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Branch, Oliver, Andreas Behrendt, Zhecheng Gong, Thomas Schwitalla, and Volker Wulfmeyer. "Convection Initiation over the Eastern Arabian Peninsula." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 29, no. 1 (April 7, 2020): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/metz/2019/0997.
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Kear, Benjamin P., Thomas H. Rich, Mohammed A. Ali, Yahya A. Al-Mufarrih, Adel H. Matiri, Abdu M. Al-Masary, and Mohammed A. Halawani. "First Triassic lungfish from the Arabian Peninsula." Journal of Paleontology 84, no. 1 (January 2010): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/09-098.1.
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Triassic lungfish (Dipnoi) have been extensively documented from the Gondwanan continental and marine shelf deposits of Africa and Madagascar (Teixeira, 1949; Lehman et al., 1959; Beltan, 1968; Martin, 1979, 1981; Kemp 1996), Australia (Kemp, 1993, 1994, 1997a, 1998), India (Jain et al, 1964; Jain, 1968), and Antarctica (Dziewa, 1980). Numerous records also exist from Laurasian landmasses including Europe (Agassiz, 1838; Schultze, 1981), North America (Case, 1921) and central and eastern Asia (Liu and Yeh, 1957; Vorobyeva, 1967; Martin and Ingavat, 1982). By comparison, nothing is known of contemporary lungfish fossils from the Middle East. Thus, the recent recovery of a single tooth plate representing a new geographic occurrence of the genus Ceratodus Agassiz, 1838 from paralic marine deposits of the Jilh Formation, a latest Anisian to lower Carnian unit that crops out along the eastern margin of the Proterozoic Arabian Shield in central Saudi Arabia (Fig. 1), is significant because it provides the stratigraphically oldest record of dipnoans from the Arabian Peninsula.
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Fernandes, Veronica, Nicolas Brucato, Joana C. Ferreira, Nicole Pedro, Bruno Cavadas, François-Xavier Ricaut, Farida Alshamali, and Luisa Pereira. "Genome-Wide Characterization of Arabian Peninsula Populations: Shedding Light on the History of a Fundamental Bridge between Continents." Molecular Biology and Evolution 36, no. 3 (January 21, 2019): 575–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz005.
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Abstract The Arabian Peninsula (AP) was an important crossroad between Africa, Asia, and Europe, being the cradle of the structure defining these main human population groups, and a continuing path for their admixture. The screening of 741,000 variants in 420 Arabians and 80 Iranians allowed us to quantify the dominant sub-Saharan African admixture in the west of the peninsula, whereas South Asian and Levantine/European influence was stronger in the east, leading to a rift between western and eastern sides of the Peninsula. Dating of the admixture events indicated that Indian Ocean slave trade and Islamization periods were important moments in the genetic makeup of the region. The western–eastern axis was also observable in terms of positive selection of diversity conferring lactose tolerance, with the West AP developing local adaptation and the East AP acquiring the derived allele selected in European populations and existing in South Asia. African selected malaria resistance through the DARC gene was enriched in all Arabian genomes, especially in the western part. Clear European influences associated with skin and eye color were equally frequent across the Peninsula.
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Pawlowski, Robert. "Years of Arabian Peninsula gravity exploration by Chevron and its legacy companies, including discovery of the Ghawar and Burgan super-giants." Leading Edge 39, no. 4 (April 2020): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle39040279.1.
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Exploration of the eastern Arabian Platform in the 1930s and 1940s by Chevron and its legacy company Gulf Oil resulted in discovery of Kuwait's super-giant Burgan Field by Gulf Oil in 1938 and Saudi Arabia's super-giant Ghawar Field by California Arabian Standard Oil Company in 1948. Ghawar Field and Burgan Field are widely regarded as the first- and second-largest oil fields in the world, respectively. Gravity methods featured prominently in Gulf's and Chevron's subsurface explorations. Gravity mapping identified the Burgan structure and was important in delineating the Ghawar structural complex. Gravimetric technology continues to provide value for deep exploration in Chevron's Partitioned Zone concession in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.
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Sahin, Ahmet Z., Ahmet Aksakal, and Mehmet Sunar. "Solar-energy availability in the north-eastern Arabian peninsula." Applied Energy 64, no. 1-4 (September 1999): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-2619(99)00106-3.
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Al-Hizab, Fahad A., Nouh S. Mohamed, Marion Wassermann, Mahmoud A. Hamouda, Abdelazim M. Ibrahim, Waleed R. El-Ghareeb, Sherief M. Abdel-Raheem, Thomas Romig, and Rihab A. Omer. "Three species of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato infect camels on the Arabian Peninsula." Parasitology Research 120, no. 6 (April 17, 2021): 2077–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-021-07156-1.
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AbstractWe report on the genetic identity of 36 Echinococcus cysts that were collected during a recent slaughterhouse survey of 810 locally bred camels (dromedaries) in the Eastern Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Analysis of a partial nad1 gene sequence showed that the majority (n = 29) belonged to E. granulosus sensu stricto, four to E. canadensis G6/7, and three to E. ortleppi. Eight of the 29 E. granulosus s.s. cysts contained protoscoleces; all other cysts were calcified and non-viable. This is the first report of the presence E. ortleppi from the Arabian Peninsula, a parasite that is typically transmitted via cattle. The results indicate widespread infection of camels with CE in eastern Saudi Arabia and an active role of camels in the lifecycles of at least E. granulosus s.s.. Complete cox1 haplotype analysis of 21 E. granulosus s.s. isolates shows that the majority of variants circulating in eastern Saudi Arabia is distinct from but closely related to haplotypes from neighboring countries in the Middle East, which indicates the presence of this parasite in KSA for a longer period of time. All isolates of E. granulosus s.s. in this study belonged to the G1 cluster, although the G3 genotype has previously also been reported from the Middle East.
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Shalaby, A., B. Rappenglueck, and E. A. B. Eltahir. "The climatology of dust aerosol over the arabian peninsula." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 2 (January 19, 2015): 1523–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-1523-2015.
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Abstract. Dust storms are considered to be a natural hazard over the Arabian Peninsula, since they occur all year round with maximum intensity and frequency in Spring and Summer. The Regional Climate Model version 4 (RegCM4) has been used to study the climatology of atmospheric dust over the Arabian Peninsula from 1999 to 2012. This relatively long simulation period samples the meteorological conditions that determine the climatology of mineral dust aerosols over the Arabian Peninsula. The modeled Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) has been compared against ground-based observations of three Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) stations that are distributed over the Arabian Peninsula and daily space based observations from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR), the Moderate resolution Imaging SpectroRadimeter (MODIS) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). The large scale atmospheric circulation and the land surface response that lead to dust uplifting have been analyzed. While the modeled AOD shows that the dust season extends from March to August with two pronounced maxima, one over the northern Arabian Peninsula in March with AOD equal to 0.4 and one over the southern Arabian Peninsula in July with AOD equal to 0.7, the observations show that the dust season extends from April to August with two pronounced maxima, one over the northern Arabian Peninsula in April with AOD equal to 0.5 and one over the southern Arabian Peninsula in July with AOD equal to 0.5. In spring a high pressure dominates the Arabian Peninsula and is responsible for advecting dust from southern and western part of the Arabian Peninsula to northern and eastern part of the Peninsula. Also, fast developed cyclones in northern Arabian Peninsula are responsible for producing strong dust storms over Iraq and Kuwait. However, in summer the main driver of the surface dust emission is the strong northerly wind ("Shamal") that transport dust from the northern Arabian Peninsula toward south parallel to the Arabian Gulf. The AERONET shortwave Top of Atmosphere Radiative Forcing (TOARF) and at the Bottom of Atmosphere Radiative Forcing (BOARF) have been analyzed and compared with the modeled direct radiative forcing of mineral dust aerosol. The annual modeled TOARF and BOARF are −3.3 and −12 W m−2, respectively. However, the annual observed TOARF and BOARF are significantly different at −10 and −52 W m−2, respectively. The analysis of observed and modeled TOARF agrees with previous studies in highlighting the need for more accurate specification of surface albedo over the region. Due to the high surface albedo of the central Arabian Peninsula, mineral dust aerosols tend to warm the atmosphere in summer (June–August).
