Journal articles: 'East India Company. Maritime Service'

1

Bowen, Huw V. "Book Review: Catalogue of East India Company Ships' Journals and Logs 1600–1834, A Biographical Index of East India Company Maritime Service Officers 1600–1834." International Journal of Maritime History 12, no. 2 (December 2000): 258–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387140001200234.

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Niemeijer, Hendrik E. "MARITIME CONNECTIONS AND CROSS-CULTURAL CONTACTS BETWEEN THE PEOPLES OF THE NUSANTARA AND THE EUROPEANS IN THE EARLY EIGHTEEN CENTURY." Jurnal Sejarah Citra Lekha 1, no. 1 (February 27, 2016): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jscl.v1i1.11856.

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In this paper, I would like to discuss two extraordinary tales of two rather ordinary individuals in the service of the Dutch East India Company (henceforth: VOC), the first a Dutchman, Jacob Janssen de Roy, and the second a German, Georg Naporra (1731-1793). It is important to understand that all cross-cultural contacts between the peoples in the archipelago and westerners depended on seaborne trade and the vessels which plied the maritime routes. This was the only means of transportation and communication. As a consequence, cross-cultural contacts took place mainly in the port cities and coastal trading outposts. This can be clearly seen in the cases of our two ordinary Europeans: Jacob de Roy and Georg Naporra.

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Vadlamudi, Sundara. "Children on Board: Child labor on ships in the Indian Ocean, c. 18th – 19th Centuries." Journal of Indian Ocean World Studies 6, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 129–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26443/jiows.v6i2.139.

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A growing body of research has focused on adult Asian sailors’ employment on European ships in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. However, the experiences of children who worked on ships in the Indian Ocean World have received comparatively little attention. The scholarly lacuna is striking considering the tremendous increase in the scope and sophistication in the discussions on child slavery and abolition. This article examines the use of children as maritime laborers in the Indian Ocean World between the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In doing so, it examines the multiple pathways through which children were brought for work on ships and studies the recruitment patterns of adult and child sailors. It focuses on the various types of labor performed by children on ships and discusses how conditions of servitude on land were transferred to a ship when children accompanied their masters. It then also discusses how prevailing understandings of childhood, domestic service, and child labor shaped the actions of English East India Company officials towards child sailors while undertaking anti-slavery measures during the nineteenth century.

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McLeod, A. B. "A Low Set of Blackguards: The East India Company and its maritime service 1600–1834: volume 1, The Heroic Age 1600–1707." Mariner's Mirror 103, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2017.1273464.

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McLeod, A. B. "A Low Set of Blackguards: The East India Company and its maritime service 1600–1834, vol. 2, Triumph and Decline 1708–1834." Mariner's Mirror 104, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 100–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2018.1415839.

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Blussé, Leonard. "Anthony Farrington, A Biographical Index of East India Company Maritime Service Officers, 1600–1834. London (The British Library) 1999. 886 pp. ISBN 07123 4647 3. Price: £85." Itinerario 25, no. 2 (July 2001): 148–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300008901.

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Blussé, Leonard. "Anthony Farrington, A Biographical Index of East India Company Maritime Service Officers, 1600–1834. London (The British Library) 1999. 886 pp. ISBN 0-7123-4647-3. Price: £85." Itinerario 24, no. 3-4 (November 2000): 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300014601.

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Bowen, H. V. "The East India Company and the island of Johanna (Anjouan) during the long eighteenth century." International Journal of Maritime History 30, no. 2 (May 2018): 218–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871418760469.

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For just over 230 years the East India Company’s maritime operations were supported by a far-flung network of islands, ports and watering points across the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. These places provided supplies to company ships and safe havens in times of danger. The island of Johanna, or Anjouan, in the Mozambique Channel was one such place and this article considers how it came to be a key component within the company’s maritime system. The article also examines why the company chose not to exert direct control over the island when it had the opportunity to do so at the end of the eighteenth century. It is concluded that Johanna formed an important part of the flexible and durable maritime infrastructure that underpinned the territorial empire constructed by the company in India from 1750 onwards.

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Karlsmose, Mathias Istrup. "Danish Attempts to Open Trade with Japan, 1637–1645." Crossroads 20, no. 1-2 (October 12, 2022): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26662523-bja10007.

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Abstract This article will describe the first attempt made by the Danish East India Company to establish trade with Japan in 1637–1645, as described in Dutch and Portuguese sources. In doing this, it will contribute to a rich historiography of early modern European contacts with Japan. In English-language historiography on seventeenth-century maritime East Asia, the Danish East India Company has largely been overlooked as an actor compared to its larger European counterparts. Conversely, in Danish historiography the interactions between the Danish company and its larger competitors, especially the Dutch, have been overlooked as well. The article will show how the governor of the Danish East India Company tried to cooperate with the Spanish and Portuguese in bypassing the Dutch monopoly in Japan. In addition, it will show how the Japanese relied on Dutch intelligence on the outside world.

