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1
Colla, Marcus. "Constructing the Prussia-Myth in East Germany, 1945–61." Journal of Contemporary History 54, no. 3 (July 26, 2018): 527–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009418768860.
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In postwar East Germany, dealing with the history of Prussia was problematic. While ‘Prussianism’ or the ‘Spirit of Prussia’ was widely perceived as a central cause of Nazism, it also could not be ignored when developing ‘progressive’ narratives of German history. This article investigates the political, intellectual and symbolic construction of a ‘Prussia-myth’ in the early postwar years. In particular, it investigates how the ‘Prussia-myth’ was adapted to changing political conditions, the theoretical contradictions this engendered, and the manner in which historians and cultural figures dealt with these problems when educating the East German population at large.
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Colla, Marcus. "Prussian Palimpsests: Historic Architecture and Urban Spaces in East Germany, 1945–1961." Central European History 50, no. 2 (June 2017): 184–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938917000280.
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AbstractThis article considers the fate of Prussian buildings and memorials in East Germany between 1945 and 1961. Analyzing a number of case studies from Berlin and Potsdam, it places the treatment of these structures within the broader contours of history management practices. Although this era was characterized by a strong anti-Prussian sentiment in the GDR's historical discourse, it also witnessed a complex interaction between the SED and its historical inheritance. This interaction often influenced decisions about the fate of Prussian structures in the GDR as much as any animosity toward Prussia as a historical entity did.
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Sterkhov, Dmitrii. "The Hanoverian Question and Prussian Foreign Policy in the Early Nineteenth Century (1801–1806)." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 2 (2022): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640018318-7.
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This study explores the significance of the Hanoverian Question for Prussian foreign policy in the early nineteenth century. The author looks at the origins of the Hanoverian Question and analyses Prussian motives for annexing Hanover in the first part of the article. Special attention is paid to the relationship between Prussian foreign policy and Prussian domestic stability. The political system in Prussia was severely unbalanced by the capture of vast swathes of Polish territory to the east, populated mostly by Catholics. To restore the balance, the Prussian state badly needed a German-speaking and Evangelical province to the west, and only the Electorate of Hanover met these requirements. The Hanoverian Question went hand in hand with the neutrality policy pursued by Prussia between 1795 and 1806. After the unsuccessful occupation of Hanover in 1801, Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm III committed himself solely to the peaceful annexation of the Electorate, which had to be recognised internationally, above all by France, Great Britain, and Russia. Forced to manoeuvre between Napoleon and the Anti-French Coalition, Prussia eventually gained possession of Hanover, but found itself at war with both Great Britain and France. Thus, the delicate Hanoverian Question paved the way for the War of the Fourth Coalition of 1806–1807, which ended in Prussia's worst defeat. One can conclude that Prussia failed to resolve the Hanoverian Question satisfactorily, yet this diplomatic setback was instrumental in changing Prussian foreign policy. After 1806 Prussia finally abandoned its policy of neutrality and manoeuvring appeared more willing to use force to achieve its goals.
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Shindo, Rikako. "EAST PRUSSIA, LITHUANIA AND THE SOVIET UNION AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR: THE FOREIGN STRATEGY OF A GERMAN EXCLAVE DURING THE 1920S." Problems of World History, no. 1 (March 24, 2016): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2016-1-8.
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This paper deals with the foreign strategy of East Prussia after World War I. Special consideration is given to the ways in which East Prussia tried to overcome the political and economic difficulties that had arisen when it found itself surrounded on all sides by foreign countries during the 1920s. After the World War I, East Prussia aimed to re-establish its previous trade relations with the regions of the former Russian Empire. The intensive struggle for survival in which the local and regional governments of Königsberg and its economic representatives were involved resulted from the fact that the province now formed an exclave – a unique situation not only in the history of Prussia, but also in the history of Germany. Owing to the unsolvable territorial conflicts in Eastern Europe, all attempts to come to terms with the situation and its implications were doomed to have only very limited success.
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Lewandowska, Izabela. "Educational contexts of migration. The case of East Prussia / Warmia and Mazury in 1945." Echa Przeszłości, no. XXII/1 (May 10, 2021): 268–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/ep.6719.
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Millions of people were forced to emigrate when World War II came to an end in 1945. Migration processes were particularly pronounced in East Prussia, the German territory that was partitioned between Poland and the USSR after the war. Germans fled from East Prussia, and their farms were settled by newcomers from central Poland and the Eastern Borderlands that had been ceded to the Soviet Union. This article discusses the narrative surrounding the wave of post-war migration in Polish and German academia, museums and informal education. An analysis of textbooks and academic scripts revealed that this topic has received broad coverage in the German educational system. Museum exhibitions focusing on emigration from East Prussia and the Eastern Borderlands were also examined, and the results of the analysis indicate that German museums displayed a greater interest in the topic.In the last step, websites dedicated to migration issues were compared as a form of informal education. The comparison revealed a similar number of websites as well as similar levels of activity in Polish and German websites.
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Knyżewski, Jakub. "Konstruowanie historii regionu. Przeszłość i pamięć na lamach olsztyńskiej „Borussii"." Kultura i Społeczeństwo 55, no. 4 (November 22, 2011): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2011.55.4.13.
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The article elaborates on the accomplishments of those centered round a magazine “Borussia. Culture. History. Literature” which, while following a constructivist vision of history, seeks an answer to a question about a role of the heritage of East Prussia and Germany in contemporary Poland. Thus, a challenge has been taken to not only examine the region’s past, but also to examine the creation of contemporary civil society which is aware of what was the past of the land on which they live. Elements of multicultural image of East Prussia emerging from “Borussia” articles, create a metaphoric “Atlantis of the North” — idealized multicultural land, dominated by the spirit of tolerance. Such an image, together with the idea of “open regionalism” comprises a preferred image of contemporary regional identity.
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Maksymowicz, Sławomir. "Sources for the History of the World War in the State Archives in Olsztyn." Masuro-Warmian Bulletin 297, no. 3 (October 4, 2017): 445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-134943.
