Journal articles on the topic 'East Prussia (Germany)'
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1
Colla, Marcus. "Constructing the Prussia-Myth in East Germany, 1945–61." Journal of Contemporary History 54, no. 3 (July 26, 2018): 527–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009418768860.
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In postwar East Germany, dealing with the history of Prussia was problematic. While ‘Prussianism’ or the ‘Spirit of Prussia’ was widely perceived as a central cause of Nazism, it also could not be ignored when developing ‘progressive’ narratives of German history. This article investigates the political, intellectual and symbolic construction of a ‘Prussia-myth’ in the early postwar years. In particular, it investigates how the ‘Prussia-myth’ was adapted to changing political conditions, the theoretical contradictions this engendered, and the manner in which historians and cultural figures dealt with these problems when educating the East German population at large.
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Colla, Marcus. "Prussian Palimpsests: Historic Architecture and Urban Spaces in East Germany, 1945–1961." Central European History 50, no. 2 (June 2017): 184–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938917000280.
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AbstractThis article considers the fate of Prussian buildings and memorials in East Germany between 1945 and 1961. Analyzing a number of case studies from Berlin and Potsdam, it places the treatment of these structures within the broader contours of history management practices. Although this era was characterized by a strong anti-Prussian sentiment in the GDR's historical discourse, it also witnessed a complex interaction between the SED and its historical inheritance. This interaction often influenced decisions about the fate of Prussian structures in the GDR as much as any animosity toward Prussia as a historical entity did.
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Shindo, Rikako. "EAST PRUSSIA, LITHUANIA AND THE SOVIET UNION AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR: THE FOREIGN STRATEGY OF A GERMAN EXCLAVE DURING THE 1920S." Problems of World History, no. 1 (March 24, 2016): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2016-1-8.
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This paper deals with the foreign strategy of East Prussia after World War I. Special consideration is given to the ways in which East Prussia tried to overcome the political and economic difficulties that had arisen when it found itself surrounded on all sides by foreign countries during the 1920s. After the World War I, East Prussia aimed to re-establish its previous trade relations with the regions of the former Russian Empire. The intensive struggle for survival in which the local and regional governments of Königsberg and its economic representatives were involved resulted from the fact that the province now formed an exclave – a unique situation not only in the history of Prussia, but also in the history of Germany. Owing to the unsolvable territorial conflicts in Eastern Europe, all attempts to come to terms with the situation and its implications were doomed to have only very limited success.
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BOCHACZEK-TRĄBSKA, Joanna. "ACTIVITY OF BRANCH 3 IN BYDGOSZCZ IN THE 1930s. OPERATION “WÓZEK”." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 162, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0002.3221.
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From the moment Poland regained independence, national security was threatened by Germany. This article shows the activity of Branch 3 of Unit II of the General Staff of the Polish Army in Bydgoszcz in the face of the war threat. Branch 3 conducted both military intelligence and counterintelligence activities. Operation “Wózek” carried out by the branch is worth attention. Its objective was to check German parcels, especially military ones, transported from Germany to East Prussia and the Free City of Gdańsk [Polish: Wolne Miasto Gdańsk]. Such a way of obtaining valuable intelligence material was not only important but also inexpensive. Operation “Wózek” contributed to the identification of German preparations for their aggression against Poland in September 1939.
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Knyżewski, Jakub. "Konstruowanie historii regionu. Przeszłość i pamięć na lamach olsztyńskiej „Borussii"." Kultura i Społeczeństwo 55, no. 4 (November 22, 2011): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2011.55.4.13.
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The article elaborates on the accomplishments of those centered round a magazine “Borussia. Culture. History. Literature” which, while following a constructivist vision of history, seeks an answer to a question about a role of the heritage of East Prussia and Germany in contemporary Poland. Thus, a challenge has been taken to not only examine the region’s past, but also to examine the creation of contemporary civil society which is aware of what was the past of the land on which they live. Elements of multicultural image of East Prussia emerging from “Borussia” articles, create a metaphoric “Atlantis of the North” — idealized multicultural land, dominated by the spirit of tolerance. Such an image, together with the idea of “open regionalism” comprises a preferred image of contemporary regional identity.
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Alvis, Robert E. "Holy Homeland: The Discourse of Place and Displacement among Silesian Catholics in Postwar West Germany." Church History 79, no. 4 (November 26, 2010): 827–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640710001046.
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The author of the above quotation, Rudolf Jokiel, was one of over twelve million ethnic Germans expelled from their homes in Germany's eastern provinces (East Prussia, Pomerania, Brandenburg, and Silesia), the Sudetenland, and other pockets of Eastern Europe at the end of World War II and resettled within the country's truncated postwar borders. The expellees bitterly lamented their enforced exile, and many Christians within this population shared Jokiel's sentiments concerning the connection between faith and homeland. Those who settled in the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) developed an elaborate network of overlapping subcultures dedicated to preserving their memories of lost homelands and advocating for their right to return there. In the process, these lands came to acquire a distinctly religious aura, holy places that were integral to their spiritual well-being.
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Eberhardt, Piotr. "Przemiany narodowościowe w Kraju Kłajpedzkim w XX wieku." Sprawy Narodowościowe, no. 37 (February 18, 2022): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sn.2010.023.
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Population Transformations in the Klaipeda Region in the 20th CenturyThe Klaipeda Region is now an integral part of Lithuania. This was not, however, always the case; the region has a strong German history. (Its historical German name was Memelland, while in Lithuanian it was called Klaipedos Krastas.) Until 1525, the Klaipeda Region belonged to the Teutonic Order, but later changed hands several times. Initially, it belonged to the Duchy of Prussia (until 1701; and until 1657 was dependent as a fief of Poland), was later controlled by the Kingdom of Prussia (until 1871), and then finally became part of the German Empire (until 1919). For Germans, the province was a historical part of Eastern Prussia until 1945. For Lithuanians, the Klaipeda Region, as well as the area located along the north-eastern part of East Prussia on the south bank of the Neman River, was known as Little Lithuania (Lithuania Minor). The Lithuanians considered this territory to be their own ethnic land, which was wrongfully subjected to gradual Germanization. Before World War II this area was inhabited by Protestants who spoke Lithuanian or German. The 1920 census lists the territory’s population at 150,700, of which 71,000 declared German to be their first language, while 67,000 declared Lithuanian.The article first discusses the historical and political background of events in the Klaipeda Region in the first half of the 20th century. Next the author analyzes in a dynamic approach the demographic and ethnic structure of the population. His attention is later focused on the period of World War II when the province was incorporated into the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. In the Soviet period, a major part of the local population was expelled to Germany, while the remaining residents were identified as either Lithuanians or Russians such that the province was no longer dominated by the Protestant and German speaking population. The final part of the article deals with the present demographic and ethnic situation. As a result of the postwar political and economic migrations, a majority of the people in the province now identify themselves as Lithuanian and Catholic. Lithuania, owing to the port of Klaipeda, has now an unrestricted access to sea.
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Steinmetz, George. "Empire in three keys." Thesis Eleven 139, no. 1 (April 2017): 46–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513617701958.
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Germany was famously a latecomer to colonialism, but it was a hybrid empire, centrally involved in all forms of imperial activity. Germans dominated the early Holy Roman Empire; Germany after 1870 was a Reich, or empire, not a state in the conventional sense; and Germany had a colonial empire between 1884 and 1918. Prussia played the role of continental imperialist in its geopolitics vis-à-vis Poland and the other states to its east. Finally, in its Weltpolitik – its global policies centered on the navy – Germany was an informal global imperialist. Although these diverse scales and practices of empire usually occupied distinct regions in the imaginations of contemporaries, there was one representational space in which the nation-state was woven together with empire in all its different registers: the Berlin trade exhibition of 1896. Because this exhibition started as a local event focused on German industry, it has not attracted much attention among historians of colonial and world fairs. Over the course of its planning, however, the 1896 exhibition emerged as an encompassing display of the multifarious German empire in all its geopolitical aspects. The exhibition attracted the attention of contemporaries as diverse as Georg Simmel and Kaiser Wilhelm. In contrast to Simmel and later theorists, I argue that it represented the empire and the nation-state, and not simply the fragmenting and commodifying force of capitalism. In contrast to Timothy Mitchell, I argue that the exhibit did not communicate a generic imperial modernity, but made visible the unique multi-scaled political formation that was the German empire-state.