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Singh, Frances B. "Three Scottish Cousins in East India Company Service, 1792–1804." Journal of Scottish Historical Studies 38, no. 1 (May 2018): 160–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jshs.2018.0239.

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This article studies three first cousins, James Thomas Grant, George Cumming, and Henry Mackenzie, who arrived in India in 1792, 1793, and 1797, respectively. Born in the 1770s, the same decade as Scott, none of the cousins reached their thirtieth birthday, and though none of them died in battle, Cumming left behind huge debts, Mackenzie owed money to a Calcutta lender, and Grant chose not to return to Scotland, where, in due course, he would have succeeded to a considerable estate and become the head of his clan. Their history is used to examine Walter Scott's idea of India as a corn chest, a fabulously rich society whose wealth could be squeezed

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Jasper, David. "James Gray (?1770–1830): East India Company chaplain." Theology 127, no. 3 (May 2024): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040571x241249300.

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James Gray was for most of his professional life a school master in Dumfries and Edinburgh. He was also a poet in touch with the major talents of his day. Of humble Scottish origins, in later life he was ordained as an Anglican priest and was for three years a chaplain in the East India Company, serving in the remote post of Bhuj in Cutch. His short ministry was remarkable as he translated the Gospels into Hindustani and the local language of Kachchi, founded a school, and was private tutor to the local ruler or Rao. In many ways he was far ahead of his time. He died in Bhuj after only three years of service there.

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Allen, Richard. "Slavery in a Remote but Global Place: the British East India Company and Bencoolen, 1685-1825." Social and Education History 7, no. 2 (June 23, 2018): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/hse.2018.3374.

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Histories of the British East India Company usually ignore the company’s use of slave labor. Records from its factory at Bencoolen in Sumatra provide an opportunity to examine company attitudes and policies toward its chattel work force in greater detail. These sources reveal that the company drew slaves from a global catchment area to satisfy the demand for labor in its far-flung commercial empire, shed light on policies and practices regarding the treatment of company slaves, and illustrate the company’s role in the development of increasingly interconnected free and forced labor trades during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The Bencoolen case study also highlights the need to examine colonial migrant labor systems in the Indian Ocean and maritime Asia worlds in more fully developed contexts.

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Makepeace, Margaret. "The East India Company's maritime service, 1746–1834: masters of the Eastern Seas." Business History 54, no. 2 (February 21, 2012): 290–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2012.657781.

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Blyth, Robert J. "The East India Company's Maritime Service 1746–1834, Masters of the Eastern Seas." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 39, no. 5 (December 2011): 858–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2011.629103.

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Tzoref-Ashkenazi, Chen. "German Voices from India: Officers of the Hanoverian Regiments in East India Company Service." South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 32, no. 2 (July 10, 2009): 189–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856400903049473.

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NADRI, GHULAM A. "Sailors,Zielverkopers, and the Dutch East India Company: The maritime labour market in eighteenth-century Surat." Modern Asian Studies 49, no. 2 (September 9, 2014): 336–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x13000449.

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AbstractIn the second half of the eighteenth century, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) employed hundreds of Indian sailors in Surat in western India to man its ships plying the Asian waters. TheMoorse zeevarenden(Muslim sailors) performed a variety of tasks on board ships and in the port of Batavia, and made it possible for the Company to carry out its commercial ventures across the Indian Ocean. The relationship between the two, however, was rather complex and even contentious. Based on Dutch sources, this article investigates the political-economic contexts of this relationship, examines the structure and organization of the maritime labour market in Surat, and illuminates the role and significance ofzielverkopers(labour contractors) and of the local administration. The analysis of the social, economic, and familial aspects of the market and labour relations in Surat sheds light on pre-capitalist forms of labour recruitment and the institutional dynamics of the Indian labour market.

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Vaughn, James M. "John Company Armed: The English East India Company, the Anglo-Mughal War and Absolutist Imperialism, c. 1675–1690." Britain and the World 11, no. 1 (March 2018): 101–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2017.0283.

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During the 1670s and 1680s, the English East India Company pursued an aggressive programme of imperial expansion in the Asian maritime world, culminating in a series of armed assaults on the Mughal Empire. With important exceptions, most scholarship has viewed the Company's coercive imperialism in the later seventeenth century and the First Anglo-Mughal War as the results primarily, if not exclusively, of political and economic conditions in South Asia. This article re-examines and re-interprets this burst of imperial expansion in light of political developments in England and the wider English empire during the later Stuart era. The article contends that the Company's aggressive overseas expansion was pursued for metropolitan and pan-imperial purposes as much as for South Asian ones. The corporation sought to centralise and militarise the English presence in Asia in order both to maintain its control of England's trade to the East and in support of Stuart absolutism. By the eve of the Glorious Revolution, the Company's aggressive imperialism formed part of a wider political project to create an absolute monarchy in England and to establish an autocratic English empire overseas.

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MERCER, MALCOLM. "Archaeologist, Collector and Antiquities Agent: The Activities of Captain Robert Mignan of the Bombay European Regiment during the Early Nineteenth Century." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 29, no. 3 (June 18, 2019): 467–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186318000706.