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Various archives concerning the issues of daily life in East Prussia during World War II have been pre�served in the State Archives in Olsztyn (APO). In the archival units, it is possible to find both information con�cerning both the German preparations for the war in the province and the course of the war not only in East Prussia, but also on the Western Front – in Belgium or France, the process of reconstruction of the destroyed East Prussian villages and towns and the means of commemorating the fallen soldiers fighting on both sides. The archives of the First World War and its consequences relate to many units. The intention of the author was to present the history of the First World War on the basis of archives assembled in the APO and in the Royal Calendar of Prussian Evangelicals in 1916 and in 1917, stored in the Re�search Centre in Olsztyn. The files stored in the APO are diverse and allow for a comprehensive understanding of issues relating to the course of this war, ranging from mobilization, military operations, Russian occupation, to the crimes and war crimes committed by the aggressor on the local civilian population. A separate aspect touches on the process of reconstruction of the province from the time of destruction and includes the care of war casualties.
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Alvis, Robert E. "Holy Homeland: The Discourse of Place and Displacement among Silesian Catholics in Postwar West Germany." Church History 79, no. 4 (November 26, 2010): 827–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640710001046.
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The author of the above quotation, Rudolf Jokiel, was one of over twelve million ethnic Germans expelled from their homes in Germany's eastern provinces (East Prussia, Pomerania, Brandenburg, and Silesia), the Sudetenland, and other pockets of Eastern Europe at the end of World War II and resettled within the country's truncated postwar borders. The expellees bitterly lamented their enforced exile, and many Christians within this population shared Jokiel's sentiments concerning the connection between faith and homeland. Those who settled in the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) developed an elaborate network of overlapping subcultures dedicated to preserving their memories of lost homelands and advocating for their right to return there. In the process, these lands came to acquire a distinctly religious aura, holy places that were integral to their spiritual well-being.
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Eberhardt, Piotr. "Przemiany narodowościowe w Kraju Kłajpedzkim w XX wieku." Sprawy Narodowościowe, no. 37 (February 18, 2022): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sn.2010.023.
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Population Transformations in the Klaipeda Region in the 20th CenturyThe Klaipeda Region is now an integral part of Lithuania. This was not, however, always the case; the region has a strong German history. (Its historical German name was Memelland, while in Lithuanian it was called Klaipedos Krastas.) Until 1525, the Klaipeda Region belonged to the Teutonic Order, but later changed hands several times. Initially, it belonged to the Duchy of Prussia (until 1701; and until 1657 was dependent as a fief of Poland), was later controlled by the Kingdom of Prussia (until 1871), and then finally became part of the German Empire (until 1919). For Germans, the province was a historical part of Eastern Prussia until 1945. For Lithuanians, the Klaipeda Region, as well as the area located along the north-eastern part of East Prussia on the south bank of the Neman River, was known as Little Lithuania (Lithuania Minor). The Lithuanians considered this territory to be their own ethnic land, which was wrongfully subjected to gradual Germanization. Before World War II this area was inhabited by Protestants who spoke Lithuanian or German. The 1920 census lists the territory’s population at 150,700, of which 71,000 declared German to be their first language, while 67,000 declared Lithuanian.The article first discusses the historical and political background of events in the Klaipeda Region in the first half of the 20th century. Next the author analyzes in a dynamic approach the demographic and ethnic structure of the population. His attention is later focused on the period of World War II when the province was incorporated into the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. In the Soviet period, a major part of the local population was expelled to Germany, while the remaining residents were identified as either Lithuanians or Russians such that the province was no longer dominated by the Protestant and German speaking population. The final part of the article deals with the present demographic and ethnic situation. As a result of the postwar political and economic migrations, a majority of the people in the province now identify themselves as Lithuanian and Catholic. Lithuania, owing to the port of Klaipeda, has now an unrestricted access to sea.
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Steinmetz, George. "Empire in three keys." Thesis Eleven 139, no. 1 (April 2017): 46–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513617701958.
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Germany was famously a latecomer to colonialism, but it was a hybrid empire, centrally involved in all forms of imperial activity. Germans dominated the early Holy Roman Empire; Germany after 1870 was a Reich, or empire, not a state in the conventional sense; and Germany had a colonial empire between 1884 and 1918. Prussia played the role of continental imperialist in its geopolitics vis-à-vis Poland and the other states to its east. Finally, in its Weltpolitik – its global policies centered on the navy – Germany was an informal global imperialist. Although these diverse scales and practices of empire usually occupied distinct regions in the imaginations of contemporaries, there was one representational space in which the nation-state was woven together with empire in all its different registers: the Berlin trade exhibition of 1896. Because this exhibition started as a local event focused on German industry, it has not attracted much attention among historians of colonial and world fairs. Over the course of its planning, however, the 1896 exhibition emerged as an encompassing display of the multifarious German empire in all its geopolitical aspects. The exhibition attracted the attention of contemporaries as diverse as Georg Simmel and Kaiser Wilhelm. In contrast to Simmel and later theorists, I argue that it represented the empire and the nation-state, and not simply the fragmenting and commodifying force of capitalism. In contrast to Timothy Mitchell, I argue that the exhibit did not communicate a generic imperial modernity, but made visible the unique multi-scaled political formation that was the German empire-state.
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Sachs, Sven, Jahn J. Hornung, and Mike Reich. "Mosasaurs from Germany – a brief history of the first 100 years of research." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 94, no. 1 (July 21, 2014): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/njg.2014.16.
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AbstractIn Germany, mosasaur remains are very rare and only incompletely known. However, the earliest records date back to the 1830s, when tooth crowns were found in the chalk of the Isle of Rügen. A number of prominent figures in German palaeontology and geosciences of the 19th and 20th centuries focused on these remains, including, among others, Friedrich von Hagenow, Hermann von Meyer, Andreas Wagner, Hanns Bruno Geinitz and Josef Pompeckj. Most of these works were only short notes, given the scant material. However, the discovery of fragmentary cranial remains in Westphalia in 1908 led to a more comprehensive discussion, which is also of historical importance, as it illustrates the discussions on the highly controversial and radical universal phylogenetic theory proposed by Gustav Steinmann in 1908. This theory saw the existence of continuous lines of descent, evolving in parallel, and did not regard higher taxonomic units as monophyletic groups but as intermediate paraphyletic stages of evolution. In this idea, nearly all fossil taxa form part of these lineages, which extend into the present time, and natural extinction occurs very rarely, if ever. In Steinmann's concept, mosasaurs were not closely related to squamates but formed an intermediate member in a anagenetic chain from Triassic thalattosaurs to extant baleen whales. The newly found specimen led Josef Pompeckj to write a vehement rebuttal to Steinmann's theory, published in 1910, showing that his conclusions were conjectural and speculative, being based on convergence and not supported by scientific evidence. This particular specimen, housed in Göttingen, later also inspired a piece of palaeoart by Franz Roubal under the instructions of Othenio Abel.With the exception of a vertebra from the Campanian of former East Prussia (now Russian Federation), and a possible vertebra from the Cenomanian of Dresden, Saxony, all datable material – today partly lost – originated from the northern part of present-day Germany and stratigraphically from the Campanian–Maastrichtian. The purported record from the Cenomanian of Bavaria (southeastern Germany) was most probably an error, based on Upper Jurassic crocodilian material.