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Leonova, V. A., and T. S. Petrova. "FEATURES OF FORMATION OF LANDSCAPE-ECOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK (LEK) OF RESORT CITY ZELENOGRADSK OF KALININGRAD REGION." Landscape architecture in the globalization era, no. 2 (2021): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37770/2712-7656-2021-2-19-31.
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Kaliningrad Region (Konigsberg) is a semi-excave of Russia that does not have a common land border with its main territory, but is connected to it by sea. It reached our country as a result of the victory over Germany in 1945. This region bears the imprint of the historical and cultural development of East Prussia, has its own specificity in the development of natural landscapes and causes special professional interest in the development of the landscape and ecological framework (LEC) of the famous German resort city of Krantz (Zelenogradsk). The article gives some historical maps, on the basis of which an analysis of the development of natural landscapes and the formation of the LEK of the city of Krantz was made. It was also analyzed by the case of the element frame: urban planning and transport axes, types of the spatial structure of the city and two large landscape objects. Materials are given historical photographs, which show the promenade, buildings and structures, elements of urban landscaping. Materials is recalled about the reforestation of the dunes, information is given about the Plantage park and its elements, which are the green core of the modern city.
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Kaunas, Domas. "Lithuanian Postcard in the struggle against Imperial Russia." Knygotyra 79 (December 30, 2022): 71–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2022.79.121.
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The article is devoted to a peculiar episode of the struggle of Lithuanians against the policy of persecution based on nationality which was pursued by Imperial Russia between 1864 and 1904. Its participants were representatives of the parts of the Lithuanian nation separated by the border between Germany and the Russian Empire – Martynas Jankus (1858–1946), a German citizen, a Lithuanian of East Prussia, the owner of a printing office in Tilsit (Lith. Tilžė, currently Sovetsk, a town in Kaliningrad Oblast, the Russian Federation) and a group of Lithuanian young people who were operating illegally, a group of citizens of the Russian Empire. The time under discussion is the 1890s. During that period, the Lithuanian national movement was rapidly developing and strengthening while striving to bring together both parts of the nation and the USA-based Lithuanian diaspora community. One of the most important measures of the common struggle was the distribution of publications printed in Latin characters in the Lithuanian language which were banned to be published in the territory of Russia but were legally printed in East Prussia and smuggled across the border into Lithuania. From there, the publications were sent to Lithuanian communities all over the Russian Empire. This struggle resulted in victory: the ban was lifted by Order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Russia issued in 1904.
To strengthen the political opposition, Lithuanian intellectuals printed not only books, brochures and newspapers but also various minor publications – political leaflets. Students of Russian universities and Lithuanian intellectuals graduates of these higher education institutions prepared texts and sent funds intended for their publication to the printing offices of Lithuanians and Germans in East Prussia. The number of such leaflets surviving to the present day is very small. One of these publications was an anonymous card of the size of a standard German postcard (95 x 140 mm). Thus far, three of them have been found in Lithuanian libraries and archives, and one has been discovered in the National Library of Russia in Saint Petersburg. A composition of two illustrations is printed on one side of the card: a Lithuanian countrywoman and a Cossack standing in front of her with a raised whip and a bottle of vodka as a gift for obedience. This symbolised a spread of orthodoxy and the deportation of Lithuanians from their native land. The following exclamation of the Cossack is printed: Are you a Lithuanian? Go to Russia! The explanation of the content of the illustration and the encouragement (first of all, to Catholic believers) to oppose the plans of the authorities are printed in small characters. They are related to the colonisation of Siberia. The statements are well-grounded, the exposition of the subject is logical and written in the correct Lithuanian language. Most probably, it was created by the graduate of the Faculty of Law of the University of Moscow Vladas Mačys (1867–1936).
Vaclovas Biržiška, Professor of Law at the University of Lithuania in Kaunas and Director of the University Library, was the first to describe this publication bibliographically. The author regarded this publication as a postcard, attributed it to Martynas Jankus’ printing office and dated it ‘1892’. A more precise description was publicised in the fundamental work of Lithuanian national bibliography Lietuvos TSR bibliografija. Serija A: Knygos lietuvių kalba (Bibliography of the Lithuanian SSR. Series A: Books in the Lithuanian Language; vol. 2: 1862–1904. Book 2 (Vilnius, 1988, p. 401, No. 4065). It was compiled in the Soviet era, and the only available copy stored in Mikhail J. Saltykov-Shchedrin State Public Library (currently renamed the Russian National Library in Sankt Petersburg) served as the basis for it. The present author amended the publication date of the postcard (1891) and specified the circumstances of its distribution, while also ascertaining that the artist of the illustrations was the lithographer of Tilsit Johann Mai.
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Jones, Elizabeth B. "Fixing Prussia's Peripheries: Rural Disasters and Prusso-German State-Building, 1866–1914." Central European History 51, no. 2 (June 2018): 204–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938918000432.
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AbstractIn the 1860s, rural disasters on Prussia's eastern and western peripheries forced lawmakers to wrestle with the definition of the termemergency(Notstand), as well as with its temporal and spatial boundaries. The article first explores the legislative decision by Berlin politicians to limit state aid to East Prussia in 1868, even as other hunger crises devastated remote regions in the northwestern state of Hanover. The article then turns to the political conflicts over the 1868 law, including the disputes after unification over how to determine eligibility for state funds; the jostling among representatives of poor regions for attention; the creation of permanent relief funds; and politicians’ use of new understandings of moor science to strengthen and link Prussia's eastern and western peripheries. The article also considers the larger political context, emphasizing that the dismay over Prussian “backwardness” and inner-Prussian competition for disaster aid unfolded against the backdrop of the state's successful leadership during German unification.
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Ward, W. R. "Art and Science: or Bach as an Expositor of the Bible." Studies in Church History 28 (1992): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400012547.
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For a long time before dramatic recent events it has been clear that the German Democratic Republic has been in die position, embarrassing to a Marxist system, of having nothing generally marketable left except (to use the jargon) ‘superstructure’. The Luther celebrations conveniendy bolstered the implicit claim of the GDR to embody Saxony’s long-delayed revenge upon Prussia; still more conveniendy, they paid handsomely. Even the Francke celebrations probably paid their way, ruinous though his Orphan House has been allowed to become. When I was in Halle, a hard-pressed government had removed the statue of Handel (originally paid for in part by English subscriptions) for head-to-foot embellishment in gold leaf, and a Handel Festival office in the town was manned throughout the year. Bach is still more crucial, both to the republic’s need to pay its way and to the competition with the Federal Republic for the possession of the national tradition. There is no counterpart in Britain to the strength of the Passion-music tradition in East Germany. The celebrations which reach their peak in Easter Week at St Thomas’s, Leipzig, are like a cross between Wembley and Wimbledon here, the difference being that the black market in tickets is organized by the State for its own benefit. If Bach research in East Germany, based either on musicology or the Church, has remained an industry of overwhelming amplitude and technical complexity, the State has had its own Bach-research collective located in Leipzig, dedicated among other things to establishing the relation between Bach and the Enlightenment, that first chapter in the Marxist history of human liberation. Now that a good proportion of the population of the GDR seems bent on liberation by leaving the republic or sinking it, the moment seems ripe to take note for non-specialist readers of some of what has been achieved there in recent years.
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Sachs, Sven, Jahn J. Hornung, and Mike Reich. "Mosasaurs from Germany – a brief history of the first 100 years of research." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 94, no. 1 (July 21, 2014): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/njg.2014.16.