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AbstractThe ancient site of Babylon has long attracted the interest of European visitors. With the expansion of British geopolitical interests into the Middle East and India during the eighteenth century those in the service of the East India Company were afforded new opportunities to examine and explore regional antiquities. The historiography of archaeological exploration has traditionally focused on the contributions of key Orientalists such as Claudius James Rich and Paul Émile Botta. This has been at the expense of other equally significant individuals who also undertook a range of supporting scholarly, archaeological and museological activities. This article will redress that balance by considering the work of one of these unsung heroes of the East India Company, Captain Robert Mignan.

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19

Stern, Philip J. "Soldier and Citizen in the Seventeenth-Century English East India Company." Journal of Early Modern History 15, no. 1-2 (2011): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006511x552769.

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AbstractThis article examines the role of fortifications, garrisons, and militia service in the English East India Company’s early settlements in Asia and the Atlantic. Affecting everything from the physical space of such a settlement to the status and rights of its inhabitants, the institutions and ideologies of a variety of forms of military service revealed the degree to which Company leadership had early on come to understand their settlements in Asia not as mere trading factories, but as colonial plantations, and their role as a government in Asia. Even if their lofty ambitions rarely met expectations, the Company sought within them to cultivate law, jurisdiction, and a robust civic life that could in turn ensure an active, obedient, and virtuous body of subjects and, in a sense, citizens. The attitudes toward and policies concerning soldiering also revealed the degree to which the Company’s seventeenth-century regime, so often treated as unique amongst English overseas ventures and Europeans in Asia, in fact drew and innovated upon models of governance across Europe, the Atlantic, and Asia.

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SOUZA, GEORGE BRYAN. "Opium and the Company: Maritime Trade and Imperial Finances on Java, 1684–1796." Modern Asian Studies 43, no. 1 (January 2009): 113–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x0700337x.

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AbstractWhile trade in opium was of limited financial significance in the eighteenth century to the larger accounts of the Dutch East India Company as a whole, this article shows its critical importance to the Company's comptoir accounts at Batavia. The article examines the VOC's commercial operations at Batavia in the eighteenth century and places opium trade and opium revenues within that larger context. It examines how the trade in Bengal opium through Batavia changed over time, based on a statistical analysis of the Company's accounts. These results show that opium dwarfed all other individual or groups of commodities that were available to the Company to sell profitably on Java and in the Indonesian Archipelago over the long eighteenth century.

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van Rossum, Matthias. "Building maritime empire: Shipbuilding and networks of coercion under the Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC) in South and Southeast Asia." International Journal of Maritime History 31, no. 3 (August 2019): 465–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871419860699.

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This article maps the overseas infrastructure of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) for ship maintenance and shipbuilding. Reversing the perspective on the VOC, emphasizing the centrality of the ‘overseas’ or Asian activities, it studies how the VOC set up an infrastructure for shipbuilding, ship maintenance, and the necessary supporting industries in Asia. Historians have primarily examined the Company as a ‘merchant’, but the organization of the workplaces and underlying infrastructure for building and repairing ships reveals how important it activities and role as ‘potentate’ and ‘producer’ were. Mobilizing the resources and labour needed for the maintenance of its maritime infrastructure, especially in shipbuilding and repairs, the Company alternated monopolistic and outsourcing strategies, and regularly resorted to coercion.

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22

Pearson, Michael. "Book Review: The East India Company's Maritime Service, 1746–1834: Masters of the Eastern Seas." International Journal of Maritime History 23, no. 1 (June 2011): 361–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387141102300129.

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Zerbe, Britt. "The East India Company's Maritime Service, 1746-1834: Masters of the Eastern Seas - By Jean Sutton." Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 35, no. 2 (May 24, 2012): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.2011.00438.x.

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McALEER, JOHN. "The East India Company's Maritime Service 1746-1834: masters of the eastern seas - By Jean Sutton." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 40, no. 2 (August 3, 2011): 456–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.2011.00326_17.x.

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25

Goebel, Erik. "Danes in the Service of the Dutch East India Company in the Seventeenth Century." International Journal of Maritime History 16, no. 1 (June 2004): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387140401600106.

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Board, Editorial. "Deskera is a Truly Make in India ERP Software Product Company Developed and Managed by a Group of IITians." Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 9, no. 2 (June 28, 2017): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2017/16183.

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Deskera is a truly make in India ERP Software product company developed and managed by a group of IITians. It is one of the fastest growing ERP business software provider in Asia Pacific. Deskera was recognized as the #1 Integrated Business Applications as a Service (SaaS) provider in the South East Asian market by Frost & Sullivan. Deskera is developed in India at Pune based development Centre – where an expert team of developers and business analysts ensure that world class cloud software is developed, managed and deployed for the entire South East Asian market.

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Chattopadhyay, Amrita. "A Study of Aromatic Woods in Seventeenth-Century India: Circulation of Aloewood and Sandalwood through Facilitating Port Cities and Trade Networks." Crossroads 20, no. 1-2 (October 12, 2022): 76–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26662523-bja10010.