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Dementev, Ilya. "In The Search of Lost Albertina: the University of Königsbergin Contemporary Historiography." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 2(50) (July 2, 2020): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2020-50-2-203-218.
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The article explores contemporary historiography of the history of Königsberg University (Albertina), which had existed in East Prussia since 1544 until 1944. Over the course of four centuries there was an official narrative on the history of the university as a stronghold of German culture in the east of the country.
After World War II the university history was mainly investigated by German historians, but after the end of the Cold War the interest in this topic increased not only in Germany, but also in other countries. The researchers are primarily focused on
two periods – the early modern one (mid-16th – 17th centuries) and the end of the 19th – the first half of the 20th century. A considerable number of topics on the history of Königsberg University, which earlier were taboo or ignored for other reasons, have become a subject of academic interest in recent decades. Discussions arose about the degree of responsibility of university intellectuals for the Nazis’ crimes. New biographies of historians such as Hans Rothfels or Werner Conze force a reader to form a more realistic image of Albertina in the 1930s. The material ofthe university history makes it possible to reconsider the
contradictory relations between the German state and Jewish communities as well as to expand understanding of the circumstances of the Jews’ persecution at the beginning of the National Socialistera. The analysis of contemporary historiography shows that, with all its achievements, it retains some stereotypes dating back to the traditional narrative, primarily a lack of attention to the role of women in the university history and the importance of the university as an institution strengtheninga gender order. The paper introduces a number of examples of women scholars that are not fully represented in the history of the university (Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, Sophie Brutzer, Elise Jenny Baumgartel). Moreover, the article gives a brief description of Russian historiography. Taking into account the development trends of contemporary historiography, the author considers the prospects of the research devoted to Königsberg University history.
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Rathgeber, Christina. "The Reception of Brandenburg-Prussia's New Lutheran Hymnal of 1781." Historical Journal 36, no. 1 (March 1993): 115–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00016137.
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ABSTRACTThe attempted introduction of a new rationalist Lutheran hymnal into Brandenburg-Prussia in 1781 was largely a failure due to the successful popular opposition towards it. This opposition was inaugurated by four parishes in Berlin. They petitioned the monarch in January 1781 with the request to continue using the old hymnal. Similar petitions were submitted from the Landstände of Pomerania, Magdeburg and East Frisia. Frederick II immediately granted this concession to all parishes in Brandenburg-Prussia. The strength of this opposition – which also occurred in other German lands where new hymnals were introduced – indicates the limitations of the religious Aufklärung as a popular movement. Traditional religious beliefs could not be easily replaced by more rationalist doctrine that stressed only Christianity's ethical tenets. While Frederick was indifferent to questions of doctrine, he would not allow any religious reforms to be imposed upon his subjects. For the first time this central feature of his religious policy was influenced by the force of public opinion. He was persuaded to halt the implementation of a measure that enjoyed the support of both enlightened clergy and laymen.
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Kennedy Grimsted, Patricia. "Art and Icons Lost in East Prussia: The Fate of German Seizures from Kyiv Museums." Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 61, no. 1 (2013): 47–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/jgo-2013-0003.
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Müller, Uwe. "East Central Europe in the First Globalization (1850-1914)." Studia Historiae Oeconomicae 36, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sho-2018-0004.
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Summary The article analyzes the position and the positioning strategy of East Central Europe in the so-called “first globalization (1850-1914)”. The focus is on foreign trade and the transfer of the two most important production factors, i.e. capital and labor. East Central Europe included in this period the territories of the Habsburg Monarchy, the Kingdom of Poland as a part of the Russian Empire, and the eastern provinces of the Kingdom of Prussia which were from 1871 onwards part of the German Reich. The article combines the theories and methods of economic history and transnational history. It sees itself as a contribution to a trans-regional history of East Central Europe by analyzing first the main “flows” and then the influence of “controls”. The article analyzes to what extent and in what way East Central Europe was involved in the globalization processes of the late 19th century. It discusses whether East Central Europe was only the object of global developments or even shaped them. In this context it asks about the role of the empires (Habsburg monarchy, German Reich, Russia) for the position of East Central European economies in the world economy. It shows that the economic elites in the centers but also on the edges of the empires developed different strategies for how to respond to the challenges of globalization.
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Siegel, Mona, and Kirsten Harjes. "Disarming Hatred: History Education, National Memories, and Franco-German Reconciliation from World War I to the Cold War." History of Education Quarterly 52, no. 3 (August 2012): 370–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2012.00404.x.
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On May 4, 2006, French and German cultural ministers announced the publication of Histoire/Geschichte, the world's first secondary school history textbook produced jointly by two countries. Authored by a team of French and German historians and published simultaneously in both languages, the book's release drew considerable public attention. French and German heads-of-state readily pointed to the joint history textbook as a shining example of the close and positive relations between their two countries, while their governments heralded the book for “symbolically sealing Franco-German reconciliation.” Beyond European shores, East Asian commentators in particular have taken note of Franco-German textbook collaboration, citing it as a possible model for how to work through their own region's often antagonistic past. Diplomatic praise is not mere hyperbole. From the Franco-Prussian War (1870) through World War I (1914–1918) and World War II (1939–1945), France and Germany were widely perceived to be “hereditary enemies.” The publication of Histoire/Geschichte embodies one of the most crucial developments in modern international relations: the emergence of France and Germany as the “linchpin” of the New Europe.
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Ward, W. R. "Art and Science: or Bach as an Expositor of the Bible." Studies in Church History 28 (1992): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400012547.