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AbstractIn Germany, mosasaur remains are very rare and only incompletely known. However, the earliest records date back to the 1830s, when tooth crowns were found in the chalk of the Isle of Rügen. A number of prominent figures in German palaeontology and geosciences of the 19th and 20th centuries focused on these remains, including, among others, Friedrich von Hagenow, Hermann von Meyer, Andreas Wagner, Hanns Bruno Geinitz and Josef Pompeckj. Most of these works were only short notes, given the scant material. However, the discovery of fragmentary cranial remains in Westphalia in 1908 led to a more comprehensive discussion, which is also of historical importance, as it illustrates the discussions on the highly controversial and radical universal phylogenetic theory proposed by Gustav Steinmann in 1908. This theory saw the existence of continuous lines of descent, evolving in parallel, and did not regard higher taxonomic units as monophyletic groups but as intermediate paraphyletic stages of evolution. In this idea, nearly all fossil taxa form part of these lineages, which extend into the present time, and natural extinction occurs very rarely, if ever. In Steinmann's concept, mosasaurs were not closely related to squamates but formed an intermediate member in a anagenetic chain from Triassic thalattosaurs to extant baleen whales. The newly found specimen led Josef Pompeckj to write a vehement rebuttal to Steinmann's theory, published in 1910, showing that his conclusions were conjectural and speculative, being based on convergence and not supported by scientific evidence. This particular specimen, housed in Göttingen, later also inspired a piece of palaeoart by Franz Roubal under the instructions of Othenio Abel.With the exception of a vertebra from the Campanian of former East Prussia (now Russian Federation), and a possible vertebra from the Cenomanian of Dresden, Saxony, all datable material – today partly lost – originated from the northern part of present-day Germany and stratigraphically from the Campanian–Maastrichtian. The purported record from the Cenomanian of Bavaria (southeastern Germany) was most probably an error, based on Upper Jurassic crocodilian material.
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Vitkus, Hektoras. "„Die Russen in Ostpreussen“: Rusijos ir rusų įvaizdžiai 1914–1939 m. Vokietijoje publikuotuose atsiminimuose apie Didįjį karą Rytų Prūsijoje." Deeds and Days 67 (2017): 31–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7220/2335-8769.67.2.
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Dementev, Ilya. "In The Search of Lost Albertina: the University of Königsbergin Contemporary Historiography." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 2(50) (July 2, 2020): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2020-50-2-203-218.
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The article explores contemporary historiography of the history of Königsberg University (Albertina), which had existed in East Prussia since 1544 until 1944. Over the course of four centuries there was an official narrative on the history of the university as a stronghold of German culture in the east of the country.
After World War II the university history was mainly investigated by German historians, but after the end of the Cold War the interest in this topic increased not only in Germany, but also in other countries. The researchers are primarily focused on
two periods – the early modern one (mid-16th – 17th centuries) and the end of the 19th – the first half of the 20th century. A considerable number of topics on the history of Königsberg University, which earlier were taboo or ignored for other reasons, have become a subject of academic interest in recent decades. Discussions arose about the degree of responsibility of university intellectuals for the Nazis’ crimes. New biographies of historians such as Hans Rothfels or Werner Conze force a reader to form a more realistic image of Albertina in the 1930s. The material ofthe university history makes it possible to reconsider the
contradictory relations between the German state and Jewish communities as well as to expand understanding of the circumstances of the Jews’ persecution at the beginning of the National Socialistera. The analysis of contemporary historiography shows that, with all its achievements, it retains some stereotypes dating back to the traditional narrative, primarily a lack of attention to the role of women in the university history and the importance of the university as an institution strengtheninga gender order. The paper introduces a number of examples of women scholars that are not fully represented in the history of the university (Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, Sophie Brutzer, Elise Jenny Baumgartel). Moreover, the article gives a brief description of Russian historiography. Taking into account the development trends of contemporary historiography, the author considers the prospects of the research devoted to Königsberg University history.
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Bizewski, Mariusz. "Hołd lenny Mściwoja I złożony Danii w 1210 r. Próba rekonstrukcji epizodu z dziejów panowania pierwszych Sobiesławiców." Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza, no. 23 (December 17, 2019): 17–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/sds.2019.23.01.
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The homage of Mściwoj I made in 1210 to Waldemar II, the king of Denmark, is still one of the unexplained episodes of the history of medieval Pomerania. In the current scientific literature historians almost unanimously accepted that the inclusion of Eastern Pomerania by the influence of Denmark resulted from the armed expansion of the Danes, who forced Mściwoj I to pay them homage. However, the analysis of sources gives us reasons to suppose that events could actually follow a completely different path. The manner of recording the events in „Annales Waldemariani”, as well as political relations between the papacy, Denmark and Germany at the beginning of XIII century, seem to indicate that the feudal homage of the Eastern Pomeranian ruler was made voluntarily. Moreover, we can suppose that the initiative of such a political union came from Mściwoj I himself.
At the turn of XII and XIII century Eastern Pomerania was being in immediate danger of Danish expansion. The possessive intent of Waldemar II toward the Sobiesławice estate became apparent with the occupation of Słupsk by Denmark between 1202 and 1206. Couldn’t counting on support of the Polish princes, involved in conflicts with each other for supremacy, Sobiesławice probably decided to enter into agreement with Denmark. In exchange for recognition of the princes rights in Eastern Pomerania (Sobiesławice didn’t have a position equal to the rest of the Polish or even West Pomeranian rulers) Mściwoj I voluntarily accepted Danish supremacy in 1210. It is possible that it was also connected with his willingness to participate in the Danish conquest of the Prussian lands. Against this background, however, it came to some friction, because the head of the Prussian mission, Christian, probably cooperating with Denmark, blocked the actions of Mściwoj I aimed at subordinating Prussian neophytes to him, witch chilled the Danish‑Pomeranian relations. Christian’s monopol on actions among Prussians was also against the will of Polish princes, witch is why there was rapprochement between them and the ruler of East Pomerania. At the rally in Mąkolno in 1212 Mściwoj I involved himself into Polish plans of taking actions in Prussia ted by Denmark in 1210. Because of the source shortages, we are unable to determine whether after 1212 Mściwoj returned under authority of Poland. It is impossible to explicitly exclude such course of events. However, it is possible thet the Eastern Pomeranian ruler after 1212 could still remaind in a fief relation with Denmark, which was broken just after his death by imposing the Polish superiority on Świętopełk by Leszek the White. In such arrangement likely moment of the breakdown of Danish‑Eastern Pomeranian partnership is year 1220, when Mściwoj I died and Waldemar II was in Estonia on crusade.
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Sterkhov, Dmitrii. "The Hanoverian Question and Prussian Foreign Policy in the Early Nineteenth Century (1801–1806)." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 2 (2022): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640018318-7.
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This study explores the significance of the Hanoverian Question for Prussian foreign policy in the early nineteenth century. The author looks at the origins of the Hanoverian Question and analyses Prussian motives for annexing Hanover in the first part of the article. Special attention is paid to the relationship between Prussian foreign policy and Prussian domestic stability. The political system in Prussia was severely unbalanced by the capture of vast swathes of Polish territory to the east, populated mostly by Catholics. To restore the balance, the Prussian state badly needed a German-speaking and Evangelical province to the west, and only the Electorate of Hanover met these requirements. The Hanoverian Question went hand in hand with the neutrality policy pursued by Prussia between 1795 and 1806. After the unsuccessful occupation of Hanover in 1801, Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm III committed himself solely to the peaceful annexation of the Electorate, which had to be recognised internationally, above all by France, Great Britain, and Russia. Forced to manoeuvre between Napoleon and the Anti-French Coalition, Prussia eventually gained possession of Hanover, but found itself at war with both Great Britain and France. Thus, the delicate Hanoverian Question paved the way for the War of the Fourth Coalition of 1806–1807, which ended in Prussia's worst defeat. One can conclude that Prussia failed to resolve the Hanoverian Question satisfactorily, yet this diplomatic setback was instrumental in changing Prussian foreign policy. After 1806 Prussia finally abandoned its policy of neutrality and manoeuvring appeared more willing to use force to achieve its goals.
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Baranov, Nikolay N. "Split Memory: World War I Memorialisation Practices in the Weimar Republic." Izvestia of the Ural federal university. Series 2. Humanities and Arts 23, no. 3 (2021): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2021.23.3.043.