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Abstract During the seventeenth century, various commodities carved out an economic sphere for themselves across the littoral parts of the Indian Ocean through the interconnectedness of its port cities. The present article focuses on two significant aromatic woods: aloewood and sandalwood, both plant-based materials, and locates them as “commodities” in commercial networks across the maritime space. Various port cities like Surat, Patna, Mausalipatam and Cambay, all central to the trading activities of the European companies, served as chief nodes in the grid of circulation that enabled their mobility, value addition and economic exchanges. Revisiting English factory records, Dutch East India Company documents and European travel accounts, this article explores the neglect of ephemeral objects in the material hierarchy of trading items. It also accounts for the thriving presence of these aromatic woods in the Indian Ocean maritime networks as two key materials in European trading interests and as facilitators of the early modern economy.

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Chiu, Patrick. "From Hai Yao, Yang Yao to Xi Yao: Sinification of Material Medical from the West." Chinese Medicine and Culture 6, no. 4 (December 2023): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mc9.0000000000000088.

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In ancient China, Daoist philosophers developed the concepts of qi (energy), Wu Xing (five elements), and yin (feminine, dark, negative) and yang (masculine, bright, positive) opposite forces between 200 and 600 BCE. Based on these philosophies, Zhen Jiu (acupuncture), Ben Cao (materia medica), and the practice of Qi Gong (energy optimization movements) evolved as the three interrelated therapeutic regimens of Chinese medicine (Note 1). Since the time of Zhang Qian, who discovered China’s western regions in the 1st century BCE, Hai Yao (the exotic elements of materia medica from the maritime Silk Road countries), had been transmitted from the ancient land and maritime routes of the Silk Road to China in the past two millennia (Note 2). Since the late 17th century, the English East India Company, later called the British East India Company, introduced Yang Yao (opium) to the Manchu Qing Empire to balance a growing trade deficit for tea export from China to the British Empire. After the First Opium War ended in 1842, enterprising expatriate chemists and druggists in the treaty ports imported Xi Yao (modern medicines from the Western world) for sale to the merchant navy and the local market. From the second half of the 19th century onwards, both Hai Yao and Xi Yao have become a fully integrated part of modern China’s armamentarium for the Chinese medicine and Western hospitals and retail pharmacy sectors. This paper articulates the journey of adoption of exotic elements of materia medica from the ancient land and sea routes of the Silk Road, including the western regions and the rest of the world in the past two millennia. Opium traders, ship surgeons, medical and pharmaceutical missionaries, enterprising traders, and policymakers together transformed Ben Cao into Xi Yao during the late Manchu Qing dynasty and the early Nationalist Era.

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Tripati, Sila, Rudra Prasad Behera, N. G. Rudraswami, and P. P. Deshpande. "Chemical composition of Low Moor and Walker Company cannons in the Odisha State Maritime Museum, east coast of India." Current Science 122, no. 8 (April 25, 2022): 965. http://dx.doi.org/10.18520/cs/v122/i8/965-973.

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30

SHODHAN, Amrita. "The East India Company’s Conquest of Assam, India, and “Community” Justice: Panchayats/Mels in Translation." Asian Journal of Law and Society 2, no. 2 (September 7, 2015): 357–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/als.2015.12.

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AbstractThe East India Company troops fighting the Burmese aggression on the frontier of Bengal in Eastern India “freed” upper and lower Assam territories in 1825. David Scott of the Bengal Service was appointed to oversee the establishment of civil and revenue administration in these frontier territories. He established a hierarchical multiple structure of “native courts”—called panchayats—as the chief medium of civil and criminal justice. This was ostensibly continuing a traditional Assamese form of dispute resolution—the mel; however, the British criminal jury as well as the expert assessor model animated the system. After his death in 1831, the system was brought in line with the rest of the Bengal administration based on the British court system. His experiment, paralleled in many other newly conquered and ceded districts from the Madras territories to Central India, suggests the use of this mode in post-conquest situations by British administrators in South Asia.

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Chakraborty, Titas. "The Household Workers of the East India Company Ports of Pre-Colonial Bengal." International Review of Social History 64, S27 (April 2019): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859019000038.

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AbstractThis article examines the various experiences of slavery and freedom of female household workers in the Dutch and English East India Company (VOC and EIC, respectively) ports in Bengal in the early eighteenth century. Enslaved household workers in Bengal came from various Asian societies dotting the Indian Ocean littoral. Once manumitted, they entered the fold of the free Christian or Portuguese communities of the settlements. The most common, if not the only, occupation of the women of these communities was household or caregiving labour. The patriarchy of the settlements was defined by the labour and subjection of these women. Yet, domestic service to VOC/EIC officials only partially explains their subjectivity. This article identifies the agency of enslaved and women of free Christian or Portuguese communities in their efforts to resist or bypass the institution of the European household in the settlements. These efforts ranged from murdering their slave masters to creating independent businesses to the formation of sexual liaisons and parental/fraternal/sororal relationships disregarding the approval or needs of their settlement masters.