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PENATI, FABIO, and PIERPAOLO VIENNA. "An updated catalogue of the Histeridae (Insecta: Coleoptera) of the Arabian Peninsula, with biogeographical remarks." Zootaxa 1157, no. 1 (March 23, 2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1157.1.1.
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The histerid fauna of the Arabian Peninsula is evaluated. As a result of the study of specimens recently collected in Oman by the scientific expeditions of the Museum of Natural History and Territory of Calci (University of Pisa, Italy), and compiling new data from 15 public and private collections, and literature records, the total number of Histeridae known from the Arabian Peninsula now stands at 67 species, without taking into account dubious species and undetermined taxa (9).Of these 67 species, in total 18 are reported for the first time: 4 for the Arabian Peninsula [Teretrius (Neotepetrius) parasita Marseul, Saprinus (Saprinus) flexuosofasciatus Motschulsky, Chalcionellus hauseri (Schmidt), Hypocacculus (Nessus) hosseinius (Théry)], 9 for Oman [Pachylister luctuosus (Marseul), Hister castus Lewis, Atholus bimaculatus Linnaeus, Atholus scutellaris (Erichson), Saprinus (Saprinus) splendens (Paykull), Hypocacculus (Colpellus) praecox (Erichson), Hypocacculus (Hypocacculus) harmonicus (Marseul), Hypocacculus (Hypocacculus) metallescens (Erichson), Hypocaccus (Hypocaccus) fochi (Auzat)], 2 for Yemen [Saprinus (Saprinus) tenuistrius tenuistrius Marseul, Chalcionellus tunisius (Marseul)] and 3 for Kuwait [Saprinus (Saprinus) moyses Marseul, Pholioxenus mesopotamicus Olexa, Paravolvulus syphax (Reitter)].Histeridae are now known for four national states (Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman and Kuwait), while there are no records for Qatar or United Arab Emirates. An updated comprehensive catalogue of the histerid fauna of the Arabian Peninsula is provided.Analysis of faunal affinities shows that it mostly consists of Palearctic species (24 species, equal to 35.9%), followed by Afrotropical and Afrotropico-Mediterranean species (22 species, 32.8%), and cosmopolitan/subcosmopolitan species (7 species, 10.4%); endemics stand at 5 species (7.5%), while species of undefined chorology at 9 (13.4%). On the whole these numbers fit well the largely accepted biogeographical assumption that indicates the Arabian Peninsula as a transitional zone between the Regions Palearctic, Afrotropic and, to a lesser degree, Indo-Malay (e.g., Büttiker 1979). Moreover, a distinctive distributional pattern has been recognised: “Afrotropical” Histeridae are almost exclusively present in the southern and south-western parts of the peninsula, while “Palearctic” Histeridae are mostly present in the inner central and south-eastern parts of the peninsula.Finally, the synonymy Saprinus (Saprinus) osiris Marseul, 1862 = Saprinus (Saprinus) ornatus Erichson, 1834 stated by Müller (1933), but neglected by Mazur (1976, 1984, 1994, 1997), is considered valid.
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Moraetis, Daniel, Frank Mattern, Andreas Scharf, Gianluca Frijia, Timothy M. Kusky, Ye Yuan, and Issa El-Hussain. "Neogene to Quaternary uplift history along the passive margin of the northeastern Arabian Peninsula, eastern Al Hajar Mountains, Oman." Quaternary Research 90, no. 2 (August 20, 2018): 418–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2018.51.
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AbstractThis work explores the uplift history of the best exposed marine terraces in the northeastern Arabian Peninsula (eastern Al Hajar Mountains). A multidisciplinary approach was employed, including a topographic survey, 14C dating, thin section studies, and scanning electron microscopy analyses. Six distinctive marine terraces with widths ranging from tenth of meters to kilometers and elevations from 5 to ~400 m were studied. These terraces record an along-strike heterogeneous uplift history, while they show temporally variable uplift rates ranging between 0.9 to 6.7 mm/yr, which correlates well with other published uplift rates of marine terraces of the eastern Arabian Peninsula. We attribute the variable uplift along strike of the terraces, to a combination of uplift mechanisms: (1) during early to mid-Miocene along deep-rooted reverse faults that bound large crustal-scale blocks, (2) Pliocene or post-Pliocene uplift on the outer wall of the forebulge of the lower Arabian Plate as it bends to enter the Zagros-Makran subduction zone, and (3) a possible slowdown of subduction for the past ~40 ka.
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Al-Amri, Abdullah M., and Ali A. Gharib. "Lithospheric seismic structure of the eastern region of the Arabian Peninsula." Journal of Geodynamics 29, no. 1-2 (January 2000): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-3707(99)00006-x.
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Schulz, Stephan, Marcel Horovitz, Randolf Rausch, Nils Michelsen, Ulf Mallast, Maximilian Köhne, Christian Siebert, Christoph Schüth, Mohammed Al-Saud, and Ralf Merz. "Groundwater evaporation from salt pans: Examples from the eastern Arabian Peninsula." Journal of Hydrology 531 (December 2015): 792–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.10.048.
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El Hazmi, M. A., A. S. Warsy, N. Bashir, A. Beshlawi, and I. R. Hussain. "Haplotypes of the beta-globin gene as prognostic factors in sickle-cell disease." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 5, no. 6 (December 15, 1999): 1254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/1999.5.6.1154.
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Wecollaborated with researchers from Egypt, Syrian Arab Republic and Jordan in a study of patients with sickle-cell disease from those countries, and from various parts of Saudi Arabia, in order to investigate the influence of genetics on the clinical presentation of the disease, and to attempt to determine the origin of the sickle-cell gene in Arabs. Our results suggest that beta-globin gene haplotypes influence the clinical presentation of sickle-cell disease, and that there are at least two major foci for the origin of the sickle-cell gene, one in the eastern part of Saudi Arabia, and the other in the populations of North Africa and the north-western part of the Arabian peninsula
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Fattah, Hala. "ALEXEI VASSILIEV, The History of Saudi Arabia (London: Saqi Press, 1998). Pp. 482. $69.95 cloth." International Journal of Middle East Studies 32, no. 1 (February 2000): 190–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800002270.
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This is the most complete and perhaps the best treatment of the origins and development of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia yet to appear in the English language. No serious library can afford to pass it up. The author is a Russian scholar who was Middle East correspondent for Pravda for many years, as well as the director of the Institute for African Studies and member of the Russian Foreign Ministry's advisory group. His knowledge of languages is used to great advantage in the book, and his bibliography of Arabic, Turkish, Russian, English, and French works is an impressive contribution to the history of the Arabian Peninsula. Rare indeed is the scholor who has read, let alone been able to retrieve, the number of valuable local histories that Vassiliev has used for the book. Despite its overwhelming attention to detail, his history is written in a fluid and accessible style, holding the reader's attention till the last. The narrative never flags, even when the author reconstructs the minutiae of the almost daily battles between the armies of central, eastern, and western Arabia in great and absorbing detail. In fact, some sections make for riveting reading, especially those in the latter part of the book, when Ibn Saud faces off against the Ikhwan or browbeats both the internal and external opposition to create his own imprint on the Arabian Peninsula.