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The problem of historical memory and the politics of memory, the formation and evolution of memorial culture has become relevant in the context of the “mnemonic turn” in historiography, which began in the 1980s and continues until now. The events of World War I and its consequences in the interwar period occupied a central place in the communicative memory of the Germans and were the main object of historical politics in the Weimar Republic. For obvious reasons, there could be no place for triumphal memory in Germany. The memory of heroes acquired a special emotional meaning and pushed the grief memory version into the background, which was a natural compensation for the catastrophic defeat. Attempts by the official authorities and parties of the Weimar coalition to create a common memorial space of the last war for national consolidation and their own legitimisation ended in failure. In the conditions of a deep socio-political split in society on the brink of civil war, the opposing groups created and spread their own versions of the memory of war, not only competing, but also directly hostile to each other. At the same time, its main carriers were veteran organisations of various party affiliations. They were characterised by a specific memorial culture of admiration for the idealised image of the front-line soldier and disdain for the ones in the rear. As a result, the most significant places of memory, i.e. the Tannenberg Memorial in East Prussia and the Neue Wache building in Berlin never acquired national significance. In the confrontation between conflicting versions of memory, the advantage remained on the side of the conservative, nationalist, and anti-republican forces.
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Lewandowska, Izabela. "Educational contexts of migration. The case of East Prussia / Warmia and Mazury in 1945." Echa Przeszłości, no. XXII/1 (May 10, 2021): 268–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/ep.6719.
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Millions of people were forced to emigrate when World War II came to an end in 1945. Migration processes were particularly pronounced in East Prussia, the German territory that was partitioned between Poland and the USSR after the war. Germans fled from East Prussia, and their farms were settled by newcomers from central Poland and the Eastern Borderlands that had been ceded to the Soviet Union. This article discusses the narrative surrounding the wave of post-war migration in Polish and German academia, museums and informal education. An analysis of textbooks and academic scripts revealed that this topic has received broad coverage in the German educational system. Museum exhibitions focusing on emigration from East Prussia and the Eastern Borderlands were also examined, and the results of the analysis indicate that German museums displayed a greater interest in the topic.In the last step, websites dedicated to migration issues were compared as a form of informal education. The comparison revealed a similar number of websites as well as similar levels of activity in Polish and German websites.
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Pimenov, Oleg Vladimirovich. "The East Prussian operation (1914) coverage in Russian newspapers." Samara Journal of Science 9, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv202091209.
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The paper deals with the issues of the East Prussian operation (1914) coverage in Russian Newspapers. On the basis of various newspapers the author analyzes the coverage of the Russian and German troops actions in East Prussia in August-September 1914. The author also reveals fundamental themes of Russian newspapers when covering the East Prussian operation. The paper is based on various newspapers of the Russian Empire. The following Russian newspapers were analyzed: Vestnik voyny, Donetskaya zhizn, Mariupolskaya zhizn, Moskovskaya kopeyka, Novoye vremya, Permskaya zemskaya nedelya, Rech, Russkoe slovo, Utro v Kharkiv. The study was focused on Petrograd and Moscow newspapers, as well as regional newspapers that, among other things, reprinted material from other publications on their pages. The study showed that Russian newspapers, when covering the East Prussian operation, were characterized by creating a positive impression among readers, focusing on the successes of the tsarist army. Readers were introduced to victories, both at the level of large military formations and at the level of small military units. The defeats of the Russian troops were presented by the newspapers not as a tragedy, but as a short-term failure, followed by quick victories.
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Bagina, Elena. "There is a Prussian spirit here, but it smells of Russia..." проект байкал 19, no. 74 (January 5, 2023): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.51461/pb.74.16.
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After the Great Patriotic War, the Russian settlers were going to build their own world on the ruins of Königsberg and other cities in East Prussia, from where the Germans were deported in 1947. Architects designed neoclassical ensembles, but those plans were not realised. The Soviet towns of East Prussia were built up in the 60s and 70s with five-storey panel blocks and faceless modernist public buildings. The Kaliningrad region did not receive the Soviet identity associated with constructivism and neoclassicism, nor did it ever have a Russian identity. Today people discuss a diffusion of German and Russian cultures, but in reality it comes down to a call to restore the remaining German pre-war buildings and to bring the new buildings in line with them, using explicit and implicit quotations. There are no bearers of German culture in the Kaliningrad region.
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Maksymowicz, Sławomir. "Sources for the History of the World War in the State Archives in Olsztyn." Masuro-Warmian Bulletin 297, no. 3 (October 4, 2017): 445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-134943.
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Various archives concerning the issues of daily life in East Prussia during World War II have been pre�served in the State Archives in Olsztyn (APO). In the archival units, it is possible to find both information con�cerning both the German preparations for the war in the province and the course of the war not only in East Prussia, but also on the Western Front – in Belgium or France, the process of reconstruction of the destroyed East Prussian villages and towns and the means of commemorating the fallen soldiers fighting on both sides. The archives of the First World War and its consequences relate to many units. The intention of the author was to present the history of the First World War on the basis of archives assembled in the APO and in the Royal Calendar of Prussian Evangelicals in 1916 and in 1917, stored in the Re�search Centre in Olsztyn. The files stored in the APO are diverse and allow for a comprehensive understanding of issues relating to the course of this war, ranging from mobilization, military operations, Russian occupation, to the crimes and war crimes committed by the aggressor on the local civilian population. A separate aspect touches on the process of reconstruction of the province from the time of destruction and includes the care of war casualties.
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Sacha, Magdalena Izabella. "MUSEUMS OF THE LOST “GERMAN EAST”. THE CONDITIONS OF OPERATING AND THE EVOLUTION OF EXHIBITIONS IN THE POLISH-GERMAN CONTEXT." Muzealnictwo 59 (May 31, 2018): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.0741.
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In the article, the so-called eastern German museums and the way they operate is discussed in view of a document ratified by Bundestag in 2016. The document concerned the further action plan for implementing the provisions of paragraph 96 of the Federal Expellee Law of 1953, popularly referred to as a “cultural paragraph”. The term “German East” bears reference to the historic territories of German settlement prior to 1945, whose heritage is a focus of attention for museums as well as science and culture institutions in contemporary Germany. Those eastern German museums have been reviewed herein, whose interest lies, inter alia, in territories presently belonging to Poland: the East Prussian State Museum (Ostpreuβisches Landesmuseum) in Lüneburg, the West Prussian State Museum (Westpreuβisches Landesmuseum) in Warendorf, the State Museum of Pomerania (Pommersches Landesmuseum) in Greifswald, the Silesian Museum (Schlesisches Museum) in Görlitz.
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Dittrich, Marie-Agnes. "Evangelist or Socialist: Johann Sebastian Bach in the Cold War and Other Periods of National Uncertainty." Musicological Annual 43, no. 2 (December 1, 2007): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/mz.43.2.277-284.
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At the Bach Conference 1950 in Leipzig, the socialist image of Bach in East Germany competed with the conservative and theological one of West Germany. During the Cold War both served to legitimize rival ideologies. Once again, Bach was interpreted as an orientation, as in other periods of national incertainty, like the Napoleonic Wars (Forkel, 1802) or just before the Prussian-German Empire (Wagner, 1870).
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Pliszko, Artur, and Waldemar Heise. "Typification of the names and taxonomic status of selected vascular plant taxa described by Max Eugen Heinrich Grütter." Phytotaxa 202, no. 3 (March 13, 2015): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.202.3.9.
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Max Eugen Heinrich Grütter (30 March 1865–31 March 1897) was a German botanist interested in floristics and taxonomy of vascular plants and mosses (Abromeit 1897). He conducted intensive floristic studies on the territory of the former West and East Prussia, especially in the former West Prussian Province Schwetz (now north-central Poland) where he lived in the small village of Luschkowko (Grütter 1892, 1895a, 1895b, 1895c, 1897). His numerous findings had been frequently cited in “Flora von Ost‑ und Westpreussen” by Abromeit et al. (1898–1940). In 1890–1891, in the course of the floristic expeditions in the former West Prussian Province Schwetz, Grütter found interesting vascular plants which he deemed as new to science. The names of these taxa were validly published in Deutsche botanische Monatsschrift (Grütter 1892).
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Penny, H. Glenn. "The Museum für Deutsche Geschichte and German National Identity." Central European History 28, no. 3 (September 1995): 343–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900011869.
