangered south-eastern Red-tailed Black Cockatoo Calyptorhychus banksii graptogyne is highly specialised, feeding almost entirely on seeds of the closely related stringybark eucalypts Eucalyptus arenacea and Eucalyptus baxteri. The primary objective of the present study was to assess the effects of prescribed burns on food availability to the cockatoos. The problem was approached by first, identifying the key components of food availability (capsule quantity, food value per capsule and tree characteristics) influencing the selection of trees and sites for foraging by the cockatoos, and second, by assessing the impact of prescribed burns on these components and levels of habitat use by the cockatoos. The issue of fire management was thus considered in the context of food availability for the cockatoo population, and in relation to other factors such as periodicities between seed crops and edge effects.
Phenology was monitored at six sites to assess patterns of seed production for the two species of stringybark, within and between years. Years of high seed production were followed by years of negligible seed production for both species, but the two species did not produce seed crops in the same year. E. baxteri fruited on an approximate two-to-four year cycle while E. arenacea fruited more consistently on a three year cycle. Sightings records for the south-eastern Red-tailed Black Cockatoo population indicated that the cockatoos moved from regions dominated by E. arenacea into those dominated by E. baxteri following the production of a new seed crop on the latter species. These results suggest that the cockatoos fed almost entirely on the species that had fruited most recently, presumably because new seed crops were depleted to a lesser extent than old seed crops.
Comparison of various resource characteristics between feed trees and other trees suggested that aspects of capsule quantity such as capsule density (capsules per branch), crop size (capsules per tree) and cluster size (capsules per pedicel) were more important than aspects of capsule profitability (food value per capsule) in determining food supply for the cockatoos. Foraging observations further demonstrated that cockatoos feeding on branches with high capsule density (> 100 capsules per branch) processed 17 % more capsules per unit time than those feeding on branches with low capsule density (< 100 capsules per branch). These results confirmed that the cockatoos forage less efficiently when feeding on branches with low capsule density. Moreover, the percentage of the day spent foraging increased as the seed crop aged from 52 % for February 2001 to 73 % for February 2002 and 88 % for July 2002, suggesting that foraging efficiency declined as the seed crop aged and was depleted. An extensive survey comparing aspects of capsule availability and levels of habitat use between sites varying in time since fire (3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11 and > 25 years since fire) was used to assess the effects of prescirbed burns on food availability. The survey indicated that prescribed burns have a prolonged and substantial impact on all measures of capsule availability, with effects lasting approximately ten years. It was estimated that trees burnt in the last ten years produced approximately half as much seed as those in long unburt areas. Correspondingly, the percentage of trees used by cockatoos was much lower in burnt areas thatn unburnt areas, increasing steadily as time since fire progressed.
An additional survey comparing measures of capsule availability between trees with different levels of canopy scorch (100 %, 50 %, 10-20 % and unburnt groups) was used to determine the effect of fire intensity on subsequent capsule availability. The standing crop of trees (crop size) was approximately inversely proportional to the percentage of canopy scorched. This finding suggests that reducing canopy scorch by lowering the intensity of prescribed burns is an effective way to reduce the effects of prescribed burns on seed availability to the Red-tailed Black Cockatoo.
Comparisons of edge trees with interior trees showed that trees at edges produced approximately twice as many capsules per tree. However, the edge effect was restricted to the outermost fringes of remnants, and the cockatoos only used edge trees slightly more intensively than interior trees, but the effect would provide little compensation for the extensive loss of feeding habitat previously incurred.
There was substantial evidence in the present study to suggest that food availability may be limiting the south-eastern Red-tailed Black Cockatoo population. This evidence was as follows : ( 1 ) the high percentage of time spent foraging when compared with other Black Cockatoo species, which increased as the seed crop aged and was depleted ; ( 2 ) the high rates of habitat use ( 100 % of unburnt sites were used by cockatoos ; 64 % of trees were used per site ) : ( 3 ) The use of nearly all burnt sites, despite their generally lower productivity : and ( 4 ) the observation that individual sites were re-visited by flocks of cockatoos several times over the course of the study. Therefore, it is essential that the habitat be managed to maximise seed availability. In particular, the study demonstrated that reducing the intensity of prescribed burns has the potential to significantly increase food supply to the cockatoos. Improvements to fire management, when combined with strategic revegetation programmes, have the potential to secure and improve the conservation status of the endangered south-eastern Red-tailed Black Cockatoo.Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, 2005.
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Gwee, Tian Jie. "Capital Regulation, Bank Ownership and Bank Risks: Evidence from Central and Eastern Europe, and Asia." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-352489.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this thesis is to investigate the association of ownership structure and bank risk-taking as well as the effects of capital regulation. This study employs simultaneous equations, panel data and instrumental variables (IV) models on a sample of 192 banks from Eastern Central Europe and Asia Regions from 2005-2014. An assessment was made on how banks adjust their capital level as well as portfolio risks when there is a minimum capital regulatory ratio. The results indicate that firstly, banks react to the capital regulatory pressure by increasing capital and changes in capital and bank risk changes are positively related. Secondly, it is found that Foreign-owned banks have higher default risks than Domestic-owned banks; however, Government-owned banks are more stable in terms of asset risks measure during the year when there is election. When taking the market forces into account, in listed banks, insider owners and institutional owners have positive impacts on asset risks while positive asset risks on listed Government-owned banks only during the election. Finally, the findings also show that when capital regulation is taken as a moderating variable, it has influenced the impacts of ownership structure and bank risk, however, the increasing effects can only be proven for insider owners...