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For a long time before dramatic recent events it has been clear that the German Democratic Republic has been in die position, embarrassing to a Marxist system, of having nothing generally marketable left except (to use the jargon) ‘superstructure’. The Luther celebrations conveniendy bolstered the implicit claim of the GDR to embody Saxony’s long-delayed revenge upon Prussia; still more conveniendy, they paid handsomely. Even the Francke celebrations probably paid their way, ruinous though his Orphan House has been allowed to become. When I was in Halle, a hard-pressed government had removed the statue of Handel (originally paid for in part by English subscriptions) for head-to-foot embellishment in gold leaf, and a Handel Festival office in the town was manned throughout the year. Bach is still more crucial, both to the republic’s need to pay its way and to the competition with the Federal Republic for the possession of the national tradition. There is no counterpart in Britain to the strength of the Passion-music tradition in East Germany. The celebrations which reach their peak in Easter Week at St Thomas’s, Leipzig, are like a cross between Wembley and Wimbledon here, the difference being that the black market in tickets is organized by the State for its own benefit. If Bach research in East Germany, based either on musicology or the Church, has remained an industry of overwhelming amplitude and technical complexity, the State has had its own Bach-research collective located in Leipzig, dedicated among other things to establishing the relation between Bach and the Enlightenment, that first chapter in the Marxist history of human liberation. Now that a good proportion of the population of the GDR seems bent on liberation by leaving the republic or sinking it, the moment seems ripe to take note for non-specialist readers of some of what has been achieved there in recent years.
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Biddiscombe, Perry. ""Freies Deutschland" Guerrilla Warfare in East Prussia, 1944-1945: A Contribution to the History of the German Resistance." German Studies Review 27, no. 1 (February 2004): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1433548.
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Aleknavičienė, Ona. "Language policy in the Kingdom of Prussia at the junction of the 18th-19th centuries." Taikomoji kalbotyra 16 (December 30, 2021): 56–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/taikalbot.2021.16.4.
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The present paper examines the principles of the language policy designed in the Kingdom of Prussia at the junction of the 18th-19th centuries. This research aims to identify the main factors affecting the introduction of the Lithuanian language as the official regional language in the Kingdom of Prussia and to evaluate the parameters applied to such language planning. The main research objects in this study are the prefaces to Christian Gottlieb Mielcke’s dictionary Littauisch-deutsches und Deutsch-littauisches Wörter-Buch (1800) and the archival material of the end of the 18th century, which provide information on the preconditions, directions, goals, and objectives of the language policy of the time.The politics favorable to the Lithuanian language was preconditioned by the political changes in the 18th century. After the third partition of the Commonwealth of the Two Nations (1795) and with the annexation of Užnemunė to Prussia, the range of the Lithuanian language use expanded, and the ideas of regional particularism strengthened.Christoph Friedrich Heilsberg, the author of the third preface to Mielcke’s dictionary, a counsellor in the Königsberg Chamber of War and Domains, and an inspector of East Prussian schools, was well aware of the Lithuanian attitudes to the influence of language on identity, motives for language learning, legislation, and the potential of schools and churches. On the grounds of this versatile expertise, he undertook language status planning.With regards to Mielcke’s observation about civil servants who need to learn Lithuanian and the Lithuanian approach to language, Heilsberg took a practical position on language planning. He suggested expanding the Lithuanian language use in the public sphere rather than considering the idea of German as a common state language. At Heilsberg’s initiative, the Lithuanian language had to be used in such important areas as education, church, law, business, and administration. Heilsberg sought to ensure that it did not lose its cultural or administrative functions. Such plans presuppose the status of Lithuanian as an official regional language, equivalent to linguistic autonomy, where the language of a national minority has political autonomy and coexists with the official language of the state.Heilsberg initiated not only the development but also the implementation of language policy. He developed the directions and measures of corpus planning: to help non-Lithuanians to learn Lithuanian, he encouraged Mielcke to prepare a Lithuanian-German and German-Lithuanian dictionary and supervised the publication of a Lithuanian grammar and a collection of sermons. This highlights the priorities of his education policy, which aimed to develop the language skills of teachers and priests, and to create conditions for civil servants working in the province to learn the Lithuanian language.Three statements of Heilsberg as a high-ranking state official were important for increasing the prestige of the Lithuanian language: 1) language is a guarantor of identity; 2) provincial languages must be learned by civil servants and not vice versa; and 3) language must be nurtured.The author of the fourth preface to Mielcke’s dictionary, the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, raised the criterion of language purity. Considering that only pure language is important for the maintenance of the nation’s distinctiveness, for science, and especially history, he emphasized the need to preserve the purity of language and proposed two ways to achieve this: to use pure language in schools and churches, and to expand the domains of its use.This is the earliest attempt in the history of Prussian Lithuanian culture to give the Lithuanian language the status of an official regional language. Such policy ensured its functioning in all spheres of public life, its use in the education system, and created conditions for maintaining identity.
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Gajdis, Anna. "Sarmacja Johannesa Bobrowskiego (1917-1965) w perspektywie geopoetyki. Litewskie reminiscencje." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 13, no. 2 (January 8, 2023): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.8463.
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The subject of the article is Sarmatia in the geopoetical perspective. Lithuanian reminiscences is Bobrowski’s literary output in the context of his concept of Sarmatia, with a special attention towards Lithuanian motives. The writer referred to the vast areas of Central and Eastern Europe from Berlin to the Urals as Sarmatia, and he defined his poetic task as the study of the Germans' transgressions against their eastern neighbours. According to geopoetics, Sarmatia is a place made up of personal experiences, feelings and emotions. Research on the autobiography conducted by M. Czermińska allows us to call it an autobiographical place created out of landscape, history and tradition. The writer himself described East Prussia as a place of childhood and happiness, but he also felt fulfilled as a wanderer on the great expanses of Eastern Europe.
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Dementev, I. O. "Молодежные краеведческие инициативы: региональные практики(на примере Калининградской области)." Nasledie Vekov, no. 3(19) (September 30, 2019): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36343/sb.2019.19.3.003.