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Not far from the Brandenburger Tor on Unter den Linden, visitors to the Museum für Deutsche Geschichte (MfDG) entered Berlin's most beautiful Baroque building. Built by Europe's finest architects under the auspices of Prussia's Kings, the Zeughaus once held a collection of the nation's weapons and Prussia's trophies of war. But since its restoration in the 1950s, this eighteenth-century edifice's long sculptured hallways and high-ceilinged rooms housed the Marxist story of the German people's struggle; images of Prussian peasants, Silesian weavers, and hardened revolutionaries were arranged in glass cases, displayed upon walls and surrounded by Socialist banners, Communist papers, and early Protestant texts. Resurrected from the annals of Germany's past, these images were brought together to fashion a German history, to create the foundation for an East German national identity, and to provide legitimization for the Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (SED).
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Spalik, Krzysztof. "Pre-Linnaean herbaria viva of Helwing in the collections of the National Library of Poland and the University of Warsaw." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 83, no. 1 (2014): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2014.008.
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Georg Andreas Helwing (1666–1748) was the author of two important early accounts on the flora of former East Prussia: “Flora qusimodogenita” and “Supplementum florae prussicae”. Along with his son-in-law Matthias Ernst Boretius, he prepared several herbaria viva. Four of these herbaria survived until WWII; however, their whereabouts since WWII have been generally unknown. In this paper, two of these herbaria are described: one preserved in the collections of the National Library of Poland and another in the herbarium of the Faculty of Biology of the University of Warsaw. Both were formerly in the possession of the Königsberg city library. These herbaria document not only Helwing’s studies on the native flora of Prussia but also his experiments with acclimation of exotic species in his garden in Stullichen (Stulichy, Poland). They are also an important source of vernacular Polish and German names of plants.
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Kempa, Robert. "East Prussia in Józef Piłsudski’s German policy." Białostockie Teki Historyczne, no. 11 (2013): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/bth.2013.11.11.
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Thompson, Mark R. "East Asian Authoritarian Modernism: From Meiji Japan’s “Prussian Path” to China’s “Singapore Model”." International Studies Review 17, no. 2 (October 19, 2016): 125–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-01702006.
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The significance of Meiji Japan’s “Prussian path” to authoritarian modernity has largely been ignored in the social sciences because it contradicts prevailing modernization theory. Meiji Japanese reformers, after carefully examining several Western country’s political systems, chose the German model because of its illiberal but modern politics. This argument regarding the authoritarian modernity of Imperial Germany and Meiji Japan contradicts modernization theory which claims that advanced industrialization leads to liberal democracy. Similarly, Meiji Japan’s influence on the “developmental states” of East Asia (East and Southeast Asia) has not been given much weight by modernization theories. More recently, Singapore’s successful combination of non-democratic rule with advanced capitalism has been dismissed as a (literally) small exception to the general democratizing rule, with even autocratic China expected by modernization theorists to democratize soon given its rapid economic growth over the past generation. This article explores the impact of the Imperial German model of authoritarian modernism on Meiji Japan and, in turn, Japanese influence on political development in East Asia as well as the influence of the “Singapore model” on China. It explores three forms of linkages: social structural, state formational, and ideological.
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Nizhnik, Nadezhda S. "History of the Russian Empire in the context of theoretical and legal analysis (To the 300th anniversary of the Russian Empire)." Gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 11 (2021): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s102694520017466-3.
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The review of the XVIII International Scientific Conference "State and Law: evolution, current state, development prospects (to the 300th anniversary of the Russian Empire)" was held on April 29-30, 2021 at the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The Russian Empire existed on the political map of the world from October 22 (November 2), 1721 until the February Revolution and the overthrow of the Monarchy on March 3, 1917. The Russian Empire was the third largest state that ever existed (after the British and Mongolian Empires): It extended to the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Black Sea in the south, to the Baltic Sea in the west and the Pacific Ocean in the east. The Russian Empire was one of the great powers along with Great Britain, France, Prussia (Germany) and Austria-Hungary, and since the second half of the XIX century – also Italy and the United States. The capital of the Russian Empire was St. Petersburg (1721 - 1728), Moscow (1728 - 1732), then again St. Petersburg (1732 - 1917), renamed Petrograd in 1914. Therefore, it is natural that a conference dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the formation of the Russian Empire was held in St. Petersburg, the former imperial capital. The conference was devoted to problems concerning various aspects of the organization and functioning of the state and law, a retrospective analysis of the activities of state bodies in the Russian Empire. The discussion focused on various issues: the character of the Russian Empire as a socio-legal phenomenon and the subject of the legitimate use of state coercion, the development of political and legal thought, the regulatory and legal foundations of the organization and functioning of the Russian state in the XVIII century – at the beginning of the XX century, the characteristics of state bodies as an element of the mechanism of the imperial state in Russia, the organizational and legal bases of the activities of bodies that manage the internal affairs of the Russian Empire, as well as the image of state authorities and officials-representatives of state power.
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Grimsted, Patricia Kennedy. "Nazi-Looted Art from East and West in East Prussia: Initial Findings on the Erich Koch Collection." International Journal of Cultural Property 22, no. 1 (February 2015): 7–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739115000065.
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Abstract:The article contrasts long-suppressed details of German art seizures during the Second World War from Ukrainian state museums and Western Jewish dealers, ordered to Königsberg by Erich Koch, Gauleiter of East Prussia and Reich Commissar of Ukraine. While most of the art from Kyiv was destroyed by retreating Germans when the Red Army arrived (February 1945), here we investigate “survivors.” Initial provenance findings about the collection Koch evacuated to Weimar in February 1945 reveal some paintings from Kyiv. More, however, were seized from Dutch and French Holocaust victims by Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring and his cohorts, including Jewish dealers Jacques Goudstikker (Amsterdam) and Georges Wildenstein (Paris). Many paintings deposited in Weimar disappeared west; others seized by Soviet authorities were transported to the Hermitage. These initial findings draw attention to hitherto overlooked contrasting examples of patterns of Nazi art looting and destruction in the East and West, and the pan-European dispersal of important works of art.
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Siegel, Mona, and Kirsten Harjes. "Disarming Hatred: History Education, National Memories, and Franco-German Reconciliation from World War I to the Cold War." History of Education Quarterly 52, no. 3 (August 2012): 370–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2012.00404.x.
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On May 4, 2006, French and German cultural ministers announced the publication of Histoire/Geschichte, the world's first secondary school history textbook produced jointly by two countries. Authored by a team of French and German historians and published simultaneously in both languages, the book's release drew considerable public attention. French and German heads-of-state readily pointed to the joint history textbook as a shining example of the close and positive relations between their two countries, while their governments heralded the book for “symbolically sealing Franco-German reconciliation.” Beyond European shores, East Asian commentators in particular have taken note of Franco-German textbook collaboration, citing it as a possible model for how to work through their own region's often antagonistic past. Diplomatic praise is not mere hyperbole. From the Franco-Prussian War (1870) through World War I (1914–1918) and World War II (1939–1945), France and Germany were widely perceived to be “hereditary enemies.” The publication of Histoire/Geschichte embodies one of the most crucial developments in modern international relations: the emergence of France and Germany as the “linchpin” of the New Europe.
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Lindoy, L. F. "Retirement of Dr John Zdysiewicz - An Appreciation." Australian Journal of Chemistry 53, no. 12 (2000): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch01e1.