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Al Naqbi, Halima, Aurélie Mawart, Jawaher Alshamsi, Habiba Al Safar, and Guan K. Tay. "Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) associations with diseases in ethnic groups of the Arabian Peninsula." Immunogenetics 73, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 131–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00251-021-01204-x.
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AbstractSince the discovery of human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), the function of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene families in a wide range of diseases have been the subject of research for decades. In particular, the associations of autoimmune disorders to allelic variants and candidate genes encoding the MHC are well documented. However, despite decades of research, the knowledge of MHC associations with human disease susceptibility have been predominantly studied in European origin, with limited understanding in different populations and ethnic groups. This is particularly evident in countries and ethnic populations of the Arabian Peninsula. Human MHC haplotypes, and its association with diseases, of the variable ethnic groups of this region are poorly studied. This review compiled published manuscripts that have reported a list of autoimmune diseases (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis vulgaris, and multiple sclerosis) associated with MHC class I and class II in the populations of the Arabian Peninsula, specifically Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Data available was compared with other three ethnic groups, namely Caucasians, Asians, and Africans. The limited data available in the public domain on the association between MHC gene and autoimmune diseases highlight the challenges in the Middle Eastern region.
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Heneidy, Selim Z., Marwa Waseem A. Halmy, and Laila M. Bidak. "The ethnobotanical importance and conservation value of native plants in eastern Arabian Peninsula." Feddes Repertorium 128, no. 3-4 (December 2017): 105–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fedr.201600024.
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Murad, A., X. D. Zhou, P. Yi, D. Alshamsi, A. Aldahan, X. L. Hou, and Z. B. Yu. "Natural radioactivity in groundwater from the south-eastern Arabian Peninsula and environmental implications." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 186, no. 10 (June 6, 2014): 6157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-3846-y.
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BORKENHAGEN, KAI. "Molecular phylogeny of the tribe Torini Karaman, 1971 (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes) from the Middle East and North Africa." Zootaxa 4236, no. 2 (February 22, 2017): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4236.2.4.
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Freshwater fishes of the cyprinid tribe Torini are widespread in Africa the Middle East and Indomalaya. The relationships of Middle-Eastern Torini are analysed based on mitochondrial markers (Cyt b, ND4) of the majority of relevant species. I present a larely well resolved phylogeny, which confirms the validity of the morphologically defined genera Arabibarbus, Carasobarbus, Mesopotamichthys and Pterocapoeta. The Torini originated in Indomalaya and colonised Africa via the Middle East. Morocco was colonised two times independently, first from sub-Saharan Africa and secondly along the southern margin of the Mediterranean Sea. The Tigris–Euphrates system is an important crossroad for the colonisation of the Jordan River, the Orontes River and the watercourses of the Arabian Peninsula by freshwater fishes. The Jordan lost its connection to the Euphrates earlier than the Orontes. The Arabian Peninsula was colonised from the Tigris–Euphrates system in at least two independent events.
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Pu, Bing, and Paul Ginoux. "The impact of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation on springtime dust activity in Syria." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 21 (October 31, 2016): 13431–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13431-2016.
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Abstract. The increasing trend of aerosol optical depth in the Middle East and a recent severe dust storm in Syria have raised questions as to whether dust storms will increase and promoted investigations on the dust activities driven by the natural climate variability underlying the ongoing human perturbations such as the Syrian civil war. This study examined the influences of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) on dust activities in Syria using an innovative dust optical depth (DOD) dataset derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Deep Blue aerosol products. A significantly negative correlation is found between the Syrian DOD and the PDO in spring from 2003 to 2015. High DOD in spring is associated with lower geopotential height over the Middle East, Europe, and North Africa, accompanied by near-surface anomalous westerly winds over the Mediterranean basin and southerly winds over the eastern Arabian Peninsula. These large-scale patterns promote the formation of the cyclones over the Middle East to trigger dust storms and also facilitate the transport of dust from North Africa, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia to Syria, where the transported dust dominates the seasonal mean DOD in spring. A negative PDO not only creates circulation anomalies favorable to high DOD in Syria but also suppresses precipitation in dust source regions over the eastern and southern Arabian Peninsula and northeastern Africa.On the daily scale, in addition to the favorable large-scale condition associated with a negative PDO, enhanced atmospheric instability in Syria (associated with increased precipitation in Turkey and northern Syria) is also critical for the development of strong springtime dust storms in Syria.
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Kazerooni, Elham A. "Factors Influencing Bacterial Diversity in the Rhizosphere of Cucumbers and Tomatoes in the Arabian Peninsula." International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 25, no. 05 (May 1, 2021): 1035–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1761.
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The Arabian Peninsula is characterized by generally hot and dry conditions. Although limited studies addressed bacterial diversity in this part of the world, there is a lack of information about bacterial diversity under farming systems. This study investigated bacterial diversity across three farms in Oman, at the South Eastern part of the Arabian Peninsula. Pyrosequencing was used to analyze bacterial communities from the rhizosphere soil of tomatoes and cucumbers grown in the farms. Results revealed that bacterial diversity is variable among various farms. Chao 1 richness and Shannon diversity estimates demonstrated that soils from the three farms differed in the levels of bacterial diversity. Proteobacteria was the major phylum in the soil samples from all farms. Gammaproteobacteria was the main and most abundant class in the rhizosphere soil of cucumber, while Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Bacilli, Actinobacteria, Cytophagia and Nitrospira were common in the rhizosphere soil of tomatoes. The genera Bacillus, Nitrospira, Sphingomonas, Gemmatimonas and Pseudomonas were the most common in the rhizosphere of both crops in the three farms. Principle component analyses showed that bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere of cucumbers and tomatoes was found to be affected by the farming system but not the crop type. The study also presents information about the most common bacterial groups under farming systems in the Arabian Peninsula. Most of the bacterial taxa were saprophytic, suggesting that they play a role in cucumber and tomato growth and disease prevention. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
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Bagaini, Claudio, and Tariq Alkhalifah. "Application of the topographic datuming operator to a data setfrom the Eastern Arabian Peninsula." Geophysical Prospecting 54, no. 6 (November 2006): 731–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.2006.00561.x.
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Abotalib, Abotalib Z., Essam Heggy, Giovanni Scabbia, and Annamaria Mazzoni. "Groundwater dynamics in fossil fractured carbonate aquifers in Eastern Arabian Peninsula: A preliminary investigation." Journal of Hydrology 571 (April 2019): 460–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.02.013.
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Zolina, Olga, Ambroise Dufour, Sergey K. Gulev, and Georgiy Stenchikov. "Regional Hydrological Cycle over the Red Sea in ERA-Interim." Journal of Hydrometeorology 18, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-16-0048.1.