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Pierzchała, Andrzej. "The East India Company and the pirates of the Persian Gulf from the first punitive expedition to the signing of the General Maritime Treaty." Saeculum Christianum 22 (September 20, 2016): 194–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/sc.2015.22.17.

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Although almost every sea was dominated by Royal Navy, it couldn’t reach every single place in the world. Trade company’s ships and fully armed merchant ships many times had to take care of themselves. The East India Company had an independent policy that goes beyond the subcontinent. During the first decade of 19th century, the most difficult problem to solve (except the problems of India) was the Persian Gulf, which appeared to be the source of many profits and problems, that wasn’t easy to solve and took a lots of time to conclude.The Treaty of 1820 solved the problems of sea and overland campaigns. The times before signing the agreement and the way, it was created are included in this article.

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van Meersbergen, Guido. "“Intirely the Kings Vassalls”: East India Company Gifting Practices and Anglo-Mughal Political Exchange (c. 1670–1720)." Diplomatica 2, no. 2 (December 21, 2020): 270–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25891774-02020005.

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Abstract This article examines the role of gift exchanges in political relations between the East India Company and the Mughal imperial administration. Focusing on the period 1670–1720, it discusses the items selected for presentation, the occasions at which they changed hands, and the hierarchical relationships expressed and acknowledged through these transactions. It argues that in exchanges both with the central court and with provincial authorities, transfers of valuables in cash and kind between English and Indian actors were embedded in a wider imperial discourse regarding sovereignty and service. By acknowledging the continuum running from courtly engagements to everyday political interactions at local sites of power, a notion of Company diplomacy comes into view that straddled the boundaries between inter-polity relations and intra-imperial solicitation. As such, the case study invites us to rethink our notion of diplomacy as it pertained to relations between the English Company and Mughal state.

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Tseng, Chin-Yin, and Xinchun Wang. "Scientists Among Merchants: Linnaeus’s “Apostles” Aboard Vessels of the Swedish East India Company and the Advancement of Scientific Travels." China and the World 03, no. 03 (September 2020): 2050010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2591729320500108.

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In its 82 years of existence, the Swedish East India Company, neither large nor powerful with regard to its economic significance, made an impact on the pursuit of scientific knowledge that lasted beyond the 18th-century maritime trade world. As the “apostles” of Carl Linnaeus traveled amidst the sailors and merchants aboard the vessels to Asia, these 18th-century naturalists reified the spirit of scientific research in its most primordial form: to collect as much material as quickly as possible, and, ideally, in a manner characterized by discipline, order, and efficiency. This type of systematized scientific travel developed in the 18th-century East Indian trade was carried over into the Swedish intellectual tradition in the 19th-century polar exploration and the early 20th-century geological-turned-archaeological expeditions in Asia, motivated by “curiosity” instead of “utility”. This was not necessarily by their own choice, but at the constraint of the historical reality that Sweden, following the Treaty of Nystad in 1721, lacked both the means and the motivation to harbor any military or colonial aspirations beyond her sovereign territory. Against the greater geopolitical scheme of things since the Age of Enlightenment, while commercial, political, and strategic motives informed the exploration of distant continents by the European powers, Sweden was forced to rely on a more modest, but certainly no less vigorous, motive — science itself.

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BELLENOIT, HAYDEN. "Between qanungos and clerks: the cultural and service worlds of Hindustan's pensmen, c. 1750–1850." Modern Asian Studies 48, no. 4 (April 23, 2014): 872–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x13000218.

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AbstractThis paper argues that our understanding of the transition to colonialism in South Asia can be enriched by examining the formation of revenue collection systems in north India between 1750 and 1850. It examines agrarian revenue systems not through the prism of legalism or landholding patterns, but by looking at the paper and record-based mechanisms by which wealth was actually extracted from India's hinterlands. It also examines the Kayastha pensmen who became an exponentially significant component of an Indo-Muslim revenue administration. They assisted the extension of Mughal revenue collection capabilities as qanungos (registrars) and patwaris (accountants). The intensity of revenue assessment, extraction and collection had increased by the mid 1700s, through the extension of cultivation and assessment by regional Indian kingdoms. The East India Company, in its agrarian revenue settlements in north India, utilized this extant revenue culture to push through savage revenue demands. These Kayastha pensmen thus furnished the ‘young’ Company with the crucial skills, physical records, and legitimacy to garner the agrarian wealth which would fund Britain's Indian empire. These more regular patterns of paper-oriented administration engendered a process of ‘bureaucratization’ and the emergence of the modern colonial state.

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Blussé, Leonard. "X. The Run to the Coast: Comparative Notes on Early Dutch and English Expansion and State Formation in Asia." Itinerario 12, no. 1 (March 1988): 195–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300023421.