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After 25 years with the Australian Journal of Chemistry, our editor, Dr Jan R. Zdysiewicz (known far and wide as John Z.), has recently retired. During his initial ten year period with the journal, John served as assistant editor under Bob Schoenfeld who, like John, was also very widely known throughout the Australian and New Zealand chemistry community. In 1985, John took up the editorship and under his editorial management the journal has continued to prosper. John has been an exceptionally talented editor who, despite increasing pressures over more recent times, has managed to maintain the journal’s very high editorial standard – a task aided by his wide understanding of chemistry and his truly exceptional knowledge of English usage. John had an eventful early life – details of which may be of interest to his many friends and acquaintances. He was born in Laukischken in East Prussia to parents from Mosty in eastern Poland. His parents had been taken to Germany during World War II for forced labour. After the war, the family was transferred, endlessly it seemed, from DP (displaced persons) camp to DP camp in Germany, until final acceptance for migration to Australia. After a long sea voyage on the Skaugum, the family arrived at Port Melbourne in December 1950. Then followed being shuffled between widely spread immigration holding centres in South-East Australia, finally ending up in Adelaide, where the family settled. After some difficulty in gaining enrolment, John attended Adelaide Boys High School. In 1962 at age 19, he lost his alien status and became an Australian citizen. Even during this early period, John Z. made a name for himself. He became somewhat of a celebrity for his virtuosity in playing the accordion. In 1961, he became Grand Australian Accordion Champion. On occasions, he still plays for friends and private audiences. John Z. obtained his tertiary education at the University of Adelaide. His Ph.D. research in the Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry was concerned with physical chemical studies on naturally occurring and synthetic polymers. He then held Post Doctoral appointments in England at the University of Lancaster (preparation and e.s.r. characterisation of radical anions), Australia at the Division of Protein Chemistry, CSIRO, Parkville (on the interactions of fluorescent compounds with protein components by photophysical techniques) and Canada at the University of Western Ontario (construction of a microsecond flash photolysis apparatus in connection with photochemical reactions involving radical ions). In 1975 he returned to Australia as the assistant editor of Aust. J. Chem. John Z. has served as the national representative on IUPAC’s Commission III.2 (on Physical Organic Chemistry) and is currently an associate member of this commission. In 1998, the Royal Australian Chemical Institute awarded him a citation for his contributions to the promotion of Australian chemistry nationally and internationally, principally through his role as editor of the journal. Finally, John is of a distinctly independent nature – perhaps a reflection of his Polish antecedents? While his management style might be said to be unique, it has always been characterised by an overriding commitment to quality. Clearly, John Zdysiewicz ranks as an exceptional individual. On behalf of my fellow advisory committee members and, indeed, also for the wider chemistry community, I thank John for a job exceedingly well done. We wish him well in his retirement.
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Demshuk, Andrew. "What was the “Right to the Heimat”? West German Expellees and the Many Meanings of Heimkehr." Central European History 45, no. 3 (September 2012): 523–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938912000374.
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Twenty years and a day after Nazi Germany's unconditional surrender, Hanover county administrator Helmut Janssen declared to an assembly of East Prussian expellee leaders that Germany was still destined to recover all of the territory it had possessed in 1937. One day, he claimed, the roughly twelve million ethnic Germans expelled from the lost eastern territories and eastern Europe in the wake of the war would return home. Although by 1965 this political goal seemed “further away than ever before,” he repeated an expellee declaration of March 1960, which pledged that all expellees “still want to return to the Heimat [homeland]—now, in the future, and forever.”
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Supranowicz, Radosław. "“Versöhnung – Ja, Verzicht – Nein“? Marion Gräfin Dönhoff 1946-1970: Territorialer Paradigmenwechsel und neue Sicht auf Polen." Acta Neophilologica 2, no. XXI (December 1, 2019): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/an.4753.
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This article will examine Marion Gräfin Dönhoff’s articles published in the Hamburg-based “Die Zeit“ weekly in the years 1946-1970. Dönhoff, a renowned German journalist, had to leave East Prussia and her family estate in 1945. The articles under analysis demonstrate an evolution of her views on the problem of losing the so-called German East, from the initial inability to come to terms with the new postwar territo-rial reality, to the eventual recognition that Germany’s loss of provinces in the East is permanent and final.
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Moser, Ann-Marie. "Form und Funktion der doppelten Negation in deutschen Dialekten, mit einem Schwerpunkt im Oberdeutschen." Linguistik Online 98, no. 5 (November 7, 2019): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.98.5935.
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The article gives an overview of the form and function of negative concord in German dialects (Alemannic, Bavarian, Upper Franconian varieties, West Central German, East Central German, West Low German, East Low German, Silesian, East Pomeranian, Low Prussian), with a focus on Upper German. The study is based on spontaneous speech data from the 1950s until the 1980s and shows that negative doubling and negative spread (in German: ‘doppelte Negation mit Satznegation’ and ‘doppelte Negation ohne Satznegation’) are two different negation types, thus there is no correlation between them as generally assumed (Haspelmath 1997; Zeijlstra 2004). Furthermore negative doubling is not obligatory, but seems to be conditioned by pragmatics.
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Белинцева, Ирина Викторовна. "Architect Hans Hopp (1890–1971): at the sources of formation of the center of modern Kaliningrad." Искусство Евразии, no. 2(17) (June 27, 2020): 82–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.25712/astu.2518-7767.2020.02.005.
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Статья посвящена сооружениям архитектора Карла Густава Ханса Хоппа (1890–1971), активно строившего в 1920-е годы в столице Восточной Пруссии Кенигсберге (совр. Калининград). Х. Хопп принадлежал к числу немногочисленных приверженцев авангарда, работавших в отдаленной консервативной провинции Германии. Созданные им сооружения маркируют центр города, сместившийся от территории бывшего кенигсбергского замка и возведенного на его месте в 1974 году Дома Советов (архитектор Ю. Шварцбрейм) на современную площадь Победы, занявшую место Восточной ярмарки. Как руководитель технического отдела ярмарки, игравшей важную роль в возрождении экономических связей между Германией и Россией, архитектор возвел в трудные годы после окончания Первой мировой войны целый ряд сооружений. Здания в стиле сдержанного экспрессионизма с элементами ар-деко – Торговый двор для фирм-участников ярмарки (современное здание мэрии) и Дом Техники (современный торговый центр «Эпицентр») определяют границы и образный строй центральной части столицы Калининградской области. Мастер придерживался радикальных новаторских взглядов на формальную природу современного ему художественного творчества, организовал в своей квартире-галерее выставку представительницы раннего экспрессионизма П. Модерзон-Беккер, дружил с автором исследования «Абстракция и вчувствование» В. Воррингером, преподававшим в 1928–1944 годах в Кенигсбергском университете. Монументальные строения архитектора украшают экспрессионистические работы скульптора Г. Брахерта (1890–1972). В конце 1920-х годов архитектор увлекся формальными приемами школы Баухаус и украсил Кенигсберг необычными для города зданиями (ремесленная школа для девушек, Парк-отель и другие). The article is devoted to the constructions of the architect Karl Gustav Hans Hopp (1890–1971), who was actively building in the 1920s in the capital of East Prussia Konigsberg (modern Kaliningrad). H. Hopp was one of the few adherents of the avant-garde who worked in the remote conservative province of Germany. The structures created by him mark the center of the city, which has shifted from the territory of the former Koenigsberg castle and built in its place in 1974 by the House of Soviets (architect J. Schwarzbreim) to the modern Victory Square, which took the place of the Eastern Fair. As the head of the Technical Department of the fair, which played an important role in the revival of economic relations between Germany and Russia, the architect erected a number of structures in difficult years after the end of the First World War. Buildings in the style of restrained expressionism with elements of Art Deco – Torgovy Dvor for the companies participating in the fair (modern city hall building) and the Technique House (modern shopping center “Epicenter”) determine the boundaries and the imagery of the central part of the capital of the Kaliningrad region. The master adhered to radical innovative views on the formal nature of contemporary art, organized in his apartment gallery an exhibition of the representative of early expressionism P. Moderson-Becker, was friends with the author of the study “Abstraction and Feeling” V. Warringer, who taught in Koenigsberg from 1928–1944 university. The monumental buildings of the architect are decorated with expressionist works of the sculptor G. Brachert (1890–1972). In the late 1920s, the architect became interested in the formal techniques of the Bauhaus school and decorated Koenigsberg with unusual buildings for the city (Craft School for Girls, Park Hotel and others).
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Aleknavičienė, Ona. "Language policy in the Kingdom of Prussia at the junction of the 18th-19th centuries." Taikomoji kalbotyra 16 (December 30, 2021): 56–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/taikalbot.2021.16.4.