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Abstract The major sources of atmospheric moisture over the Red Sea are analyzed using ERA-Interim for the 1979–2013 period. The vertical structure of moisture transports across the coastlines has been computed separately for the western and eastern coasts of the Red Sea. The vertical structure of the moisture transport from the Red Sea to the continents is dominated by a breeze-like circulation in the near-surface layer and the Arabian high above 850 hPa. The lower-layer, breeze-like circulation is acting to export the moisture to the northwest of Africa and to the Arabian Peninsula and contributes about 80% of the moisture exports from the Red Sea, dominating over the transport in the upper layer, where the moisture is advected to the Arabian Peninsula in the northern part of the sea and to the African continent in the southern part. Integrated moisture divergence over the Red Sea decreased from the early 1980s to 1997 and then increased until the 2010s. Associated changes in the moisture export were provided primarily by the increasing intensity of the breeze-associated transports. The transports above the boundary layer, while being strong across the western and the eastern coasts, have a smaller effect on the net moisture export. The interannual variability of the moisture export in the near-surface layer was found to be closely correlated with the variability in sea surface temperature, especially in summer. Implications of the observed changes in the moisture advection for the hydrological cycle of the Middle East are discussed.
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Hasan, Noorhaidi. "Between Transnational Interest and Domestic Politics: Understanding Middle Eastern Fatwās on Jihad in the Moluccas." Islamic Law and Society 12, no. 1 (2005): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568519053123885.
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AbstractIn 2000 muftīs from the Arabian Peninsula issued seven fatwās in response to requests from the Forum Komunikasi Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jama'ah (FKASWJ), a Salafist movement in Indonesia seeking justification for jihad in the Moluccas. In this essay I analyze these fatwās against the background of the Moluccan conflict and the emergence of FKASWJ.The Arabian muftīs, who participate in a global Salafī discourse on jihad, serve as transnational sources of legitimacy for FKASWJ; and this discourse has important implications for the contestation of the Indonesian public sphere. I argue that FKASWJ and similar communities that have emerged in various parts of the Muslim world are now demanding greater acceptance within the political landscape of their respective countries; and that launching jihad is a means of enhancing their self-proclaimed identity as the most committed defenders of Islam in the nation.
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Cobb, Matthew Adam. "THE RECEPTION AND CONSUMPTION OF EASTERN GOODS IN ROMAN SOCIETY." Greece and Rome 60, no. 1 (March 12, 2013): 136–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383512000307.
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The Roman Empire received goods from eastern lands through a variety of overland routes crossing the Arabian Peninsula and Mesopotamia, and through seaborne trade via the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. In particular, the sea routes that utilized the monsoon winds of the Indian Ocean enabled a significant volume of goods to be imported from the East on ships that may often have been of several hundred tons' capacity. The scale of the trade was significant enough for Pliny to claim that 100 million sesterces were being sent annually to India, China, and Arabia. The veracity of these figures has come in for some debate, especially with the publication of a document known as the Muziris Papyrus, which reveals that a shipment of nard, ivory, and textiles received at one of the Egyptian Red Sea ports in the second centuryadwas valued at the equivalent of roughly 7 million sesterces. It is nevertheless clear, particularly from the archaeological and numismatic evidence, that Roman trade with the East peaked in the first and second centuriesad,followed by subsequent decline and a limited revival in the Late Roman period.
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LAVIN, BRIAN R., and THEODORE J. PAPENFUSS. "The phylogenetic position of Chalcides ocellatus (Squamata: Scincidae) from Yemen and Somalia." Zootaxa 3221, no. 1 (March 5, 2012): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3221.1.2.
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The skink Chalcides ocellatus (Forskal) is distributed around the Mediterranean region, Arabian Peninsula, and Horn of Africa. We examined C. ocellatus from Yemen and Somalia to clarify the biogeography of the species in the region of the Red Sea/Gulf of Aden. We examined 3612 bp of partial and complete mtDNA fragments (12S, 16S, ND1, cyt b, ND4, and adjacent tRNA) and 5380 bp of partial nuclear DNA fragments (BDNF, C-MOS, Rag1, PNN, and R35). Bayesian inference and Maximum-likelihood analysis placed the Somalia and Yemen specimens with those from the Eastern Mediterranean. We were unable to resolve a split between East African (Somalia) and Arabian (Yemen) populations with mtDNA, nuclear loci, and combined loci analyses.
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Meier, Mischa. "The Roman Context of Early Islam." Millennium 17, no. 1 (November 9, 2020): 265–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mill-2020-0009.
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AbstractThe article tries to contribute to a more concrete embedding of early Islam into the context of late antique, in particular late Roman history. It takes its starting point in a description of the phenomenon of liturgification as an overarching process of religious permeation and internalization that swept across Eastern Roman society since the second half of the sixth century and saved society from collapse. During the early seventh century, when the Romans suffered from immense territorial losses to the Persians, liturgification contributed to the survival of the Empire as well. Liturgification, however, radiated out into the territory of the immediate neighbors of the Romans, and thus also reached Arabia by various ways, not least via trade and military contacts, but probably above all through the mediation of the Ǧafnids, who energetically supported Christianization in their area of influence, which extended deep into the Arabian Peninsula. In this way, liturgification itself created the enabling space in which Islam could come into being. The restitutio crucis by Heraclius in Jerusalem, March 21, 630, then lent these developments concrete reference points and impetus. It should be viewed as the culmination of a process that was driven in turn by liturgification and characterized especially by the grave threats that the Eastern Roman-Byzantine Empire faced in its war against the Persians in the early decades of the seventh century. It led to a reconceptualization of the imperial monarchy, which now attributed a messianic quality to the emperor in a highly eschatologically charged context. The emperor, in turn, first effectively tapped the representational potential of this quality in the act of restoring the relics of the True Cross in Jerusalem in 630. This brought about a situation of messianic rivalry, since the rise of the Prophet Muhammad – which was made possible in turn by the penetration of liturgification into Arabian territory – was based on claims similar to those that Heraclius had claimed for himself. The first attacks on Byzantine outposts in the years 629/30 may have been a direct response to the emperor’s self-representation in Jerusalem. They were the beginning of the Muslim armies’ excursions beyond the Arabian Peninsula and thus the beginning of the great Muslim-Arabian Empire that would come into being in the ensuing century. Against this background, the restitutio crucis proves to be vitally important as a turning point in developments both within the Byzantine Empire and beyond its borders.
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Al-Ali, A. M., A. G. Del Campo, and C. Rocha. "Environmental assessment of Mangrove communities in Tarut Bay, Eastern Arabian Peninsula, based on multidisciplinary approach." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7/W3 (April 29, 2015): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-w3-269-2015.
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Tarut Bay contains some of the most important mangrove forests in the Arabian Gulf countries, which are facing significant anthropogenic pressures. A multidisciplinary approach based on remote sensing, fieldwork, and chemical analysis was adopted in order to identify the pressures facing the mangrove communities in Tarut Bay and subsequently evaluate its current environmental condition. The analysis focused on the 2011 to 2014 timeframe in particular. The results indicate that the mangrove communities in Tarut Bay cover currently around 11.32 square km. Two major mangrove cover changes were identified in the area during the studied period, with a net loss of around 0.675 square km happening in the interim. The analysis adopted the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to evaluate the temporal change in vegetation concentration. Moreover, the study evaluated the overall pollution condition of 19 mangrove communities in Tarut Bay to be medium based on the Pollution Load Index (PLI). Nevertheless, some of the mangrove communities in Tarut Bay are very healthy while others are very polluted and require immediate action to improve their pollution status. The findings of this work led to recommending mangrove improvement measures to address further deterioration and disappearance of mangrove communities, including the re-opening of natural inlets and avoiding residential developments on the mangrove coast.
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Bodenheimer, Shalev, Itamar M. Lensky, and Uri Dayan. "Characterization of Eastern Mediterranean dust storms by area of origin; North Africa vs. Arabian Peninsula." Atmospheric Environment 198 (February 2019): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.10.034.