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Certain stages of the European expansion process into Asia during the Age of Commercial Capitalism lend themselves well to the comparative historical approach because of the startling similarities and contrasts they offer. The Dutch and English commercial leaps forward into the Orient, for instance, occurred at the same time in the organisational framework of chartered East India Companies - the English East India Company (EIC) and the Dutch Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) — which, moreover, chose the same theatre of action: Southeast Asia (Banten, Spice Islands) and South Asia (Surat and Coromandel). But although the aims, modes of operation and organisation of the two companies had much in common, these nonetheless each finally carved out their own sphere of influence in the trading world of Asia - the Dutch in Southeast Asia and the English in South Asia. While this consolidation process was taking place, the EIC and VOC gradually shed their semblance of being purely maritime trading organisations and, towards the second half of the eighteenth century, acquired the character of territorial powers. A shift in the balance of power also occurred between the two companies: if the Dutch were still paramount in the seventeenth century, the English totally overshadowed them as powerbrokers in Asian waters during the eighteenth. Did this transition of maritime hegemony occur gradually or should we rather speak of a ‘passage brusque et rapide’ as Fernand Braudel has suggested? Was it, as the traditional explanation has it, the inevitable outcome of the decline of the Dutch Republic to a second-rate power in Europe, or were local Asian developments, be they political or commercial, also involved?

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ROBERTS, DANIEL SANJIV. "‘In the Service of the Honourable East India Company’: Politics and Identity in Dean Mahomet’s Travels (1794)." Eighteenth-Century Ireland: Volume 24, Issue 1 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/eci.2009.9.

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ARNOLD, DAVID. "Plant Capitalism and Company Science: The Indian Career of Nathaniel Wallich." Modern Asian Studies 42, no. 5 (September 2008): 899–928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x0700296x.

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AbstractThe career of the Danish-born botanist Nathaniel Wallich, superintendent of the Calcutta Botanic Garden from 1815 to 1846, illustrates the complex nature of botanical science under the East India Company and shows how the plant life of South Asia was used as a capital resource both in the service of the Company's economic interests and for Wallich's own professional advancement and international reputation. Rather than seeing him as a pioneer of modern forest conservation or an innovative botanist, Wallich's attachment to the ideology of ‘improvement’ and the Company's material needs better explain his longevity as superintendent of the Calcutta garden. Although aspects of Wallich's career and botanical works show the importance of circulation between Europe and India, more significant was the hierarchy of knowledge in which indigenous plant lore and illustrative skill were subordinated to Western science and in which colonial science frequently lagged behind that of the metropolis.

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VAN MEERSBERGEN, GUIDO. "THE DIPLOMATIC REPERTOIRES OF THE EAST INDIA COMPANIES IN MUGHAL SOUTH ASIA, 1608–1717." Historical Journal 62, no. 4 (July 18, 2019): 875–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x1900027x.

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AbstractThis article presents the first survey of the full range of diplomatic interactions between the Mughal Empire and the English and Dutch East India Companies (EIC and VOC) in the period 1608–1717. It proposes a typology of the six different modes of diplomacy practised by the EIC and VOC as a means to understand better the distinct nature of corporate diplomacy. Moving its focus beyond exceptional embassies, this article demonstrates that by far the most common forms of Company diplomatic activity consisted of low-profile petitioning at the imperial centre and ongoing political interactions with provincial and local power-holders. It draws on c. fifty distinct episodes to chart how Dutch and English diplomatic repertoires in South Asia took shape in response to local demands and conventions. Both Companies petitioned Mughal emperors in much the same way as Indian subjects did, and both relied on Mughal patrons to do so. Cast in the role of supplicants seeking imperial favour and protection, Company envoys presented themselves as obliging participants in the ceremonial performance of an asymmetrical relationship. By tying commercial privileges to expectations of submission and service, the imperial government proceeded to incorporate these foreign actors into a domestic political framework.

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Smith, F. Andrew. "Mercantile Life in Early 19th Century Southeast Asia: The Ross Brothers." Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 96, no. 2 (December 2023): 49–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ras.2023.a916912.

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Abstract: British traders operating in the East in the early nineteenth century faced warfare, piracy, and shipwreck, along with the competing interests of local rulers and East India Company (EIC) officials. This article looks at episodes in the maritime careers of three brothers to show how the commercial environment affected trade. The brothers were born in Jamaica, illegitimate sons of a Scottish trader who served as a government official and his freed slave. One son became a ship’s captain in the Bombay Marine, the private navy of the EIC and an important surveyor of Eastern seas. Another son also joined the Bombay Marine but left under unknown circumstances and transferred to the private ‘country trade’ after adopting a new name. The third son became a ship’s captain in the country trade and died after an attack by local pirates in Bangka. The family circumstances that led to the brothers’ careers and lives of their children are summarized to illustrate the social mobility of descendants of West Indian slaves in the early nineteenth century.

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Stanley, Brian. "‘Missionary Regiments for Immanuel’s Service’: Juvenile Missionary Organization in English Sunday Schools, 1841-1865." Studies in Church History 31 (1994): 391–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400013000.