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The present paper examines the principles of the language policy designed in the Kingdom of Prussia at the junction of the 18th-19th centuries. This research aims to identify the main factors affecting the introduction of the Lithuanian language as the official regional language in the Kingdom of Prussia and to evaluate the parameters applied to such language planning. The main research objects in this study are the prefaces to Christian Gottlieb Mielcke’s dictionary Littauisch-deutsches und Deutsch-littauisches Wörter-Buch (1800) and the archival material of the end of the 18th century, which provide information on the preconditions, directions, goals, and objectives of the language policy of the time.The politics favorable to the Lithuanian language was preconditioned by the political changes in the 18th century. After the third partition of the Commonwealth of the Two Nations (1795) and with the annexation of Užnemunė to Prussia, the range of the Lithuanian language use expanded, and the ideas of regional particularism strengthened.Christoph Friedrich Heilsberg, the author of the third preface to Mielcke’s dictionary, a counsellor in the Königsberg Chamber of War and Domains, and an inspector of East Prussian schools, was well aware of the Lithuanian attitudes to the influence of language on identity, motives for language learning, legislation, and the potential of schools and churches. On the grounds of this versatile expertise, he undertook language status planning.With regards to Mielcke’s observation about civil servants who need to learn Lithuanian and the Lithuanian approach to language, Heilsberg took a practical position on language planning. He suggested expanding the Lithuanian language use in the public sphere rather than considering the idea of German as a common state language. At Heilsberg’s initiative, the Lithuanian language had to be used in such important areas as education, church, law, business, and administration. Heilsberg sought to ensure that it did not lose its cultural or administrative functions. Such plans presuppose the status of Lithuanian as an official regional language, equivalent to linguistic autonomy, where the language of a national minority has political autonomy and coexists with the official language of the state.Heilsberg initiated not only the development but also the implementation of language policy. He developed the directions and measures of corpus planning: to help non-Lithuanians to learn Lithuanian, he encouraged Mielcke to prepare a Lithuanian-German and German-Lithuanian dictionary and supervised the publication of a Lithuanian grammar and a collection of sermons. This highlights the priorities of his education policy, which aimed to develop the language skills of teachers and priests, and to create conditions for civil servants working in the province to learn the Lithuanian language.Three statements of Heilsberg as a high-ranking state official were important for increasing the prestige of the Lithuanian language: 1) language is a guarantor of identity; 2) provincial languages must be learned by civil servants and not vice versa; and 3) language must be nurtured.The author of the fourth preface to Mielcke’s dictionary, the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, raised the criterion of language purity. Considering that only pure language is important for the maintenance of the nation’s distinctiveness, for science, and especially history, he emphasized the need to preserve the purity of language and proposed two ways to achieve this: to use pure language in schools and churches, and to expand the domains of its use.This is the earliest attempt in the history of Prussian Lithuanian culture to give the Lithuanian language the status of an official regional language. Such policy ensured its functioning in all spheres of public life, its use in the education system, and created conditions for maintaining identity.
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Grabski, Maciej. "Plebiscite in Warmia, Masuria and Powiśle and its course as presented by “Kurier Poznański”." Masuro-Warmian Bulletin 309, no. 3 (December 5, 2020): 349–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-134760.
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The article presents The East Prussia plebiscite, known also as Warmia, Masuria and Powiśle plebiscite and its course from the viewpoint of the “Kurier Poznański” newspaper. It was a daily paper, which presented the National League’s program. The newspaper approved of struggling for incorporation of Warmia, Masuria and Powiśle to the Second Polish Republic and criticised the German attacks on the Poles.
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Strauchold, Grzegorz. "Activities of the security services against the German population and the so-called Polish autochthones in Warmia and Mazury in the years 1945–1956." Masuro-Warmian Bulletin 298, no. 4 (January 4, 2018): 637–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-134925.
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The article describes the activities of the Communist political police against former German citizens who remained in their places of residence in the part of East Prussia incorporated into Poland. Polish communists until the end of the 1940s were conducting a policy that would eliminate German nationality from the inhabitants of Poland. From the end of the 1940s there was a concerted attempt to eliminate anyone with German nationality and those questioning the new Polish–German border that was created in 1945 among the remnants of the German citizenry. The Communist political police were also interested in people (and their views) who showed a critical attitude toward the Communist regime introduced into Poland
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Ostrowski, Norbert. "Lithuanian discontinuatives nebe- / jau nebe- ‘no more, no longer’and German-Lithuanian language contacts." Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia 20, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fsp-2016-0035.
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Abstract This paper aims to describe the origin of the Lithuanian discontinuatives nebe- / jau nebe- ‘no more, no longer’. In van der Auwera’s terms they represent the so-called ‘still’ discontinuatives, i.e. they consist of a continuative morpheme -be- and negation ne-. In Old Lithuanian texts (16th century) their productivity is strictly connected to the area of Lithuania Minor (former East Prussia). Both variants (i.e. nebe- / jau nebe- ‘no more, no longer’) have structural counterparts in German, which seems to suggest that nebe- and jau nebe- have come into being under influence of German.
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Kulakov, V. I. "TYPOLOGY AND CHRONOLOGY OF AESTIAN AND PRUSSIAN FUNERAL URNS." Vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 01, no. 05 (March 25, 2021): 74–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22281/2413-9912-2021-05-01-74-89.
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The coexistence of several types of urns in the funerary antiquities of the Aestians and Prussians testifies to the fact that in the imagination of community members (obviously, mainly women), there were prototypes of urns that were of ethno-cultural significance for (forced) ceramists. The aforementioned inhabitants of the Amber Coast at the beginning of our era were called Aestii by the Germans (ancient German - "living in the east"). The low quality of urn ceramics and their weak firing characterize the insignificant professional training of members of the tribal collective, who are forced to mold vessels only when necessary to prepare the urn for the funeral of a relative. The large sizes of the main part of the types of urns in our array are obviously the result of some cult norms. Ashes from the fire and cremated remains of the deceased, together with his inventory, occupy a small part of the urn's volume and were not necessarily at its bottom. Existing in the traditions of the population of the Amber Coast for half a millennium, the urn, as it turned out, can contain information of a chronological and ethno-cultural nature, and not just be recorded by archaeologists as a repository of the ashes of the buried.
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Gorzelik, Jerzy. "Wiatr z Północy. Dyskursywne konstruowanie Heimat na przykładzie gmachu dawnej Królewskiej Szkoły Rzemiosł Budowlanych w Katowicach i jego wystroju." Przegląd Kulturoznawczy, no. 4 (50) (December 30, 2021): 745–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843860pk.21.051.14968.
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Wind from the North: The Discursive Construction of Heimat Exemplified by the Edifice of the Former Royal School of Building Crafts (Königliche Baugerwerkschule) in Katowice and its Decoration The paper examines the edifice of the former school of building crafts (Baugewerkschule) in Katowice, Upper Silesia, which opened in 1901, and its decoration. The works of architecture, painting and sculpture were interpreted as carriers of a discourse calculated to construct Heimat, located within the borders of the Prussian Silesian Province. The building’s forms, reminiscent of the brick Gothic of northern Germany, were characteristic of the milieu of the Technische Hochschule in Hannover, where the designers of the edifice were educated. The city’s coat of arms was depicted on the facade, the vaulted ceiling of the auditorium was decorated with dragon and gryphon motifs of Scandinavian origin, and its walls painted with images of St. Hedwig ‒ the patron saint of Silesia, viewed here as a deconfessionalized personification of the land ‒ the Prussian eagle, and four iconic monuments of historic Silesian architecture. Thus, references were made to various levels of identity ‒ local, regional, national, and the mythologised Germanic North. The narrative constructed in this way fits into the cultural nationalism of the educated German bourgeoisie (Bildungsbürgertum), which grows out of the Romantic tradition. At the same time, the emphasis on the opposition of the North and South can be seen as a strategy for overcoming the peripheral status of Silesia in a world organised by the West-East axis. The school’s building in Katowice exemplifies how the elites of the German Empire used visual means to construct modern imagined communities.
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Kozłowski, Janusz. "About the essense of the masurian Gromadkar movement." Masuro-Warmian Bulletin 304, no. 2 (July 20, 2019): 218–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-134839.