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Farrell, John J., Awatif N. Al-Nafaie, Amein K. Al-Ali, Abdullah M. Al-Rubaish, Zaki Naserullah, Ahmed Alsuliman, Martin H. Steinberg, and Clinton T. Baldwin. "The Evolutionary Impact Of Malaria On The Saudi Arabian Genome." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.1001.1001.
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Abstract The sickle hemoglobin (HbS) gene has a high frequency in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia where it is associated with the Arab-Indian haplotype. This haplotype is characterized by HbF of 15-20% in adults and a disease phenotype that is characterized by milder anemia, splenomegaly, fewer strokes and rare leg ulcers, but with a high frequency of pain, acute chest syndrome and osteonecrosis. The emergence of malaria in Africa several millennia ago provided the selective pressure allowing the evolution of many polymorphisms that protected their carriers from the ravages of malarial infestation; the HbS gene was but one of these protective traits that emerged and reached polymorphic frequencies. The HbS gene found in our subjects from the Eastern Province might have arisen in the Indian aboriginal population of the Indus Valley Harappa culture that might be related to the pre-Arab populations of the Arabian Peninsula and distributed to the Arabian through gene flow to the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman. We completed whole genome sequencing with 40x coverage on 14 unrelated individuals who were homozygous for HbS and from the indigenous population of the Al-Qatif and Al-Hasa region located along the Western shore of the Persian Gulf in the Eastern Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Human settlement in this region dates to 3500 BC and the area was a center of trade between India and present day Iraq. This population has a little admixture with populations from other areas of the Kingdom and has inhabited the area for over 1,000 years. For each individual, there were an average of 3,282,949 SNPs, and 771,332 insertions/deletions among which we searched for variants associated with malaria resistance. Besides HbS, these patients were found to be enriched with malaria resistant variants from: DARC (Duffy Antigen), G6PD, HBA2, TIRAP, SCL4A1, CD36, FCGR2B, ABO, MARVELD3 and ATP2B4. The population has a mix of malaria resistant variants that are found in European, African and Asian populations. Among these genes are several novel variants in functionally important proteins (Table of Malaria Resistant Variants in Saudi Arabians). In CD36 which has a role in the adhesion of infected RBCs, two novel SNPs were discovered that are in functionally important sites. Malaria has therefore been a major evolutionary force on this initial out-of-Africa population. Selective sweeps have resulted in a population with multiple protective variants and a different phenotype of sickle cell disease. Further, mitochondrial analysis of the Saudi Arabian samples found the two most frequent haplogroups were U7a and L both with frequencies of 29% each. The relative high frequency of the African ancestral L haplogroup was unexpected and suggested recent African admixture. To examine this possibility further, we performed formal tests for a history of admixture (“three population” test). This test found no evidence of admixture within the Saudi Arabian population with the African populations. The Saudi genome findings are consistent with the hypothesis that modern humans populated the Middle East 110,000 years before present, became isolated by the changing climate, and due to selective pressures of malaria, the HbS mutation and other malaria resistant variants independently arose outside of Africa.Table of Malaria Resistant Variants in Saudi ArabiansGeneVariantFreqChangeMalaria Disease ResistanceDARCrs28147780.86GATA Binding SiteDuffy blood group system, FY(a-b-) phenotypeDARCrs120750.04G42DDuffy blood group system, FYA/FYB polymorphismFCGR2Brs10505010.36I225TRegulation of antibody productionATP2B4rs49510740.25Main calcium pump of erythrocytesHLA-BHLA*B*53:010.11Immune ResponseCD36rs32118610.10Frame-shiftAdhesion of infected RBCsCD36rs13345120.32UTR-5Adhesion of infected RBCsCD36rs1443442490.10N53SAdhesion of infected RBCsCD36chr7:802860100.03T92MNovel and probably damagingCD36chr7:803002940.03S198PNovel and important targetABOrs81767190.25Blood group type O alleleTIRAPrs81773740.18S180LInnate immune systemHBBrs3341.00E7VHbSHBA2rs637500670.033'UTRAlpha-thalassemia-2 nondeletionalMARVELD3rs23348800.93IntergenicSLC4A1rs50360.07K56EBand 3 MemphisSLC4A1rs50350.07D38AG6PDrs50308680.29S188FG6PD MediterraneanG6PDrs10508290.11N126DG6PD_A+G6PDrs10508280.07V68MG6PD A- Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Hemida, Maged Gomaa, and Hussain Mohammed Al-Ghadeer. "Evidence of Peste des petits Ruminants’ Virus in Dromedary Camels in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia between 2014 and 2016." Veterinary Medicine International 2019 (November 12, 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4756404.
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Infection with the Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a highly devastating viral infection of small ruminants. Dromedary camels live in close proximity of small ruminants in Arabian Peninsula (AP) and many other regions in the world. Little is known about the reasons behind continuous PPRV emergence in Saudi Arabia (KSA). Our objective was to test some dromedary camel population across the kingdom for the presence of specific PPRV antibodies. Our results show detection of specific PPRV antibodies (2.92%) in sera of tested dromedary camels from the eastern and south regions of the KSA. Our results suggest the exposure of dromedary camels to PPRV infection. Thus, dromedary camels may play some important roles in the sustainability of PPRV in the small ruminants across the AP. This is the first study examined the nationwide prevalence of the PPRV in dromedary camels in the KSA.
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Ingham, Bruce. "Notes on the dialect of the Āl Murra of eastern and southern Arabia." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 49, no. 2 (June 1986): 271–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00024162.
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It is widely held belief among bedouins that common linguistic characteristics point to a common genealogical origin. Bearing in mind the importance attached to racial origin amongst bedouins, it is not surprising that they should be keen observers of the dialect of their own and neighbouring tribes. My investigations of the bedouin dialects of the North and East of Arabia do indicate that a common geographical origin is often reflected in a uniform dialect. In this area many bedouin tribes seem to have left an original homeland in the west some 200 years ago, so that in the somewhat isolated conditions of bedouin life their dialect retains the characteristics of the speech of their homeland. A particularly striking case of this is the Rashāyida, a tribe which ‘Arab tradition allies to the Hutaim of north-western Arabia. At some time this tribe broke up and many of them moved east to become clients of the Muṭair. Many others however crossed by sea to the Sudan when they acquired new camels and resumed the nomadic way of life. At present, with the increasing prosperity of Saudi Arabia, many of these have returned as immigrant workers or have been repatriated. Their dialect, however, after a period of perhaps 150 years' separation, is still recognizably of the Najdī type. It would not be possible for dialectology to verify bedouin genealogies; nevertheless, it can be seen that it might support traditions about the earlier location of tribes, since historical sources are not very informative for the medieval period in the Arabian peninsula.
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GÉNIER, FRANÇOIS, and PHILIPPE MORETTO. "Digitonthophagus Balthasar, 1959: taxonomy, systematics, and morphological phylogeny of the genus revealing an African species complex (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)." Zootaxa 4248, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4248.1.1.