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В статье проанализирован опыт реализации молодежных краеведческих инициатив в Калининградской области. В советское время в регионе, как и везде в стране, действовала единая государственная система организации краеведческого воспитания: молодежь воспринималась почти исключительно в качестве объекта педагогического воздействия, а краеведческая проблематика была вписана в контекст военно-патриотического воспитания. Период Перестройки был отмечен ростом спонтанной молодежной активности относительно охраны культурного наследия и изучения новых тем по истории края, особенно Восточной Пруссии. После 1991 г. во многом сохранилась инерция работы государственной системы краеведческого образования, но в условиях трансформации социально-экономических институтов выдвинулись новые субъекты некоммерческие организации. С одной стороны, молодежь и сегодня нередко рассматривается с позиций прежнего субъект-объектного подхода. С другой в условиях глобализации приобретение молодежью субъектности несет новые вызовы, для ответа на которые нужно изучать региональный опыт реализации молодежных краеведческих инициатив.The article presents the experience of the implementation of youth local history initiatives in the Kaliningrad Region (the former German province of East Prussia). During the Soviet time, the region, as everywhere in the Soviet Union, had a unified state system of organizing local history education: young people were perceived almost exclusively as an object of pedagogical influence, and local history issues were integrated into the context of militarypatriotic education. Museums of military glory and detachments of red pathfinders worked on the basis of schools that studied the history of the Second World War battles in East Prussia. The issues of the prewar history of the region were de facto banned. At the same time, schoolchildren had certain opportunities to implement their initiatives, although the latter were limited by the dominant ideology. The period of the Perestroika was marked by the growth of spontaneous youth activity in the protection of heritage and the study of new topics on the history of the region, especially the province of East Prussia. It was the period of shaping of informal groups that became the prototypes of future civil society institutions. After 1991, the inertia of the work of the state system of local history education was largely preserved. At first, the system of militarypatriotic education experienced decline, but at the beginning of the 21st century it was reanimated, setting a new framework for discussions on regional history. At the same time, in the conditions of the transformation of socioeconomic institutions, new entities came forward nongovernmental nonprofit organizations. In contrast to the Soviet era, when the state was the only source of resources for local history initiatives, new sources have emerged these days. Among them are state and municipal budgets, business, charitable foundations. Some NGOs have become independent players in the market. Volunteer initiatives of youth in the field of commemoration of world wars retain their significance. Various examples of NGOs activities in the first two decades of the 21st century are represented. The author argues that, on the one hand, young people are still considered in terms of the former subjectobject approach. For some organizations, a persistent appeal to the needs of the youth hides a basic distrust of their ability to act independently and responsibly. On the other hand, in the conditions of globalization, the formation of the youth as the subject brings new challenges, the respond to which requires studying the experience of implementing youth initiatives in the field of local and regional history.
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Bizewski, Mariusz. "Hołd lenny Mściwoja I złożony Danii w 1210 r. Próba rekonstrukcji epizodu z dziejów panowania pierwszych Sobiesławiców." Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza, no. 23 (December 17, 2019): 17–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/sds.2019.23.01.
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The homage of Mściwoj I made in 1210 to Waldemar II, the king of Denmark, is still one of the unexplained episodes of the history of medieval Pomerania. In the current scientific literature historians almost unanimously accepted that the inclusion of Eastern Pomerania by the influence of Denmark resulted from the armed expansion of the Danes, who forced Mściwoj I to pay them homage. However, the analysis of sources gives us reasons to suppose that events could actually follow a completely different path. The manner of recording the events in „Annales Waldemariani”, as well as political relations between the papacy, Denmark and Germany at the beginning of XIII century, seem to indicate that the feudal homage of the Eastern Pomeranian ruler was made voluntarily. Moreover, we can suppose that the initiative of such a political union came from Mściwoj I himself.
At the turn of XII and XIII century Eastern Pomerania was being in immediate danger of Danish expansion. The possessive intent of Waldemar II toward the Sobiesławice estate became apparent with the occupation of Słupsk by Denmark between 1202 and 1206. Couldn’t counting on support of the Polish princes, involved in conflicts with each other for supremacy, Sobiesławice probably decided to enter into agreement with Denmark. In exchange for recognition of the princes rights in Eastern Pomerania (Sobiesławice didn’t have a position equal to the rest of the Polish or even West Pomeranian rulers) Mściwoj I voluntarily accepted Danish supremacy in 1210. It is possible that it was also connected with his willingness to participate in the Danish conquest of the Prussian lands. Against this background, however, it came to some friction, because the head of the Prussian mission, Christian, probably cooperating with Denmark, blocked the actions of Mściwoj I aimed at subordinating Prussian neophytes to him, witch chilled the Danish‑Pomeranian relations. Christian’s monopol on actions among Prussians was also against the will of Polish princes, witch is why there was rapprochement between them and the ruler of East Pomerania. At the rally in Mąkolno in 1212 Mściwoj I involved himself into Polish plans of taking actions in Prussia ted by Denmark in 1210. Because of the source shortages, we are unable to determine whether after 1212 Mściwoj returned under authority of Poland. It is impossible to explicitly exclude such course of events. However, it is possible thet the Eastern Pomeranian ruler after 1212 could still remaind in a fief relation with Denmark, which was broken just after his death by imposing the Polish superiority on Świętopełk by Leszek the White. In such arrangement likely moment of the breakdown of Danish‑Eastern Pomeranian partnership is year 1220, when Mściwoj I died and Waldemar II was in Estonia on crusade.
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Cordell, Karl. "Politics and Society in Upper Silesia Today: The German Minority Since 1945." Nationalities Papers 24, no. 2 (June 1996): 269–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999608408441.
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In 1919, Polish nationalist forces led by Josef Pilsudski succeeded in re-establishing an independent Polish state. Poland had disappeared from the map of Europe in 1794 following the third partition. It had been devoured by its traditional enemies; Prussia, Austria and Russia. Historically, Poland had been a state without fixed borders, and via a combination of changing dynastic alliances and a pattern of eastward migration, from the twelfth century formerly Slav areas east of the rivers Oder and Neisse became progressively germanicized. By 1921, following the end of World War I, several peace conferences, and after a series of referenda in disputed (former) German areas and a series of wars with all of its neighbors, including an especially successfully prosecuted war against the embryonic Soviet Union, the new state had managed to become a state which incorporated virtually all ethnic Poles. However, in addition to incorporating the overwhelming majority of ethnic Poles, the borders of the new Polish state also included huge numbers of other ethnic, religious and national groups.
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Kostyashov, Yury V., and Victor V. Sergeev. "Regional politics of memory in Poland’s Warmia and Masuria." Baltic Region 10, no. 4 (2018): 118–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2018-4-8.
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A contribution to memory studies, this work focuses on Poland’s Warmian-Masurian voivodeship. Before the war, this territory and the neighbouring Kaliningrad region of Russia comprised the German province of East Prussia. In this article, we strive to identify the essence, mechanisms, key stages, and regional features of the politics of memory from 1945 to the present. To this end, we analyse the legal regulations, the authorities’ decisions, statistics, and the reports in the press. We consider such factors as the education sector, the museum industry, the monumental symbolism, the oral and printed propaganda, holidays and rituals, the institutions of national memory, the adoption of memory-related laws, and others. From the first post-war years, the regional authorities sought to make the Polonocentric concept of the region’s history dominate the collective consciousness. This approach helped to use the postwar legacy impartially and effectively. However, the image of the past was distorted. This distortion was overcome at the turn of the 21st century to give rise to the concept of open regionalism. An effective alternative to nationalistic populism, open regionalism provides a favourable background for international cross-border cooperation.