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Juvenile associations in aid of foreign missions made their appearance both in the Church of England and in the Nonconformist churches in the wake of the successful campaign in 1813 to modify the East India Company charter in order to open British India to evangelical missionary work. The fervour which the campaign engendered led to the formation of numerous local associations in support of the missionary societies. In some cases these associations had juvenile branches attached. However, until the 1840s children’s activity in aid of foreign missions was relatively sporadic. Children’s missionary literature was almost non-existent. Such children’s missionary activity as did take place was confined largely to the children of church and chapel congregations; before the 1840s there was little perception of the vast potential for missionary purposes of the Sunday-school movement.

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Sieber, Patricia. "Universal Brotherhood Revisited." Representations 130, no. 1 (2015): 28–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rep.2015.130.2.28.

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This essay argues that Peter Perring Thoms (1790–1855), a printer in the service of the British East India Company in Macau, fashioned a Chinacentric sinology that cannot be readily subsumed under statist and other instrumental forms of Orientalism. Instead, neither a casual “amateur” nor an institutionally sanctioned “professional,” Thoms pioneered a translation model as a “citizen-scholar” intent on establishing literary and artistic excellence as an imaginative locus to forge transnational bonds of anti-imperialist solidarities between the Chinese and the English.

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Murugan, Marirajan, and M. N. Prabadevi. "Operational excellence (OpEx) through entrepreneur’s strategic business decision making and emotional contagion in the service industry." Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología - Serie de Conferencias 3 (June 13, 2024): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.56294/sctconf2024902.

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Petroleum products play a critical role in the global industry. India is the third most significant crude oil importer in the world, of which 22% from Russia in October 2022. Emotional Contagion refers to an entrepreneur influencing the emotions and behaviours of another entrepreneur and employees in the company to achieve operational excellence. Entrepreneurs' decision-making styles vary from analytical, conceptual, directional, and behavioural to attain the corporate goal. The utilitarian theory states that entrepreneurs, as utilitarians, lead the company with a highly ethical, moral, good environment & culture and, at the same time, target for the company's profit. We have considered twenty five companies from India and the Middle East region to study Entrepreneur's strategic business decision styles and emotional Contagion. We have used a Stratified sampling technique to collect data. We have used JAMOVI for the data analysis. This paper examines entrepreneurs' strategic business decision styles and emotional Contagion toward Utilitarianism in the Oil and Gas service industry. It provides positive and negative effects for which we have recommended that the government and MSMEs must focus on providing psychological training to entrepreneurs to achieve the highest positive emotional contagion, safe and healthy organizational culture positively.

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Welsch, Christina. "Military Mobility, Authority and Negotiation in Early Colonial India*." Past & Present 249, no. 1 (August 24, 2020): 53–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtz067.

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Abstract This article focuses on the career of Muhammad Yusuf Khan, an officer in the British East India Company who sought to turn his military service into political and diplomatic authority, only to be executed as a rebel in 1764. His rise and fall occurred early in the so-called colonial transition, a period characterized in recent scholarship as one of relative fluidity in contrast to later, more rigid instantiations of colonial rule. Institutionally, the Company’s armies seem to contradict that pattern: their rapid growth in the eighteenth century produced new exclusions and restrictions, including some of the earliest formal articulations of a racial binary between Indian and European actors. Yusuf Khan, however, gained political capital by mobilizing elements of those intended restrictions in new contexts, imbuing the Company’s military hierarchies with alternate meanings outside of its formal infrastructure. His innovative reinterpretation of military prestige becomes clear when the Company’s records are read alongside Persian-language material from the Indian courts against which he fashioned his political identity. His career offers insight into how the inequitable, but dynamic relationship between the Company and its soldiers shaped the former’s approach to and understanding of India s political landscape

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van Rossum, Matthias. "A “Moorish World” within the Company: The VOC, Maritime Logistics and Subaltern Networks of Asian Sailors." Itinerario 36, no. 3 (December 2012): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115313000041.

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Let us begin with a drawing, depicting the river mouth of Batavia. We see a lively scene. Europeans and Asians are fishing, peddling, rowing, riding, walking, and sitting along the waterway. A small prauw on the left appears to be manned by Javanese and Chinese. Behind the Waterkasteel, on the right, large numbers of oceangoing vessels are anchored before Batavia. In the middle of the drawing, we see three men on the path along the waterway, the “jaagpad,” pulling a flat cargo boat. The clothing indicates that these are “Moor” sailors. On the boat, we see three other sailors with turbans.This scene, drawn by Johannes Rach in 1764, places the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in its Asian context. In previous decades, increasing attention has been paid to the structure of the “Asian” or overseas organisation of the VOC. Even more so, research has shown the importance of the Company's participation in the intra-Asian trade. From 1500 onwards, European trading companies not only became important in intercontinental European–Asian trade, but they came to dominate maritime trade within Asia as well. The VOC was one of the largest merchants active in intra-Asian shipping for much of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. For the VOC, however, it was not only its presence overseas that built the link between the Company and its Asian context. The VOC and its Asian context became intrinsically interwoven. Leonard Blussé, for example, emphasises the character of Batavia, the headquarters of the VOC in Asia, as a “Chinese colonial town.”

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BARROW, IAN J., and DOUGLAS E. HAYNES. "The Colonial Transition: South Asia, 1780–1840." Modern Asian Studies 38, no. 3 (July 2004): 469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x03001203.