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The taxonomy and systematics of the genus Digitonthophagus Balthasar (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Onthophagini) is revised. A detailed study of the male genitalia combined with external morphology suggests that the variability, previously recognized, for D. gazella is hiding a species complex within the Afrotropical region and the Arabian Peninsula. The current study recognizes 16 species; 13 from the Afrotropical region and Arabian Peninsula and three from the eastern portion of the Saharo-Arabian region and the continental Indomalayan region. Species are organized into six species groups based on the results of the morphology-based phylogenetic analysis. The following 12 species are described as new: D. aksumensis Génier new species; D. biflagellatus Génier new species; D. dilatatus Génier new species; D. eucatta Génier new species; D. falciger Génier new species; D. fimator Génier new species; D. namaquensis Génier new species; D. petilus Génier new species; D. sahelicus Moretto new species; D. uks Génier new species; D. ulcerosus Génier new species; and D. viridicollis Génier new species. In order to stabilize nomenclature, lectotypes are designated for Scarabaeus bonasus Fabricius, 1775; Scarabaeus catta Fabricius, 1787, and Onthophagus gazella lusinganus d’Orbigny. A neotype is designated for Scarabaeus dorcas Olivier, 1789 whose status and synonymy need to be altered in order to clarify the status of Scarabaeus gazella auctorum, the widely introduced species with economic importance. A naming scheme is presented for the sclerites of the internal sac. External and male genitalia are illustrated and distribution maps are provided for each species.
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Jish Prakash, P., G. Stenchikov, S. Kalenderski, S. Osipov, and H. Bangalath. "The impact of dust storms on the Arabian Peninsula and the Red Sea." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 13 (July 22, 2014): 19181–245. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-19181-2014.
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Abstract. Located in the dust belt, the Arabian Peninsula is a major source of atmospheric dust. Frequent dust outbreaks and some 15 to 20 dust storms per year have profound effects on all aspects of human activity and natural processes in this region. To quantify the effect of severe dust events on radiation fluxes and regional climate characteristics, we simulated the storm that occurred on 18–20 March 2012 using a regional weather research forecast model fully coupled with the chemistry/aerosol module (WRF-Chem). This storm swept over a remarkably large area affecting the entire Middle East, North-Eastern Africa, Afghanistan and Pakistan. It was caused by a southward propagating cold front and associated winds activated the dust production in river valleys of the lower Tigris and Euphrates in Iraq, the coastal areas in Kuwait, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates, Rub al Khali, An Nafud and Ad Dahna deserts, and along the Red Sea coast on the west side of the Arabian Peninsula. Our simulation results compare well with available ground-based and satellite observations. The total amount of dust generated by the storm reached 93.76 Mt. About 80% of this amount deposited within the calculation domain. The Arabian Sea and Persian Gulf received 5.3 Mt, and the Red Sea 1.2 Mt. Dust particles bring nutrients to marine ecosystems, which is especially important for the oligothrophic Northern Red Sea. However, their contribution to the nutrient balance in the Red Sea remains largely unknown. By scaling the effect of one storm to the number of dust storms observed annually over the Red Sea, we roughly estimate the annual dust deposition to the Red Sea to be 6 Mt.
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Bray, Helen E., and Stephen Stokes. "Temporal patterns of arid-humid transitions in the south-eastern Arabian Peninsula based on optical dating." Geomorphology 59, no. 1-4 (April 2004): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2003.07.022.
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Stewart, Frank H. "Tribal Law in the Arab World: A Review of the Literature." International Journal of Middle East Studies 19, no. 4 (November 1987): 473–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002074380005652x.
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At the time of Napoleon's invasion of Egypt—the conventional starting point of modern Middle Eastern history—central governments in the Arab world had long been exceedingly weak. The situation began to change after 1800: At an early stage, Egypt was brought under firm control, and toward the end of the century the Ottoman regime began to tighten its grip on its Arab subjects. In some places, however —the Arabian peninsula, for instance, or Morocco—it is only within living memory that the authorities have acquired the kind of power over their territories that a modern state is expected to have.
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Alshamlih, Mohammed. "Rüppell’s weaver, Ploceus galbula Rüppell, 1880 invasion of the Eastern Arabian Peninsula: potential economic and social impacts." BioInvasions Records 9, no. 1 (2020): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/bir.2020.9.1.20.
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Kutzbach, John E., Jian Guan, Feng He, Andrew S. Cohen, Ian J. Orland, and Guangshan Chen. "African climate response to orbital and glacial forcing in 140,000-y simulation with implications for early modern human environments." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 5 (January 21, 2020): 2255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1917673117.
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A climate/vegetation model simulates episodic wetter and drier periods at the 21,000-y precession period in eastern North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Levant over the past 140,000 y. Large orbitally forced wet/dry extremes occur during interglacial time, ∼130 to 80 ka, and conditions between these two extremes prevail during glacial time, ∼70 to 15 ka. Orbital precession causes high seasonality in Northern Hemisphere (NH) insolation at ∼125, 105, and 83 ka, with stronger and northward extended summer monsoon rains in North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula and increased winter rains in the Mediterranean Basin. The combined effects of these two seasonally distinct rainfall regimes increase vegetation and narrow the width of the Saharan–Arabian desert and semidesert zones. During the opposite phase of the precession cycle (∼115, 95, and 73 ka), NH seasonality is low, and decreased summer insolation and increased winter insolation cause monsoon and storm track rains to decrease and the width of the desert zone to increase. During glacial time (∼70 to 15 ka), forcing from large ice sheets and lowered greenhouse gas concentrations combine to increase winter Mediterranean storm track precipitation; the southward retreat of the northern limit of summer monsoon rains is relatively small, thereby limiting the expansion of deserts. The lowered greenhouse gas concentrations cause the near-equatorial zone to cool and reduce convection, causing drier climate with reduced forest cover. At most locations and times, the simulations agree with environmental observations. These changing regional patterns of climate/vegetation could have influenced the dispersal of early humans through expansions and contractions of well-watered corridors.
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Patlakas, Platon, Christos Stathopoulos, Helena Flocas, Nikolaos S. Bartsotas, and George Kallos. "Precipitation Climatology for the Arid Region of the Arabian Peninsula—Variability, Trends and Extremes." Climate 9, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli9070103.
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The Arabian Peninsula is a region characterized by diverse climatic conditions due to its location and geomorphological characteristics. Its precipitation patterns are characterized by very low annual amounts with great seasonal and spatial variability. Moreover, extreme events often lead to flooding and pose threat to human life and activities. Towards a better understanding of the spatiotemporal features of precipitation in the region, a thirty-year (1986-2015) climatic analysis has been prepared with the aid of the state-of-the-art numerical modeling system RAMS/ICLAMS. Its two-way interactive nesting capabilities, explicit cloud microphysical schemes with seven categories of hydrometeors and the ability to handle dust aerosols as predictive quantities are significant advantages over an area where dust is a dominant factor. An extended evaluation based on in situ measurements and satellite records revealed a good model behavior. The analysis was performed in three main components; the mean climatic characteristics, the rainfall trends and the extreme cases. The extremes are analyzed under the principles of the extreme value theory, focusing not only on the duration but also on the intensity of the events. The annual and monthly rainfall patterns are investigated and discussed. The spatial distribution of the precipitation trends revealed insignificant percentage differences in the examined period. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the eastern part and the top half of the western Arabian Peninsula presented the lowest risk associated with extreme events. Apart from the pure scientific interest, the present study provides useful information for different sectors of society and economy, such as civil protection, constructions and reinsurance.
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Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko. "Middle Eastern Studies in Finland." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 38, no. 1 (June 2004): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400046411.