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Nizhnik, Nadezhda S. "History of the Russian Empire in the context of theoretical and legal analysis (To the 300th anniversary of the Russian Empire)." Gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 11 (2021): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s102694520017466-3.
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The review of the XVIII International Scientific Conference "State and Law: evolution, current state, development prospects (to the 300th anniversary of the Russian Empire)" was held on April 29-30, 2021 at the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The Russian Empire existed on the political map of the world from October 22 (November 2), 1721 until the February Revolution and the overthrow of the Monarchy on March 3, 1917. The Russian Empire was the third largest state that ever existed (after the British and Mongolian Empires): It extended to the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Black Sea in the south, to the Baltic Sea in the west and the Pacific Ocean in the east. The Russian Empire was one of the great powers along with Great Britain, France, Prussia (Germany) and Austria-Hungary, and since the second half of the XIX century – also Italy and the United States. The capital of the Russian Empire was St. Petersburg (1721 - 1728), Moscow (1728 - 1732), then again St. Petersburg (1732 - 1917), renamed Petrograd in 1914. Therefore, it is natural that a conference dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the formation of the Russian Empire was held in St. Petersburg, the former imperial capital. The conference was devoted to problems concerning various aspects of the organization and functioning of the state and law, a retrospective analysis of the activities of state bodies in the Russian Empire. The discussion focused on various issues: the character of the Russian Empire as a socio-legal phenomenon and the subject of the legitimate use of state coercion, the development of political and legal thought, the regulatory and legal foundations of the organization and functioning of the Russian state in the XVIII century – at the beginning of the XX century, the characteristics of state bodies as an element of the mechanism of the imperial state in Russia, the organizational and legal bases of the activities of bodies that manage the internal affairs of the Russian Empire, as well as the image of state authorities and officials-representatives of state power.
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Behrends, Jan C. "Nation and Empire: Dilemmas of Legitimacy during Stalinism in Poland (1941–1956)." Nationalities Papers 37, no. 4 (July 2009): 443–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905990902985686.
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IntroductionIn 1944 Poland was re-established for the second time in the twentieth century. Between the Lublin manifesto of 22 July 1944 and the Potsdam conference of summer 1945 a communist-dominated regime had formed, which was had little in common with the Second Republic that had been founded between the declaration of independence on 9 November 1918 and the peace of Riga with Bolshevik Russia signed in March 1921. Post-war Poland was significantly smaller, geographically further to the west, and ethnically more homogeneous. The Holocaust had destroyed Europe's most sizeable Jewish population, the loss of the kresy (eastern borderlands) to the USSR had reduced the size of eastern-Slavic minorities and the expulsion of the Germans from East Prussia, Pomerania and Silesia further helped to create an ethnically homogeneous country. For the first time in her history, Poland had the structure of a nation-state. Through the destruction and catastrophe of Nazi occupation and genocide the goal of firebrand Polish nationalists such as Roman Dmowski had been achieved: a Poland inhabited by ethnic Poles. Still, the new Poland was less independent than its predecessor; from 1944 onwards it was part of the emerging post-war Soviet Empire. Polish sovereignty had fallen victim to Stalin's “revolutionary-imperial paradigm.” Expansion of Moscow's power was as much a priority of the Soviet leadership as the export of Bolshevik revolution.
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Penny, H. Glenn. "The Museum für Deutsche Geschichte and German National Identity." Central European History 28, no. 3 (September 1995): 343–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900011869.
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Not far from the Brandenburger Tor on Unter den Linden, visitors to the Museum für Deutsche Geschichte (MfDG) entered Berlin's most beautiful Baroque building. Built by Europe's finest architects under the auspices of Prussia's Kings, the Zeughaus once held a collection of the nation's weapons and Prussia's trophies of war. But since its restoration in the 1950s, this eighteenth-century edifice's long sculptured hallways and high-ceilinged rooms housed the Marxist story of the German people's struggle; images of Prussian peasants, Silesian weavers, and hardened revolutionaries were arranged in glass cases, displayed upon walls and surrounded by Socialist banners, Communist papers, and early Protestant texts. Resurrected from the annals of Germany's past, these images were brought together to fashion a German history, to create the foundation for an East German national identity, and to provide legitimization for the Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (SED).
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Anderson, Barbara C. "State-Building and Bureaucracy in Earlt-Nineteenth-Century Nassau." Central European History 24, no. 2-3 (June 1991): 222–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900019026.
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Historians Max Braubach, Michael Doeberl, Erwin Hölzle, and Franz Schnabel developed in the interwar period a new understanding of the role of the “Third Germany,” in particular the south Germ an states of Bavaria, Württemberg, and Baden, in the shaping of the new European order in the beginning of the nineteenth century: they viewed these governments as masters of statecraft and as liberal counterforces to conservative and nationalist Prussia. Recent scholars have continued to focus on the “Third Germany” but in a different vein. Contemporary writers Helmut Berding, Christof Dipper, and Elisabeth Fehrenbach, for example, examined the reforms in Rheinbund-Germany and concluded that everywhere liberal innovations remained stunted and incomplete. Furthermore, they no longer view the “Third Germany” as an antithesis to Prussia but, instead, perceive all of Vormärz-Germany as engulfed by an overly statist and antipluralistic mind-set.
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Anderson, Perry. "The Prussia of the East?" boundary 2 18, no. 3 (1991): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/303200.
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Noble, Alastair. "The First Frontgau: East Prussia, July 1944." War in History 13, no. 2 (April 2006): 200–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0968344506wh336oa.
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Hagemann, Karen. "Occupation, Mobilization, and Politics: The Anti-Napoleonic Wars in Prussian Experience, Memory, and Historiography." Central European History 39, no. 4 (December 2006): 580–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906000197.