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After the Reformation Masurians as subjects of the rulers of the first evangelical state in the world became Lutherans. Over time, the inhabitants of the southern areas of Easy Prussia and the so- called Lithuania Minor felt the lack of the deepened spirituality, which they did not find in the evangelical church. Through the settled in Gąbin (Gumbinnen) exiled from the area of Salzburg pietist Evangelists in Masuria, “The six books on True Christianity” by John Arndt appeared. The book, after the Bible and the Small Catechism of Luther became the most popular among people of Masuria. The first piety movements appeared in Masuria in the county of Nidzica and Szczytno at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. However their true upturn took place from the 1840s. It manifested itself in running home services, prayer meetings- so-called “beads” and increased activity of travelling preachers. In the seventies and eighties of the nineteenth century, The Gromadkar movement comprised between 30 and 80% of the Masurian population. The centre of the Masurian clusters was located near Szczytno, Pisz and Mrągowo. Registered in 1885 by the Prussian Lithuanian Christopher Kukat , the East Prussian Evangelical Prayers Association which with the help of its bilingual (German Lithuanian) paper Pakajaus Paslas/ Friedens- Bote gave the organizational framework to the East Prussian clusters. At the turn of 19th and 20th centuries, the Gromadkar movement reached its apogee, also spreading among the Mazurian workers’ communities in the Ruhr. Since the First World War, there has been a gradual stifling of the movement, which in the Nazi era entered agonal phase. The key to understanding the world of clusters is the “Six Books on True Christianity” by John Arndt, in which he creates a kind of bridge between Luther’s teachings and the writings of the Rhine mystics of Master Eckhart, John Tauler and Henry Suzo, giving Mazurians directions for spiritual growth. It was supposed to rely on “Six Books” to deny yourself, to reject your own ego, to seek contact with God, indicating as the goal the union with God. The uniqueness of the Gromadkar movement consisted in going beyond the Lutheran principle of “justification by faith” and entering the ground of Christian mysticism unknown to the Evangelical doctrine, which happened through the work of Arndt. An additional aspect that opens up in this context is the Slavic and Lithuanian spirituality and the sensitivity of the crowd, without which undoubtedly it would not be possible to practice mysticism on the basis of the Evangelical religion.
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Pyts, T. "NAMES OF METAL-PROCESSING CRAFTSMEN IN GERMAN DIALECTS." Вісник Житомирського державного університету імені Івана Франка. Філологічні науки, no. 3(98) (December 23, 2022): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/philology.3(98).2022.171-182.
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The article studies the Silesian, Low Prussian, and East Pomeranian names of metal-processing craftsmen of the 14th–16th centuries. The article substantiates the topicality of studying the German dialects that disappeared due to the World War II, analyses specialized literature, characterizes the history of studying the German names of craftsmen in the former East-German dialects, determines the level of their coverage, formulates the objective and task of the publication and outlines the perspectives of further academic research. Besides, the article provides the insight into the word-formative peculiarities of the names of craftsmen, the form of their fixation within the Silesian, Low Prussian, and East Pomeranian dialects. Each form is accompanied by the data concerning the time and place of the fixation. The research established, 63 names of metal-processing craftsmen. They include: а) names of manufacturers of small items for household and clerical use; b) makers of arms and armor; c) moulders; d) jewelers and coiners; e) common names to designate smith; f) other names of craftsmen. The formative bases of metal-processing craftsmen were established: а) names of handicrafts; b) names of materials of which they were produced; c) names of craftsmen’s actions; d) names of the color of the processed material; e) according to the general characteristic of the items; f) according to the general characteristic of the materials. Besides, 1/3 of the names of craftsmen are formed with suffixes: -er, -ler, -ner, -ir, -orre, and 2/3 bi-root. The other word-formative bases in the names of the craftsmen with the different roots are as follows: -schmied, -gießer, -macher, -hauer, -feger, -böter, -gräber, -schläger, -schneider, -schlosser, -zieher. 16 synonymic rows can be identified within the established names of metal-processing craftsmen.
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ROMANOVA, Elena A., and Sergey I. ZOTOV. "Landscape in the Spatial and Temporal Aspects of Settlement Systems in Kaliningrad Region." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 7, no. 4 (February 28, 2017): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v7.4(16).18.
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The article describes the environmental factors that influence the formation of the settlement systems at the territory, and the degree of changes of this impact over time. Kaliningrad region is chosen as the study area, the settlement system is which evolved over many centuries. Over the past hundred years the settlement system, including the urban settlement, of the area reconstructed three times – as a result of the First World War, the German expansion to the east in 1939, and in the post-war period, while the overall pattern of settlements network maintained. A feature of the region is a complete change of population in the region since the end of World War II, accession of the former East Prussia to the Soviet Union, as part of the Russian Federation, which resulted in a fundamental change of economic system, determined features of the new building of settlements and areas of infrastructure development. Currently the regional settlement system shows, on the one hand, the similarities with the systems of settlement of other subjects of the Russian Federation, of the non-black soil zone of the Russian Plain, and on the other hand, is inherited from the system of settling the northern part of East Prussia. The degree of the landscape affects on the local systems of settlement is heterogeneous both spatially and temporally.
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Müller, Uwe. "East Central Europe in the First Globalization (1850-1914)." Studia Historiae Oeconomicae 36, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sho-2018-0004.
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Summary The article analyzes the position and the positioning strategy of East Central Europe in the so-called “first globalization (1850-1914)”. The focus is on foreign trade and the transfer of the two most important production factors, i.e. capital and labor. East Central Europe included in this period the territories of the Habsburg Monarchy, the Kingdom of Poland as a part of the Russian Empire, and the eastern provinces of the Kingdom of Prussia which were from 1871 onwards part of the German Reich. The article combines the theories and methods of economic history and transnational history. It sees itself as a contribution to a trans-regional history of East Central Europe by analyzing first the main “flows” and then the influence of “controls”. The article analyzes to what extent and in what way East Central Europe was involved in the globalization processes of the late 19th century. It discusses whether East Central Europe was only the object of global developments or even shaped them. In this context it asks about the role of the empires (Habsburg monarchy, German Reich, Russia) for the position of East Central European economies in the world economy. It shows that the economic elites in the centers but also on the edges of the empires developed different strategies for how to respond to the challenges of globalization.
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Rathgeber, Christina. "The Reception of Brandenburg-Prussia's New Lutheran Hymnal of 1781." Historical Journal 36, no. 1 (March 1993): 115–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00016137.
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ABSTRACTThe attempted introduction of a new rationalist Lutheran hymnal into Brandenburg-Prussia in 1781 was largely a failure due to the successful popular opposition towards it. This opposition was inaugurated by four parishes in Berlin. They petitioned the monarch in January 1781 with the request to continue using the old hymnal. Similar petitions were submitted from the Landstände of Pomerania, Magdeburg and East Frisia. Frederick II immediately granted this concession to all parishes in Brandenburg-Prussia. The strength of this opposition – which also occurred in other German lands where new hymnals were introduced – indicates the limitations of the religious Aufklärung as a popular movement. Traditional religious beliefs could not be easily replaced by more rationalist doctrine that stressed only Christianity's ethical tenets. While Frederick was indifferent to questions of doctrine, he would not allow any religious reforms to be imposed upon his subjects. For the first time this central feature of his religious policy was influenced by the force of public opinion. He was persuaded to halt the implementation of a measure that enjoyed the support of both enlightened clergy and laymen.
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Kennedy Grimsted, Patricia. "Art and Icons Lost in East Prussia: The Fate of German Seizures from Kyiv Museums." Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 61, no. 1 (2013): 47–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/jgo-2013-0003.
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Sierzputowski, Bartłomiej. "Public international law in the context of post-German cultural property held within Poland’s borders. A complicated situation or simply a resolution?" Leiden Journal of International Law 33, no. 4 (August 28, 2020): 953–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156520000461.
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AbstractThe article discusses the complicated situation of post-German cultural property held within Poland’s borders after the Second World War. On 2 August 1945, ‘the Big Three’ decided a new layout of power within Europe. They reached an agreement that Silesia, Pomerania, the Free City of Danzig (Gdańsk), and part of East Prussia (Regained Territories) along with all the property which had been left on site, should be a part of Poland. One of the post-war priorities of the Polish Government was to regulate the legal status of post-German cultural property left within these newly-delineated borders. Although the Second World War ended in 1945, there was still a threat that the majority of post-German property could be devastated, destroyed, or even looted. There are some documented cases where such cultural property was seized inter alia by the Red Army and then transported to Russia. Since 1945, Russian museums have exhibited many of these pieces of art. This article addresses the question concerning the legal status of post-German cultural property in light of public international law. Furthermore, the article responds to the question, whether Poland is entitled to restitution of post-German cultural property looted from the Regained Territories.