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The tradition of Middle Eastern studies in Finland is long but rather thin. The chair for Oriental Languages (mainly Hebrew and Aramaic) was established at Turku University in 1640, changing its name (Linguarum Orientalium Professio) several times over the years before becoming Semitic Languages. After the great fire destroyed almost the whole city of Turku, the university was relocated to Helsinki in 1828. In the mid-19th century, the chair was held by G.A. Wallin (d. 1852), an explorer of the Arabian Peninsula (and a visitor to the holy city of Mecca) and one of the first scholars, worldwide, to study Arabic dialects. In the latter part of the 19th century, Assyriology became the most flourishing field of Middle Eastern Studies in Finland, several great Assyriologists, such as Knut Tallqvist (d. 1949), holding the chair of Oriental Languages. Though concentrating on Assyriology, Assyriologists also kept alive Arabic philological studies, which gained additional weight in the 1960s when the Assyriologist and Comparative Semitist Jussi Aro (d. 1983) was appointed as professor. He retrained himself as a dialectologist, working with Lebanese dialects. It was only in 1980 that a chair for Arabic Language was established and another dialectologist, Heikki Palva, was appointed to it in 1982. After the retirement of Professor Palva in 1998, the chair was renamed Arabic and Islamic Studies. The chair, at the Institute for Asian and African Studies (IAAS, University of Helsinki), has been held by the present writer, Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila, since 2000.
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Barbet-Massin, Morgane, Bruno A. Walther, Wilfried Thuiller, Carsten Rahbek, and Frédéric Jiguet. "Potential impacts of climate change on the winter distribution of Afro-Palaearctic migrant passerines." Biology Letters 5, no. 2 (February 25, 2009): 248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0715.
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We modelled the present and future sub-Saharan winter distributions of 64 trans-Saharan migrant passerines to predict the potential impacts of climate change. These predictions used the recent ensemble modelling developments and the latest IPCC climatic simulations to account for possible methodological uncertainties. Results suggest that 37 species would face a range reduction by 2100 (16 of these by more than 50%); however, the median range size variation is −13 per cent (from −97 to +980%) under a full dispersal hypothesis. Range centroids were predicted to shift by 500±373 km. Predicted changes in range size and location were spatially structured, with species that winter in southern and eastern Africa facing larger range contractions and shifts. Predicted changes in regional species richness for these long-distance migrants are increases just south of the Sahara and on the Arabian Peninsula and major decreases in southern and eastern Africa.
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Gorochov, A. V. "Systematic position of the Hymenoptila Chopard and notes on the geographic history of Gryllomorphinae (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)." Zoosystematica Rossica 25, no. 2 (December 27, 2016): 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2016.25.2.216.
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The former genus Hymenoptila Chopard, 1943 (of mainly African distribution) is placed in the genus Gryllomorpha Fieber, 1853 as its third subgenus (stat. nov.). The following hypothesis about the history of distribution of Gryllomorphinae is proposed: originally, two tribes of this subfamily were geographically isolated from each other by Tethis Ocean (Petaloptilini in South Europe and Asia Minor; Gryllomorphini in North Africa including Arabian Peninsula); later, after the arising of terrestrial contacts between Africa and Eurasia, the Gryllomorphini penetrated to more northern and more eastern territories (Europe and other parts of Southwest Asia) by two ways; but the Petaloptilini was probably not able to go beyond the limits of Europe, Asia Minor and some nearest islands.
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Guzowski, Andrzej. "Rentier state as an obstacle to development in the Middle East." Politikon: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science 21 (October 1, 2013): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22151/politikon.21.3.
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Many Middle Eastern countries, especially the ones in Arabian Peninsula, are well-known for being rich with oil and gas. While it could be considered a blessing by many, it is becoming more and more apparent that the abundance of natural resources in the region is a double-edged sword and a form of a natural resource trap. Many countries have become so-called “rentier states”, funding their operations and their very structures by renting their resources to external actors. While it may seem like a profitable political move at first, said overreliance conserved the structure of economies in the Middle Eastern, never forcing the countries to develop effectively, thus making most of the produced goods, other than oil and gas, uncompetitive on the international market. Long term, it may prove disastrous for the Middle East as eventually the resources are going to get exhausted and said countries will be left with nothing but an economic structure unadjusted to the 21stcentury.
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Derbenev, A. S. "SAUDI ARABIA AT THE TOP OF POLITICAL TURBULENCE." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 3 (13) (2020): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-3-273-285.
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The States of Arabian Peninsula are now going through a challenging period of their history. The history of Arab states have never been easy. The current period of political turbulence is associated with military and political conflicts in the Middle Eastern region, especially in Syria and Yemen. The current situation takes an extremely serious turn. At the beginning of the 21st century, Riyadh’s political confronted a set of conditions that encompasses the Arab people's existential problems. There is an obvious trend that can hardly be assessed as advantageous due to the fact that this problem will naturally create background for the essential convergence of the interests of the Arab regional space’s different segments that will exist in the new political realm. In the early 21st century rapid changes and important events occurred in the world politics, and in the Eastern part of the Arab-Muslim world alike. The Saudi monarchy has no doubt that the foreign policy schemes are fragile and for this reason it looks toward diversifying its foreign policy.
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Al Garoo, Asmahan. "Rise and fall of Maritime Hubs in Pre-Islamic Arabia." Journal of Arts and Social Sciences [JASS] 8, no. 3 (February 16, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jass.vol8iss3pp57-69.
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Since prehistoric times, the geography of the Arabian Peninsula had a great impact on the growth and development of centers of civilization and maritime hubs. Indeed, starting from the third millennium BC, a number of urban centers of civilization have emerged in the Arab region such as Mesopotamia, Magān (old name of Oman), Dilmun (Bahrain), Pharaonic Egypt, Phoenicia, the Nabataeans, and the ancient South Arabia (Yemen) where such centers reached a high level of development and growth. Arab trade reached a peak in the 1st millennium BC due to the commerce of frankincense and myrrh. The Arabs, who had mastered sea navigation through geographical and astronomical knowledge and had a great experience of maritime routes as well as the secrets of the monsoon and boat industry, dominated the vast eastern trade. During the fourth century AD, the world began to see signs of serious conflicts with religious dimensions and huge political and economic consequences. Furthermore, the lucrative Arab trade of incense lost its importance because of the demise of paganism in the Middle East and Europe. With the emergence of Islam, the Arabs regained their lost maritime domination in the Indian Ocean.
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Alnaeem, Abdelmohsen Abduallah, Abdulkareem Al-Shabeb, and Maged Gomaa Hemida. "Evaluation of the immune status of birds and domestic and companion animals for the influenza A virus in Eastern Saudi Arabia." Veterinary World 13, no. 9 (2020): 1966–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.1966-1969.
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Background and Aim: Influenza type A virus infections are still one of the major concerns for the health of humans and various species of domestic and companion animals. Wild birds play an essential role in the transmission cycle of the virus. Regularly monitoring the spread of the virus is a significant step in its mitigation. Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, including H5N1 and H5N8, have been reported in birds in the Arabian Peninsula, including Saudi Arabia, in recent decades. This study aimed to evaluate the immune status of birds, domestic and companion animals for Influenza type A virus in Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: We collected 195 serum samples from dromedary camels, sheep, goats, native breed chickens, doves, dogs, and cats. We tested these sera for the presence of specific antibodies against influenza type A virus using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Our results show that 4% of the tested samples had antibodies in sera, including some doves, chickens, and dogs. These data suggest exposure and seroconversion of these animals or birds to the influenza type A virus. Conclusion: The presence of antibodies against influenza type A virus in sera of some animals and birds without a previous vaccination history against the virus indicates a natural exposure history regarding this virus and seroconversion. Further large-scale molecular and epidemiological studies are needed to obtain a better understanding of the dynamics of influenza type A virus among various species of animals and birds.
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UMINO, Susumu, Hideo ISHIZUKA, and Satoko SUZUKI. "Trace of magma plumbing system near the spreading axis in the Semail Ophiolite, northern Oman Mountains, eastern Arabian Peninsula." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 104, no. 3 (1995): Plate3—Plate4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.104.3_plate3.