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In the “Year of Prussia” 2001, celebrated in Germany because of the three-hundredth anniversary of Prussia's becoming a kingdom in 1701, the editor of the culture section of Die Welt, Eckhart Fuhr, remarked in a review of recent publications, “The discourse (on Prussia) has long since lost all of its (former) severity, obstinacy, and passion. The Germans today,” he declared, “are perfectly comfortable with the ambiguity of the Prussian legacy.” His colleague, the historian and Die Zeit journalist Volker Ulrich, agreed. He observed that the discussion about Prussia lacked a critical edge and regretted that no “truly sharp anti-Prussian book” had appeared among the many new publications. Gavriel D. Rosenfeld reached the same conclusion in his article, “‘A Mastered Past?’ The West-German Historiography on Prussia after 1945,” published in 2004 in the journal German History. He interpreted as a sign of “normalization” the fact that—unlike thirty years ago—Prussia is no longer the source of sharply formulated historical debates.
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Childs, David. "East Germany." Current History 88, no. 541 (November 1, 1989): 385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.1989.88.541.385.
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BRUCE, GARY. "EAST GERMANY." Historical Journal 52, no. 3 (August 4, 2009): 799–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x09990173.
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Pyts, T. "NAMES OF METAL-PROCESSING CRAFTSMEN IN GERMAN DIALECTS." Вісник Житомирського державного університету імені Івана Франка. Філологічні науки, no. 3(98) (December 23, 2022): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/philology.3(98).2022.171-182.
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The article studies the Silesian, Low Prussian, and East Pomeranian names of metal-processing craftsmen of the 14th–16th centuries. The article substantiates the topicality of studying the German dialects that disappeared due to the World War II, analyses specialized literature, characterizes the history of studying the German names of craftsmen in the former East-German dialects, determines the level of their coverage, formulates the objective and task of the publication and outlines the perspectives of further academic research. Besides, the article provides the insight into the word-formative peculiarities of the names of craftsmen, the form of their fixation within the Silesian, Low Prussian, and East Pomeranian dialects. Each form is accompanied by the data concerning the time and place of the fixation. The research established, 63 names of metal-processing craftsmen. They include: а) names of manufacturers of small items for household and clerical use; b) makers of arms and armor; c) moulders; d) jewelers and coiners; e) common names to designate smith; f) other names of craftsmen. The formative bases of metal-processing craftsmen were established: а) names of handicrafts; b) names of materials of which they were produced; c) names of craftsmen’s actions; d) names of the color of the processed material; e) according to the general characteristic of the items; f) according to the general characteristic of the materials. Besides, 1/3 of the names of craftsmen are formed with suffixes: -er, -ler, -ner, -ir, -orre, and 2/3 bi-root. The other word-formative bases in the names of the craftsmen with the different roots are as follows: -schmied, -gießer, -macher, -hauer, -feger, -böter, -gräber, -schläger, -schneider, -schlosser, -zieher. 16 synonymic rows can be identified within the established names of metal-processing craftsmen.
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Schenk, Tobias. "Vom Reichshofrat über Cocceji zu PEBB§Y: Epochenübergreifende Überlegungen zu gerichtlichen Urteils- und Vergleichsquoten aus institutionengeschichtlicher Perspektive." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Germanistische Abteilung 137, no. 1 (August 25, 2020): 91–233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrgg-2020-0003.
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AbstractJudicial Decision-Making from the Perspective of Institutional History. A Diachronic Comparison of Court Procedures and Amicable Settlements in the Holy Roman Empire, Prussia, and the Federal Republic of Germany. Amicable settlements were a core practice in judicial courts of the early modern period. While recent studies tend to focus on strategies of litigants, this article shifts the attention to the process of decision-making from an institutional perspective. To that end, the author examines working procedures and tools of political influencing at court using examples of civil cases at judicial courts in the Holy Roman Empire (particularly the Imperial Aulic Council), in Prussia under the reign of Frederick the Great, and in the Federal Republic of Germany. As will be shown, throughout times institutional dispositions influence the outcome of judgements and amicable settlements at least to the same degree than strategies of litigants do.
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Tregubova, Dinara, and Dmitriy Shkaev. "ON SOME RELIGIOUS ASPECTS OF STUDYING THE HISTORY OF THE TEUTONIC ORDER STATE BASED ON RECENT PUBLICATIONS." Filosofiya Referativnyi Zhurnal, no. 1 (2021): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/rphil/2021.01.10.
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Kretinin, Gennady, and Aleksandr Makarychev. "November Revolution of 1918 in East Prussia: The eyewitness account." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 09 (September 1, 2020): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202009statyi14.
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Segal, Zef. "Communication and State Construction: The Postal Service in German States, 1815–1866." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 44, no. 4 (February 2014): 453–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_00610.
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A comparison between five nineteenth-century German states demonstrates the importance of postal systems for nation-building and nationalism. Prior to the formal unification of Germany under Emperor Wilhelm of Prussia in 1871, the various German states evinced scant political, administrative, social, or geographical cohesion until their postal systems created a communications infrastructure that gradually eroded traditional barriers.
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Jehle, M. ""Relocations" in South Prussia and New East Prussia: Prussia's Demographic Policy towards the Jews in Occupied Poland 1772-1806." Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 52, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 23–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/lbyb.2007.5203.
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Rowe, Michael. "France, Prussia, or Germany? The Napoleonic Wars and Shifting Allegiances in the Rhineland." Central European History 39, no. 4 (December 2006): 611–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906000203.
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The following article focuses on the Rhineland, and more specifically, the region on the left (or west) bank of the Rhine bounded in the north and west by the Low Countries and France. This German-speaking region was occupied by the armies of revolutionary France after 1792. De jure annexation followed the Treaty of Lunéville (1801), and French rule lasted until 1814. Most of the Rhineland was awarded in 1815 to Prussia and remained a constituent part until after the Second World War. The Rhineland experienced Napoleonic rule first hand. Its four departments—the Roër, Rhin-et-Moselle, Sarre, and Mont-Tonnerre—were treated like the others in metropolitan France, and it is this status that makes the region distinct in German-speaking Europe. This had consequences both in the Napoleonic period and in the century that followed the departure of the last French soldier. This alone would constitute sufficient reason for studying the region. More broadly, however, the Rhenish experience in the French period sheds light on the much broader phenomena of state formation and nation building. Before 1792, the Rhenish political order appeared in many respects a throwback to the late Middle Ages. Extreme territorial fragmentation, city states, church states, and mini states distinguished its landscape. These survived the early-modern period thanks in part to Great Power rivalry and the protective mantle provided by the Holy Roman Empire. Then, suddenly, came rule by France which, in the form of the First Republic and Napoleon's First Empire, represented the most demanding state the world had seen up to that point. This state imposed itself on a region unused to big government. It might be thought that bitter confrontation would have resulted. Yet, and here is a paradox this article wishes to address, many aspects of French rule gained acceptance in the region, and defense of the Napoleonic legacy formed a component of the “Rhenish” identity that came into being in the nineteenth century.