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The seven papers in this special issue focus primarily on the development of British colonial rule between the 1780s and the 1840s. Over the course of these decades, the East India Company extended and consolidated its political and military control throughout much of the Indian subcontinent. Many of the crucial developments in the formation of the colonial state occurred during this period. These include the conquest of Mysore and the defeat of the Marathas, the implementation of the Permanent Settlement, the reforms undertaken during the Viceroyalty of Lord Bentinck, the introduction of Utilitarianism and missionary activity, the establishment of the Trigonometrical Survey, the development of the systems of control based upon indirect rule in the ‘princely states’, the emergence of new concepts of ‘race’ and social hierarchy, and the reshaping of British social life in South Asia. Outside of India, Ceylon's maritime provinces were captured from the Dutch and, in 1815, the interior Kandyan kingdom was annexed, paving the way for the island's transformation into a Crown colony focused on plantation production. In Britain, too, there was a growing interest among the public in the British territorial possessions in South Asia and an increasing awareness that this empire helped to define Britain as a great national power within Europe. For these reasons alone, this period, which begins when the Company was seeking to entrench itself as the de facto ruler of Bengal and ends shortly before the 1857 rebellions and the formal end of the Company rule, requires serious attention by historians.

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Kalapala, Kalpana Rani, and Dr E. Bhavani. "KIRAN DESAI’S PRESENTATION OF THE CHARACTERS FROM DIASPORIC PERSPECTIVE IN THE INHERITANCE OF LOSS." Journal of English Language and Literature 09, no. 03 (2022): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54513/joell.2022.9306.

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The Inheritance of Loss requires background information on two major historical movements in India. The first is British colonial rule in India and eventual Indian independence. At the end of the 16th century, the British aimed to challenge the Portuguese monopoly of trade with Asia. The British East India Company was chartered to carry on the spice trade. In the mid18th century, the British forces, whose duty until then consisted of protecting Company property, teamed up with the commander in chief of the Bengali army, Mir Jafar, to overthrow the leader of Bengal. Jafar was then installed on the throne as a British subservient ruler. The British then realized their strength and potential for conquering smaller Indian kingdoms, and by the mid-19th century, they had gained direct or indirect control over all of present-day India. In 1857, the Indian Rebellion of 1857 took place in an attempt to resist the company’s control of India. The British defeated the rebellion, and the British crown formally took over India and it came under direct British rule and the Indian Civil Service (ICS). The ICS was originally headed by British state officials, but these were gradually replaced by Indian officials in order to appease the public.

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Major, Andrea. "British Humanitarian Political Economy and Famine in India, 1838–1842." Journal of British Studies 59, no. 2 (April 2020): 221–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2019.293.

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AbstractThis article explores the nature and limitations of humanitarian political economy by discussing metropolitan British responses to a major famine that took place in the Agra region of north-central India in 1837–38. This disaster played a significant role in catalyzing wider debates about the impact of East India Company governance and the place of the subcontinent within the post-emancipation British Empire. By comparing the responses of organization such as the Aborigines Protection Society and British India Society to that of proponents of the newly emergent indenture system, the paper seeks to contextualize responses to the famine in terms both of longer histories of famine in South Asia and of the specific imperial circumstances of the late 1830s. In doing so, it explores how ideas of agricultural distress in India fed into competing strategies to utilize Indian labor in the service of colonial commodity production both within India and around the empire.

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POPP, ANDREW. "The East India Company's London workers: management of the warehouse labourers, 1800-1858 - By Margaret Makepeace; The East India Company's maritime service, 1746-1834: masters of the eastern seas - By Jean Sutton." Economic History Review 64, no. 4 (October 3, 2011): 1388–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2011.00611_6.x.

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PRIOR, KATHERINE, LANCE BRENNAN, and ROBIN HAINES. "Bad Language: The Role of English, Persian and other Esoteric Tongues in the Dismissal of Sir Edward Colebrooke as Resident of Delhi in 1829." Modern Asian Studies 35, no. 1 (February 2001): 75–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x01003614.

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In 1829, at the height of Lord William Bentinck's regime of reform, a keen young civil servant in north India took on one of the last of the Company's nabobs and won. It was a clash of a new style of Haileybury civilian with an old Company servant which remarkably prefigured the personal and philosophical dynamics of the Anglicist-Orientalist education debate a few years later. Sir Edward Colebrooke, Bt, was Resident of Delhi, 67 years old and nearly 50 years in the East India Company's service. His youthful adversary was his own first assistant, Charles Edward Trevelyan, aged 22 and, in Sir Edward's words, ‘a Boy just escaped from school’. In June 1829 Trevelyan charged Colebrooke with corruption, and despite being cut by many of Delhi's European residents, saw the prosecution through to its conclusion some six months later when the Governor-General in Council was pleased to order Colebrooke's suspension from the service, a sentence ultimately confirmed by the Court of Directors.

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Journal articles on the topic 'East India Company. Maritime Service'

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