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Kostopoulou, E., C. Giannakopoulos, M. Hatzaki, A. Karali, P. Hadjinicolaou, J. Lelieveld, and M. A. Lange. "Spatio-temporal patterns of recent and future climate extremes in the eastern Mediterranean and Middle East region." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 6 (June 23, 2014): 1565–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1565-2014.
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Abstract. Recent and future changes in temperature and precipitation climate extremes are estimated using the Hadley Centre PRECIS ("Providing REgional Climates for Impacts Studies") climate model for the eastern Mediterranean and Middle East region. The area of interest is considered vulnerable to extreme climate events as there is evidence for a temperature rise while precipitation tends to decline, suggesting likely effects on vital socioeconomic sectors in the region. Observations have been obtained for the recent period (1961–1990) and used to evaluate the model output. The spatial distribution of recent temporal trends in temperature indicates strong increasing in minimum temperature over the eastern Balkan Peninsula, Turkey and the Arabian Peninsula. The rate of warming reaches 0.4–0.5 °C decade−1 in a large part of the domain, while warming is expected to be strongest in summer (0.6–0.7 °C decade−1) in the eastern Balkans and western Turkey. The trends in annual and summer maximum temperature are estimated at approximately 0.5 and 0.6 °C decade−1 respectively. Recent estimates do not indicate statistically significant trends in precipitation except for individual sub-regions. Results indicate a future warming trend for the study area over the last 30 years of the 21st century. Trends are estimated to be positive and statistically significant in nearly the entire region. The annual trend patterns for both minimum and maximum temperature show warming rates of approximately 0.4–0.6 °C decade−1, with pronounced warming over the Middle Eastern countries. Summer temperatures reveal a gradual warming (0.5–0.9 °C decade−1) over much of the region. The model projects drying trends by 5–30% in annual precipitation towards the end of the 21st century, with the number of wet days decreasing at the rate of 10–30 days year−1, while heavy precipitation is likely to decrease in the high-elevation areas by 15 days year−1.
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Cao, Jie, Ping Yao, Lin Wang, and Kui Liu. "Summer Rainfall Variability in Low-Latitude Highlands of China and Subtropical Indian Ocean Dipole." Journal of Climate 27, no. 2 (January 15, 2014): 880–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00121.1.
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Abstract Based on reanalysis and observational datasets, this study proposes a reasonable mechanism for summer rainfall variations over the low-latitude highlands (LLH) of China, in which a subtropical Indian Ocean dipole (SIOD)-like pattern is the key external thermal forcing. In summers with a positive SIOD-like pattern, sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies may lead to lower-tropospheric divergence over the tropical Indian Ocean and convergence over the subtropical southwestern Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea. The convergence over the Arabian Sea can induce easterly anomalies of the divergent wind component off the eastern coast of the Bay of Bengal (BOB), while the divergence over the tropical Indian Ocean can change the interhemispheric vertical circulation and produce a descending motion over the same area and cyclonic anomalies in the rotational wind component over the Indian peninsula. The combined effect of the divergent and rotational wind anomalies and enhanced interhemispheric vertical circulation facilitates easterly anomalies and weakens climatological water vapor flux to the northern BOB. Therefore, anomalous water vapor divergence and less precipitation are observed over the LLH. In summers with a negative SIOD-like pattern, the situation is approximately the same but with opposite polarity and a weaker role of the divergent wind component. Further analyses indicate that the summertime SIOD-like pattern can be traced to preceding seasons, especially in positive SIOD-like years. The SST–wind–evaporation feedback mechanism could account for maintenance of the SIOD-like pattern. These results provide efficient prediction potential for summer rainfall variations over the LLH.
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Xu, Li, and Zi-Liang Li. "Impacts of the Wave Train along the Asian Jet on the South China Sea Summer Monsoon Onset." Atmosphere 12, no. 9 (September 18, 2021): 1227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12091227.
Full textAbstract:
The South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon (SCSSM) onset signifies the commencement of large-scale summer monsoon over East Asia and the western North Pacific (WNP). Previous studies on the influencing factors of the SCSSM onset mainly focus on the tropical systems, such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This study reveals that the wave train along the Asian jet could act as an extratropical factor to modulate the SCSSM onset, and it is largely independent of ENSO. The SCSSM onset tends to be earlier during the positive phase of the wave train (featured by northerly anomalies over Central Iran plateau and eastern China, southerly anomalies over Arabian Peninsula, eastern Indian subcontinent, and eastern Bonin islands). The wave train affects the SCSSM onset mainly via modulating the WNP subtropical high. The wave train during the positive phase can induce negative geopotential height anomalies in the mid-troposphere and anomalous cyclones in the lower-troposphere over the SCS and the Philippine Sea, leading to the weakening of the WNP subtropical high. Specifically, the anomalous ascending motions associated with the low-level cyclone are favorable for the increased rainfall over the SCS, and the anomalous westerly on the south of the anomalous cyclone is conducive to the transition of the zonal wind (from easterly to westerly). The above circulation anomalies associated with the positive phase of the wave train provide a favorable environment for the advanced SCSSM onset.
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Nazemosadat, M. J., and H. Ghaedamini. "On the Relationships between the Madden–Julian Oscillation and Precipitation Variability in Southern Iran and the Arabian Peninsula: Atmospheric Circulation Analysis." Journal of Climate 23, no. 4 (February 15, 2010): 887–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli2141.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The influence of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) on daily, monthly, and seasonal precipitation was investigated for southern Iran and the Arabian Peninsula using November–April data for the period of 1979–2005. The positive MJO phase is considered to be the periods for which the enhanced convection center was placed over the south Indonesian–north Australian region. On the other hand, the convection center shifts over the western Indian Ocean tropics and most of the study area as the negative MJO phase prevails. Seasonal precipitation and the frequency of wet events were significantly increased during the negative phase. The ratios of the precipitation amount during the negative phase to the corresponding values during the positive phase were about 1.75–2.75 and 2.75–4.00 for the southwestern and southeastern parts of Iran, respectively. This ratio reached to about 3.00 for Riyadh, 4.20 and 5.50 for Masqat and Doha, 2.10 for Kuwait, and 1.20 for Bahrain. The results of the seasonal and monthly analysis were generally found to be consistent, although because of the smaller sample size the outcomes of the monthly investigations were less statistically significant. While the negative MJO phase does not have a consistent effect on March precipitation over some parts of southern Iran, it has consistently enhanced precipitation over the eastern and southern coasts of the peninsula in Oman, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia. During the negative MJO phase, while enhanced low-level southerly winds transfer a substantial amount of moisture to the study area, upward motion increases in the middle layers of the atmosphere. Synchronized with the prevalence of these rain-bearing southerly winds, the existence of a strong horizontal wind speed gradient at the exit region of the North Africa–Arabian jet enhances precipitation. The jet exit, which was mostly located over Egypt in November, moved westward into the study area in Iran and Saudi Arabia during the rainy period of January–March. The direction of near-surface wind anomalies changed from mostly southeasterly in November to southwesterly in March and April, influencing precipitation pattern during various months of the rainy season. In contrast to the negative phase, an enhanced low-level dry northerly wind and suppressed horizontal wind speed gradient at the jet exits are the main characteristics of atmospheric circulation over the study area during the positive MJO phase. Furthermore, an increased downward air motion at the middle levels of the atmosphere and a significant shortage in precipitation are the other climatic components of the southwest Asian region during such a period.