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BOCHACZEK-TRĄBSKA, Joanna. "ACTIVITY OF BRANCH 3 IN BYDGOSZCZ IN THE 1930s. OPERATION “WÓZEK”." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 162, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0002.3221.
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From the moment Poland regained independence, national security was threatened by Germany. This article shows the activity of Branch 3 of Unit II of the General Staff of the Polish Army in Bydgoszcz in the face of the war threat. Branch 3 conducted both military intelligence and counterintelligence activities. Operation “Wózek” carried out by the branch is worth attention. Its objective was to check German parcels, especially military ones, transported from Germany to East Prussia and the Free City of Gdańsk [Polish: Wolne Miasto Gdańsk]. Such a way of obtaining valuable intelligence material was not only important but also inexpensive. Operation “Wózek” contributed to the identification of German preparations for their aggression against Poland in September 1939.
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Richards, Chase. "Ernst Keil vs. Prussia: Censorship and Compromise in theAmazonAffair." Central European History 46, no. 3 (September 2013): 533–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938913000988.
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Recent scholarship has cautioned us that censorship does not require a censor, nor can it be described merely as the repression of information by power. Censorship can be discursively productive, and historically it has worn many guises. This article treats a case in which state censorship practices were unstable, their execution uncertain, and their target cunning, if ultimately open to compromise. Sparked by an antiaristocratic short story in Ernst Keil'sGartenlaube(arbor, bower), the most widely read German periodical of the era, theAmazonaffair involved not only its namesake ship—the Prussian S.M.S.Amazon(Amazone), a wooden corvette that sank in a storm off the coast of Holland in 1861—but an extraordinary confrontation between the conservative Prussian state and the liberal popular press. From the misstep of a weekly family magazine arose a multiyear press ban and a struggle over liberal-democratic public opinion in Germany. If no clear winner emerged from theAmazonaffair, the episode nonetheless speaks to the malleability of German political culture at a moment of profound transition, as well as to the ability of the state to shape it.
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Krueger, Karl. "The Politics of Anxiety: Prussian Protestants and Their Mazurian Parishioners." Church History 73, no. 2 (June 2004): 346–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640700109308.
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Friedrich Oldenberg (1820–94), the Managing Director of the Central Committee for Inner Missions, toured the southern districts of East Prussia in the autumn of 1865. He made the trip at the request of the Inner Mission Society and the Senior Consistory in Berlin because officials had received some disturbing information about the pastors serving in the United Prussian Church. According to the reports, the clergy in the eastern districts were so insensitive and lazy that Protestant parishioners were turning to Catholic priests for pastoral care and then converting to Catholicism. Members of the Senior Consistory and the Minister for Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs, Heinrich von Mühler (1813–74), were concerned and wanted a trustworthy individual to inspect the region and submit a report on the East Prussian churchscape. They chose Friedrich Oldenberg, a Jewish convert and native of Königsberg (East Prussia), as well as a longtime member of the Inner Mission Society. He toured the districts for two months and organized his findings in a lengthy report of 173 pages that he submitted in January 1866 to officials in Berlin.
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Anderson, Ben. "Three Germanies: West Germany, East Germany and the Berlin Republic." European Review of History: Revue europeenne d'histoire 19, no. 4 (August 2012): 637–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2012.702067.
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Landsberg, Hannelore, and Marie Landsberg. "Wilhelm von Blandowski's inheritance in Berlin." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 121, no. 1 (2009): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs09172.
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This article discusses Blandowski’s collections held in various libraries and museums in Berlin, Germany. Wilhelm von Blandowski (1822-1878) was a Prussian ‘Berliner’. He was born in Upper Silesia, a province of Prussia. He worked there in the mining industry and later attended lectures in natural history at the University of Berlin. Following a period in the army, he was influenced by the March Revolution in Germany in 1848. As a result, he left the civil service and migrated to Australia. Blandowski’s first approach to the Museum of Natural History in Berlin was an offer of objects, lithography and paintings ‘forwarded from the Museum of Natural History, Melbourne Australia’ in 1857. After returning to Prussia, Blandowski tried unsuccessfully to get support for publishing Australien in 142 photographischen Abbildungen. Today the Department for Historical Research of the Museum of Natural History owns more than 350 paintings as the ‘Legacy Blandowski’. The paintings illustrate Blandowski’s time in Australia, his enormous knowledge of natural history, his eye for characteristic details of objects and his ability to instruct other artists and to use their work. The text will show these aspects of Blandowski’s life and work and will give an insight into the database of Blandowski’s paintings held at the Humboldt University, Berlin.
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Carlin, W. "Privatization in East Germany, 1990-92." German History 10, no. 3 (July 1, 1992): 335–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/10.3.335.
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Allan, S. "Film and Memory in East Germany." German History 27, no. 4 (October 1, 2009): 624–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghp063.
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Carlin, W. "Privatization in East Germany, 1990-92." German History 10, no. 3 (October 1, 1992): 335–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635549201000306.
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Wandschneider, Kirsten. "Financial Markets and Land Redistribution in 19th Century East Prussia." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 63, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 81–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2022-0004.
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Abstract How did the emerging market for land in the 19th century influence land distribution in East Prussia? And how did land markets respond to the emergence of financial institutions that relied on land as collateral but also affected the ease and speed of land transfer? Focusing on the example of a specific financial institution – the East Prussian Landschaft – this paper empirically tests the hypothesis that the Landschaft credit institutes, through their provision of privileged credit, enabled noble estates to expand their landholdings. It also tests whether the existence of Landschaft-credit helped noble estates to remain in the hands of nobles and halted estate sales to the emerging bourgeoisie. The analysis combines several datasets on East Prussian landed estates in 1796, 1834 and 1882 and matches these with borrowing records of the East Prussian Landschaft from 1823 and 1829. The study finds that access to Landschaft-credit correlates positively with estate size over the 19th century, suggesting that the Landschaft credit institutes did play a role in ownership concentration. The results regarding the transfer of estates from the nobility to the bourgeoisie show a weaker link between Landschaft-credit and ownership status of estate holders.
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Epstein, Catherine. "East Germany and Its History since 1989." Journal of Modern History 75, no. 3 (September 2003): 634–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/380240.
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